UK IODP Newsletter December 2023 by uk-iodp

!"#$%"&&"'()*)+

,"-"./"'

!"#$%&'#&''()

45 !"#"$%&'()*+#,%+-$.&,$/&0"/+,&1+23*+23%. 4; 677-8%($+%+".&,$/&9:"$%. 4A 9B7"/+%+-$&!"7-8%

9B7"/+%+-$&5CD&E)"8+,$&0,82+$&',*"-#*+F,%"

@5 G",%(8"/&H#+"$%+.% ?8&0+#3"**"&1,88+.

@A <."=(*&>-$%,#%&?"%,+*.

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`-($2I& ZKI& M+$2I& ?KZKI& ,$/& P,/"I& QKHK& X4X5K& Q+-#38-$-*-2T& ,$/& ":-*(%+-$& -=& '(**"$+,%+$,&[7*,$R%-$+#&=-8,F+$+="8,\K&Z-(8$,*&-=&0+#8-7,*,"-$%-*-2TI&;XI&X@@K

4,,05$("&$&)'#6#78)"$'

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

9B7"/+%+-$&!"7-8%

7X,)1&$&0"#YZ[ 0/"'123(42'513(62%"7-%1.2&" 8798:1";(<-1"3&1$&(,2=1>(?7>"%%(@A31="'$1&B(7;(82./'1>5"C(23>(<:1D/72'> 62%"7.253"&1$&(8:E235(FE23(@A31="'$1&B(7;(<7E&:2.D&73C('"D7'&(73(&:"1' D7$&9"GD">1&173('"$"2'-:

!4;=#7X,)1&$&0"#YZ[#/"1#$%)#\&3#A%&$)#\0X#&"#$%)#9/5#=/5B E6?'& 9B7"/+%+-$& 5CD& "$/"/& -$"& T",8& ,2-& 3,:+$2& 8"#-:"8"/& UKX& RF& -=& 3+23Ya(,*+%T& ."/+F"$%& #-8".&,%&;&.+%".K&O3"&"B7"/+%+-$&^,.&^3-**T&.(##"..=(*&,$/&^"&F"%&,**&-=&-(8&78+F,8T&-)b"#%+:".& [.""&3%%7Scc7()*+#,%+-$.K+-/7K-82c78"*+F+$,8T_8"7-8%c5CDc\K&J=%"8&@5&T",8.&+$&%3"&7*,$$+$2&[.+$#"& X44C\I&+%&^,.&,&3(2"&8"*+"=&%-&F"&,.&#-Y#3+"=&.#+"$%+.%&^3"$&/8+**+$2&.%-77"/&,%&-(8&*,.%&.+%"&[<@Add\& -$&4d&?"#"F)"8&X4XXK&E&#-(*/&=+$,**T&)8",%3"&R$-^+$2&%3,%&-7"8,%+-$.&3,/&#",."/&,$/&^"&3,/& =(**=+**"/&,&/8",FI&-8+2+$,**T&#-$#"+:"/&)T&W+#R&H3,#R*"%-$I&%-&8"#-:"8&%3"&8"F,8R,)*"&."/+F"$%& ,8#3+:"&%3,%&*+".&)"$",%3&%3"&.",=*--8&-e&'-8%(2,*K&E&/-$f%&%3+$R&+%&+.&,$&"B,22"8,%+-$&%-&.,T&%3,%&%3"& #-8".&8"#-:"8"/&,8"&/".%+$"/&%-&)"#-F"&*"2,#T&.+%".&=-8&7,*,"-#*+F,%"&8".",8#3I&,$/&^+**&78-:+/"& #(88"$%&,$/&=(%(8"&2"$"8,%+-$.&-=&.#+"$%+.%.&%3"&8,^&F,%"8+,*&[F(/\&$""/"/&%-&.%(/T&7,.%&#*+F,%"& #3,$2"&-$&-8)+%,*&,$/&F+**"$$+,*&%+F"&.#,*".&=8-F&%3"&*,%"&0+-#"$"&[,)-(%&d&F+**+-$&T",8.&,2-\&%-& 78"."$%K

