ARCH 696 On Behalf of Plants - Mayekawa

ARCH 696 ⮑ Spring 2022

Lynn Mayekawa

- Field Investigations of and Speculations on Hawai'i's Botanical Future-

On Behalf of Plants:

01 Collect 1A

Chronicle

1B

Chart

1C

Tree Portraiture

1D

Tree Phenology + Morphogenesis

02 Collaborate 2A

Plant Practices + Cultural Production

2B

Plant Perspectives

2C

Plant Products

2D

Dimensions of Production + Performance

03 Speculate 3A

Dimensions of Plant Potential

1A

Chronicle

This is a chronicle of Hawaiʻi's only endemic palm: Pritchardia spp. or commonly called loulu in Hawaiʻi .

Pritchardia mitiaroana on Mitiaro in the Cook Islands and French Polynesia, P. thurstonii in Fiji and P. pacifica, assumed from Fiji but confidently from the South Pacific are the assumed ancestors of Hawaiian loulu. Pritchardia spp. is genetically similar to Acoelorrhaphe, Brahea, Copernicia, Seremoa and Washingtonia from the Americas and Johannesteijsmannia, Licuala and Livistonia from Asia and the Pacific.

The most recognizable symbol of Hawaiʻi might be the coconut palm. It was an important plant for the entire Pacific region so there is no doubt that it should be an icon. The reading about coconut's spread throughout the world is actually pretty helpful in understanding a little about how unusual the loulu distribution is across the islands. Coconuts, when taking care of its own migration and distribution, cluster along shorelines. It is the water that brings them across

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the globe. It is humans that move them away from the shore. As a palm, loulu likely floated on the currents to the islands. We presume that they populated the shorelines. But when human inhabitants first arrived, loulu, in at least 24 species, covered considerable swaths of the islands; they were some of the densest forests on the islands. Somehow they moved from the shore to the mountains but natural forces. Researchers assume birds brought them to mountain tops where they developed their individual, distinguishable traits. There are two remaining loulu forests left across the islands. One on Nīhoa and one on an islet off the northern coast of Molokaʻi, Huelo Islet. The isolation from humans and other predators have preserved these forest ecosystems.

Hawaiians, it appears, had only two names for loulu: loulu hiwa and loulu lelo.

Western botanists arrived and started differentiating the many different loulu, putting their own names on the plants. Loulu lelo is presumed to the Pritchardia hillebrandii. We will be focusing on loulu lelo and Huelo Islet.

ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022

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Pritchardia spp. | Timeline

1B

Chart

Hawaiian loulu occur in a variety of habitats high and low, dry and wet in disturbed mixed forests, ravines, canyons, gulches, cliffs, offshore islets, sea level to about 4,000 ft. elevation. Loulu seem happiest between 1,500 to 3,500 ft in wet forests but there are lowland varieties that are well-adapted and thrive at coastlines and at lower elevations. Huelo Islet is an example of a lowland loulu forest.

South Pacific species inhabit moist forests on limestone substrates at low elevations, showing much less travel of the plant from coast and lowlands to mountains and valleys.

The ancestors of these Pacific fan palms are purported to be carried along the waves or by birds With 24 different species of loulu, each palm has a series of different characteristics: trunk girth, leaf size, leaf surface, color, height, length of flower and frut stalks, how tomentose or glaucose the leaves' underside are, size of seeds, flowers—the list is endless. In the images below, Rock and Beccari recorded the difference in seed size in the A Monographic Study of the Genus Pritchardia. The amount of variability is a reminder of how many different climates and conditions we have on the islands. It is also a good reminder that loulu have been here for a huge swath of time, allowing for the adaptations the genus produced.

Elevation Distribution Across the Islands

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1C

Tree Portraiture

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According to Donald Hodel, a key loulu researcher, there are 24 endemic loulu in Hawaiʻi. The greatest variety of the species developed in these islands and there were suppositions, among Beccari and Rock, that the palm developed here first then traveled to the South Pacific. The palms developed based on microclimates and geology so that many palms would be identified by its location and not necessarily the physical features of the palm.

