UH Mānoa MLA Capstone, Spring 2022 - Bassola, Camilla

Dynamic Shorelines

Camilla Bassola

Shifting Sands: A Place-based Approach to Embracing Shoreline Processes at Kualoa Regional Park, Koolaupoko, Oahu Material Approach to Desiging for Shoreline Processes A Capstone design project submitted in partial fulfillment of the Plan B requirement for the degree of Master of Landscape Architecture May 2022 By Camilla Bassola Capstone committee: Judith Stilgenbauer, Chairperson Phoebe White, Instructor ARCH 764D Keywords: Erosion, Shoreline Processes, Kualoa

Contents Introduction Research Design Topic Methodology Existing Site Imminent Risks Opportunities Design

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Sherrod, D., Sinton, M., Watkins, S., Brunt, K. “Geological Map of the State of Hawaii, Sheet 3-- Island of Oahu”. 2007.

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Introduction This capstone design research project investigates the interactions between materials and dynamic shoreline processes. The site for this investigation is Kualoa Regional Park.

Kualoa is a legendary site for many reasons.

There is a rich mythological history that is tied to Hawaiian genealogy. The geomorphological history of this site can be understood through the lens of Hawaiian genealogy and mythology.

Perhaps the famous stories about this area is what attracted me the most to unpacking the dynamic shoreline processes of this site. Both stone and vegetative materials are part of the shoreline cycle which is under the influence of various forces. The forces of elements such as wind, rain, tidal drift, current, and season play a significant role in the providing energy for moving materials.

Understanding how the parts of the shoreline work together as a whole is the overall design goal for this capstone. The peninsula known as Kualoa Point is located on Windward Oahu and flanked by the Koolau mountains. This land was formed over a million years ago from the processes of deposition and sand accretion.

The formation of this site is a part of the dynamic processes that are constantly in flux.

These processes have built this site up over

millions of years to the land form it is today.

These processes are slowly chipping away layers of sediment and as a result the land is retreating. As the shoreline retreats, the vegetation begins to die without any soil to root in. The trees become driftwood, rocks tumble into the ocean, and layers of sediment are exposed. Within the layers of sediment that become exposed is where we find stratum that hold the history of this site.

The stories of this land form we can better understood by looking to past. Hawaiian culture perpetuates the past into the present because it informs us about the future. The rich cultural history of this land paired with the complex dynamic geological processes make this site very unique. However, the issue of erosion is not unique to this site. Erosion is happening all throughout the Hawaiian Islands and the rest of the world. Sea level rise as a result of climate change is exacerbating this problem..

Research Design Topic Erosion and sea level rise have a direct relationship. The more that sea level rises, the more erosion that occurs. Hawaii has many coastal areas that are at risk for increased erosion with changes in sea level.

Beaches are susceptible to erosion as sand and sediment undergo natural processes that are amplified by wind and wave energy.

The peninsula known as Kualoa Point was formed about a million years ago from the processes of deposition and sand accretion which is influenced by wind and wave energy. Today, this has been a site that has experienced extreme erosion and had undergone approximately 400 feet of erosion off of this point.

Kualoa Regional Park is located directly off of Kamehameha Highway or State Route 83, is a coastal roadway that runs along a large portion of Kaneohe Bay. The location of the park is extremely susceptible to storm events, especially during the wet winter season. Erosion is a process that is constantly happening, subtracting grain by grain of sand. The sand and sediment that is carried away with tide, wave, and wind energy can be deposited in other areas along the shoreline. This process is known as displaced erosion.

The topic of protecting shorelines is particularly vital in the Hawaiian Islands.

Not only to promote the natural beauty of the islands but more importantly to have landscapes that are able to receive water from inundated conditions that occur annually and are predicted to continue to increase overall. Hawaii is making strides to be climate resilient and to meet climate change initiatives goals. This design research project is in line with the goals of the climate action plan for the State of Hawaii and the transect designs can be applied to other coastal sites that face the threat of erosion.

Climate change will have a more drastic impact on islands due to increased rates of erosion and potential of degradation of land through salinification. The coastal and low-lying areas will be among the first spots that experience climate impacts. Already the low-lying coastal areas are subject to the effects of erosion and bear the brunt of storm weather conditions. It is of the utmost importance to pursue designs through research that can ensure that our beach parks are reimagined as landscape habitats reinforced with vegetative and structural engineering to support the coastlines.

Erosion and sea level rise have a direct relationship. The more that sea level rises, the more erosion that occurs. Hawaii has many coastal areas that are at risk for increased erosion with changes in sea level.

Beaches are susceptible to erosion as sand and sediment undergo natural processes that are amplified by wind and wave energy.

The peninsula known as Kualoa Point was formed about a million years ago from the processes of deposition and sand accretion which is influenced by wind and wave energy. Today, this has been a site that has experienced extreme erosion and had undergone approximately 400 feet of erosion off of this point.

Kualoa Regional Park is located directly off of Kamehameha Highway or State Route 83, is a coastal roadway that runs along a large portion of Kaneohe Bay. The location of the park is extremely susceptible to storm events, especially during the wet winter season. Erosion is a process that is constantly happening, subtracting grain by grain of sand. The sand and sediment that is carried away with tide, wave, and wind energy can be deposited in other areas along the shoreline. This process is known as displaced erosion.

Research Design Topic - to examine shoreline processes as an opportunities for climate adaptive planning - to demonstrate how on-site materials can be incorporated to promote shoreline processes & enhance the identity of the space - amplify shoreline processes & strata on-site through designs that consider imminent risks such as hydrological indeterminacy - protect the legacy of the landscape through considering shoreline processes & interaction between human users

Research Design Methodology There have been many attempts to engineer structures and hardscaping to protect areas susceptible to erosion. The goal of this capstone research is to explore the processes of erosion and accretion in order to better understand how landforms can begin to accept water in the future.

