UH Mānoa MLA Final Capstone, Spring 2021 - Ishimine

Restoring Symbiotic Aquaculture Shun Ishimine UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE MLA 2021 CAPSTONE DESIGN RESEARCH PROJECT

Restoring Symbiotic Aquaculture A capstone design research project submitted in partial fulfillment of the Plan B requirements for the degree of MASTER OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

May 2021

By Shun Ishimine

Capstone committee: Phoebe White, Chair person Simon Bussiere

Key words: Hawaiian Aquaculture, Fishpond,

TABLE OF CONTENTS 01.

PROJECT INTRODUCTION P. 3 ~ 14.

02. PROBLEMS & MISSION P. 15 ~ 24

03. HAWAIIAN AQUACULTURE P. 25 ~ 30

04. SITE INVENTORIES P. 31 ~ 40

01

05.

SITE ANALYSIS

06.

PROBLEMS & MISSION

07.

FISHPOND STRATEGIES

08.

DESIGN

09.

CONCLUSION

P. 41 ~ 52

P. 53 ~ 70

P. 71 ~ 76

P. 77 ~ 106

P. 107 ~ 108

02

01.

03

INTRODUCT

TION

04

ENVISIONING THE FUTURE SCENARIO FROM THE OUTSIDE In 2021, it goes without saying that Hawaii is one of the most beautiful islands globally, thanks to its stunning natural environments consisting of the ocean, mountains, biodiversity, and cultures harmonizing with them.

However, how many of them remain with their original quality? It is safe to say that many of them are still well preserved. However, upcoming environmental changes, such as climate changes, sealevel rise, global warming, and biodiversity loss, must seriously impact the existing natural environment, including ourselves.

However, while so many action plans have been published by the State of Hawaii since 2008, especially about sea-level rise, there is still no progress. It cannot help feeling the gap between the campaign raising people’s awareness about many environmental issues and how they take actions on a personal or community scale and the concrete actions as the urban design and planning, despite the danger of sea-level rise projected.

Therefore, as a landscape architecture student, I launched this project to speculate the urban design plan to adapt sea-level rise and other environmental issues with Hawaiian culture-oriented methodology.

This project does not focus on the center area of Honolulu on purpose, for example, Waikiki, Ala Moana, and Kapiolani.

There are too challenging to deal with those areas because of very diverse stakeholders and their number. That is probably the partial reason for the State of Hawaii why they had difficulties working on the sea-level rise as urban design plans.

Then, this project tries to find the site where it can deliver the exciting precedent vision to central Honolulu from the other side of it. In order to meet that expectation on the site, the project site has to be the area that has enough amount of population following Waikiki or Ala Moana and an impactful area which could enable center Honolulu to get confident with embarking on the next urban design phase to adapt to sea-level rise based problems. Therefore, the area, which could show the future dream for Hawaii, would be the project site for this thesis.

05

06

PROJEC

07

CT SITE

08

09

WHAT IS HAWAII KAI? Given the requirements about the site, this project selects Hawaii Kai as the project site. Hawaii Kai has excellent potential, giving Hawaii an exciting momentum by envisioning the urban design ideas for the sea-level rise adaptation.

There are two reasons why the project site should be Hawaii Kai. The first reason is the scale of the population.

According to the 2020 census, 28,417 people currently live in Hawaii Kai. This number contributes to 8.5% of the total population in Honolulu and 60% of the East Honolulu area. Although Hawaii Kai has this population volume in that comparatively smaller area, this population-scale follows larger scale areas such as Kaneohe(33,841) and Ewa(25.

641). Besides, different from those two areas, Hawaii Kai is in the distance from center Honolulu by 25 minutes driving. So, it is safe to say that Hawaii Kai’s impact could directly deliver the center of Honolulu. Given this fact, simulating future sea-level rise adaptation scenario in Hawaii Kai is valuable.

Second, the current issues are similar to Hawaii as a whole. Therefore, envisioning the following points in Hawaii Kai contributes to Honolulu and Hawaii, and other islands.

•

Most of the buildings and public spaces along the shorelines are going to be impacted by sea-level rise.

•

The repeated land reclamations(urbanization) devastated the original natural environments.

•

We lost the Hawaiian cultural lifestyle living symbiotically with natural resources in public spaces.

•

It is predicted that all of these issues get worse in the future.

Haven’t you heard of these problems in Hawaii? These problems in Hawaii Kai are the same as in Honolulu and Hawaii. Therefore, simulating future urban design scenarios in Hawaii Kai contribute to Honolulu and Hawaii as a whole.

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11

P

roblems

In the previous pages, some problems are highlighted generally.

However, then, how are these problems like more detail?

First, as already mentioned, the density of the private housings along the shorelines makes the situation complicated. As long as the shoreline areas are owned by people privately, it must not be easy to lead them to adapt to upcoming climate events which might impact them from the water flowing from the ocean.

Second, this must be the most eminent thing. According to Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System, the sea level will rise 3 feet by 2050. However, as the pictures show, some existing buildings are in a situation where if the sea level rises 1 or 2 feet, they are directly impacted. Furthermore, if storm events happen, the higher waves easily pouring over the private housings.

Also, although the public spaces along the shoreline in Hawaii Kai are limited, the most of the edge condition is artificial and not comfortable for visitors to stay due to the scale and materials. Especially in the beach park, Maunalua Beach Park, the beach needs to be filled periodically due to the severe soil erosions, and some of them are already protected by retaining walls. These conditions are kept by going against what is happening now and what Hawaii Kai was.

12

S LR

As the result of going against what Hawaii Kai originally was, many areas end up being in risk of Sea Level Rise. For example, just 3 feet rise, which is predicted to come by 2050, impacts 462 housings along the shore in Hawaii Kai. Especially the area, Maunalua Beach Park and Portlock, is predicted that the damage of Sea Level Rise is more severe than other areas.

In addition, by 2100, the sea level is predicted to rise 6 feet. Many of the housing in Hawaii Kai might avoid the severe impact in 3 feet plus situation. However, once the sea level goes up to more than 4 feet, the impact would spread not only to housings but also to infrastructures such as traffic highways.

Maunalua Beach Park

This project has to explore the scenario of how Hawaii Kai can adapt to the impact of 6 feet plus situation.

13

Portlock

Mainer’s Cove

14

02.

15

PROBLEM &

& MISSION

16

THE ROOT OF THE

17

1st: 1959

Initial dredging to near its present configulation, including dredging material from Kuapa Pond to depths of -6’ in the marina and -8’ in the entrance channel.

2nd: 1960s

Rim Island No.1 and No.2

3rd: 1977

The US Army Crops of Engineers issued a maintenance dredging.

4th: 1985

Kaiser dredged the entrance channel from Maunalua Bay into the marina inside the kalanianaole Highway Bridge.

5th: 1996

Hawaii Kai Marina Association dredged approximately 53,600 cubic yards from the marina and placed materials on Rim Island No.1 and No.2.