Pritchardia hiliebrandii | Web

The leaves vary by color, size, length of leaf stalk, whether or not tips droop and if leaves lay flat or undulate. Leaves often fall off in their own but in some cases, they can form a skirt. The leaf blade, the fan section of the leaf, is comprised of induplicate (upward folding) segments joined at the basal part and separated at the tips. The leaves are costapalmate, meaning the leaf stalk extend into the leaf blade.

Upperside of the leaf blade are typically green with underside typically being green. Variations in the color under the leaves are dictated by presence and density of lepidia, light-colored scale-like hairs that can make the undersides appear lighter green to almost silvery-white. Blades can be covered in a waxy bloom that make leaf appear grayish-green, as can happen with P. hillebrandii.

The length of flower and fruit stalks can also be an indicator of the species and they range from shorter than leaf stalk to extending beyond the leaf blade. Fruits range from as small as 1/2" and as large as lilikoi. Bark can be smooth and gray showing faint leaf scars to a rough, cork-like texture that is grooved vertically to deeply furrowed.

Much of the decline of loulu forests were due to humans and other introduced fauna reducing the number of viable seeds able to germinate. Loulu, prior to human contact, appeared to be successful enough to populate forests.

1/4" = 1'-0" 0"

1'

2'

5'

New leaves emerge from the , center of the crown, called a leaf spike. Leaf spikes are usually wooly and leaf is tightly folded and unfurls into the familar fan palm shape.

ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022 Leaf Blade

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Leaves emerge full size. up to 4' 4'

Wooly or cottony along ridges on the underside of the leaf.

Fibers usually found at leaf base creating a hairy appearance.

25'

up to 4'

The underside of loulu leaf ridges, their stalks and leaf bases are usually covered in wooly or cottony to fibrous hairs.

Leaf Stalk

up to 4'

Leaf Base

Flower Stalk

Yellow flowers are densly arranged and plant is hermaphroditic with both staminate and pistillate parts. Loulu flowers are very distinct among palms.

When ready for pollination flowers are aromatic and the nectar attracts populations of pollinators and nectargatherers such as bees, Kamehameha butterfly and honeycreepers.

1/3"

Loulu means umbrella. Fittingly, leaves were often used as fans or for shade. Leaves are costapalmate with induplicate folds.

Blades of this loulu are wavy.

up to 4'

Roots

Fruit Stalk

2'

Pritchardia hillebrandii Loulu Lelo

Roots are fibrous and rather shallow.

They spread out from the base of the trunk and up to 2' deep.

Fruit, called hāwane, can be consumed unripe and are rumored to taste like coconut. Endemic loulu have larger seeds than S. Pacific Pritchardia spp.

1/2"

Seed

A.

B.

C.

A. Mature fruit are often dark skinned, almost black.

B. Interior of mature fruit and whole seed.

C. Interior of seed showing embryo.

Pritchardia hiliebrandii | Plant Portrait

Juvenile Loulu with Leaf Spike

Latin Name

Common Name

Distribution

Number Ecology

Conservation Status

Color

Height

Trunk Crown

Flower Stalk Fruit Stalk

Palm

Pritchardia arecina

East Maui Loulu

Maui

500 wet forest

Species of Concern

underside rust

50'

10-20" ~20 leaves

Palm

Palm

Stalk

Blade

5'

5'

brown to golden Pritchardia bakeri

Bakerʻs Loulu

Oʻahu

≈ 250 wet forest

Endangered

Pritchardia flynii Pritchardia forbesiana

Beccariʻs Loulu Flynnʻs Loulu Forbseʻs Loulu

Hawaiʻi Hawaiʻi Maui, Molokaʻi

≥ 1,000 wet to very wet forest ≈ 250 wet forest ≈ 270 wet forest

Species of Concern

underside silvery to 30'