In addition to accepting the loss of land and preparing for an intrusion of water, it is important to begin to think about habitat creation along the coastline. Habitats that were once on land will potentially become aquatic sites. This is already happening.

At Kualoa Regional Park we see manhole covers for sewer infrastructure that were once on land are now surrounded by water.

Anticipating the intrusion of the ocean will help us to better plan for these changes.

We can also provide additional support for hydrological conditions such as flood events, storm surge, hurricane, and aid in the short-term prevention of erosion.

Through understanding that we cannot stop erosion, we can begin to instead work with erosion process.

The research will focus on solutions that can be implemented in the short term to measure landform loss and then examine how to adapt with long term events as a response to change in sea level. The intention is to improve and promote a Kualoa Regional Park through a natural material approach to landscape design which promotes ecological habitat and recreational spaces. This capstone design research will explore materiality and processes in order to begin assessing how the landform of the park can support ecological functions and maintain a userfriendly space over the next 100 years.

The methodology for this capstone research project is to study and conduct thorough observational analysis of existing coastal conditions at Kualoa Regional Park. This analysis is based on research on the processes of beach erosion. The information gathered from the analysis will be used to demonstrate how the is an opportunity for short term erosion control methods at this site. It will also demonstrate the rate of erosion for this landform and how this can be an opportunity to transition and accept sea level rise.

Looking into the past will help to create the framework, to uncover the formation of this particular piece of land through studying the geomorphology. There were various volcanoes on the island of Oahu that erupted at different periods of time, which is an important factor to consider in determining the rates of how the rock materials weather and erode.

A timeline that creates a historical analysis of this site is crucial, as it will also be necessary to articulate the changes on this piece of land. Creating a timeline that conveys the geomorphological, mythological, archeological, transition of land ownership will reveal nuances about areas and provide a contextual basis for the future of the site. Uncovering these connections will tell a cohesive history of this site, and a story that will create an opportunity to promote the cultural ties and future uses of Kualoa Regional Park.

Geomorphological analysis will provide a basis that leads to understanding the hydrology of the site. The tectonics and hydrology of the area will inform design decisions regarding the future of the area.

Research Design Methodology

Examine Formative Geological Processes

observe the processes happening on shoreline & landform

Promote Processes Using On-Site Material Solutions use materials found on-site to promote shoreline processes

Design for Shoreline Processes

That maintain & build strata while promoting user engagement

Research Design Methodology Geological studies regarding the rate of erosion/accretion will be vital information that will inform design moves on the site. In addition to these two fields of study, it will be important to consider marine biology as a reference for the ecology on the site. It will be necessary to have an inventory of marine plant and animal species to understand benthic space. While an inventory of terrestrial animals and plants will be necessary for the park space.

It is vital that natural resource management of coastal aquatic shorelines are considered in terms of how the area can be multifunctional for ecological habitat, inland protection, interactions with bodies of water, storm conditions, and mitigation of erosion for the preservation of landmass.

Revisiting the precedents of contemporary design precedents, in the field of Landscape Architecture, will provide examples of successful intervention techniques used along coastal areas.

Landscape Architects are producing more integrated designs that provide solutions for environmental concerns such as reducing erosion in coastal areas and also protecting land masses through restoring natural ecological habitats.

It is important that Kualoa Regional Park is a more adaptive coastal space that is created by using the latest techniques.

Also, research regarding the latest ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ infrastructural technologies for coastal areas will serve as a basis for this project. Then through a combination of precedent studies, historical, cultural, geomorphological, and biological data, an isometric model can be used to visualize test design moves.

The goal of the research is to ensure that the local needs and interests of the State of Hawaii and the City and County of Honolulu are addressed in terms of climate preparedness. In addition, it is necessary to thoroughly study the intentions of various local departments and federal agencies such as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the U.S. Army Corp. of Engineers (USACE) for more initiatives regarding sustainability and climate preparedness.

Through studying the various interventions that are used for coastal stabilization, I would like to develop an approach that is unique to Hawaiian shoreline and coastal conditions, with a focus on areas that are at high risk due to a high rate of erosion. My research methodology focuses on case studies of coastal areas that use nature-based solutions for vegetative and constructed means to successfully reduce coastal erosion, promote habitat creation, and maintain community engagement of the space.

Literary Review The literature reviewed for this project reflects relevant data pertaining to erosion trends and processes for Hawaii. The information presented here was acquired through research on the topic of the process of erosion. The knowledge acquired from this collection of literary works about erosion will provide a basis for site observations.

Site observations and erosion process experiences will serve as the basis to inform design decisions and appropriate interventions.

Hawaii Coastal Erosion Management Plan (COEMAP 2000) Prepared By: Department of Land and Natural Resources Land Division Coastal Lands Program

The State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) prepared this management plan in 2000 to handle the topic of beach loss due to erosion in Hawaii.

The COEMAP is designed to provide “a framework for discussing, assessing, understanding, and ultimately managing the problem of coastal erosion and beach loss in Hawaii” (11). The COEMAP contains studies pertaining to the causes of erosion such as hardening of the shorelines with infrastructure that is designed to ‘reduce

erosion’. The problem with a hardened shoreline is that after extensive “analysis of aerial photographs from 1928 or 1949 to 1993, researchers found that armoring a coastline experiencing chronic erosion leads to beach loss, probably through the process of passive erosion… [which] is simply the continued retreat of a beach on an armored shore, such that the beach eventually disappears because it is prevented from further movement when it meets a wall” (12). The problem of passive erosion is also known as down drift erosion and occurs throughout the world.

It is important to mention that approximately 24% of the sandy shorelines on Oahu in 2000 experienced chronic erosion due to hardened or armored shorelines.

