ARCH 696 On Behalf of Plants - Tuazon

ARCH 696

- Field Investigations of and Speculations on Hawai'i's Botanical Future-

Spring 2021

On Behalf of Plants:

01 Collect C01

Chronicle

C02

Chart

C03

Tree Portraiture

C04

Tree Phenology

C05

Plant Practices

02 Document D01

Plant Production

D02

Tree Media

D03

Dimensions of Cultivation

03 Speculate S01

Dimensions of Design

C01 Chronicle The Kukui Nut Tree has become somewhat of a symbol for Hawaiian civilization; part of which is the reasoning why this tree has been chosen as a study specimen. Kukui has become one of the most important plant in Hawaiian agricultural practices not only for its vast uses in medicine and crafting but also for its spiritual and religious properties.

The uses for Kukui ranges anywhere from medicine to Waʻa-"Canoe" construction. Every part of the tree has a use for something and can be fully utilized. The seeds are perhaps the most valued when it comes to practicing as the nuts are high in oil and used for various things.

For example, the nuts can be used as a small source of light, hence the nickname “Candle-nut Tree.”

Besides a source of light, the nuts themselves have medicinal uses as the raw nuts are high in toxicity and can be used as a natural laxative. They were also used by ancient Hawaiians as medicine for throat and lung problems using the sap from the base of the stem when plucked.

Kukui has also become a religious and spiritual symbol. Since the word Kukui means “enlightened” it is a symbol of light around the body and aura.

Said to have subtle energy called “kī”, they were also made into leis and worn by royalty and other nobles as a symbol of being enlightened.

Tuazon

-400 CE

Possible origins in the Indo/ Malay regions.

Spread by human migrations throughout South-East Asia and Oceania

400 CE

Kukui

“Candle-nut Tree”

1981 1200 CE 4001200 CE

First wave of settlers from Polynesia arrive on Hawaiʻi Island where Kukui is widely grown often in groves for cultivation.

Kukui continues to spread throughout the islands as settlements on neighboring islands emerge and becomes increasingly popular in both utilitarian and religious ways.

Aleurites Moluccana (Kukui Nut Tree) becomes the official tree of the State of Hawaii. The only non-native tree to represent a state.

A second wave of settlers arrive on the islands with more kukui saplings bolstering an already thriving population of Kukui spreading to higher mountainous areas of the islands.

1811

American Sailors witness and document the use of Kukui as a major source of light and utility on one of their voyages to the islands.

An economy for Kukui begin to occur in Hawaii. Sold for the uses of pharmaceutical, beauty, and food, Kukui begins to hit shelves in major Department stores across the

Current 1959 A respectable kukui oil industry is shortly experienced. An average of 10,000 gallons per year is exported from Hawai’i.

Kukui nut products are still in large demand till this day although its traditional practices such are limited to small amounts such as in ʻInamona. However, the days of the Kukui Nut candles are well

1840

Aleurites Moluccanus

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Tuazon

C02 Chart The story of Kukui starts in its place of origin in the South Pacific regions.

It is unknown exactly in which land/ country is has come from, but it is said to have originated in the Malay-Indonesian areas near Java. However, because of its natural tendencies, most tropical and sub tropical areas with higher elevations are most preferred by Kukui. This in combination with the wide range of uses by humans allowed for the rapid spread of Kukui throughout the pacific becoming one of the most known species of tree in the pacific.

The migrations of people and civilizations across the pacific ocean directly contributed to the large scale spread of Kukui throughout the southern and greater pacific regions. Wherever the people went, so did Kukui. Evidence of this can be seen within the name of Kukui itself, as withing the name "Kukui" can the evolutions and morphing of the pacific languages be seen.

As colonization becomes more popular in the greater powers, so does Kukui itself. Soon all major colonial powers contributes to the global spread of Kukui in almost all and any regions the species can thrive in. These primarily being moist, tropical, and high elevations regions. The natural spread of Kukui lies as far across the globe as Africa and the Caribbean.