Species of Concern Species of

underside greenish underside greyish underside green

8-10"

35-40 leaves 1-2'

2-3'

Pritchardia gordinii

Smooth Loulu Gordonʻs Loulu

Lānaʻi, Maui Hawaiʻi

≈ 200 dry to moist forest < 25 moist to wet forest

Pritchadia hardyi

Hardyʻs Loulu

Kauaʻi

≈ 300 wet to very wet forest

Pritchardia hillebrandii

Loulu Lelo

Molokaʻi

≈ 200 moist forest

Endangered Endangered

underside green underside green

65' 20' 30'

8-10" 8-12" 8-12"

15' 65'

8-12" 10"

30'

8-12"

Critically Endangered

greyish white

Species of Concern

leaf blade green but 25'

6-10"

Candidate for Listing/

underside silvery

Tips

Shape

= Leaf

< Leaf

= Leaf

> Leaf

Stalk

Stalk

Blade

Blade

Blade

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

large spherical

X

X

crown of leaves

X

X

large fruit

X

X

felt like hairs

X

X

abundant fibers at base large moderate fibers at base wavy to nearly flat

25-30 leaves 6' ~25 leaves 20 leaves,

3' 3'

6'

15 leaves, 30 leaves, 30 leaves 35 leaves

2-3' 4'

large, flat

stiff

2' 3'

wavy

stiff stiff

copious fibers at leaf

X

base

X

3' 4' x 6'

Pritchadia kahukuensis

Kaʻala Loulu Kahuku Loulu

Oʻahu Oʻahu

155 dry to moist forest ≈ 250 wet forest

Endangered Endangered

underside green underside silvery

30' 50'

6-10" 8-12"

20 leaves 30 leaves

Woolly Loulu

Hawaiʻi

≈ 300 wet to very wet forest

Species of

underside green

25-45'

6-20"

20 leaves

X

X

X

X

X

small fruit

X

X

fibers at leaf base

pendulous

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

l

X

X

X

small fruit

Hawaiʻi

Pritchardia maideniana

Maidenʻs Loulu

Hawaiʻi

Pritchardia martii

Martiusʻs Loulu,

Oʻahu

≈ 2,000 wet forest ≈ 50 very dry to moist forest ≥ 10,000 moist to wet forest

4' x 3'

flat

stiff

X X

X

4'

4'

flat

stiff

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

large spherical

X

X

crown of leaves

X

X

small fruit

X

X

dense, pinkish brown

5' 3'

4'

wavy drooping

4'

3'

4' x 5'

small fruit

Small Loulu

Species of Concern

underside green

35'

8-10"

25 leaves

3'

4'

Endangered/ Critically

green sometimes

30-70'

6-12"

25 leaves

3-4'

3-4'

Endangered

with very slightly

Species of Concern

underside silvery

30'

6-12"

25 leaves

4'

4'

≈ 500 moist to wet forest

Species of Concern

underside silvery

30'

3-5"

15 leaves

2'

X

X

X

hairless

X

large fruit

X

X

skirt of old/dead

X

X

conspicuously wavy

persistent leaves

X

X

X

X

X

X

large fruit

X

X

dense, pinkish brown

moderate fibers at base wavy to nearly flat

3'

small fruit

diamond-shaped, stiff

of leaf stalk Kauaʻi

flat

stiff

small fruit

greyish white Pritchardia munroi

Munroʻs Loulu

Maui, Molokaʻi

< 50 dry to moist forest

Endangered/Critically

underside green

wooly hairs on branchlets 15'

4-6"

15 leaves

3'

X

X

small fruit

X

X

uniform greyish brown

X

X

small fruit

X

X

hairless

X

X

small fruit, hairless

X

X

hairless

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

lacking cottony hairs on

X

X

ridge folds near

X

X

small fruit

hemispherical

X

X

dense, velvety hairs

crown

X

X

3'

Endangered Pritchadia napaliensis

Nāpali Loulu

Kauaʻi

> 90 moist to wet forest

Endangered/Critically

hairs underside green

30'