The COEMAP contains studies pertaining to the causes of erosion such as hardening of the shorelines with infrastructure that is designed to ‘reduce erosion’. The problem with a hardened shoreline is that after extensive “analysis of aerial photographs from 1928 or 1949 to 1993, researchers found that armoring a coastline experiencing chronic erosion leads to beach loss, probably through the process of passive erosion… [which] is

simply the continued retreat of a beach on an armored shore, such that the beach eventually disappears because it is prevented from further movement when it meets a wall” (12). The problem of passive erosion is also known as down drift erosion and occurs throughout the world. It is important to mention that approximately 24% of the sandy shorelines on Oahu in 2000 experienced chronic erosion due to hardened or armored shorelines.

The COEMAP stresses the importance of understanding the causes of erosion, as best as possible, which “can be achieved through examination of past land use patterns including sand mining, circumstances of reef degradation, analysis of historical aerial photos and beach profiles, the history of storms and wave events, and the recollections of long-time shorefront users’’ (14). Through this type of analysis, we can begin to piece together the information to provide an idea of the causes of erosion because “erosion of coastal land is caused either singly or in combination by sea level rise, wave and current action, or sediment deficiencies” (14). Planning efforts for coastal areas that are susceptible to erosion is vital for the State of Hawaii to

develop and fund now more than ever.

The COEMAP recommends to: “empower the Coastal Lands Program at DLNR, consider erosional trends and processes, and other coastal hazards, at the zoning and subdivision stages, develop technical guides, implement pilot shoreline hazard mitigation projects, and establish public education and awareness-building campaigns’’ (7). These are just a few of the recommendations that are mentioned to improve erosion control and management for the State of Hawaii.

result of “calcareous debris eroded from the insular reef shelf” (606), so with current depletion of reef systems is contributing to the dominant trend of erosion along Hawaiian shorelines.

Changes in ocean temperature due to sea level rise and acidification are reducing the vitality of reef ecosystems and contributing to a decline in the production of sediments from weathering of the reefs. Another finding in this study is that “the north half of east Oahu, Hawaii, was characterized by alternating cells of erosion A Summary of Historical Shoreline Changes and extensive beach loss fronting coastal on Beaches of Kauai, Oahu, and Maui, armoring along low-lying headlands” (611).

Hawaii The majority of these beaches experience Prepared by: Bradley M. Romine and Charles H. more erosion than accretion while “the Fletcher (2013) maximum erosion rates on Oahu, Hawaii, The shorelines of Hawaii have were found at Kualoa Point” (611). Overall, been analyzed, by this team, using the coastal areas of the Hawaiian Islands aerial photographs to create an overall experience erosion which is predicted to assessment of change and it has been increase in rate with an increase in sea concluded that erosion is the main cause level. of loss. The study assessed the cause of erosion based on the geological formation of coastal areas and the offshore reef conditions. Romine and Fletcher explain that the famous white sand beaches are a

Act 178: Relating to Sea Level Rise Adaptation 2021 Annual Report

Prepared by: State of Hawaii Office of Planning and Sustainable Development 2021

Act 178 was passed as an initial step to promote a long-term measure for planning in response to mitigating climate impacts.

This is the most recent assessment of adaptation options for the State of Hawaii in response to sea level rise and erosion conditions. The annual report created a model to assess impacts and vulnerabilities based on overall: Vulnerability– what is the probability of impact? Sensitivity– to what degree is a facility impacted? (does temporary flooding cause minimal impact/ disruption or complete loss of the facility?)

Impact– what are the direct and secondary impacts if a facility is temporarily or completely lost? Cost– what are the costs to repair or replace a facility? What are the economic and societal costs associated with service disruption? Adaptive capacity– what is the ability for a facility to be adapted to sea level rise impacts without significant modifications? (15).

Using this framework, we can begin to prioritize the most vulnerable coastal areas that are in dire need of intervention.

Looking to the Past We look to the past to gain a clearer picture of what has come before us. Hawaiian culture perpetuates the past through the tradition of oral story telling. Stories are rich with information about genealogical lineage about Hawaiian ancestors lives. Legends and tale of places help us to remember the names because of the stories that took place in these areas. The combination of mythology, genealogy, and geomorphology is an integral part of Hawaiian culture. Ancient Hawaiians had extensive indigenous ecological knowledge that comes from living off of the land and from an intimate relationship to place.

These intimate relationships that are place based can only be formed from being very much in tune with the processes of the place.

Knowing the winds, knowing the rains, all of the nuances of the ephemeral elements of the site. Ancient Hawaiians knew these details and they explained these details in their mo’olelo, their hula, their mele, their pule, and in their stewarding of the land.

So where does the story start for Kualoa Regional Park? The story starts 3.5 million years ago, before the island of O’ahu formed.

From a geomorphological perspective, the formation of O’ahu can be explained as two volcanoes that breached the ocean. The first volcano was Wai’anae and the second was the Ko’olau. Wai’anae volcano is responsible for the landmasses on the west side of O’ahu.

The Ko’olau volcano formed the majority of the windward side. Eventually, the landmasses of these two volcanoes began to touch and form the island we know today: O’ahu.

From a Hawaiian perspective, the formation of the Hawaiian Islands is attributed to Maui using his hook to pull the island chain out of the ocean. We can also look to the kumulipo as it is the creation story that explains dark and light were the first things to exist.

The story goes on the explain that there were simple organisms that grew into more complex ones. The formation of the O’ahu can be dated back to 3.5 million years ago, these stories are tied together and help us visualize the land forming.

Looking to the Past

Biocultural Context Defined as a combination of biological & cultural factors that affect human behavior

Looking to the Past The stories keep going and are perpetuated in the landforms themselves.

Pelehonuamea is the goddess of the volcano.

Volcanism is a characteristic or aumakua of Pele. All things volcanic relate to her and her genealogical lineage. Pele made her mark on each island as she traveled through the chain looking for a home until she settled in Big Island.