6th: 1998

Maintenance dredging of approximately 8,000 cubic yards was conducted to achieve the depth to -6’ in Maunalua Bridge.

REC

WHOLE PROBLEM

LAND CLAMATION On the previous page, it is already briefly mentioned, but without this construction, Hawaii Kai must be a different urban area in East Oahu.

That construction is the repeated land reclamations in Hawaii Kai. Since the Hawaii Kai area began to get urbanized around 1960, the area needed to expand to accept many incoming people. Therefore, the construction firm that led the Hawaii Kai urbanization project decided to replace existing wetland areas with residential districts. Unfortunately, some of them are organized into the luxurious gated community, so the sense of public around the ocean had lost in this period.

Furthermore, most of the areas predicted to get impacted by Sea-Level Rise are the areas constructed by land reclamation.

This scenario is nothing but irony. Since 1960, it has been done nine times. Other than being impacted by Sea-Level Rise, this repeated land reclamation triggers many environmental issues.

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SEA LEVEL RISE

LOSS OF SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP

19

LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY

EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS Repeated land reclamation triggered following three environmental issues. Solving these issues is part of the goal in this project.

First, as it is already covered repeatedly, Sea-Level Rise is the most severe problem.

To keep private housings and infrastructures away from water flowing into the land, the shoreline area needs to be protected.

Second, the loss of a symbiotic relationship between people and ecology could be categorized into a cultural problem as well as an environmental one. Since many people own shoreline areas privately, the way people interact with water in Hawaii Kai has totally changed. Most of them enjoy cruising and marine sports. However, the variety of interactions with water was supposed to be more diverse. Changing the people’s recognition of the marine environment in Hawaii Kai must be critical in this project.

Third, since Hawaii Kai’s construction began in 1959, almost all beautiful and highperformance environments were destroyed.

Initially, Hawaii Kai was recognized as the largest pond in Hawaii, and there was the large-scale wetland around that. In addition, the quality of the soil was also high enough for cultivating vegetables, so people received the blessing of the land. As a result, people grew enough food around the pond, and the redundant vegetables were used to feed fish in the pond. After growing up, fish were consumed by people. Thanks to these interactions, fish could grow healthier, so many water birds and wetland birds could also live with them in Hawaii Kai. However, the habitat for them has totally gone today.

It is true that Hawaii Kai has lost many things, but, given the process of losing began just 60 years ago, it might be able to take them back and grow them better in the next 80 or 100 years.

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Currently a lot of researches are still going on. And I believe we can set priorities and recommendations for this plan, and we definitely encourage any input you have on that.

@ EAST HO MANAGEME

I have a question about Sea Level Rise. Will you be analyzing approach that we have followed, for protection, adaptation, or retreat?

GENERAL PLAN

EAST HONOLULU SUSTAINABLE COMMUN “ PLANNING FRAMEWORK ”

DEVELOPMENT PLANS AND SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES PLANS

IMPLEMENTING ORDINANCES AND REGULATIONS

SPECIAL AREA PLANS

ZONE CHANGES LAND USE PERMITS LAND USE ORDINANCE SIGN ORDINANCE SUBDIVISION ORDINANCE ETC.

CIP PROJECTS

21

THE GOVERNMENT DIRECTION

ONOLULU COMMUNITIES AND WATERSHED ENT PLANS COMMUNITY MEETING, 2019 Apr

NITIES PLAN TECHNICAL REPORT 2020 April

FUNCTIONAL PLANNING WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLANS WASTEWATER TRANSPORTATION SOLID WASTE PARKS ETC.

Many local people are anxious about how the government will go against the three environmental issues in the previous pages.

Department of Planning and Permitting in The City and County of Honolulu worked on Hawaii Kai’s plan. In 2019 April, East Honolulu Communities and Watershed Management Plans Community Meeting was held. After the government officials explained the general direction of Hawaii Kai’s sustainable urban design plan in this community meeting, the local participants from Hawaii Kai were allowed to ask questions and discuss with government officials.

There were no wrong points in the sustainable urban design plan itself, but it is hard to say they are critical enough to make the situation better because what the government officials published was the document framework. Therefore, it was questionable if there were enough progress toward many environmental issues.

In the question time, one elder participant asked how much the government is ready for upcoming climate changes and environmental crisis and how they will adapt to sea-level rise in the future. To this question, the government official answered that a lot of research is still going on.

Moreover, She said she believe the government can set priorities and recommendations for the upcoming climate and environmental events.

One year later, in 2020 April, what the government published as the East-Honolulu Sustainable Community Plan was the following four points.

1.

Become more age-friendly and focus on complete streets.

2.

Create resilient, disaster-ready communities.

3.

Address minimize and adapt to potential impacts of climate and sea-level rise.

4.

Implement ahupuaa concept and low impact development standards.

Are these four points already shared among local people? Most of them must already know how much these four are essential. The more important thing for them would be how these four points will be implemented in Hawaii Kai. Since 2019, the action plan for Sea-Level Rise in Hawaii Kai includes design. There is no progress.

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This project pursue areas in Hawaii Kai the future to adapt and environmental

23

es how the shoreline i should be like in to upcoming climate changes.

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03.

25

THE HAWAII AQUACULTU

IAN URE

26

OO D

PR AL ODU GIC CTION + ECOLO

M

AN AG EM EN T +

BUILDING + F

27

ER AT CLEANING W

HA FIS F

AWAIIAN SHPOND THE DEFINITION OF HAWAIIAN FISHPOND

Towards the problems mentioned in the previous chapter, what is the effective countermeasure in Hawaii Kai? This project is willing to the idea rooted in the Hawaiian natural system. In that context, is there any other better idea than restoring Hawaiian Aquaculture? Redesigning the shoreline area for aquaculture must be the best solution in Hawaii Kai.

ND PO FISH

W

AL LR

CA TIO N

CO M MU NI T

Cook, one of the greatest researchers about Hawaiian Aquaculture, defines Hawaiian Aquaculture as “The indigenous, economic, technological, and political control of natural pools, ponds, and lakes and man-made ponds, enclosures, traps. and dams for the culture and harvest of fish, turtles, crustaceans, shellfish and seaweed for food production, generally divorced from the vagaries of weather and seasons.”

EP AIRM

L RA EN T + CULTU

U ED

The fishpond is the structure contributing to Hawaiian Aquaculture. It encloses ocean, stream, or lake from shore with masonry stone walls.

That structure was historically used for food production, such as fish, shellfish, and seaweed, as the primary purpose. This culture began in the 1400s in Hawaii and continued actively until the early 1800s. People historically engaged in the construction work of fishpond walls and maintenances, and they got many different benefits not just as a food, but also as cultural things such as education and community building.