Tuazon

Journey of Kukui Pacific Spread

Eastern Asia

Sekiriteu Central Asia >3000 BC South - East Asia

Shi-Li Tong-Shi

Kukui

2200 BC

900 AD

Lumbang

Kyainthee

Kue-ra

1000 BC

200 BC

Lumbang Sakan

Africa

Kekuna

1000 BC Kamiri Kembiri

Sahkan Shakan

1500 BC

Kemiri

Kamii

500 AD

Sakan

700 AD

Tutui

Kurup

Ama

1300 BC 800 BC

Tuitui

1200 BC

Tahiri

Tai

Ti’a’iri

900 BC

Australia

South Pacific 1200 AD

1000 AD Tiairi

Tūtī Natural Range Migration Spread Oceanic Migration Path Potential Range Preferential Range

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Tuazon

Journey of Kukui Worldwide Spread

Europe

North America Asia Tropic of Cancer Caribbean

Africa

South America Australia Tropic of Capricorn

Pacific Migrations British Colonization Iberian Colonization Potential Range

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Tuazon

C03 Tree Portraiture In this portion of research, the portraiture of Kukui was put under investigation, looking at form, structure, propagations, leaf, root, and other characteristics.

The general form and size of Kukui is somewhat symmetrical as the structure of the crown and spread matches the size of the root structure below, depending specifically on site conditions. Its tolerance to soil types as well as being rather dominating allow Kukui to be somewhat aggressive in growth patterns. However, Kukui is not completely environmental-proof as a further field study indicates that Kukui can in fact be impacted on by stronger environmental aspects.

Kukui has a relatively easy going relationship with other species within its natural environment as no specie necessarily threatens the tree greatly and the only species that directly benefit from Kukui ranges from about 2 other species: Pepeiao Mushrooms and Humans.

Web Portrait

Native Hawaiian Populations Because of Kukui tremendous uses in ancient Hawaiian Civilizations, It was grown en masse and were controlled in numbers. As they were phased out of use, Kukui became widespread and rampant.

Birds, Mammals, and Insects Since Kukui is relatively toxic in their fruits, No birds, mammals, or insects have been recorded to feed off of or pose a threat to Kukui.

Queensland Longhorn Beetle In recent years, Kukui has become the preferred host and food choice of the Australian Queensland Longhorn Beetle. Although only effecting the Kukui trees on the Big Island for the time being, Because of Kukuiʻs soft interior wood, larvae love to eat their way through the bark of kukui.

Kukui Aleurites Moluccanus

Pepeiao Mushrooms Pepeiao Mushrooms are often found growing on the sides of Kukui. They often prefer Kukui as a growth companion due to Kukui’s relatively soft and quick decaying bark.

Pests and Diseases Pests and Diseases rarely effect Kukui to a serious degree. However, Spider mites, Caterpillars, and Mollusks are know to seldom feed on leaves and fruits of Kukui. Rarely does Hawar Daun Cendawan attack Kukui causing leaves and fruits to prematurely fall.

Tuazon

Form and Size

Aleurites Moluccanus Kukui Nut Tree

Generally between 30-50 feet tall often reaching a crown/ spread of effectively the size as its height around 20-40 depending on site conditions.

Leaves grow in clusters Structure When the Kukui is grown undisturbed in the open: -Branches spread sooner -Branches spread wider -Leaf clusters often touch the ground When the Kukui is grown in competition: -Branches spread more upwards -Clusters are less numerous and dense -Taller and skinnier in trunk mass

Branches of the Kukui are somewhat erratic in nature.

Grows in a “zig-zag” pattern fighting for sunlight?

Trunks can reach a width of 3 feet in diameter Typically 2 Feet

Root System grows wide and deep growing as wide as the spread above.

Root system is tolerant of many soil types but does well in moist, well-drained soils.

Fibrous Root system can help with soil erosion and ground stabilization.

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For gathering as many nutrients as possible to support rich-oily nature of its nuts and flowers.

Roots grow in a Fibrous fashion despite saplings growing in a taproot fashion.

Tuazon

Branch Fruits/ Nuts Succession Leaves Flowers

3 Flower Panicles up to 10-15 cm long

Mainly Pinate vein structure, slightly morphing to a slight reticulate structure at the ends

Leaf Petioles Up to 30 cm long

Vein structure begins to grow backwards

Leaf Forms Kukui leaves change appearances through their life cycle: Young Leaves Elliptical, lanceolate

1

Adolescent Tri-Lobed appearance

2

Aged/ Mature Lobed/ Lacerate

3

Leaves can grow up to 10” long and 7” wide.