Kualoa is an important cultural site that is mentioned in many stories and legends. When we look at the mountains at Kualoa we are reminded of the story of Hi’iakapoliopele. She travels into the ahupua’a Kualoa and battles a giant mo’o. She slain the mo’o and cut off his tail tossing it into the ocean. The island of Mokoli’i is the tail of this mo’o.

We can understand the time frame of this site by dissecting it into two periods: precontact (before 1778) and post contact (after 1778).

There are many stories in the pre-contact period that take place at Kualoa. Kualoa is a sacred place. When canoes would pass Kualoa, they would lower their sails out of respect for this land. Perhaps the reason that this was customary was due to the fact that Papahanamoku and Wakea birth Haloa on this land. Haloanakalaupalili is the kalo plant, the

ancestor of Hawaiians. There is also legends of the ali’i being buried in the mountain in caves known as Pohukaina. The lands of Kualoa were also known as the training ground for ali’i and a pu’uhonua or a place of refuge.

In post contact times, Kualoa was sold in 1850 to Gerrit P. Judd who was a doctor, a missionary and served as an advisor to King Kamehameha III. Kualoa was purchased

by Judd in 1850 and has remained in his family since that time as a working cattle ranch and private nature reserve. The 150 acres that makes up Kualoa Regional Park was condemned by the City and County of Honolulu in the 1970’s.

Looking to the Past

Biocultural Timeline Collage Geomorphological - Mythological - Genealogical

Looking to the Past Mythological + Genealogical History Mythology & Genealogy Revelant to Kualoa

Mythological Stratum IV

Genealogical Stratum IV

Genealogical Stratum III

Looking to the Past

Geomorphological + Mythological + Genealogical + Socio-Political History Manifestations of timeline events through geological strata at Kualoa

Stratum IV geological formation 3.5 mya - 200 AD

Stratum III precontact 200 AD - 1778

Stratum II post contact 1778 - 1900’s

Stratum I agricultural-modern 1900’s - Present Day

Looking to the Past Archaeological surveys were done in the 1970’s at Kualoa Regional Park. These surveys revealed that the site has a rich cultural history beyond the stories and legends of this place.

There were findings of many different objects at the site that could be radio carbon dated back to 200 AD. The most interesting thing about these discoveries is that the artifacts are deposited in strata that helps to radio carbon date them. The deepest layer (strata IV) contains materials that date to the geological formation of island itself. The next layer, strata III dates to 200 AD- 1778. This is the layer that contained human remains, cookware, fishing tools, weapons, and other household goods that were left behind from ancient Hawaiians that inhabited the site.

Strata I contains deposits from the 1900’s time period but the most significant materials on this layer are from World War II. Eminent domain was claimed on the land of Kualoa and an auxiliary airstrip was installed that ran directly through the beach park. The airstrip was made of crushed coral and this is evident in strata I. The figure to the right shows a depiction of how the geological strata relate to the stories of this place.

Looking to the Past

Geomorphological + Mythological + Genealogical + Socio-Political History Geological material strata + on-site timeline for Kualoa Stratum I

manufactured road fill & crushed coral 1900’s-Present 0.15m (10YR 8/1)

Majority of the deposits from this layer are from the World War II Airstrip that ran through the park

Stratum II

post contact & agricultural deposits 1778-1900’s

0.05-0.2m (5YR 2:5/2)

Agricultural desposits were found in this strata that provide information for land use that correlates with historical maps & Land Commission Award documents

Stratum III

pre-contact & post contact cultural deposits 200 AD-1778 0.1-0.8m (10YR 2/1) Cultural deposits found on site date radio carbon date to as early as 200 AD Cultural artifacts include over 40 human remains, cookware, tools, & fishpond walls

Stratum IV

natural formation of sandy peninsula 3.2 mya

minimum 0.4m (10YR 8/2)

Koolau Volanco Forms -Immature/Mature Phase - Nuuanu avalanche occurs Famous Pali of Koolau Mountains Forms - Kualoa Sandy Peninsula Forms from 1,000’s of year of Accretion

Mokoli’i Kualoa Regional Park

Looking to the Past Kualoa is a wahi pana, or a sacred place.

In Hawaiian culture, wahi pana are places that have significant biocultural history. Biocultural history has many layers and is referenced in place names, landforms, materials, stories, mele or songs, oli or chants, and hula.

Legendary sites or wahi pana throughout the Hawaiian Islands are a tradition that has been passed down from ancient Hawaiians and continues today. It is important that Landscape Designs honor, celebrate, and reference the traditions that helped to shape these lands.

Looking to the Past

Geomorphological + Mythological + Genealogical + Socio-Political History Geological material strata + on-site timeline for Kualoa

Legendary Sites are known as WAHI PANA

Wahi Pana possess Biocultural history in landform, place names, materials, & stories

Mokoli’i Kualoa Regional Park

The geological strata & landforms of Kualoa are legendary sites, celebrated in hula, mele, and mo’olelo

Revealing the Past Geological History Revealed On-site On-site Strata Observations

Mokoli’i

Revealing the Past

On-Site Strata Revealed by Shoreline Processes

Cyclical Processes Shorelines are constantly in flux. There

Sediment and other materials such

are dynamic processes that are influenced

as coral, rocks, and vegetative material

by the conditions of ocean currents and

are transported by the energy of the

tides, the prevailing and seasonal direction

ocean. These materials are referred to as

of the wind, the energy in the surge of

driftcritions. A driftcrition is any material

the waves, the amount of rain and runoff,

that is on the shoreline, this can include

the storm conditions, and natural hazards

organic and inorganic materials such as

such as tsunami and hurricane events. All

pollutants like plastics. Driftcritions are an

of these factors, and probably even more,

important part of a shoreline as they can

contribute to the conditions of the shoreline. host organisms and provide habitats.