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1902 FISHPONDS [ N=77 ] WETLANDS URBAN RESIDENTIAL AREAS RECLAIMING LANDS

Hawaii Kai

1938 FISHPONDS [ N=62 ]

DOWN

WETLANDS URBAN RESIDENTIAL AREAS RECLAIMING LANDS

UP

Hawaii Kai

29

UP

2015 FISHPONDS [ N=21 ] WETLANDS

DOWN

DOWN

URBAN RESIDENTIAL AREAS RECLAIMING LANDS

UP

UP

Hawaii Kai

NUMBER OF FISHPOND Although Hawaiian Fishpond had been used by people for many different purposes in Hawaii since 1400, right after Hawaii began to be Westernized in 1778, the Hawaiian Fishpond gradually lose its importance in Hawaiian society. That is because people in Hawaii started to get their food by money and business, not working for food production in Fishpond.

In other words, thanks to Westernization, Hawaiian people got able to get their food without following Hawaiian tradition, so people began to live without fishpond.

According to the bibliographic researches, there is no information on the fishpond distribution before the 1900s, but the following diagrams are enough to show how many fishponds have decreased since losing their social importance.

The number of Hawaiian Fishponds initially 340 in 1400 - decreased to only seventy-seven in 1902. During the recent hundred-twenty years from 1902 to 2021, the number of fishponds decreased to sixty-two in 1952 and finally dropped to twenty-two in 2015. Simultaneously, it is clear that in the 20th century, the

expansion of urbanization has taken Hawaiian fishponds and wetlands away.

This urbanization must indeed make our lives convenient. However, today in 2020, this ironically ends up putting most of the shoreline areas in Hawaii in danger of sealevel rise, including Hawaii Kai. Therefore, in order to find the symbiotic relationship between people and ecology in urban area, this project needs to trace back to the environment around the age when the coexistence of fishponds and wetland performed well for productivity and habitat for many different species.

In this diagram, there is one thing that should be paid attention to. That is Hawaii Kai has still been categorized as a fishpond.

Given the general explanation and function of a Hawaiian fishpond and the current situation in Hawaii Kai in previous pages, is it still okay to recognize Hawaii Kai as a fishpond?

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04.

31

SITE INVEN

NTORY

32

THE COMPARISON OF GENERAL HAWAIIAN FISHPONDS & HAWAII KAI

33

Here is the comparison between the current Hawaii Kai and traditional Hawaiian Fishponds that are well preserved today.

It is clear that both of them are totally different. However, these still look similar to each other somehow. What makes them categorized as fishponds?

It is safe to say that Hawaii Kai is still fishpond as a form, not ecological and cultural functions. Hawaii Kai has a landform encompassing a part of the ocean with its estuary, so inside Hawaii Kai and outside(Maunalua bay) are clearly separated physically, but water is still

flowing between them. However, different from typical types of fishponds on the right side, in Hawaii Kai, the density of buildings and the way shorelines are used, are totally different. In addition, compared to the three typical fishponds, Hawaii Kai is enormous.

That is the part of the reasons which makes Hawaii Kai different. Generally, the size of a fishpond is around 10 to 30 acres in a smaller size. Surprisingly, Hawaii Kai has 620 acres. This scale is officially reported as the biggest fishpond in Hawaiian history.

Given a form and scale, Hawaii Kai is still fishpond in terms of physical elements.

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BUILDING TYPES

35

COSTCO + RESTAURANTS

HENRY J. KAISER HIGH SCHOOL

HAWAII KAI SHOPPING CENTER

KOKO HEAD ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

- LEGENDS Gated Community Districts

Public Buildings

Business Institute Buildings

Public Institute Areas

Private Housings

10 minutes Walk Distance

PRIVATELY OCCUPIED SHORELINE This section will review all site inventory diagrams to explain how the current conditions took the fishponds’ functions away from Hawaii kai. As discussed in the previous pages, Hawaii Kai is still a fishpond as a physical structure. However, these studies emphasize how far Hawaii Kai is away from cultural aspects of fishponds.

The first diagram shows the building types and distances from buildings that are used for public purposes. Except for buildings colored yellow, most of the buildings are larger-scale private housing. That means shorelines are occupied by single families. In addition, the areas colored red are the gated community. In these areas, people who do not live in these areas are not allowed to come in. Therefore many parts of the Hawaii Kai are exclusive.

These are totally opposite characteristics from traditional Hawaiian fishponds in which people came together to share some benefits with communities.

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CIRCULATION

37

PEDESTRIAN UNFRIENDLY

VIHICULAR CENTRIC ROAD

NARROW PEDESTRIAN PATH

Vihicular Circulation Pedestrian Circulaiton

NO ACCESS TO THE WATER Building layouts influence pedestrian and vehicular circulation.

The diagram shows two types of circulations, pedestrian and vehicular. It is clear that there are no public circulations along the shorelines except for shopping centers and a beach park.

In addition, the scale of Hawaii Kai would make pedestrians challenging to walk around. Therefore, while vehicular circulation is well constructed, pedestrian walkways are narrow, and there are no experiences that make people fun by walking.

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PUBLIC SPACES

39

HAWAII KAI DOG PARK

WETLAND ISLAND ON THE POND

MAUNALUA BEACH PARK

Vacant Areas Public Parks Agricultural Fields

POTENTIAL AREAS Although private housings occupied shoreline areas, there are still several public spaces in Hawaii Kai. the public beach park and the dog run park are around the entrance of the Hawaii Kai estuary and wetlands remain here and there some shorelines and inside the Hawaii Kai.

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05.

41

SITE ANALY

YSIS

42

WHY HAS HAWAII KAI LOST THE ORIGINAL AQUACULTURE IDENTIRY?

Here is the picture of today’s Hawaii Kai. As previously covered, it is physically categorized as a Hawaiian fishpond but ecologically and culturally not. Historically the origin of today’s Hawai Kai began in the 1960s. So what has happened in the recent sixty years from 1960? What Hawaii Kai has got and what has lost? There must be some hints for this project by making the gap clear between today and the periods before the 1960s.

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This picture was taken from the same place in Hawaii Kai in 1881 when Hawaii Kai was in the severe economic depression periods.

Since Hawaii, especially Honolulu became the center of the business with Western countries, especially the United States, most people in Hawaii Kai left their original traditional job working for the chief in each ahupuaa and moved to Honolulu. Therefore the total population in Hawaii Kai was less than ten people at this time. As it shows in the picture on the right, there are no private housings like today. Instead, vibrant wetlands and forests are surrounding the Hawaii Kai ocean with the same form as today. Different from today, it seems easier to access the water directly through the wetland. Given this fact, it is safe to say that Hawaii Kai was clearly the fishpond.

How and why has Hawaii Kai lost its beautiful fishpond environment?

Hawaii Kai in 1881

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TIME LINE PRE KOKO HEAD ERA PURE HAWAIIAN FISHERY VILLAGE 1ST BUSINESS ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT CATASTROPHIC DEPRESSION

2

BC9,000

1778

1840

1890

1830~ Since 1778, Maunalua developed as a business Harber trading sweet potato, sandalwood, and whaling products. While Maunalua rose by agri-business, the calm Maunalua bay environment with coral reef and shallow water level earned much money by leading Bay to visitors from the West for their ships.