7"

15 leaves

3'

3'

nearly flat

Endangered Pritchardia perlmanii Pritchardia remota

Perlmanʻs Loulu Remote Loulu

Kauaʻi Nīhoa, Niʻihau

> 500 wet to very wet forest 680 dry forest

Species of

underside silvery

15'

Concern/Endnagered

greyish white

Endangered

green but with very 30'

8-12" 6-12"

30 leaves 35 leaves

3' 4'

3'

nearly flat

4'

stiff

wavy

slightly waxy greyish Pritchardia schattaueri

Schattauerʻs Loulu

Hawaiʻi

12 moist forest

Endangered/Critically

small fruit

wooly hairs on branchlets

Loulu Hiwa Pritchardia minor

large fruit, wider than

3'

X Lowreyʻs Loulu

small fruit, felt like hairs large fruit

Concern/Endnagered Pritcahrdia lowreyana

large fruit

strongly

greyish white Pritchadia lanigera

large fruit

moderate to abundant

waxy greying Pritchardia kaalae

Notes

< Leaf

of leaf stalk

Concern/Endnagered Pritchadia glabrata

Leaf blade

of leaf stalk

greying white Pritchardia beccariana

Fibers/ Hairy?

underside green

80'

12"

30 leaves

6'

6'

Endangered

abundant fibers @ base

drooping

of leaf stalk

X

small fruit, hairless small fruit large fruit, spherical to longer than wide

Pritchardia viscosa

Viscous Loulu

Kauaʻi

3 wet to very wet forest

Endangered/Critically

underside green

30'

8-18"

25 leaves

3'

4'

stiff

Endangered Pritchardia waialealeana

Waiʻaleʻale Loulu

Kauaʻi

< 250 wet to very wet forest

Species of Concern/

underside green

65'

10-18" 40 leaves

3'

4'

Vulnerable Pritchardia woodii

Woodʻs Loulu

Maui

< 300 moist to wet forest

Endangered

underside green

50'

8-10"

20 leaves

3'

5'

small fruit

X

large fruit

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Pritchardia hiliebrandii | Environmental Influences

ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022

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Pritchardia hiliebrandii | Environmental Influences

A B C

D D

E 0"

A. B. C.

This particular P. hillebrandii is located at Foster Botanical Garden. The palm dog legs mysteriously with no obvious environtmental factor to cause the bend. There was a tree that had to be removed which may have created the shaded condition that caused the trunk perturbance.

There is also a spot on the elbow of the first curve, possibly insect damage or a branch falling from a taller tree.

The freeway is located mauka of Foster Garden, it is about 30-40' below grade of the garden.

There is likely affects of pollution on all the plants in the garden.

D. E.

1'

2'

NTS 5'

Loulu are shade tollerant up to 4', allowing them to succeed in the understory of forests. They will shoot up past the faorest canopy.

The Rock Palm collection in the UH Arboretum is a nod to the original planting and botanical legacy of the campus. This specimen is located in the shade of a grouping of areca palms and other plants. Since loulu are shade tolerant to 4', this particular palm grew straight to 4' and then started to reach for the sun, resulting in the slight bend to the trunk.

1D

Plant Phenology + Morphogenesis

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All stages are seen concomitantly in a forest setting, ensuring that as older palms reach the end of their life cycle there are successive palms ready to maintain the canopy. Loulu can be integrated as companions within other forest settings, living amongst trees such as ohiʻa lehua, or they can be the forest canopy that encourages its own diverse understory. The fact that isolated and preserved lowland forests such as Huelo or Nīhoa persist allows us to peer into a pre-human Hawaiʻi and perhaps help us to understand one version of an island ecosystem we would never have been able to observe.

Pritchardia hiliebrandii | Seedling Study

1:1 0"

1/2"

1"

ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022 A. B. C. D. E.