Kualoa’s shoreline was formed by the Thinking about the cyclical nature of process of accretion, or the accumulation

geological processes helps to inform the

of sediment. The peninsula formed about a

design moves for this capstone project. In

million years ago when the Ko’olau volcano

the past accretion was dominate. Today,

was in the weathering phase. It is also

there is still accretion happening but on a

important to mention that the steep cliffs or

smaller scale. The more dominate process

pali of the Ko’olau’s was formed by a large

is erosion.

avalanche. This is known as the Nu’uanu Avalanche. Half of the Ko’olau caldera fell

Is it possible to rethink and design to

into the ocean during a landslide. There

promote accretion on this site?

are remnants of this landslide miles out in the ocean that provide evidence that this

,How does sea level rise affect these

occured.

geological processes?

Designing for Cyclical Shoreline Processes Embracing Shoreline Processes as Opportunities to Promote Stratification

Shoreline Processes

Geological Processes On-site at Kualoa Relationships between natural forces that transport sediments on-site

Shoreline Processes

Geological Processes On-site at Kualoa Relationships between natural forces that transport sediments on-site

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Prototypical Beach Park Kualoa Regional Park is a quintessential space. With the beautiful Ko’olau mountains as a backdrop, the shoreline of Kane’ohe Bay and the vast Pacific Ocean are the perfect place for ocean recreation. The island of Mokoli’i is located just 1/8 of a mile offshore, so many locals and tourists enjoy paddling out there. The shallow fringe reefs of this beach are safe and calm for swimmers. There is a section at the end of the park that has a lifeguard on duty as well.

Many people enjoy this park because there are ample amenities such as four parking lots and four bathrooms with showers. There are 30 campsites available here by permit only. Many people also enjoy using the picnic tables at this park because there are beautiful ocean and mountain views, with mature kamani and milo trees that provide nice shade. The park is not usually overcrowded either, as there are 150 acres of parkland. Surprisingly, only about a 1/3 of the parkland is actually accessible to users. The other 2/3 of the parkland is overgrown with trees and was the old site of agricultural areas.

Prototypical Beach Park

Kualoa Ranch

Coastal Views

Kamehameha Highway

Kualoa Regional Park

Molii Fishpond Mokolii

Apua pond

Kaneohe Bay

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250’

500’

Prototypical Beach Park Coastal Views

Prototypical Beach Park

Kualoa Ranch

Site Map with Amenities

Kamehameha Highway

Parking Lot 1

Bathrooms 1

Kualoa Regional Park

Parking Lot 2 Operated by City and County of Honolulu Purchased in 1970’s from Morgan family (landowners of Kualoa Ranch)

Bathrooms 2

153 acres Listed on Register of Historic Places

Bathrooms 3

Parking Lot 3

Molii Fishpond

Apua pond

Mokolii Lifeguard Tower

Bathrooms 4

Kaneohe Bay

Parking Lot 4

30 campsites (permit required)

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Shoreline Loss: the Past Exposed Dynamic Processes + on-site Observations

Shoreline Loss: the Past Exposed Dynamic Processes + on-site Observations

“The Shoreline at Kualoa Regional Park has experienced some of the highest erosion and accretions rates on O’ahu... where the shoreline has retreated over 400 feet since 1928” (Hwang, D.)

Hwang, Dennis J. “Beach Changes on Oahu as Revealed by Aerial Photographs.” ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1980. Print.

Shoreline Loss: the Past Exposed I had visited Kualoa Regional Park many dozens of times prior to starting my capstone research design project. Each time I went there, I would always admire the scenery. I think back to questioning some of the hardscape elements but quickly overlooking them as I was enjoying the park and ocean spaces. However, upon returning there several times to research the shoreline, I had questions about the weird things I was seeing. I wanted to know what the weird blue pipes and man made cement structures out in the ocean. I kept wondering ‘what is that, how did that get there, and why is that there?’ I am honestly very shocked with the answers.

It turns out those structures are footprints of where the coastline used to be! Over 40 feet away from the position of the current shoreline. Absolutely shocking discovery, to see how much erosion has taken place since these structure were install in the 1970’s.

Shoreline Loss: the Past Exposed Dynamic Processes + on-site Observations

3 Sewers in Ocean, reveal how much erosion has occured

Over 40 feet of shoreline loss

Shoreline Loss: the Past Exposed There are blue waterlines that are underwater. There are manhole covers for old sewers out in the ocean! I have concluded from observations that the only way it is possible for these to get there is that they were built on land that has now eroded away. I think that this is something that users of this beach park see but cannot understand. I am assuming this because I saw these and could not understand until I started to think critically about erosion and the shoreline processes happening.

More obvious signs of erosion are the remnants of trees such as coconut rootwads or the driftwood that is scattered along the shoreline. All of these driftcretions tell a story. The driftcretions are larger scale evidence of the some what undetectable and dynamic processes happening on the beach. Movement of rocks and sand, or the layers of sediment, are transported in what seems as an undetectable process but is actually occurring right before our eyes.

Shoreline Loss: the Past Exposed Dynamic Processes + on-site Observations

Drinking fountain and old sewer

Exposed water lines

Driftcretions: Artifacts of Erosion Here are some of the unique driftcretions I came across as I walked the shoreline. These piece range in scale from a few feet to massive trunks of large trees.

It is amazing how the ocean transforms the wood into twisted figures that can be piled and stacked up together.

The remains of these trees can be repurposed and configured to retain soil and sediment on the shoreline.

Driftcretions: Artifacts of Erosion Driftwood & Rootwads as a result of erosion & land loss

Shoreline Loss: the Past Exposed In the 1980’s there were concrete wave attenuators and armoring that was install at Kualoa Regional Park. There was little thought about working with the processes of the shoreline and more focus on forcing the process.