H($."%&=8-F&%3"&.3+7&/(8+$2&9B7"/+%+-$&5CD&[>8"/+%S&M":+$&L8+2,8I&E6?'&Z!H6\

,&%*+1(%C&*%(/+%Q+-*F !"#-:"8+$2& %3"& ."/+F"$%& #-8".& +.& -$*T& %3"& =+8.%& .%"7& +$& %3"& 78-#"..& ,$/& .--$& ,=%"8& %3"& #8(+."& "$/"/& FT& ,%%"$%+-$& %(8$"/& %-& .,F7*+$2& ,$/& ,$,*T.+.K& & G-**-^+$2& E6?'& 9B7"/+%+-$& 5CDI& ^"& "F),8R"/&-$&,&F+..+-$&%-&g!G&.#,$&,**&=-(8&.+%".&,%&3+23&.%8,%+28,73+#&8".-*(%+-$&[":"8T&#F\K&&H+%".& ^"8"& /+.%8+)(%"/& %-& ;& /+e"8"$%& =,#+*+%+".& =-8& g!G& ,$,*T.+.S& H+%"& <@AdU& [V+.)-$\h& <@AdD& [OJ0<\h& <@5dA&[>,F)8+/2"\h&<@Add&[Q8"F"$\K&&O3"&g!G&/,%,&,%&",#3&.+%"&,8"&)"+$2&(."/&%-&8"=+$"&%3"& .3+7)-,8/&.7*+#".I&#-88"*,%"&)"%^""$&.+%".&,$/&%-&/":"*-7&,.%8-$-F+#,**TY%($"/&%+F"&.#,*".K&&G(8Y %3"8F-8"I&%3"&g!G&/,%,&78-:+/"&%3"&=+8.%&2*+F7."&+$%-&%3"&3+.%-8T&-=&F+**"$$+,*Y.#,*"&#*+F,%"&:,8+Y ,)+*+%T&/(8+$2&%3"&'*+-Y'*"+.%-#"$"K O3"&,8#3+:"&3,*:".&-=&%3"&#-8".&=8-F&H+%"&<@5dA&,88+:"/&+$&>,F)8+/2"&-$&@;&?"#"F)"8&X4XX&b(.%& 5& /,T.& ,=%"8& ^"& /-#R"/& +$& O,88,2-$,I& H7,+$K& & P"f:"& )""$& )(.T& g!G& .#,$$+$2& ":"8& .+$#"K& P"& +$+%+,**T&.#,$$"/&#-8".&%3,%&^"8"&7,8%&-=&%3"&.3+7)-,8/&.7*+#"&.-&^"&#-(*/&#3"#R&%3"&.7*+#"&,$/& 8":+."&+%&,##-8/+$2*T&)"=-8"&%3"&.,F7*+$2&7,8%T&+$&Z($"&X4X5K&E%&^,.&,&8,#"&,2,+$.%&%+F"&)(%&^"& F"%& %3"& /",/*+$"& )T& 8($$+$2& %3"& g!G& .#,$$"8& @X& 3-(8.& 7"8& /,T& D& /,T.& ,& ^""RK& E%& ="*%& *+R"& %3"& @XY3-(8&.3+=%.&/(8+$2&9B7"/+%+-$&5CD&$":"8&"$/"/&YY&+%&b(.%&#3,$2"/&:"$(".&=8-F&,&=*-,%+$2&7*,%Y =-8F&%-&,&*,$/Y),."/&-$"K&O3"&"e-8%&+.&^-8%3&+%&)"#,(."&%3"&a(,*+%T&-=&%3"&g!G&/,%,&+.&-(%.%,$/+$2& ,$/&.+%".&#,$&)"&#-88"*,%"/&%-&-$"&,$-%3"8&7",RY=-8Y7",RK&