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2

1

Scale: 1=1

0

1” Tuazon

Flower Blooming Sequence

Aleurites Moluccanus

Fruit + Seed Budding Clusters in numerous amounts

Budding Revealing of all 5 petals.

Kukui Nut Tree

Fruit Fleshy, Ovoid, Smooth 1-2 Seeds inside 1-2” Circumference Fleshy, oily composition makes fruits perfect for candles and red dyes.

Seeds Fleshy Kernel Thick, Tuff outer

Full Bloom Hibiscus-like filament within - Pollination?

1/4” - 1/2” Long Purpose Not much purpose for flowers.

Used for Garlands.

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Propagation Tree propagation from Seed primarily.

Thick, tuff shell of the seed possibly the reason for prolonged germination.

Embryo surrounded by thin endosperm.

Tuazon

Aleurites Moluccanus Kukui Nut Tree

20

Kukui Field Study: Tree Characteristics:

15

Leave Clusters are not as dense compared to a typical Kukui model.

- Wind direction factor?

- Age and type of tree?

10

Branches grow mostly away from the wind direction as if it was being dragged along the wind.

5

Slanted (approx. 8 deg.) due to high wind speeds over the Koʻolaus.

Koʻolau Winds

Roots showing from the ground on each side of the Tree.

- Most likely from wind speeds - Anchoring?

0

Kukui Field Study:

-5

Site Conditions: Mānoa Valley District Park Oriented north towards the Koʻolaus Faced toward general wind direction

Kukui Typical Example Form and Structure: Typically grown in symmetrical fashion with even ratios

Along Mānoa Stream approx. 40ʻ from the edge of the stream on a roughly 15-20 degree slope bank.

Roots firmly in the ground with none showing.

Dense crown and clusters Average mature height is around 20-30 feet tall with roughly same value wide.

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Site Plan Mānoa Park

Soil Conditions: Moist from proximity to Stream Well drained from slope angle towards the stream.

Tuazon

C04 Plant Phenology The phenology and growth process of the Kukui Tree is relatively simple.

The main propagation method of Kukui occurs within her fruits. Other methods of propagation also have been utilized such as replanting “keiki” or cuttings from her branches proved also effective. However, this requires human interaction and does not often occur naturally unless by chance.

After falling of the tree branch, the seeds are matured and turn black or dark green. Then there is a 30-34% chance of self germination. After successful germination, a Hypocotyl begins to emerge from the Micropyle of the seed making its way into the ground. From there the Cotyledons develop from the Hypocotyl and start to grow upwards. At this point the Hypocotyl grows in both upwards and downwards directions, creating the future root system down below and the stem and future trunk of the tree. After about 3-4 months, the Cotyledons will grow the first seed leaves and eventually sprout new leaves marking the end of the germination period.

Kukui will embark on a new period called the Rapid growth and Establishment period where a boom in growth will take place. At the end of this period, a 3-4 year old Kukui will reach about a 15 foot diameter and 20 foot height, and will begin to produce fruits and flowers. At this point the tree is considered to be at a matured age.

Kukui will increase growth and production until it reaches 60-70 years old where production and growth will decrease and will eventually die.

Tuazon

Kukui

Phenological Process

Germination

5 mo.

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Establishment

6 mo.

Aleurites Moluccanus

Hardening

7 mo.

Rapid Growth

2 yrs.

Adolescence

5 yrs.

Maturity

10 yrs.

Tuazon

Kukui

0

1”

Aleurites Moluccanus

Germination

Fallen or manually planted seeds rests in its future growing space.

00 yrs.

01 yrs.

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02 yrs.

03 yrs.

Germination

Establishment

After about 5 months, a Hypocotyl begins to emerge from the Micropyle.

04 yrs.

05 yrs.

The Hypocotyl will make up the root system while the Cotyledons will develop the stem and first leaves.

06 yrs.

07 yrs.

08 yrs.

09 yrs.

10 yrs.

Tuazon

Kukui

0

2”

5”

Aleurites Moluccanus

Establishment

A seedling blooms first leaves and begins to adapt to its site

00 yrs.

01 yrs.

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02 yrs.

03 yrs.

Establishment

Hardening

New leaves and expanding structural systems. Point where Kukui is established.

04 yrs.

05 yrs.

It is often at this point where the tree will live on or die. Replanting is also best at the beginning of this time.

06 yrs.

07 yrs.

08 yrs.

09 yrs.

10 yrs.