1860~ The prohibition of whaling caused Maunalua serious economic damages. In addition, since Honolulu developed as another important area for Western people, many people moved out from Maunalua. In the end, around the 1890s, the total population was just five people in Maunalua.

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BC 9,000~ Koko Head uplifted around 0.1 ~ 0.9 million years ago. This huge geological event created the foundation of Maunalua Bay today, including Hawaii Kai’s fishpond. ~ 1777 Until Hawaii contacted Western civilization, people in Hawaii enjoyed their traditional symbiotic lives with natural environments and built their unique culture.

1778 Hawaii began to be influenced by Western Civilization. Primarily, Maunalua was used by them as an easternmost supply point in Oahu. Since then, the importance of fishpond began to decrease because capitalism was introduced to Hawaii.

1830 ~ Since 1778, Maunalua developed as a business Harber trading sweet potato, sandalwood, and whaling products. While Maunalua rose by agri-business, the calm

2ND DINAMIC DEVELOPMENT BY IMMIGRANTS 3RD DEVELOPMENT “HAWAII KAI ERA” “FISHPOND RESILIENT ERA”

1960

1990

2021

2120

TODAY

1900~ The 1st generation of immigrants created the opportunity and introduced new sorts of businesses to Maunalua. For example, they introduced telecommunication business, livestock, and Fishing business, and many immigrants contributed to the rebuild of the Maunalua Area.

1960~ Henry J. Kaiser, the origin of the name of Hawaii Kai, found his own housing business in Maunalua to help local people. The base of Hawaii Kai was built this time by nine times land reclamations and collaboration with other local landowners and The State of Hawaii.

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THE PROCESS OF URBANIZA

1881 MAUNALUA DEPRESSION PERIODS

STREAM AGRICULTURE FIELD PRIVATE HOUSING WETLAND CIRCULATION PATH CORAL REEF

1952 2ND DEVELOPMENT PERIOD

BY IMMIGRANT’S AGRI-BUSINESS

VEHICULAR CIRCULATION PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION BEACH PARK

47

ATION: LOSS OF FISHPOND

2020 AFTER COMPLETION OF HAWAII PROJECT

THE KAI

SEA LEVEL RISE (+3’)

THE BALANCE BETWEEN URBANIZATION AND HABITAT IN HAWAII KAI The series of three diagrams from 1881 to 2020 shows the process of losing the original environment. By tracing back to what Hawaii Kai originally was, it is possible to understand its original capacity to keep the symbiotic relationship between urbanization and ecological performance in terms of the amounts and the layouts.

The diagrams compare three different periods, 1881, 1952, and 2020. So there are around seventy years gaps between them.

Between 1952 to 2020, urbanization destroyed the original wetland and direct access to the water. On the other hand, from 1881 to 1952, the initial urbanization had completed with the wetlands growing. The changes between 1881 and 1952 were not so significant,

but the urbanization in this period coexisted with the growth of the wetland.

Given that Hawaii Kai is predicted that the population will decrease after 2040, it would be better to change the shoreline areas into the living edges with public access to the water and habitat by shrinking the density in residential areas along the shore.

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49

OVERLAYING

MAPS 2020 ON 1952 MARINER’S COVE

2020 SHORE LINE

1952 SHORE LINE

1952 WETLAND

MAUNALUA BEACH PARK

PORT LACK

This diagram clarifies how much wetland and fishpond had been lost due to urbanization in Hawaii Kai. As the contract between bold black lines, wetlands, and gray lines show, the urbanization after 1952 totally changed the fishpond condition in Hawaii Kai. Although the loss of wetland was already mentioned, the change of the shoreline edges is also totally different.

On the next page, series of section drawings contrast the differences in each edge condition highlighted with pink.

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HISTORICAL SECTIN CUTS IN PORTLOCK

1881 100’

MARINER’S COVE

MAUNALUA BEACH PARK

MARINER’S COVE MAUNALUA BEACH PARK PORT LOCK SLR + 6’ SLR + 3’

51

N FOCUS AREAS 1952

2020 +6’ +3’

PLANTS_FRONT

CUTTING SURFACE

PLANTS_BACK

OBJECTS_CLOSER

WETLAND PLANTS

OBJECTS_FAR BEHIND

HUMAN ACTIVITIES

SPECIES_BIRDS/FISHES/CORAL REEF

silt

sand

concrete

rip rap

vegetated

52

06.

METHODOLO

53

OGY

54

TRANSFORM THE SHOREL SEA LAVEL RISE. THIS TR TO THE RESTORATION OF TIONSHIP BETWEEN PEOP WAII KAI IN THE TRADITIO

THE OVERALL M

LINE FOR ADAPTATION OF RANSFORMATION LEADS F THE SYMBIOTIC RELAPLE AND ECOLOGY IN HAONAL HAWAIIAN WAY.

METHODOLOGY

20

FIS

WE

UR

RE

Loko Kuapa

Loko Ia Kalo

Loko Wai 57

Loko Pu uone

Loko ume iki

015

SHPONDS [ N=21 ]

ETLANDS

DOWN

DOWN

RBAN RESIDENTIAL AREAS

ECLAIMING LANDS

UP

UP

DIFFERENT TYPES OF FISHPONDS There are so many different fishpond types in history, and depending on types, performances are also diverse. This chapter goes over the fishpond types and explores how they are applicable to Hawaii Kai. As the catalog diagram shows, generally, there are five main categories in Hawaiian fishpond. Explain each of them: Loko kuapa The most popular type of Hawaiian Fishpond. It is usually built over a reef flat, with the wall extending out from two points on the coast in an enclosed semi-circle.

Two or more sluice gates(‘auwai) were used for water flushing/inflow, depending on the rasing and ebbing of the tides, but were also used during harvesting and stocking.

Loko pu uone It is a larger-scale fishpond enclosing water with its own landform rather than a fishpond wall. It contains mostly brackish water with fresh and saltwater inputs. The mixture of saltwater source and percolation from adjacent aquifers produced a highly produce estuary environment and highperformance biological biomass. The most characteristic feature of this type of fishpond is a sand bar, coastal reef structure, and two closed edges of the landmass that could be connected to

enclose a body of water.

This is the Hawaii Kai. Loko wai It is mostly inland and mostly freshwater origin fishpond. It is generally made from natural depression, lake, or pool, mainly from diverted streams, natural groundwater springs, or percolation from an adjacent aquifer.

Loko ia Kalo This is a unique mixture type of fishpond combined with Kalo patch, flooded agriculture.

It is not just for Kalo but also for raising oopu, amaama fish, and aholehole fish because they feed dead leaves of Kalo.

Loko umeiki It is quite similar to Loko kuapa, but this type focus on fish traps.

The traps operated without the use of gates and relied on natural movements of fish. The lanes were usually tapered, with the wide end and facing either inward or outward and anywhere from 10 to 40 feet long.