J:,,%"#3&g!G&>-8"&H#,$$"8&V,)-8,%-8T&+$&>,F)8+/2"&^3"8"&,**&#-8".&=8-F&H+%"&<@5dA&,8"&)"+$2&.#,$$"/&,%&@Y#F&8".-*(%+-$K&9,#3&."#%+-$& %,R".&,)-(%&5&3-(8.&%-&.#,$&,%&@4&,$/&54&R:K&W""/*"..&%-&.,TI&%3"&.#,$$"8&3,.&)""$&^-8R+$2&3,8/&=-8&,**&-=&X4X5&[>8"/+%S&?,:+/&1-/"**\

O3"&Q+2&P3+%"&Q-B&+$&%3"&>,8&',8R&-=&9,8%3&H#+"$#".&+.&,&;4&=%&8"=8+2"8,%"/&[;->\&#-$%,+$"8&3-(.+$2&%3"&,8#3+:"&3,*:".&=8-F&H+%"&<@5dAK&H-F"&7"-7*"&^"8"&$-%&3,77T&%3,%&+%& ^,.&%,R+$2&(7&7,8R+$2&.7,#".&)(%&,&.F,**&78+#"&%-&7,T&=-8&.#+"$#"&[>8"/+%S&?,:+/&1-/"**\

Z,F".&!-*="I&?,:+/&1-/"**&,$/&H+F-$&>8-^3(8.%&.3-^+$2&%3"&-7"$"/&#-$%,+$"8& #-$%,+$+$2&,&3($/8"/&)-B".&-=&#-8"&."#%+-$.&=8-F&9B7"/+%+-$&5CDI&H+%"&<@5dAK&E=&,**& ."#%+-$.&^"8"&*,+/&"$/Y%-Y"$/&%3"T&^-(*/&8",#3&=8-F&%3"&?"7,8%F"$%&-=&9,8%3&H#+"$#".& %-&%3"&>,F)8+/2"&%8,+$&.%,%+-$I&,&/+.%,$#"&-=&@KX&RF&[>8"/+%S&V+N&1+/"\

0,8+-$&'"8,*&[.3+7)-,8/&F+#8-7,*"-$%-*-2+.%\&7-.+$2&,.&.#,*"&=-8&%3"&A@IACD&),22"/& .,F7*".&%,R"$&/(8+$2&%3"&.,F7*+$2&7,8%T&,$/&8",/T&%-&)"&.3+77"/&)T&1-*2"8&M(3*F,$$&[+$& ),#R28-($/&^+%3&#,F"8,\&=8-F&%3"&Q8"F"$&>-8"&!"7-.+%-8T&[>8"/+%S&?,:+/&1-/"**\

O3"&.,F7*+$2&7,8%T&,%&%3"&Q8"F"$&>-8"&!"7-.+%-8T&-##(88"/&-:"8&%^-&^""R.&+$&Z($"&X4X5&^3"8"& ^"&%--R&,&%-%,*&-=&A@IACD&.,F7*".K&9:"8T-$"&^,.&"B3,(.%"/&)(%&^"&^"8"$f%&=+$+.3"/&T"%K&P"&%--R& ,$&,//+%+-$,*&@dIXD@&.,F7*".&+$&>,F)8+/2"&=8-F&%3"&%"F7-8,8T&,8#3+:"&3,*:".&-=&H+%"&<@5dAK&J**& .#+"$%+.%.&$-^&3,:"&%3"+8&.,F7*".&,$/&%3"&8",*&^-8R&#,$&)"2+$K&E%&^+**&%,R"&F,$T&T",8.&-8&":"$& /"#,/".&%-&78-/(#"&%3"&)"$#3F,8R&7,*"-#*+F,%"&8"#-8/.&=-8&%3"&*,%"&0+-#"$"&%38-(23&_(,%"8$,Y 8TK&E&#,$f%&^,+%&%-&.""&%3"&^-$/"8=(*&8".(*%.&%3,%&^+**&"F"82"K J&Q+%%"8.^""%&9$/+$2 E&,F&-:"8^3"*F"/&)T&%3"&.(##"..&-=&E6?'&9B7"/+%+-$&5CD&,$/&+%&^+**&)"&FT&.^,$&.-$2K&Q(%&%3"& :+#%-8T&+.&)+%%"8.^""%&)"#,(."&-=&WHGi.&/"#+.+-$&$-%&%-&8"$"^&%3"&Z6E?9H&!".-*(%+-$K&&E&.,+*"/&-$& .":"$&"B7"/+%+-$.&,$/&FT&#,8""8&^,.&)(+*%&-$&.,F7*".&#-**"#%"/&)T&%3"&Z!&,$/&+%i.&/+.%(8)+$2&%-& %3+$R&%3,%&=(%(8"&",8*T&#,8""8&.#+"$%+.%.&^-$i%&3,:"&%3"&.,F"&-77-8%($+%+".&,.&E&3,/K&W-%3+$2&#,$& 8"7*,#"&%3"&Z!&"B#"7%&,&$"^&8+."8*"..&:".."*&)(%&*"%f.&3-7"&%3,%&E6?'j&,$/&*"2,#T&78-28,F.&[.(#3& ,.&V9J'\&^+**&=+**&%3"&2,7&+$&%3"&+$%"8+FK

