AEE3_Dhun/India_RegenerativeInsulation_SCP_v2

INDIA 2023/24

D COMPOSITE E S IN BA SU M U LA I L E

ON TI

MY C

ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS

E -

DHUN

T -

UFFE EMIL HOLM THOMSEN 170375

INDIA 2023/24

ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS

SCIENTIFIC REPORT

LOW-TECH PRODUCTION OF MYCELIUM BASED COMPOSITE MATERIALS FROM LOCAL AGRICULTURAL WASTE. 0. ABSTRACT The application of a “low-tech” approach to mycelium-based composite (MBC) production is explored, aiming to untangle the process from ecologically and economically costly equipment. Multiple MBC production methods are tested, and a prototype mini-factory is designed and three main components: a cold-water lime pasteurization substrate treatment chamber, still-air inoculation chamber, and incubation chambers are tested. MBCs are produced from Ganoderma Lucidum and Pleurotus Ostreatus species with local millet- and mustard seed straw as substrates, indicating the viability of simpler production processes for scaling MBCs sustainably.

KEYWORDS:

Mycelium-based composites, “Low-tech”, production process development, production scalability.

HYPOTHESIS Can mycelium-based composites made from local agricultural waste be a scalable way of producing insulation panels, to reduce heat accumulation in buildings?

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Heatwaves in India.

In 2022 Rajasthan experienced severely increased temperatures. The registered number of deaths directly linked to heatwaves is up from 33 in 2022 to 252 in 2023[1].

Meteorological data indicate that heatwaves are increasing in severity. A heatwave is defined by Indian Meteorological Data (IMD) as a day/period of days that reach >40oC, or +4.5 to 6.4oC over normal temperature[2].

According to this definition, Rajasthan experienced an accumulated 39 days classified as heatwaves or severe heatwaves in 2022, compared to 7 in 2011[3].

Meteorological data for the DHUN area, sourced from the NASA power project, indicate that 492 hours of the 8760 total hours in the year (a total of 5.6%) reached heatwave status, with temperatures over >40oC (see Figure 1).

FIGURE 1: "HEAT WAVE OCCURANCE IN DHUN, JAIPUR, RAJASTHAN 2022"

[1] [2] [3]

DEEPAK LAVANIA , JULY 29, 2023 IANS, APRIL 26, 2023, KIR AN PANDEY, FEBRUARY 6, 2022

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ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS 1.2 Public health impact of heatwaves.

The impact of heat waves affects all aspects of society.

The energy grid is strained with increased energy demand for cooling and decreased energy transmission efficiency. Certain demographic groups are more vulnerable to the effects of heatwaves due to various factors, including age, health status, socio-economic conditions, and access to resources. Vulnerable populations, such as the elderly, children, low-income communities, pregnant women, and outdoor workers face more severe consequences during heatwaves, including heat-related illnesses and fatalities.

Heatwaves affect the health of people in cities and rural areas asymmetrically. In cities, where the thermal mass of buildings retains heat and increases overall temperatures (the urban heat island effect[4]). Poor respiratory health is common in the densely populated urban regions of India, due to air pollution, making urban dwellers increasingly at risk of heat-exhausting, heat strokes, and strokes, with long-term effects on health.

Rural communities often lack access to India’s digital early warning systems, that alert people to the risk of heatwaves ahead of time, and help plan activities to reduce health risks. These groups also lack access to preventative measures and treatment, such as clean drinking water, dehydration treatment in the form of electrolytes, cooling measures, and health care[5A].

SOURCE: IMD - INDIA METEROLOGICAL INSTITUTE, 2022

The landscape faces increased evaporation of water and evapotranspiration in vegetation, causing crop failure and impacting the yields and livelihoods in agriculture, which is the biggest sector by employment in Rajasthan.

1.3 Traditional architectural mitigation strategies.

Besides the immediate impact on well-being, heatwaves also represent a long-term structural strain on the economy of the region, decreasing levels of productivity, and economic prospects for investments and tourism [5B].

Traditional architecture In Rajasthan uses a variety of different design methodologies to adapt to the harsh climate. Urban planning strategies such as orientation to minimize the exposed surface of buildings, planned public “cool-islands” such as waterbodies like public stepwells and courtyard water bodies, as well as vegetation for shading and small public green spaces, provide refuge in the shade for people in cities.

On the scale of single buildings, the use of passive ventilation systems and shading elements, such as the traditional jalis-element used to mediate sunlight and heat gain are commonly used. Polished sandstone and marble in communal spaces, such as courtyards and temples, as well as limestone surface treatments, such as limestone-washed plaster, for ordinary houses, increase the albedo and solar reflection in the built environment to reduce heatgain. The strategy of painting roofs is still a part of the country’s climate preparedness strategy and Heat Action Plan (HAP)[6].

The most effective method for heat mitigation in traditional architecture is to use a high structural mass of sandstone, mud bricks, and adobe in the building envelope, to have enough thermal mass to ‘flatten the curve’ and distribute the disparaging temperatures throughout the diurnal cycle, evening out the hot days and cool nights.

FIGURE 3: DIURNAL TEMPERATURE CYCLE AND THERMAL DAMPING

FIGURE 2: MAXIMUM TEMPERATURES OVER INDIAN STATES, MARCH 2022.

[4] [5A] [5B] [6]

INDIA 2023/24

These resilience strategies are effective, but face limitations in the scale with which they can be implemented by retrofitting into already existing buildings. With the worry that temperatures in the shade might exceed the threshold of what is survivable for healthy adults resting in the shade by 2050[1], there is an acute need in Rajasthan to develop regenerative alternatives to improving the thermal performance of the built environment.