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FISHPOND TYPOLOGY Loko Kuapa TYPE i-a_Loko Kuapa

Loko Kuapa + a small marsh island

TYPE ii_Loko Pu ‘uone

Loko Pu ‘uone + Limestone sink

Loko Kuapa + an adjoining pond

Loko Pu uone Loko Pu ‘uone + Lava flow

Loko Wai TYPE iii_Loko Wai

TYPE iii-a_Loko wai

Loko wai + sluice grate

Loko Ia Kalo TYPE iv_Loko i’a kalo

Loko ume iki

TYPE v-a_Loko ‘Ume ’iki

TYPE v-c1_’Ume’iki

In five main categories, there are thirty-three sub-categories. They are a little different from each other in forms, water types, how fishpond walls are connected, and ground materials encompassing a pond.

Among all types, this project focuses on five types of fishpond circled on the catalog. Basically, Hawaii Kai can be 59

TYPE v-1a_Kaheka

TYPE v-d_’Ume’iki

TYPE v-1b_Hapunapuna

TYPE v-d1_ Pa

categorized as Loko Pu uone, because the pond in Hawaii Kai was divided with the landform, not fishpond walls.

In addition, Hawaii Kai’s fishpond is the largest in Hawaiian history, as mentioned previously. According to the bibliographic research, the large fishponds tend to be less productive than the smaller ones. Therefore,

- TYPE CATALOGUE Loko Kuapa + Inbetween structure

Loko Kuapa + in a bay

Loko Kuapa + Subdivision

Loko Kuapa + No Sluice grate

Loko Pu ‘uone + Artificial Connect

Loko wai + volcanic crater

Loko wai + river wall

TYPE vii-a_Kahe

TYPE vii-b_Paniwai

TYPE v-b_’Ume’iki

TYPE v-d2_Pa’ohua

TYPE v-b1_’Ume’iki

TYPE v-e_Pa hinalea

TYPE v-b2_’Ume’iki

TYPE v-c_’Ume’iki

TYPE v-f_Pa ‘ohi’a

TYPE v-g_Paholoholo

to improve productivity in Hawaii Kai, dividing the large fishpond into smaller pieces depending on the area’s characteristics would be effective.

Given that idea, it is crucial to understand how five fishponds with circles perform.

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THE FISHPOND TYPES FOR SMALL(~10acre) ~ MIDDLE(10~99acre)

LARGE (100~200acre)

61

LAEGE(100 ~ 2

R HAWAII KAI

200’) How can Hawaii Kai’s existing fishpond be divided?

The answer is to apply these five types of fishponds to the shorelines depending on the purposes and site characteristics.This diagram shows each types’ scale, form, and other characteristics.

In order to divide an area, a fishpond wall is the easiest way because Hawaii Kai is not deep(around 5 feet in depth), and building fishpond walls allow people to get engaged in many programs.

The three smaller to middle-scale fishponds, type Ia, Ia:1, and Ia:2, are Loko Kuapa type. The difference is the form of the wall and whether a wetland is connected to the wall or not. The growth of wetland inside the wall would contribute to restoring Hawaii Kai’s habitat for many endangered species, including fish and birds.

The type IB:1 is also Loko Kuapa type, but in that it has double fishpond walls both inside and outside, it is different from other Loko Kuapa types. This type utilizes the stream flowing into the pond from mountains around a fishpond.

Therefore it is possible to separate fresh water from salt or brackish water by inner fishpond wall.

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THE FISHPOND PERFO TYPE Ia: FISHPOND GATE

TYPE Ia1: WETLA OCEAN BREAK WATER

SLUICE GATE

FISHPOND WALL

HABITAT PREYING

NUTRIENTS & PLANKTONS MARSH DUNE BREAK WATER CONNECT TO MARSH

BREAK WA

TYPE IB1: FRESHWATER MIX FISHPOND WALL

TYPE II: LANDFO

STREAM

WETLAND MARSH NUTRIENTS FLOW

FRESHWATER KEPT INSIDE THE WALL

FRESHWATER FISHPOND

MI

COMMUNITY DISTRICT BREAK WATER FOREST CORAL REEF (HABITAT)

63

O

ORMANCES

AND MIX

TYPE Ia2: WALL ACCESS FISHPOND

PREYING

SMALLER FISH ZONE

LEARGER FISH ZONE

PREYING NUTRIENTS

HALE BLOCKED PATROLING

FEEDING

NUTRIENTS

FISHPOND

FEEDING WATER+NUTRIENTS

HABITAT

BREAK WATER

BREAK WATER

CIRCULATION

WATER

OCEAN

WALL JUNCTION

ORM GATE FISHPOND AREA

HABITAT

IGRATION BLOCKED

OCEAN

These diagrams focus on how fishponds interact with what is around them.

Each type has different performances and different environmental characteristics.

Hawaiian Fishpond apparently looks just a stonewall structure. However, by interrupting water circulations, it is possible to generate diverse ecological interactions.

Given the original environment in Hawaii Kai, it could be possible to restore a wetland. If wetlands are connected with fishpond walls, many positive influences must happen.

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THE WALL’S ECOLOGIC

PREYING

BREAK WATER

FEEDING OCEAN

REPAIRING

NUTRIENTS

ROCK / CORAL

SQUIRRELFISH (U’U) UNICORNFISH (KALA) SURGEONFISH (MANINI) GOATFISH (MOANO) AMBERJACK(KAHALA) PARROTFISH (UHU) EELS

FISHPOND

EAT

EAT

SHELTER

IMU (FISH SHELTER) 65

CAL PERFORMANCES FISHPOND WALL MARSH IMU (FISH SHELTER)

PREYING

HABITAT

HABITAT This diagram zooms in the detailed performance of the fishpond wall with the wetland growing on the sediments.

Fishpond provides habitat to the fish and other small marine species. Plus, marine birds come to the fishpond to find their food.

One larger fish preys on other smaller fish or marine species. Smaller fish eat seaweeds and planktons. By building a fishpond wall, it is possible to generate this sort of food chain. Keeping this cycle by maintenance is the key to make fishponds performing well.

In order to do that, just building a wall is not enough. People need to work. People can support the growth of fish by providing sweet potatoes and breadfruits and repairing fish shelters.

Especially, a fish shelter is a great structure to provide an extra habitat in a fishpond. Smaller fish can take a rest between rocks. On the other hand, larger species come to a fish shelter to find their food. In short, just around a fish shelter, it is possible to create a micro food chain, and that contributes to the improvement of the whole fishpond.

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THE FISHPOND SPECIE In Hawaiian fishponds, a wide variety of fish can live. There are around forty species of fish and many types of seaweeds. Each species has different characteristics, scales, and habitat preferences. This diagram shows where they like to stay in a fishpond. Understanding these preferences and locations makes it possible to imagine how Hawaii Kai can restore the ecological interaction by building a wall and fish shelter.