?,:+/&1-/"** <$+:"8.+%T&-=&>,F)8+/2"

O3"&',*,"-F,2$"%+.F&.,F7*+$2&%",F&+$.+/"&%3"&E6?'iH&Q8"F"$&>-8"&!"7-.+%-8T&/(8+$2&%3"&9B7"/+%+-$&5CD&.,F7*+$2&7,8%T&+$&Z($"&X4X5K&G8-F&*"=%&%-&8+23%S&>3(,$2&g(,$I& 1,88T&Q,R"8I&1+.,.3+&ER"/,I&?",$,&k"**,I&V+$2*"&>3"$I&,$/&`(B+&Z+$&[>8"/+%S&>3(,$2&g(,$\

It is hard to believe Expedition 397 (Iberian Margin Paleoclimate) was a year ago. Running half-core sections on the magnetometer, taking cube samples, and discussing science and life with the team and friends onboard JOIDES Resolution all feel like they happened yesterday. Research planning, discussion and collaboration have continued, and many things have happened since the expedition ended in December 2022. It was great to work together with many of the shipboard scientists again during the one-week-long editorial meeting in March 2023 to finalise site reports for the proceedings volume of the expedition, despite the fact that I had to attend the meeting online. In collaboration with the Expedition 397 science team, a lot of effort was put into the planning and implementation of post-cruise palaeomagnetism and environmental magnetism-related sampling and research. In June 2023, a team of five researchers from the University of Southampton including three PhD students joined the Expedition 397 sampling party held in the IODP’s Bremen Core Repository (BCR) in Germany (see above). It was fantastic to see many of the shipboard and shore-based scientists and their collaborators and discuss research and collaboration with them. It was also a great experience for the students to interact with the international team of Expedition 397 scientists and get first-hand experience collecting samples for their PhD projects. Two types of samples were collected for post-cruise palaeomagnetism and environmental magnetism research: continuous u-channel samples and discrete cube samples. The majority of the u-channel samples requested are from the archive-half core sections. As

'3?&.%(/"$%.&,$/&8".",8#3"8.&=8-F&H-(%3,F7%-$&.-8%+$2&,$/&#3"#R+$2&7,*,"-F,2$"%+#&#()"&.,F7*".&,=%"8&8"#"+:+$2&%3"&.,F7*".K&G8-F&*"=%&%-&8+23%S&?",$,&k"**,I&1,88T& Q,R"8I&`(B+&Z+$I&G,$2b+$2#3"$2&]3(I&,$/&V+$2*"&>3"$&[>8"/+%S&>3(,$2&g(,$\