Tuazon

Kukui Aleurites Moluccanus

Adolescence

Development of leaves and structure continues to grow reaching prime ornamental value.

00 yrs.

01 yrs.

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02 yrs.

03 yrs.

Adolescence

Maturity

After 4-5 years, kukui will begin to produce fruits and is ready for reproduction.

04 yrs.

05 yrs.

Increase in production until reaches ~70 years old when it will decrease and eventually die.

06 yrs.

07 yrs.

08 yrs.

09 yrs.

10 yrs.

Tuazon

C05 Plant Practices Kukui is among the most valued tree in Native Hawaiian societies and are know for its vast amounts of uses. All parts of Kukui can be used in one way or another. Its uses range from medicinal to construction, to even cosmetic uses, utilizing every part of the tree itself.

Medical uses for Kukui include both internal and external medicinal and pharmaceutical purposes curing generally minor irritations, and conditions.

For example, Skin related products can generally be treated with the leaves of Kukui while the bark and sap from the fruits can be used for internal problems such as oral, digestion, and joint related issues. Because of its wide range of medicinal uses, it is highly regarded in traditional medicine being considered a powerful la’au, the Hawaiian term for plant material used in the medicinal mixture, by traditional healers to this day.

Besides Medicinal, Kukui is also highly valued in many other fields of work in ancient Hawai’i such as in construction, where they can be used for canoe construction, in cuisine used as edible ‘Inamona, and as tools where it got its western nickname the “candle-nut,” being used as a source of light.

Spiritually, Kukui hold high value in society. Being directly connected to the heavens as it said to convert ethereal substances into solid substances, a process of Alchemy. It is said that whomever adorns the Kukui nut lei would therefore be considered as Enlightened.

Tuazon

Kukui

Leaves Compost

Poultices

Skin Care

Kinolau Kamapua’a

Design Component

Bark Red Dyes

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Fruits + Nuts Light Source

Canoe Building

Oral Remedies

Dyes + Varnish

Bird Catching

Joint Pains

Leis

‘Inamona

Indo Cuisine

Fishing

Fertilizer

Symbolic

Spinning Tops

Cosmetics

Appetite Remedy

Roots Black Dyes

Aleurites Moluccanus

Ag component

Tuazon

Growth Forms Open Space 40’

Valley / Cluster

30’

When growing in an open area, Kukui tends to grow denser, more horizontally,and have more straight branches.

When growing in steep valleys and in clusters, Kukui can be seen at its tallest.

It tends to grow more vertical and with branches that are more sporadic in growth.

The trees on the sides of the cluster grow with less branches on the side of the center, and are lower to the ground.

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Tuazon

Grove Cultivation

When cultivating for commercial oil production, Kukui was often grown in large groves consisting of 200 trees per hectare of land. Spacing between each tree of 23’x23’ or 20’x26’ was preferred A typical 200 tree/ hect. grove can produce roughly 35,200 lbs of seeds per year, 20% of which can be processed into unrefined commercial oil.

0

5

10

‘Auamo Carrying sticks

Ko’i Felling stone adze

‘O’o Ground Preparation

20

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Tuazon

Living Fences

Due to Kukui’s high density and fast growing properties, its often used for Living fences, Screening, and Noise Barriers.

In a 10’ x 10’ or 16’ spacing pattern, density is desired to screen as much visual and noise disturbances from outside sources into private properties.

They also make great visual screens due to its aesthetic ornamentality.

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Tuazon

Harvesting Landform

Since Kukui grows well on steep slopes, they can be grown on a hill where the fruits can roll down into a collection ditch without need to sift through dense patches of fallen leaves.

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Tuazon

Pakukui System

Kalo Growth Top Soil Layer Kukui Leaf Humus Layer

Hawaiians of both ancient and modern times have often used the practice of using Kukui leaves as fertilizer for Lo’i fields . This system of cultivation is called Pakukui.

After two weeks of decomposition of the leaves, a soil layer is added, and Kalo is planted, the Kalo will grow exceptionally larger than normal.

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Tuazon

Human Interactions during growth periods

Germination

To speed the germination process and ensure better chances, people have often soaked and floated seeds in water overnight.

00 yrs.

01 yrs.

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02 yrs.

Maturity

Establishment

When Kukui reaches full maturity, the seeds, fruits, and bark reaches its prime and becomes most valuable for utilization and cultivation.