ULUA_UR

KAHALA

OGO

LIMU

RAINBOW TROUT

AKULE

‘AWEOWEO

‘OPAE

PAPA’I

PAKE ULUA

KUMU

ULUA KIHIKIHI

WEKE ‘ ULA

ULUA AUKEA

PUHI UHA

MOANO

‘A’AWA

UHU

ULUA LAU’LI

PUHI

KALA

WEKE NONO

PALANI

OCEAN

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WALL SIDE

‘U’U

MIDDLE POND

ES CATALOGUE

‘OMILU

ULUA PA’OPA’O

ULUA_CA

MOANO KEA

TILAPIA

MOI

‘O’IO

WEKE PUEO

WEKE ‘A OAMA

ORNAMENTAL CARP

KAKU

AHOLEHOLE

AWA’AUA

MANINI

AWA

HINALEA LAUWILI

SHORE

0’

5’

10’

20’

40’

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2015: FOOD CHAIN IN H

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HAWAII KAI THE DIRECTION OF HABITAT RESTORATION According to the environmental assessment reports written by Sea Engineering Inc., the number and the variety of fish kept decreasing since 2011, when the first environmental assessment research was conducted.

As the diagram shows, the food chain in Hawaii Kai should be performed by following this flow chart.

The assessment has done twice, the first one was in 2011, and the second one was in 2015. In 2011, although the number of fish was already not enough, the food chain functioned with the acceptable quality, especially around the Maunalua Bay. However, in 2015, most of the fish highlighted with pink were reported that the researchers found these fishes less than five during the research, which means they got disappeared.

Therefore what is happening in Hawaii Kai is that since many fish species disappeared, the food chain does not work healthier.

On the other hand, the number of invasive seaweeds increased a lot, so they impact indigenous seaweeds such as limu.

This research was conducted around the Maunalua Bay and entrance channel in Hawaii Kai. It was expected that different from the inner Hawaii Kai, Maunalua Bay side should have a healthier ecosystem. However, the reality is severe than expected.

On the other hand, this situation makes us believe that habitat restoration by building fishpond is effective. Therefore this project needs to pursue the fishpond environment where fish species highlighted with pink love to return and can grow with the interaction with other species.

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07.

71

FISHPOND STRATEGIES

S

72

SHORELINE PROTECTIO PROTECTION × COMMUNITY

PROTECTION × INFRASTRUCTURE

PROTECTION × HABITAT

ACCOMODATE × COMMUNITY ACCOMODATE × INFRASTRUCTURE

ACCOMODATE × HABITAT

FLOAT × COMMUNITY

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FLOAT × INFRASTRUCTURE

FLOAT × HABITAT

ONS × FISHPONDS PROTECTION × COMMUNITY

PROTECTION × INFRASTRUCTURE

PROTECTION × HABITAT

ACCOMODATE × COMMUNITY ACCOMODATE × INFRASTRUCTURE

ACCOMODATE × HABITAT

OPTION 01: LAND PROTECTION + PRODUCTION × COMMUNITY PROTECTION × PROTECTION COMMUNITY× COMMUNITY PROTECTION × PROTECTION INFRASTRUCTURE × INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION × PROTECTION HABITATFLOAT × HABITAT

×

×

Fishpond is the one solution for ecological restoration and creating symbiotic relationships between people and ecology. Therefore, a fishpond is not the structure for protecting the land from Sea-Level Rise. So it needs to be mixed with the land protection method.

As the first option, Loko Kuapa type Ia is combined with different types of sea walls. In addition, to support fish

×

FLOAT × INFRASTRUCTURE

FLOAT × HABITAT

growth, the floating fishnet is applied to option 01. This fishpond edge would be applied to the area where the risk of Sea-Level Rise is significantly high.

While protecting the land from upcoming climate and environmental changes with breakwater fishpond walls, many fish can grow inside the fishpond.

× INFRASTRUCTURE × INFRASTRUCTURE ACCOMODATE ACCOMODATE × HABITAT × HABITAT ACCOMODATE ACCOMODATE × COMMUNITY× ACCOMODATE COMMUNITY ACCOMODATE

FLOAT × COMMUNITY FLOAT × COMMUNITY FLOAT × INFRASTRUCTURE FLOAT × INFRASTRUCTURE FLOAT × HABITAT FLOAT × HABITAT

PROTECTION × COMMUNITY

PROTECTION × COMMUNITY

PROTECTION × INFRASTRUCTURE

PROTECTION × HABITAT

PROTECTION × INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION × HABITAT ACCOMODATE × INFRASTRUCTURE ACCOMODATE × COMMUNITY

ACCOMODATE × HABITAT

OPTION 02: ADAPTATION + HABITAT RESTORATION FLOAT × COMMUNITY FLOAT × INFRASTRUCTURE ACCOMODATE × COMMUNITY ACCOMODATE × INFRASTRUCTURE ACCOMODATE × HABITAT

×

FLOAT × COMMUNITY

×

FLOAT × INFRASTRUCTURE

This option utilizes the existing freshwater streams and sediments.

Brackish water area in fishponds can have a wider variety of species than saltwater fishponds. Therefore this option is suitable for habitat restoration.

Since this option is applied to inside the pond, it does not need to worry about breakwater functions. Given this, by lifting the building, the ground is able to change into the part of

×

FLOAT × HABITAT

FLOAT × HABITAT

new habitat and a building itself can avoid the impact of Sea-Level Rise.

Also, this option expects the growth of wetland, so the wetland. As time goes, existing wetlands grow and will connect with floating wetlands or new wetlands established on sediments. By supporting this brackishwater fishpond’s performances, a better habitat could be created for local species.

PROTECTION × COMMUNITY PROTECTION × INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION × HABITAT PROTECTION × COMMUNITY PROTECTION × INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION × HABITAT

ACCOMODATE × INFRASTRUCTURE ACCOMODATE × HABITAT ACCOMODATE × INFRASTRUCTURE ACCOMODATE × HABITAT ACCOMODATE × COMMUNITY ACCOMODATE × COMMUNITY

OPTION 03: LANDPROTECTION + RECREATION FLOAT × COMMUNITY FLOAT × INFRASTRUCTURE FLOAT × HABITAT FLOAT × HABITAT FLOAT × INFRASTRUCTURE FLOAT × COMMUNITY

×

Finally, not just focusing on the performance and restoration, it is also essential to showcase what fishpond can contribute to as the icon to the public in Hawaii Kai. To use a fishpond for recreation, fishpond walls should be wider and connected to make visitors enjoy walking on the wall.

On the other hand, since it is important to keep ecological performances,

×

floating wetland structures are also beneficial to this type of fishpond.

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THE FISHPOND EDGE D

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DISTRIBUTION FISHPOND EDGE TYPES OPTION 01 PROTECTION + PRODUCTION OPTION 02 ADAPTATION + HABITAT OPTION 03 PROTECTION + RECREATION

FOCUS SITES SITE A: MAINER’S COVE SITE B: PORTLOCK SITE C: MAUNALUA BEACH PARK As covered on previous pages, three fishpond edges are applied to the Hawaii Kai shoreline.