most of the archive-half core sections were being scanned for X-ray fluorescence (XRF) at multiple laboratories around the world, palaeomagnetism sampling in June 2023 mainly focused on collecting discrete cube samples and some u-channel samples from the working-half core sections. With support from the BCR and the main sampling party, the palaeomagnetism sampling team worked hard and managed to collect a total of about 5000 cube samples and about 60 u-channel samples during the sampling party. A second sampling trip to the BCR is being planned in early 2024 to collect more u-channel samples when XRF scanning of the archive-half core sections is completed and the core sections are returned to BCR. Palaeomagnetic analyses on the collected samples immediately started, after the samples arrived at Southampton and were checked (see above) and organised (see page 11). These analyses currently prioritise (1) improving the magnetostratigraphy for Expedition 397 drilled sediment sequences based on the natural remanence of samples measured on superconducting rock magnetometers (SRM, see photo 4) after stepwise demagnetisation, and (2) reconstructing changes in bottom current directions at sites with varying water depths based on anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS). Preliminary results from these analyses and ongoing discussions with other Expedition 397 scientists suggest promising opportunities to improve the magnetostratigraphy for Sites U1586 and U1587, with the potential to update the ages for some of the polarity reversals in the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale (GPTS).

',*,"-F,2$"%+#&#()"&.,F7*".&-82,$+."/&+$&.%8,%+28,73+#&-8/"8K&J&%-%,*&-=&,)-(%&A444&#()"&.,F7*".&^"8"&%,R"$&/(8+$2&%3"&9B7"/+%+-$&5CD&.,F7*+$2&7,8%T&+$&Z($"&X4X5& [>8"/+%S&>3(,$2&g(,$\

V+a(+/&3"*+(FY#--*"/&[=(8%3"8&,^,T\&,$/&*+a(+/&3"*+(FY=8""&[=-8"28-($/\&.(7"8#-$/(#%+$2&8-#R&F,2$"%-F"%"8.&[H!0.\&+$.+/"&,&F,2$"%+#,**T&.3+"*/"/&8--F&,%&%3"&<$+:"8.+%T&-=& H-(%3,F7%-$I&(."/&=-8&7-.%Y#8(+."&,$,*T.+.&-=&9B7"/+%+-$&5CD&#()"&,$/&(Y#3,$$"*&.,F7*".&[>8"/+%S&>3(,$2&g(,$\

Existing AMS data from Site U1588 cube samples show apparent intriguing changes in bottom current flow directions on both orbital (precession) and possibly millennial time scales. Palaeomagnetism research on the Expedition 397 recovered sediments is ongoing, with more u-channel samples collected in early 2024, future work will also include high-resolution reconstruction of the geomagnetic field intensity and directional changes as well as magnetic particle composition, concentration, and grain size variations that are sensitive indicators of palaeoenvironmental changes. In collaboration with the Expedition 397 science team, these data will be used in combination with other data produced by other Expedition 397 scientists to reconstruct the chain of events and develop an understanding of the underlying causes, and consequences of global and regional palaeomagnetic and palaeoclimate changes during the last few million years of Earth’s history.

?8&>3(,$2&g(,$&& <$+:"8.+%T&-=&H-(%3,F7%-$&&&

G",%(8"/&H#+"$%+.%

;5#T&+%)..)#]/55&'