When the sapling reaches roughly 10” tall at the end of the establishment phase, Kukui can be replanted into another growing area.

03 yrs.

04 yrs.

05 yrs.

06 yrs.

07 yrs.

08 yrs.

09 yrs.

10 yrs.

Tuazon

D01

Plant Production

For this particular portion of the tree investigations, I have decided to try a cultural practice in relation with Kukui of creating light sources and candles called "Ihoiho Kukui," or "Kukui candles."

To start off the production process, in depth research on techniques and procedures were done. Various sources have been complied in order to see which method of productions could either be compared to or find in common with to find the most efficient and effective method of producing a candle.

These sources ranges anywhere from online videos, personal accounts, and to even processes explained from relatives who have previously produced a Kukui candle.

After all research was done, the best technique was chosen to document in step by both photographic and diagrammatic documentation styles.

Tuazon

Ihoiho Kukui Candles Torches

1

4

7

2

5

8

3

6

9

One of the most common and popular uses of Kukui. Each nut burns for 3-5 minutes.

Tools + Equipment Hammer / Two Rocks

Bucket of Water

Skewers / Palm Midrib

Fire Source

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Tuazon

1

Collection

Collect Kukui nuts with or without husks. Black and darker nuts are preferred.

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2

Preparation

Separate seeds from husks and prepare for floating.

3

Floating

Float seeds in a bucket or bowl of water.

Tuazon

4

Separation

Discard the floating seeds as these are either empty or no longer good.

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5

Roasting/ Sun-drying

Sun-dry in a pan for roughly 2 days or roast in an oven at 350 ° for 7-15 minutes.

6

Shaking

If seeds shake and make a sound, these seeds are ready for use.

Tuazon

7

Cracking

Gently Crack open the seeds to reveal the inner seed meat. The goal is to get a full piece.

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8

Skewering

Skewer the seed onto a palm rib or skewer stick close together.

9

Lighting

Light the first seed until flame is fully established and the candle is complete.

Tuazon

D02 Tree Media Throughout the history of human interaction, Kukui has always remained a symbolic representation of spirit. Due to many aspects of the tree itself as well as its utility, Kukui has made a name for itself as being both socially and spiritually important to any early pacific civilizations.

Most of the examples of Kukui in media can be seen in Hawai'i. Various media types such as tapa, quilting, paintings, drawings, and even landscaping has an impact made by Kukui. However, today Kukui is mostly known for the most part by its use in medicinal and cosmetic utility, often being forgotten by the current generations of what Kukui used to stand for.

In general, the parts of Kukui most focused on in media types are primarily with its fruits and leaves. The fruits and flowers are highlighted due to their practical uses and are often featured in more up close and personal types of painting and drawings. Meanwhile, its leaves catch the attention of the viewer from further distances due to their silvery-green color. This makes them perfect for landscaping where their light color can draw attention as a specimen tree of highlight in the landscape picture.

Tuazon

Kukui Nut Leis

Not only does Kukui literally mean light, but also symbolizes it as well. Because of this Kukui nuts are well known for making leis.

Each lei is said to represent the act of being enlightened and whomever adorns the Kukui nut lei is considered to be enlightened in Hawaiian Culture. This is the reason why it is mainly given to people during events such as graduations.

Kukui and the Boar

In Hawaiian culture, Kukui is often portrayed in media along side a boar or pig. The reasoning being that it is said to be the Kinolau of Kamapua’a, the Pig God, while its leaves closely resemble a pig’s snout.

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Paintings / Drawings

Throughout history, Kukui has been portrayed in many different styles and scales. However, because the main uses of Kukui comes from the nuts and leaves, it is no surprise that its exactly this part of the tree that often gets the most attention in paintings and other art.

Quilt Patterns

Kukui has made appearances in popular Hawaiian Quilting Patterns. These particular patterns portray Kukui in dense and repetitive pattern as a representation of its natural aesthetic.

Landscape

Due to the distinctive light green color of its leaves, Kukui is know in part as an ornamental tree often being used in landscape designs as a specimen tree/ focal point.

Its pale and silvery leaf color allows kukui to stick out in the natural landscapes of mountains and valleys.

Oil Cosmetics

Today, Kukui can be best known for the rich oil properties from its nuts. Thus people often associate Kukui with its oil usage in cosmetic products. The seed fruits are often seen in pictures and such with a bowl or bottle of its oil.