The armoring is failing to stop the erosion, wave action is creating debris and is weathering the structures down. The wave attenuators are unfortunately accelerating the rate of erosion.

This is a great opportunity to rethink our method and approach of intervention.

How can we work with the processes at play here?

Prototypical Beach Park

Kualoa Ranch

Protection: Failing Infrastructure Wave Attenuators & Surgebreak

Kamehameha Highway

Wave Attenuator 1 installed in 1984 accelerate sand loss along eastern shore

Kualoa Regional Park

Molii Fishpond

Apua pond

Kaneohe Bay

Mokolii

Wave Attenuator 2 installed in 1984 accelerate sand loss along eastern shore

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Archaeological Artifacts Kualoa Regional Park is strategically located a coastal peninsula in Kane’ohe Bay. The formation of this peninsula is rooted in the cosmogenic genealogy and mo’olelo of Hawaiian Mythology. This piece of land has been the site of various archaeological surveys that confirm that the stratigraphy of this area holds artifacts and burial ground of native Hawaiians.

Layered into these findings are the various land uses of this site through the 19th and 20th century. Through the process of erosion, the physical layers that hold this history are uncovered and even lost as land disappears inch by inch. There is an opportunity at this site to slow down the process of erosion through short term interventions, while planning to ultimately accept the intrusion of sea level. The subject of this capstone research design is to re-imagine this beach park as an exemplary asset for climate resiliency and highlight the cultural significance of this land. Through anticipating sea level rise and planning for continued public engagement and resilient ecological habitats, the goal is to gain an understanding of the current site processes of erosion and accretion in order to begin transitioning to an ultimate

acceptance of a change in land form due to sea level rise.

By looking at the locations of the archaeological sites in relationship to the areas of erosion and accretion we can see how these areas are the most important to protect. Also, when we compare the areas of erosion and accretion with tide and current flow overall trends we gain a clear picture of the site itself. The current flows from the open ocean into Kane’ohe Bay. The peninsula of Kualoa Regional Park is the beginning of the bay. The energy of the ocean carries the waters along the shoreline of the beach park and moves sediment inward toward the rest of the bay.

What is really interesting is that there is a period of time that the waters sit in the bay which is a little over 48 hours. But the current never really rests along the shoreline of the peninsula land form. This really got me thinking about how the sediments move in the area.

Archaeological Artifacts

Kualoa Ranch

On-Site Archaeological Studies + Radio Carbon Dating circa 200 AD-1900’s Kamehameha Highway

Parking Lot 1

Bathrooms 1

Kualoa Regional Park

Parking Lot 2

Bathrooms 2

Bathrooms 3

Parking Lot 3

Molii Fishpond

Apua pond

Mokolii Lifeguard Tower

Legend Site of Archaeological Artifacts: Cultural Remnants

Bathrooms 4

Kaneohe Bay

Parking Lot 4

30 campsites (permit required)

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Kualoa Ranch

Currents + Sediment Flow Kaneohe Bay Currents + Accretion/Erosion Processes Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System ROMS model Kamehameha Highway

Kualoa Regional Park

Molii Fishpond Mokolii

Apua pond Legend

Current Flow

Kaneohe Bay

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Kualoa Ranch

Currents + Sediment Flow Kaneohe Bay Currents + Accretion/Erosion Processes Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System ROMS model Erosion/Accretion from on-site observations*

Kamehameha Highway

Kualoa Regional Park

Molii Fishpond Mokolii

Apua pond Legend

Accretion* Erosion*

Kaneohe Bay

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People + Processes Walking the shoreline of Kualoa Regional Park reveals many of the nuances and ephemeral qualities of the space. Not only was I able to begin to read the stories of erosion that were told along the shoreline, but I also got to see how people interact with these areas.

I love to see how people engage with these areas of erosion. Using the root wads and stumps as seats or areas to hold their belonging up, out of the ocean so they are not washed away. People want to use these areas. Spaces that are protected from the ocean. If you look through these serial photo collages you will see the site through my lens and how people are intrinsically happy along the shoreline but also how they interact with the natural processes. These natural processes dictate where people can access the beach, where their belonging will be placed, and how they will move around the spaces.

Serial Observations People + Processes

Beach Site Collage UsersImages + Accretion/Erosion Processes On-site observations + People Interacting with Shoreline

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Sea Level Rise 3.2’ Sea level rise threatens to increase the rate of erosion and potentially reduce the landmass of the peninsula by at least 1/3 of its current size. Sea level rise that claims 1/3 of the land at this site would also impact the archaeological artifact sites that are spread through out Kualoa Regional Park.

Kualoa Ranch

Sea Level Rise 3.2’

NOAA SLR Prediction for 2100 Shoreline erosion & land loss exacerbated by SLR Kamehameha Highway

Kualoa Regional Park

Molii Fishpond Mokolii

Apua pond Legend

Site of Archaeological Artifacts: Cultural Remnants

Kaneohe Bay

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Driftcretion Shoreline Design How can we rethink the dynamic processes happening on this shoreline?

Can we use the materials on site to start working with the processes at play?

What is we use the stones and driftcretions to create new planting areas?

First step is to arrange rocks and driftcretions in configurations that can provide access, stablize erosion spots, and host plantings.

What if the trees from the new planting can be used to stablize the soil, then cycling in as driftcretions that start the process all over again?

Working with the processes of erosion and accretion is one way to approach design for this site. My idea is to use the driftwood and rootwads as hosts to plant fast growing trees from cuttings. Trees from the Ficus genus would be ideal because: --fast growing --propagate from cuttings --have strong binding root structures

Driftcretion Shoreline Design On-Site Materials to Amplify Strata & Shoreline Processes

Stone & Coral

On-site materials Rock accumulations provide valuable insight to littoral drift patterns & depositional zones

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Kualoa Regional Park: Existing Site 1.1’ SLR

Driftcretions

On-site materials Driftwood facilitates the formation of complex morphologies that interact with vegetation & sedimentation

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Kualoa Regional Park: Existing Site 2’ SLR

Planting Guide There are many coastal plants that can be used for this project. The star of the design is various species in the Ficus genus.