EiF& ,$& J..-#+,%"& '8-="..-8& +$& 9,8%3& H#+"$#".& ,%& %3"& <$+:"8.+%T& -=& '*TF-(%3K& 0T& 8".",8#3& +.& =-#(."/& ,8-($/& ($/"8.%,$/+$2& 3T/8-%3"8F,*& ,*%"8,%+-$& -=& %3"& -#",$& #8(.%& ,$/& EiF& 7,..+-$,%"& ,)-(%&)8+$2+$2&%3+.&R"T&9,8%3&78-#"..&%3"&,%%"$%+-$&+%&/"."8:".K&E&(."&.,F7*".&=8-F&-#",$&/8+**+$2& ,$/&-73+-*+%".&%-&#3,8,#%"8+."&%3"&3T/8-%3"8F,*&,*%"8,%+-$&-=&%3"&#8(.%&(.+$2&7"%8-*-2T&,$/&2"-Y #3"F+.%8T& +$& -8/"8& %-& ,//8"..& a(".%+-$.& .(#3& ,.S& P3,%& 7,%3^,T.& /-& =*(+/.& %,R"& %38-(23& %3"& #8(.%l&1-^&/-&=*(+/c8-#R&8",#%+-$.&#3,$2"&+$&%3"&#8(.%l&1-^&F(#3&=*(+/&+.&#+8#(*,%+$2&,$/&^3"$& ^"8"&%3"&=*(+/.&8",#%+$2l E&=+8.%&)"#,F"&,^,8"&-=&-#",$&/8+**+$2&/(8+$2&FT&($/"828,/(,%"&/"28""I&E&.7"$%&,&.%(/T&,)8-,/& T",8& ,%& <$+:"8.+%T& -=& >,*+=-8$+,& H,$%,& Q,8),8,& ,$/& %--R& .":"8,*& F,8+$"& 2"-.#+"$#"& #-(8.".I& +$#*(/+$2&-$"&/"/+#,%"/&%-&3T/8-%3"8F,*&.T.%"F.&^3"8"&^"&8",/&R"T&7,7"8.&,)-(%&3T/8-%3"8F,*& ,*%"8,%+-$&+$&1-*"&A4;QK&E&%3"$&8"%(8$"/&%-&%3"&<M&,$/&,$,*T."/&.,F7*".&=8-F&H+%"&<@54C&,.&7,8%& -=&FT&0L"-*&8".",8#3&78-b"#%K

E6?'&3,.&)""$&3(2"*T&+$=*("$%+,*&%-&FT&#,8""8K&Ei:"&(."/&E6?'&.,F7*".&,%&":"8T&.%,2"&=8-F&FT& 0,.%"8.I&'3?I&7-.%Y/-#%-8,*&8".",8#3&,$/&#-$%+$("&%-&(."&%3"F&,.&,$&,#,/"F+#K&P+%3-(%&.#+"$%+=Y +#& -#",$& /8+**+$2& +%& +.& /+e+#(*%& %-& ,##"..& %3"& .,F7*".& E& (."& +$& FT& 8".",8#3K& Ei:"& )""$& =-8%($,%"& "$-(23&%-&7,8%+#+7,%"&+$&=-(8&E6?'&9B7"/+%+-$.&,$/&3,:"&)"$"=+%"/&=8-F&^-8R+$2&^+%3&+$%"8/+.#+Y 7*+$,8T&%",F.&,$/&/":"*-7"/&$"^&#-**,)-8,%+-$.K& & O3"& E6?'& #-FF($+%T& +.& ,$& ".."$%+,*& 7,8%& [,$/& -$"& -=& %3"& )".%& +$& FT& -7+$+-$\& -=& E6?'I& ,$/& E& ^,$%"/&%-&)"&,)*"&%-&#-$%8+)(%"&+$&,&$"^&^,T&%-&%3"&#-FF($+%TK&J77*T+$2&%-&."8:"&-$&%3"&H#+"$#"& 9:,*(,%+-$&',$"*&[H9'\&^,.&,&*-2+#,*&#3-+#"&3,:+$2&)"$"=+%%"/&=8-F&%3"&^-8R&-=&H9'&FT."*=K&EiF& 7,8%&-=&%3"&H#+"$#"&',$"*&-=&H9'K&E&8",/&/8+**+$2&78-7-.,*.&+$&,/:,$#"&-=&%3"&H9'&F""%+$2I&,$/&E& F,T&)"&,..+2$"/&,&^,%#3/-2&8-*"&=-8&,&78-7-.,*K&0-.%&-=&%3"&^-8R&%,R".&7*,#"&,%&%3"&F""%+$2I& ^3"8"&,.&,&^,%#3/-2&T-(&#-$%8+)(%"&%-&78"."$%+$2&%3,%&78-7-.,*&%-&%3"&H9'&28-(7K&J**&F"F)"8.& -=&H9'&#-$%8+)(%"&%-&/+.#(..+-$&-=&",#3&78-7-.,*I&,$/&%3"$&:-%"&-$&,&/"#+.+-$&=-8&%3"&78-7-.,*K& P,%#3/-2.&,8"&%3"$&8".7-$.+)*"&=-8&^8+%+$2&%3"&8".7-$."&%-&%3"&78-7-$"$%.i&*"%%"8.&,$/&,8"&,:,+*Y ,)*"&=-8&%3"&78-7-$"$%.&%-&#-$%,#%K & E&3-7"&%3,%&.#+"$%+=+#&-#",$&/8+**+$2&^+**&#-$%+$("&*-$2&+$%-&%3"&=(%(8"&,.&+%&+.&%--&+F7-8%,$%&%-&*-."m& P3,%":"8&-(8&=(%(8"&7*,%=-8F.&*--R&*+R"I&E&3-7"&%3,%&%3"&+$%"8$,%+-$,*&#-FF($+%T&#,$&#-$%+$("&%-& ^-8R& %-2"%3"8K& E& ,*.-& 3-7"& %3,%& +%& #,$& #-$%+$("& %-& )"& ,& 7-.+%+:"& ,$/& 8"^,8/+$2& "B7"8+"$#"& =-8& T-($2&.#+"$%+.%.I&^3-F&E&,/:+."&%-&2"%&+$:-*:"/&+$&^3,%":"8&^,T&T-(&#,$I&^3"%3"8&)T&(.+$2&.,FY 7*".I&,%%"$/+$2&,&.(FF"8&.#3--*&-8&^-8R.3-7&-8&7,8%+#+7,%+$2&+$&,$&"B7"/+%+-$K&?-$i%&)"&/+.#-(8Y ,2"/&)T&($#"8%,+$%T&,)-(%&%3"&=(%(8"I&EiF&-7%+F+.%+#&^"&^+**&3,:"&,&=8(+%=(*&$"B%&73,."&-=&-#",$& /8+**+$2I&.-&2"%&+$:-*:"/K