Tuazon

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Tuazon

D03 Dimensions of Cultivation Kukui have a long history of cultivation by humans. They have been specifically grown for both direct usage as well as agroforestial uses indirectly.

Early civilizations became quickly adaptable to the usage of Kukui and so they have been quick to jump on cultivation of Kukui from the beginning.

Because of its large and primary uses as candles and other light sources, Kukui was firstly cultivated to produce as much fruits and nuts as possible, and so early pacific civilizations such as Native Hawaiians grew them in groves, often large, close to other crops and villages.

However, as the industrial period came to pass along with colonizations, Kukui had become a source of oil throughout the pacific and so a small and short lived economy of Kukui nut oil had come to existence in Hawaii for uses of candles and, even at that point, cosmetics. However, due to cheaper methods and labor costs, cultivation was outsourced outside of Hawai'i.

Nevertheless, Kukui still has a place in local ethnobotony, as Kukui makes excellent wind/ environmental barriers. For example, coffee crops and other crops can be protected from outside impacts by Kukui, if correctly grown.

Tuazon

Agricultural Cultivation

When cultivating for commercial oil production, Kukui was often grown in large groves consisting of 200 trees per hectare of land. Spacing between each tree of 23’x23’ or 20’x26’ was preferred A typical 200 tree/ hect. grove can produce roughly 35,200 lbs of seeds per year, 20% of which can be processed into unrefined commercial oil.

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‘Auamo Carrying sticks

Ko’i Felling stone adze

‘O’o Ground Preparation Tuazon

Wind Barrier and Boundary

Natural Boundary Along Coffee Fields

Kukui makes excellent wind barriers and natural boundaries thanks to its dense leaf and branch composition. They can serve to protect other field crops that may require more protection from the element. In this case, Coffee trees.

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Tuazon

S01

Speculate

Throughout the years as centuries passed, Kukui's status as a well known and very useful tree has almost vanished from public eye. Today, mostly those with deep cultural knowledge of ancient and traditional practices realize the benefit Kukui has to offer to the community.

As part pf my final project, I have decided to include Kukui in a landscape arrangement from a traditional Hawaiian agricultural viewpoint. Thus it is my goal to have Kukui be in a more active role within Lo'is, N. Hawaiian cultural sites, and other agricultural fields.

This landscape arrangement will be similar to that of a Pakukui system where Kukui will be planted near Lo'is to help nourish the kalo, but also combine other Kukui utilities both physical and spiritual such as protection and soil control, as well as cultural, and educational.

Tuazon

Kukui Hale Boundary, Specimen, Demonstration Row Wind Barrier/ Screen

Adjacent Loʻis

Pākukui System

Learning Hale

Pākukui Production Orchard

In this speculative design, the intent of having an educational and utilitarian Lo'i with a hale center, lined with Kukui orchards and barriers on either side. This design intends to show the community Kukui can have with the Lo'i.

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Tuazon

Kukui Hale

Pakukui Orchard

Integration of the Pakukui system into lo'i layouts can and have been proven to increase the loi's yields annually. To bolster this integration and symbiotic relationships between Kukui and Kalo, a dedicated Kukui Orchard is included in the arrangement. This is specifically added for felling and leaf gathering for the production of the rich humus layer for the Lo'is adjacent.

The spacing between the trees themselves are meant to be in accordance with commercial spacing values to ensure as much leaf and fruit production as possible.

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Tuazon

Kukui Hale

Cultural Learning Center

A Hale for cultural Learning was included in this arrangement for the primary purpose of learning traditional techniques, history, and cultural connections between the new generations and the Land. . This communal space can hold events such as candle making, cooking, and other craft making with Kukui.

Thus the nearby rows of Kukui trees will serve as demonstration rows that people can interact with while serving as a natural barrier and dense shade devices.

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Tuazon

Kukui Hale

Environmental Barrier

Because Kukui serves as perfect barriers from wind and other environmental factors such as noise, a row of densely placed Kukui trees were utilized along the major boundaries and edges of the Lo'i fields depending on wind direction.

The spacing patterns here were made sure to be the dimensions meant for dense and ensured blocking from wind. That being a double row of 10' x 8' spacing between each Kukui tree.

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Tuazon

Kukui Aleurites Moluccanus Candle-nut Tree

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Tuazon