Shrubs Agave americana Ardisia escallonioides Batis maritima Capparis sandwichiana While native and other common coastal Carissa macrocarpa shrubs and ground covers can be used on (dwarf cvs. available) the site the focus for this design is to use Chrysobalamus icaco ficus trees. The reason is that these are salt Cortaderia selloana tolerant, fast growing, and have dense root Gardenia taitensis structures that can adhere to rocks and Morella cerifera cling to land.

Nerium oleander Osteomeles anthyllidifolia Another reason to use these ficus Pittosporum tobira ‘Variegata’ trees is because they can be recycled as Pittosporum tobira ‘Wheeleri’ driftcretions. The thick fibrous aerial roots Russelia equisetiformis of the banyan tree will not only help to hold Scaevola taccada soil in place but also serve as an excellent Sesbania tomentosa driftcretions when the time comes for this Vitex agnus-castus material to be recycled and built up to host Yucca aloifolia the next generation of trees to perpetuate Yucca elephantipes the cycle.

Yucca flaccida Listed here are some groundcovers, shrubs, and palms that are zone 1 salt tolerant and when possible native plants that can be used for plantings.

Palms Coccothrinax barbadensis Cocos nucifera coconut Dictyosperma album Hyophorbe lagenicaulis Phoenix dactylifera Pritchardia pacifica Sabal palmetto Serenoa repens Thrinax microcarpa Thrinax radiata Washingtonia robusta Grouncovers Aloe spp.

Argusia gnaphalodes Asparagus setaceus Asparagus densiflorus ‘Sprengeri’ Capparis sandwichiana Carissa macrocarpa Chamaesyce degeneri Epipremnum pinnatum Glottiphyllum depressum Heliotropium anomalum var. argenteum Ipomoea pes-caprae subsp. Brasiliensis Lipochaeta integrifolia Lycium sandwicense Nama sandwicense Phyla nodiflora

Planting Guide

Ficus Tree Propagation Toolkit- Ficus species suitable for propagating via cuttings

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Kualoa Regional Park: Existing Site 2’ SLR

Root Typology The roots of the trees in the Ficus genus vary but all have one major commonality: the are hardy. These hardy roots grow in a variety of ways. There are buttressing roots, aerial roots, stilt roots, and entangling roots.

The various styles of growth are all appropriate for covering rocks and holding soil in place. The roots are dense and hardy which make them very difficult to remove.

The trees themselves can grow up to 100’s of feet in size with immense root systems which makes them perfect for coastal areas.

Root Typology

Ficus Root Morphology & Growth Toolkit of Epiphylic, Buttress, & Aerial Root types

Material Cycle Driftcretions are used to stabilize the eroding soil and host new plantings, over time these new planting will be claimed by the sea and become driftcretions. While the plantings will slow this process of erosion, they have a dual purpose. First purpose is to serve as erosion control, second purpose is to become raw material for driftcretions.

The cycle perpetuates in this way.

Material Cycle

Vegetation Becomes Driftcretions New plantings ensure long-term supply for new driftcretions to keep cycle going

Looking at the Present Currently, the shoreline has trees with the roots exposed as the soil has been washed away from erosion processes.

The shoreline sediments are washed out every day, piece by piece. The most noticeable changes occur during storm events that produce big wave energy and more the most sediment.

Looking at the Present

Existing Shoreline Conditions Shoreline Vegetation Exposed Root Zones from Land Loss

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Looking at the Future Soil stabilization techniques proposed here include the use of geotextiles and propagative cutting from ficus trees. The main idea is that the cuttings will root and provide long term soil stabilization because these trees have dense fibrous root structures.

Looking at the Future Proposed Shoreline Design Geotextile Staked with Vegetation Along Shoreline

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Looking at the Future The section view here shows when the trees have grown in an established dense root systems. The main idea is that this is the basis for a cycle of reusing materials.

The trees that grow along the edge of the coastal land will eventually become apart of the cycle of replanting and staking the geotextiles in place.

There is no way to stop erosion, but we can work with the process and even feed it more material to somewhat slow the rate of sediment movement.

Looking at the Future

Proposed Shoreline Design + 80 years Matured Tree & Continued Geotextile Staked with Vegetation Along Shoreline

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Looking at the Present Currently, the point at Kualoa Regional Park has large concrete structures that were put in place in the 1980’s. These structures are not necessarily slowing down the rate of erosion. Some believe that the armoring is actually increasing the rates of erosion or causing more littoral drift of sediments.

Looking at the Present Existing Shoreline Conditions Failing Hardscape Protection for Shoreline

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Looking at the Future Using the driftcretions from the site, they can be strategically placed with the driftwood as an anchor and the stones can be used to hold these pieces in place.

Live cuttings will be layered in so that they can take root and hold this structure through establishing their roots. The roots can then grow over the rock and firmly hold them to reduce sediment loss. There is nothing permanent about this design, instead it encourages the recycling of material on site.

Looking at the Future

Proposed Shoreline Design Driftcretions & Rootwads Installation with Vegetative Cuttings

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Looking at the Future The section here shows the mature trees that not only help to stabilize the soil but also are recycled as usable materials for coastal areas. It is very important that the vegetative material serves a dual purpose to both stabilize with dense root systems and to provide material for driftcretions in order to perpetuate this process on the site.

Looking at the Future

Proposed Shoreline Design + 80 years Matured Tree & Continued Installation of Vegetative Cuttings

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Looking to the Present We see that the coastline is retreating with the lack of vegetation and sediment movement from various factors such as wave energy and wind. There is evidence in the existing conditions that the areas with the most fibrous roots erode more slowly than those without.