0+#3"**"&^+%3&>3+,8,&JF,/-8+&[<$+:"8.+%T&-=&',:+,I&E%,*T\&,%&%3"&7+#$+#&%,)*".&-$&%3"&!"#$%&'()*+,-./+0&/(8+$2&9B7&5C5&[>8"/+%S&>3+,8,&JF,/-8+&n&E6?'\

<."=(*& >-$%,#%&?"%,+*. ?8&Z(/"&>-22-$ <MYE6?'&M$-^*"/2"&9B#3,$2"&>--8/+$,%-8 b(/"K#-22-$o.-(%3,F7%-$K,#K(R&c&+$=-o(R+-/7K-82 p;;&[4\X5d4&ACUA5C

?,$+"*&M$+23% W9!>&<MYE6?'&'8-28,FF"&0,$,2"8&[!".",8#3\ +-/7o$"8#K(R8+K-82 p;;&[4\@DC5&;@@UDX

& 8-="..-8&O-$T&0-88+. ' <MYE6?'&'8-28,FF"&J/:+.-8T&L8-(7&>3,+8 9HHJ>&k+#"Y>3,+8&n&<M&!"78"."$%,%+:" JK0-88+.o7*TF-(%3K,#K(R

Z"..&H(8F, W9!>&<MYE6?'&H"$+-8&'8-28,FF"&0,$,2"8 b"..+#,K.(8F,o$"8#K(R8+K-82

?8&0+R"&P")) >3,+8&-=&<MYE6?'&'8-28,FF"&9B"#(%+:"&Q-,8/ F+#3,"*K^"))o$"8#K(R8+K-82&

>-:"8&+F,2"&#8"/+%.I&*"=%&%-&8+23%S&H,$/8,&1"88F,$$I&E6?'&Z!H6h&H3(3,-&g+"&n&E6?'h&E6?'&Z!H6 ',2"&4@&+F,2"&#8"/+%S&Z(.%+$&?-//&n&E6?' ',2"&45&+F,2"&#8"/+%S&>,8*-.&J*:,8"N&],8+R+,$I&E6?'&Z!H6 ',2"&@U&+F,2"&#8"/+%S&ZJ0HO9>