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Loulu seed Germination: 2+ months [outer husk must detriorate for germination to begin, seeds are half exposed] Seedling: first leaves appear over the next few months and start with leaf segments attached through the tip Seedling: leaf segments start to split apart, looking more like traditional fan palm leaves.

Full trunk girth achieved with leaf spike: over the next 2

F. G. H.

years palms achieve their full trunk girth. Leaf spike emerges from top crown and pushes older leaves down and out. Hairs along palm tips seen as spike opens.

Palms can be fast growing, growing 30" per year, taking up to 10 years to reach full stature.

Flowers first appear at 5 years. They can flower year-round. Flowers are hermaphroditic.

Fruits appear 3-4 months after flowers, loulu start to produce viable fruit in about 7-8 years.

Pritchardia hiliebrandii | Life Cycle

SEED

A G

FLOWERING STARTS: 5 YRS

GERMINATION

B

E H

FULL HEIGHT WITH RIPE FRUITS

JUVENILE

C

D

SEEDLINGS

F

PALM GROWING

1/4" = 1'-0" 0"

1'

2'

5'

mayekawa ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022

Pritchardia hiliebrandii | Life Cycle

2A

Plant Practices + Cultural Production

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xxxxxxxxxxxxx Loulu seemed mostly ignored in the landscape, having such a ubiquitous presence. In some places, it was treated with so little regard that the population of loulu were consumed and dessimated. Kamole, or Laysan Island, went through this cycle. There is now a concerted attempt to replace the vegetation that once covered the island and restore the flora and fauna Kamole onces sustained.

Pritchardia hiliebrandii | Section

ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022

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Pritchardia remota | Kamole

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Pritchardia remota | Kamole

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Pritchardia remota | Kamole

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Pritchardia remota | Kamole

ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022

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Pritchardia remota | Kamole

ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022

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Pritchardia remota | Kamole

ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022

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Pritchardia remota | Kamole

ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022

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Pritchardia remota | Kamole

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Pritchardia remota | Kamole

ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022

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Pritchardia remota | Kamole

2B

Plant Perspectives

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As with all plants, everypart of the palm could be used in some way.

Seeds, called hawane, could be consumed when unpripe. Palm stems were sturdy and could be used in construction as well as carved into spears. But perhaps the most valuable part of the plant were the leaves. The palm derives its hawaiian common name, loulu, from its function as a shading tool. Loulu, meaning umbrella, have large, sturdy, waxy leaves at least 3' but often wider.

They were planted outside hale to provide shade and could be found along the exterioir of heiau. Their leaves could be used as thatching and were used in thatching for temporary ceremonial structures called hale loulu, erected in times of famine. They could be used as fans or to provide shade. There is even lore of the leaves being used like wings for gliding from the top of Huelo Islet.

Cordage from Leaves

Pritchardia spp. | Ethnobotanical Practices

As western travelers arrived in the islands, interest in plaited items led to harvesting leaves, creating a commodity for sale. Some plaited items in the Bishop Museum collection include a fan and hat.

Shade from palm crown

Thatching with Leaves

Construction Beams from Trunk

Fans and hats were plaited from loulu

ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022

Leaves could be broken into strips for use in plaiting and lashings

Lead blades atre waxy, waterproof and large

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Lashings are essential in construction evolution

Loulu heiau were temporary structures used during famine

Thatching on a variety of structures

Providing shade, loulu translates to umbrella

Pritchardia spp. | Plant Products

It is rumored that leaves were used to hang glide down from Huelo Islet

Palm stems were sturdy and useful for carving spears and construction posts

Spear carved from palm stem

Loʻi could be lines with loulu leaves to create a waterproofing membrane Posts in constructing hale

mayekawa ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022

Ethnobotanical Practices | Thatching Materials

ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022

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Materials

Step 1: Frame Size + Constructing Frame Determine the size you want your frame. I wanted something that you could comfortable sit under so the finisehd dimensions are 63" tall and 30" wide. Start by attaching one of the 30" rails to the 60" stiles.

I used pocket screws for a secure hold that could be dismantled.