We also see how users interact and engage with the driftcretions and rootwads on the beach.

Looking to the Present On-Site Material for Strata Stabilization

existing kamani trees

strata exposed from erosion

rootwads exposed from erosion

Looking to the Future The design is based on recycling the materials that wash up as driftcretions.

But the design also functions to provide more materials for driftcretions by taking advantage of the processes and cycles that occur and feeding these systems with organic materials on the shoreline.

The plantings are not permanent, instead they are there to hold the soil and slow erosion then become part of the system and built back in.

Looking to the Future On-Site Material Design Application

existing kamani trees

ficus species root over rocks & provide additional driftcretion materials that are used for stabilization allow process of accretion allow building of sandy areas for beach access

recycling of materials from new trees

Looking to the Future The design proposes to install driftcretions: stones, driftwoods, and rootwads, along the shoreline. There would need to be specific applications to create accessible pathways and stablize the building up of layers. Also it is vital to use live stake cuttings so that these can root into the ground. The root systems of these cuttings will provide dense and thick material that will hold soils in place.

Recommended plantings include: Grouncovers Aloe spp.

Argusia gnaphalodes Asparagus setaceus Asparagus densiflorus ‘Sprengeri’ Capparis sandwichiana Carissa macrocarpa Chamaesyce degeneri Epipremnum pinnatum Glottiphyllum depressum Heliotropium anomalum var. argenteum Ipomoea pes-caprae subsp. Brasiliensis Lipochaeta integrifolia Lycium sandwicense Nama sandwicense Phyla nodiflora Portulaca spp.

Sesbania tomentosa Sesuvium portulacastrum Sphagneticola trilobata Sporobolus virginicus Vitex rotundifolia Shrubs Agave americana Ardisia escallonioides Batis maritima Capparis sandwichiana Carissa macrocarpa (dwarf cvs. available) Chrysobalamus icaco Cortaderia selloana Gardenia taitensis Morella cerifera Nerium oleander Osteomeles anthyllidifolia Pittosporum tobira ‘Variegata’ Pittosporum tobira ‘Wheeleri’ Russelia equisetiformis Scaevola taccada Sesbania tomentosa Vitex agnus-castus Yucca aloifolia Yucca elephantipes Yucca flaccida

Palms Coccothrinax barbadensis Cocos nucifera coconut Dictyosperma album Hyophorbe lagenicaulis Phoenix dactylifera Pritchardia pacifica Sabal palmetto Serenoa repens Thrinax microcarpa Thrinax radiata Washingtonia robusta Trees Calophyllum inophyllum Casuarina equisetifolia Clusia rosea Coccoloba diversifolia Coccoloba uvifera Conocarpus erectus Cordia sebestena Cordia subcordata Euphorbia tirucalli Ficus macrophylla Guaiacum sanctum Heritiera littoralis Hibiscus tiliaceus Kigelia africana Manilkara roxburghiana

Looking to the Future On-Site Material Design Application

existing kamani trees

additional trees ficus species cuttings to root over rocks strata protected from erosion, pathways & stairs for access

rootwads stablize soil with on-site materials

Looking to the Future The ficus trees have grown in and are quite massive as that is a trait of the ficus genus. The trees grow along the coastal area and can tolerate salt water. The root systems help to hold soil in place and when paired with rocks, the rocks are additionally held in place by these roots as well. The ficus is a great plant for multi-tiered forestry approach to a system made up of ground covers, shrubs, and trees.

The system works together here to ease the rates of erosion and have a dual purpose of feeding the driftcretion process through providing materials that can use used to build the coastline up. Users can access the beach and engage with these stabilization areas.

Looking to the Future On-Site Material Design Application

existing kamani trees

additional matured trees ficus species cuttings grown in & rooted over rocks strata protected from erosion, pathways & stairs for access

ficus tree aerial roots stablize rocks & soil

Facilitating the Process How do we make this happen? How can the design be implemented?

The first step is to have support.

Community and non-profit groups in Hawaii huli together to make great feats happen.

This is an area where these groups could make an impact.

It will be very important to have the support of Department of Land and Natural Resources (DNLR) because there are rules to the treatments of coastal areas. The City and County of Honolulu will also be a key player for facilitating the initial steps of setting up these systems.

Once the designs are in place, this is where stakeholders and community groups will be necessary to step in and help support these areas. Their support can be in the form of education and promoting awareness, or work days at the site that involve collecting materials, planting, and maintaining.

Facilitating the Process Stakeholders, Organizations, & Community Groups Working together to install and maintain

Looking to the Future We cannot stop the forces of nature when it comes to dynamic systems that involve complex processes. We can study and learn from these systems to work with them. The design here is intended to work with the dynamic shoreline processes and recycle the materials that are available, while ensuring that they supply of these materials remains constant.

The temporal applications of this project assumed to slow down the rates of erosion, not to solve or stop erosion. Instead, working with the process of allowing and promoting driftcretion to occur.

Looking to the Future On-Site Material Design Application

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Romine, Bradley M, and Charles H Fletcher. “A Summary of Historical Shoreline Changes on Beaches of Kauai, Oahu, and Maui, Hawaii.” Journal of coastal research 29.3 (2013): 605–614. Web. Smith, Kiah et al. “The Resilience of Long and Short Food Chains: a Case Study of Flooding in Queensland, Australia.” Agriculture and human values 33.1 (2015): 45–60. Web. You, Soojin et al. “Coastal Landscape Planning for Improving the Value of Ecosystem Services in Coastal Areas: Using System Dynamics Model.” Environmental pollution (1987) 242.Pt B (2018): 2040–2050. Web. Wang, Shuyi et al. “Uncertainties in Riverine and Coastal Flood Impacts Under Climate Change.” Water (Basel) 13.13 (2021): 1774–. Web.