The diagram shows the distribution layout.

First, in Hawaii Kai, there are areas in which the predicted Sea-Level Rise impacts are serious, such as Portlock. In that area need to be protected first, so option 01 is suitable. People in these areas are protected by new landforms and can enjoy new public space with production focus fishpond built on the new landform as a seawall.

Second, as the existing condition diagram shows, several streams are running from mountains to the Hawaii Kai pond. In these areas, why do not these freshwater potentials maximize to restore the habitat? For example, purposefully interrupting stream flows and controlling sediments with fishpond walls and fish shelters. And leading these growth cycles into the establishments of new wetlands.

In the area where many people come together, such as shopping centers and existing public parks, it would be interesting to appeal to fishponds for the new iconic activity in Hawaii Kai. 76

08.

DESIGN

77

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SITE A: PORTLOCK FOCUS AREA

RE DI

0’

200’

600’

PROTE

ESIDENTIAL ISTRICT

SLR (+3’)

HAWAII KAI SHOPPING CENTER

KALANIANA’ OLE HIGHWAY

ECTION + PRODUCTION

THE SITE CHARACTERI TOO MANY PRIVATE HOUSING

SMALL ROCKY BEACH

81

ISTICS SALT WATER + SLR RISKS

In Portlock, there are so many private housings, and some of them are vacant. According to the census, the vacancy rate in Portlock is 20.6%, and many of them are located along the shorelines on the Maunalua Bay side.

So it needs to avoid vacant housings getting damages from Sea-Level Rise.

All beaches along in this area are artificial, so it tends to be narrower. In addition, the beach has a land erosion problem, so this is a great opportunity to renovate into productive fishpond instead of underutilized public spaces.

As repeatedly mentioned, Sea-Level Rise is already there. Most of the Portlock shorelines are protected by retaining walls. However, if the sea level rises just 1 or 2 feet, many private housings could be impacted.

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LAND PERFORMANCE: PROTECTION + PRODU RETAINING WALL PEDESTRIAN PATHWAY PRIVATE HOUSING

WAVE POWER SLR(+3’)

350’ WALALUA SILTY CLAY JAUCAS SAND 100’

2020

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FIS BREAK WATER

2060 | SLR (+3’

UCTION PROTECTION + PRODUCTION FISHPOND

PROTECTION + PRODUCTION FISHPOND

PEDESTRIAN PATHWAY VEGETATION AREA

PLANTS FOR FISH

FILL CORAL REEF (GROWING)

FISH

SHPOND WALL BREAK WATER PROTECTION × COMMUNITY

’)

2100 | SLR (+6’) OPTION 01

PROTECTION × INFRASTRUCTURE

PROTECTION × HABIT

ACCOMODATE × COMMUNITY ACCOMODATE × INFRASTRUCTURE

ACCOMODATE × HABIT

FLOAT COMMUNITY PROTECTION PROTECTION ×× COMMUNITY COMMUNITY PROTECTION PROTECTION ×× INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION PROTECTION ×× × HABITAT HABITAT

×

PRODUCTION FISHPOND

×

×

FLOAT × INFRASTRUCTURE

FLOAT × HABITAT

ACCOMODATE ×× INFRASTRUCTURE ACCOMODATE INFRASTRUCTUREACCOMODATE ×× HABITAT ACCOMODATE HABITAT ACCOMODATE ACCOMODATE ×× COMMUNITY COMMUNITY

This transaction primarily focuses on land protection with fishpond walls and landfills.

So it is clear that the existing waterfront area changed into new public spaces with smallerscale agriculture fields for feeding. For the + 6 feet situation, this new edge condition can successfully protect the land by 2060.

production inside the pond.

Koko Head Elementary School is in Portlock. So it is possible to have a fishpond management class with the local community.

For the local marine environmental conservation group, Malama Maunalua, this transaction must be a great space to do their environmental conservation works and possibly expand their project with many participants.

FLOAT FLOAT ×× COMMUNITY COMMUNITY

The width of the fishpond wall is a little bit wider than the general type. That is because the fishpond wall here needs to be strong enough to perform as a breakwater. At the same time, this broader space on the wall allows people to work comfortably on fish

FLOAT ×× INFRASTRUCTURE FLOAT INFRASTRUCTURE

FLOAT ×× HABITAT FLOAT HABITAT

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ECOLOGICAL INTERACTION + PERFORMANCE OPTION 01

PRODUCTION FISHPOND

This transaction is designed to make people work easier on ecological management of the fishpond.

First, the broader fishpond wall has another function. On the inside, stones are stacked randomly. It creates smaller spaces for fish to hide. In other words, this fishpond wall has the additional function that the fish shelter has. In addition, in 1881, Portlock originally had large-scale coral reef beds. So for 2100, a coral reef is going to be transplanted and maintained by local people as a program activity. Coral reefs are an essential part of the fishpond’s food chain, so by growing it healthier, the fishpond’s ecological performances will be improved from the bottom.

On the right-hand side of the fishpond, Ulu trees and sweet potatoes are planted. These two plants are excellent materials for fish’s nutrients. Also, the branches of Ulu trees are able to use for making the sluice gate for a fishpond.

Making this kind of fishpond habitat allows a wide variety of edible fish to grow healthier, such as Mullet, Aholehole, Omaka, and many others.

ULU TREE

BREAK WATER

FISHPOND FISHERY

FEEDING

FISHPOND WALL

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CORAL REEF

ES: PROTECTION + PRODUCTION

PEDESTRIAN PATH

EXISTING HOUSING SWEET POTATO

SCALE 0’

10’

20’

86 40’

SLR (+3’)

AD STREAM

FOCUS AR FRESH WATER

RESIDENTIAL DISTRICT

MAIN SALT WATER

DAPTATION + HABITAT

REA

HAWAII KAI NURSERY + CHARLES NII NURSERY

RESIDENTIAL DISTRICT

SITE B: NER’S COVE 0’

200’

600’

THE SITE CHARACTERI EXISTING WETLAND

TWO PRIVATE NURSERIES

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ISTICS FRESHWATER > SALT WATER + SLR RISKS

In terms of having a freshwater stream, this area is unique for this project.

Mainer’s Cove still has a fair amount of wetlands and natural environments, especially in the upper stream. So, it would be the key to utilize these existing habitat by controlling fresh water’s circulation and sediments.

Here is inside the Hawaii Kai, so it does not need to worry about the wave impacts. But Mainer’s Cove needs to get ready for Sea-Level Rise, so the existing buildings need to renovate to adapt to the upcoming changes.

In the upper stream area, there are two private nurseries.

So in order to expand habitat here, it would be interesting to team up with them and develop wetland plants in their nurseries and deliver not only to Mainer’s Cove but also to the Hawaii Kai’s new fishpond edges.