Step 4: Attach Bottom Rail Attache the last rail at the bottom of the frame.

The frame is complete!

Determine the distance between the midrails. The leaves will attach to the top rail and midrails. For optimal coverage from the leaves, use the leaves to determine the ideal distance. Keep in mind that you want the leaves to overlap when thatching.

Here, 15" between midrails was ideal for this sized leaf.

Step 3: Attach Midrails Measure 15" from the top rail, clamping some blocks to help ensure the propoer placement. I clamped some wood to help maintain the correct distance. Repeat for the second midrail.

Thatching is meant to provide shelter from wind, water and sun. Start with the bottom row and overlap the leaves to provide the best protection from these elements. It is important to make sure the leaves are overlapping.

Thatched roofs can have upwards of 6" of thatching materials. This portable structure is meant to be lighter and will not be used in the same way.

You could opt to harvest many more leaves for a more robust thatch.

Adjust leaves to ensure overlap and secure with zip ties once leaves are in position.

Step 7: Lashings Traditionally, the leaves would have been held in place with lashings. Here, loulu leaves were made into lashings and wrapped around the leaf petioles or stems to make them more secure and honor traditional ʻike.

Ethnobotanical Practices | Thatching

Step 5: Placing Leaves Step 2: Midrail placement

mayekawa ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022

Ethnobotanical Prcatices | Cataglog of Leaf Variety

2C

Dimensions of Collaboration

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Loulu's arguably most important feature was the size of its leaves. Measuring between 3 to 6 ft wide. Fewer leaves were needed to accomplish similar tasks from other plants. Thatching, then, was an easy application for housing structures and even in use for ceremony.

Looking at both instances, we can compare how differently the leaves were used for thatching.

Pritchardia | Plant Products

mayekawa ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022

Dimensions of Collaboration | Plant Products

mayekawa ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022

Dimensions of Collaboration | Plant Products

2D

Plant Perspectives + Companions

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Loulu are held in high regard as the only endemic palm. Primarily, they are incorporated as part of the landscape or are part of rehabilitation plans. Since their natural growth habit is disturbed by introduced fauna it is difficult to reintroduce the specific species to their originating habitat without creating some safeguards for seedling survival.

Plant Perspectives + Companions

For Huelo, as an isolated islet, it has preserved its identity as a lowland palm forest. This allows incredible insight into how these forests would have looked and how they would have functioned. In contrast, Kamole Island was devistated by humans and nature as there are repeated attempts to reintroduce the flora and fauna that existed on the island before human disruption. While Huelo is mainly observed and documented, allowing it to age and progress on its own, Kamoleʻs rahabilitation efforst are contstantly monitored and encoraged with the hopes of reestablishing the loulu stand that once existed there. Both are treated with care and concern as, essemtially, seed banks of habitats that once sustained an ecological balnce between flora

Image: Kalaupapa National Historic Park

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Open Cliff Zone Vertical Cliff Pritchardia hillebrandii Loulu lelo

Lipochaea integrifolia Nehe

Eragrostis variabilis Kawelu

Artemisia australis Hinahina kuahiwi

Scaevola sericea Naupaka kahakai

Cyperus phleoides Cyperus

Schiedea globosa Schiedea

Sida falax ʻIlima

Dianella sandwicensis ʻUkiʻuki

Lepidium bidentatum Montin var. O-wahuensis Anaunau

Wikstroemia uva-ursi ʻAkia

Osteomeles anthyllidifolia ʻUlei

Cocculus orbiculatus Huehue

Peucedanum sandwicense Mokou

Brighamia rockii Pua ala

Pritchardia hiliebrandii | Huelo Islet Companion Species Catalog

Shrubland

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Pritchardia hiliebrandii | Huelo Islet Section

ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022

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Pritchardia hiliebrandii | Huelo Islet Section

Section zoom in of plant community

3A

Dimensions of Design

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Flowers are fragrant adn attractive to pollinators.

across the urban landscape and researchers are dedicated to reintroducing loulu where they have

disappeared. This palm once inhabited so much of the

Seeds grow in large clumps and take months to germinate though they do germinate easily.

landscape that it was likely overlooked as something to preserve. It's cultural significance seems more

important now than when people first occupied this archipelago. Hawaiians, as reported by European

botanists, only had two names for Pritchardia: loulu hiwa and loulu lelo.

Niu held more cultural significance than loulu. Niu groves at Helumoa on Oʻahu and Kapuaiwi on Molokaʻi serve as inspiration for this suggested design. Loulu tend to be

very site specific, Hodel notes that quite often researchers Because there is already a resurgence in

identified loulu by their location rather than specific

it is already being employed in countless ways. It is

memorial sites that honor the specific loulu and their

and reforestation efforts. It is not quite the type of

will serve as seed banks for the preservation and spread of

unless you create a market for the plant products.

installation on the highest point on Oʻahu.

appreciating and understanding this endemic palm

characteristics. This design proposal would create small

used in streetscapes, home gardens, agroforestry

attendant plant communities. As with Kamole, these sites

plant you would use for orchards or plantations

several endangered species. This proposal will imagine a site

The fruit could be used to create an exotic drink

or the leaves for some plaited product but do we

really want to grow the plant to really just exploit it?

No.

Pritchardia kaalae | Lessons from Palms

The community has already embraced planting loulu

Fruits have been eaten by a host of animals, human to avian to rodent to ungulate.

ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022

Trees

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Shrubs

Pritchardia kaalae | Location + Comapnion Species

Cibotium spp.

Hapu'u Pritchardia kaalae Loulu

Research so far has focused on loulu within coastal regions. This section will look at the installation of loulu at a higher elevation: Mt. Kaʻala.

Hibiscus brackenridgei Ma'o Hau Hele

Groundcover

Schiedea hookeri

This is a barren slope along Mt. Kaʻala Road along the edge of the steep cliffs.

Metrosideros polmorpha ʻŌhiʻa Lehua

Fauna

Himatione sanguinea 'Apapane

mayekawa ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022

Pritchardia kaalae | Dimensions of Design

mayekawa ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022

Pritchardia kaalae | Dimensions of Design

mayekawa ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022

Pritchardia kaalae | Seed Dispersal

mayekawa ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022

Pritchardia kaalae | Protection

mayekawa ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022

Pritchardia kaalae | Protection

ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022

mayekawa

Process Shots

Works Cited Athens, J. S., J. V. Ward, and D. W. Blinn. 2007. “Vegetation History of Laysan Island, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.” Pacific Science 61 (1): 17–37. https://doi.org/10.1353/psc.2007.0001.

Athens, J. Stephen. 1997. “Hawaiian Native Lowland Vegetation in Prehistory.” In Historical Ecology in the Pacific Islands, edited by Patrick V. Kirch and Terry L. Hunt, 248–70. Prehistoric Environmental and Landscape Change. Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt211qz1v.17.

Athens, J. Stephen, and Jerome V. Ward. 1993. “Environmental Change and Prehistoric Polynesian Settlement in Hawai’i.” Asian Perspectives 32 (2): 205–23.

Broschat, Timothy K. 2013. “Palm Morphology and Anatomy.” EDIS 2013 (6). https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-ep473-2013.

Burney, David A., Helen F. James, Lida Pigott Burney, Storrs L. Olson, William Kikuchi, Warren L. Wagner, Mara Burney, et al. 2001. “Fossil Evidence for a Diverse Biota from Kauai and Its Transformation Since Human Arrival.”

Ecological Monographs 71 (4): 615–41. https://doi.org/10.1890/00129615(2001)071[0615:FEFADB]2.0.CO;2.

Chapin, Melany H., Mike Maunder, and Katherine E. Horak. 2007. “A Preliminary Study of Regeneration in Wild Populations of Threatened Endemic Hawaiian Palms (Pritchardia; Arecaceae).” Pacific Conservation Biology 13 (1): 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1071/pc070020.