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LAND PERFORMANCE: ADAPTATION + HABIT

PRIVATE HOUSING RETAINNING WALL PEDESTRIAN PATHWAY TRAFFIC

350’ SLR (+3’)

150’ EXISTING SEA LEVEL

2020

91

2060 | SLR (+3’

TAT

IMU

ELEVATED HOUSING FISHPOND WALL RETAINNING WALL

SEDIMENTS

PEDESTRIAN PATHWAY TRAFFIC

RECLAIMED LAND FOR HABIAT

PROTECTION × COMMUNITY

’)

PROTECTION × INFRASTRUCTURE

PROTECTION × HABITAT

PROTECTION × INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION × HABITAT ACCOMODATE × COMMUNITY ACCOMODATE × INFRASTRUCTURE

ACCOMODATE × HABITAT

2100 | SLR (+6’) PROTECTION × COMMUNITY

OPTION 02

× INFRASTRUCTURE FLOAT × COMMUNITY ACCOMODATE × COMMUNITY ACCOMODATE

×

HABITAT FISHPOND

FLOAT × COMMUNITY

This transaction tries to keep freshwater inside the new fishpond to create a brackish water environment with higher performances in terms of the development of wetlands.

To prepare for this transaction, firstly, the renovation of the existing buildings is necessary. Then, as shown in 2060 and 2100, the building will evolve into elevated housing.

This type of housing provides the space which could be connected with the growth of proposed wetlands and performs a safe habitat for wetland species especially endangered wetland birds.

The expectation of the combination between

×

FLOAT × INFRASTRUCTURE

ACCOMODATE × HABITAT FLOAT × INFRASTRUCTURE

×

FLOAT × HABITAT

FLOAT × HABITAT

fishpond walls and fish shelters is high.

They are going to develop over time while providing habitat and finally be connected as one larger wetland. This development can keep the sediments by fish shelters. It is interesting to envision the new possibility of fish shelter over time.

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ECOLOGICAL INTERACTION + PERFORMANCE OPTION 02 HABITAT FISHPOND

This diagram shows the process of how the sediments coming from the upper stream accumulate and how each species interact with each other.

As shown around the fish shelters and the fishpond wall, clay-based sediments accumulate. These mounds are expected to get larger and larger, 1 or 2 feet lower than the sea level on different periods.

this restoration process will not proceed.

So, local people and another environmental conservation group, Livable Hawaii Kai Hui, can help its development. By team up with Livable Hawaii Kai Hui and two existing nurseries, it would be possible to boost Mainer’s Cove restoration.

After growing enough scale, the wetland plants behind are able to transplant into the new sediment mounds. Through this succession between mound and wetland plant, Mainer’s Cove can restore the highperforming habitat welcoming many kinds of endangered Hawaiian species.

However, without people’s maintenances,

IMU (F

HABITAT

PREY FRESH WATER

0’

93

REST

5’

WATER FLOW

ES: ADAPTATION + HABITAT

FISH SHELTER)

ELEVATED HOUSING

FISHPOND WALL SEDIMENTS

SEDIMENTS

BRACKISH WATER

EAT

94

95

96

SITE C: MAUNALUA BEACH PAR

PROTE

KA OL

FOCUS AREA

ECTION + RECREATION

A RK

GATED COMMUNITY

DOG RUN PARK

ALANIANA’ LE HIGHWAY

SHOPPING CENTER

0’

200’

600’

THE SITE CHARACTERI TINY ARTIFICIAL BEACH

HUGE PARKING LOT

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ISTICS SALT WATER + SLR RISKS

The third site is Maunalua Beach Park.

Similar to Portlock, this park also has a small and rocky artificial beach. Due to its ground materials, the number of people enjoying this area as a beach is not so many, comparing to Waikiki and Ala Moana. So it is worth changing this underutilized area into a recreational spot for all visitors.

What makes Maunalua Beach Park look sad is this huge parking lot. Currently, the area used as a public park is limited.

Nevertheless, most of the part in Maunalua Beach Park was occupied by this parking area despite its excellent location. After people enjoy shopping and lunch or dinner, if they can come here and enjoy the beautiful marine park with fishponds, how wonderful that experience would be? Given this

potential, Maunalua Beach Park is needed to renovate into a fishpond park.

Also, Maunalua Beach Park is at risk of Sea-Level Rise. Most of the park is going to sink with just + 3 feet situation.

If the new proposed landform can protect the park from Sea-Level Rise, the construction company does not need to worry about current land erosion problems and rebuild the retaining walls anymore. What people in Hawaii Kai can expect is how they can enjoy new experiences in the fishpond park.

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ECOLOGICAL INTERACTION + PERFORMANCE RETAINING WAL PARKING LOT SLR IMPACT

WAVE POWER

300’

BREAK WATER

FISH CIRC

130’

2020

101

2050 | SLR(+3

ES: PROTECTION + RECREATION PEDESTRIAN PATH BENCH

SALT MARSH

COMMUNITY PARK

BREAK WATER

HPOND WALL CULATION

PROTECTION × COMMUNITY

3’)

PROTECTION× ×COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION × HABITAT PROTECTION PROTECTION × INFRASTRUCTURE

2050 | SLR(+6’)

ACCOMODATE × × COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE ACCOMODATE × HABITAT ACCOMODATE × INFRASTRUCTURE ACCOMODATE × COMMUNITY ACCOMODATE

OPTION 03

RECREATION FISHPOND

Since this transaction focuses on how the new fishpond makes people enjoy while protecting land from Sea-Level Rise impacts, in terms of landform, it similar to Portlock. However, the location and relationships between a fishpond and a park make this fishpond’s function different.

First, to protect the land from upcoming climate events, similar to Portlock, the land will be filled to make it higher than the projected sea levels in the future. In addition, to mitigate wave powers, broader fishpond walls will need to be built. This is

FLOAT × COMMUNITY

×

FLOAT × INFRASTRUCTURE COMMUNITY

× HABITAT FLOAT FLOAT × INFRASTRUCTURE

×

PROTECTION × HABITAT

ACCOMODATE × HABITAT

FLOAT × HABITAT

the foundation structure of this transaction.

Second, since this fishpond park focuses on recreation, it is necessary to provide the space to enjoy the fishpond experiences fully. Therefore, the broader width of the fishpond wall is proposed. People can enjoy running, fishing, and spend their own time as they like on the walls.

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ECOLOGICAL INTERACTION + PERFORMANCE OPTION 02 HABITAT FISHPOND

In terms of ecological performances, this transaction has a simple strategy. As shown, this park’s fishponds are planned to have nine fishponds. Therefore, in order to keep enough amounts of fish in each fishpond, it is necessary to set the rule for scheduling fishing seasons on each fishpond. Furthermore, by separating fishponds depending on the one allowed to do fishing and not, the quality of habitat will be kept.

Compering to the other transactions, fishponds here are larger. So larger group of people can engage in fishpond maintenance activities for learning.

0’

103

10’

20’

40’

ES: ADAPTATION + HABITAT

GROWING PERIOD (FISHING IS BANNED)

FISHING FISHPOND

104

105

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