Chapin, Melany H., Kenneth R. Wood, Steven P. Perlman, and Mike Maunder. 2004. “A Review of the Conservation Status of the Endemic Pritchardia Palms of Hawaii.” Oryx 38 (03). https://doi.org/10.1017/ S003060530400050X. Corn, Carolyn. n.d. “PIHEA TRAIL PLANT GUIDE.” Davies, Rachel. 2014. “For the Love of Loulu.” Hana Hou!, December 2014. https://hanahou.com/17.6/for-the-love-of-loulu.

Gemmill, Chrissen E. C. 1998. “A New Narrow, Endemic Species of Pritchardia (Arecaceae) from Kaua’i, Hawaiian Islands.” Novon 8 (1): 18. https://doi. org/10.2307/3391885.

Hodel, Donald R. n.d. “An Unforgettable Visit to the Spectacular and Unique Home of Pritchardia Thurstonii in Fulaga Lagoon, Fiji,” 25.

Hornaday, William T. 1913. “The Bird Tragedy on Laysan Island.” In Our Vanishing Wildlife, 5.

Jr, Elbert Little, and Roger Skolmen. n.d. “Common Forest Trees of Hawaii, Native and Introduced,” 2.

Ladefoged, Thegn N. n.d. “Spatial Similarities and Change in Hawaiian Architecture: The Expression of Ritual Offering and Kapu in Luakini Heiau) Residential Complexes) and Houses,” 15.

MacCaughey, Vaughn. 1918. “The Endemic Palms of Hawaii: Pritchardia.” The Plant World 21 (12): 317–28.

Malo, David, and Nathaniel Bright Emerson. 1903. Hawaiian Antiquities (Moolelo Hawaii). Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum. Special Publication2.

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Malo, Davida. 1951. Hawaiian Antiquities (Moolelo Hawaii). 2d ed. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum. Special Publication 2. Honolulu: The Museum.

Morin, Marie P. 1998. Laysan Island Ecosystem Restoration Plan.

Muscarella, Robert, Thaise Emilio, Oliver L. Phillips, Simon L. Lewis, Ferry Slik, William J. Baker, Thomas L. P. Couvreur, et al. 2020. “The Global Abundance of Tree Palms.” Global Ecology and Biogeography 29 (9): 1495–1514. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13123.

Nelson, Scot, and Mark Wright. 2005. “Banana Moth--A Potentially Fatal Pest of Pritchardia and Other Palms,” September. http://scholarspace.manoa. hawaii.edu/handle/10125/12282.

Olson, Storrs L. 2012. “History, Structure, Evolution, Behavior, Distribution, and Ecology of the Extinct Hawaiian Genus Ciridops (Fringillidae, Carduelini, Drepanidini).” The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 124 (4): 651–74. https:// doi.org/10.1676/1559-4491-124.4.651.

Rock, Joseph F. 1916. “A New Species of Pritchardia.” Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 43 (7): 385–87. https://doi.org/10.2307/2479772.

Schauinsland, Hugo H. 1996. “Three Months on a Coral Island (Laysan) [1899]. Translated by Miklos D.F. Udvardy.” http://repository.si.edu/xmlui/ handle/10088/5897.

Starr, Forest, and Kim Starr. 2013. “Botanical Survey of Laysan Island: Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge.” US Fish and Wildlife Services. http://www. starrenvironmental.com/publications/#restoration.

UH Hilo. n.d. “Kamole, Kauō (Laysan Island).” Accessed March 10, 2022. https:// hilo.hawaii.edu/coralhealth/sites/laysan-2013.php.

Wood, Kenneth R. 2008. “Vegetation Descriptions of Kuka`iwa`a Peninsula and the Three Islets of Huelo, Mokapu and Okala, Kalaupapa, Moloka`i, Hawai`i.

Special Report Prepared for Kalaupapa National Historic Park. 11 Pp.” https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.1418.1129.