AMITA BHADURI, JUNE 20, 2018 JAMES L. GLA ZER, MD, SEPTEMBER 9, 2022 LIVEMINT,26. OCTOBER 2022 DR. VIJAY LIMAYE, FEBRUARY 19, 2023

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ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS 1.4 Mycelium-based composites (MBCs) While mycelium was initially investigated as a replacement for disposable packaging materials like cardboard, styrofoam, and other plastics, its thermal- and mechanical properties have garnered much attention as a building material.

represents a potential path towards a biogenic material for such applications.

While MBCs are yet to become as efficient as other oil or mineral-based engineered insulation materials available today, in terms of thermal performance, the ecological aspects of the material are far superior to most other materials that are commonly used in contemporary buildings.

Retrofitting building envelopes with layers of additional insulating materials for existing architecture is known to be a strategy for providing protection against the direct threat of heatwaves and improving thermal performance/ energy efficiency[7].

While the literature on compressive and tensile strength, as well as thermal performance, is still being explored, studies done so far indicate that MBCs can reach the efficiency of mineral-wool products, with better stiffness[8].

The development of MBCs for use as insulation materials MATERIAL

DENSITY [kg/m3]

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY [W/m K]

SPECIFIC HEAT [kJ/kg K]

COMPRESSIVE RESISTANCE [kPa]

Stone wool Glass wool Expanded clay Vermiculite Perlite EPS XPS PUR Wood fibers Compacted Wood fibers Mineralized Wood Fibers Cork Cellulose Straw bale Hemp Flax Sheep Wool Recycled PET Aerogel VIPs

35–130 12–64 245–275 170 139–166 15–30 24–38 31.5–35 30–60 110–250 420–520 80–115 30–80 100–109 38–41 30–40 30 12–100 150–220 180–250

0.33–0.40 0.31–0.45 0.095–0.12 0.062–0.090 0.040–0.055 0.031–0.037 0.031–0.036 0.022–0.040 0.037–0.038 0.047–0.08 0.070–0.10 0.04–0.050 0.037–0.042 0.038–0.067 0.038–0.060 0.038–0.042 0.033 0.039 0.015–0.028 0.02

0.85–1.0 ≈0.85 ≈1.0 0.8–1.0 0.9–1.0 1.25 1.3–1.7 1.3–1.45 1.9–2.1 2.1 1.8–2.1 1.5–1.7 1.3–2.0 0.6 1.6–1.7 1.4–1.6 1.9–2.0 0.24 1.05 -

50 50 50 250–500 150 40–300 > 200 -

Mycelium-flax - a Mycelium-hemp - b Mycelium-straw - c

135 99 94

0.058 0.040 0.042

-

-

0

100

500 0

0.1

0.2 0

1

2 0

250

500

FIGURE 4: PROPERTIES OF COMMON INSULATION MATERIALS COMPARED.

1.5 MBC production practices - state of the art.

The best practices and methods for the process of cultivating MBCs for building materials are still being developed. There are other companies and many individual researchers worth mentioning as innovators and pioneers in the field of MBCs. Currently, the American company Ecovative is at the forefront of the implementation of MBCs. Ecovative has optimized and streamlined the methodologies for producing a high quantity of strong Reishi-based mycelium-based composite products, to be used as disposable packaging for shipping goods, as an alternative to cardboard and plastic. Other notable companies include a variety of startups[9], including the Delhi-based Dharaksha Ecosolutions[10].

[7] [8] [9] [10]

MBC businesses predominantly work within a paradigm of advanced technological and centralized production using heavy industrial- and laboratory equipment, that requires high-skill labor to run and maintain. This workflow provides high yields of MBCs at a single location at a high upfront cost of carbon and cash, which limits its scalability and feasibility in general, especially in developing nations like India.

With both its impressive potential as a transformative eco-friendly insulation material and its aesthetically intriguing qualities, that speak to the new biocentric design philosophy, MBC makes for a worthy candidate for design explorations in the context of the Dhun Project in Jaipur, India.

CARMEN MARÍA CALAMA-GONZ ÁLEZ ET AL, MAY 2023 ADRIEN RIGOBELLO AND PHIL AYRES, 2023 HT TPS://MYCELIUMINSPIRED.COM/COMPANIES HT TPS:// WWW.DHARAKSHA .COM/

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ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS 1.6 Mycelium growth conditions: There is a wide variety of fungi species, with different optimal growth conditions adapted to their specific climate. In nature, fungi mycelia work as a decomposer that makes embodied energy in dead plant and animal matter available to the food web of life. As such, fungi are extremely versatile and well-adapted to a wide range of ecological niches, and can be found all over the planet.

Fungi do have some general fundamental requirements.

The four key requirements are moisture, nutrients, temperature, and oxygen.

Moisture: Without adequate moisture to facilitate enzymatic activity at the tips of hyphae, the fungi organism cannot metabolize food to sustain its growth. Because of this, only a small subset of well-adapted psychrophilic and psychrotrophic fungi species can sustain any kind of growth in temperatures below the freezing point of water.

Nutrients: Fungi are classified into 4 digestive categories: Saprotrophs, Mycorrhizae, Parasites, and Endophytes[11].

So far, mostly Saprotroph species have been explored for use in MBCs. These species excrete enzymes at the tips of their mycelium hyphae which break down and digest organic matter into elements like carbon, nitrogen, glucose, and water used for mushroom growth. the enzymatic array depends on species of fungi and determines the types of organic matter that can be eaten.

Temperature: Some species grow inside dunes in desert climates at up to 60OC[12], and others grow in the valleys of Antarctica in temperatures around -45OC[13]. The latter only grows when temperatures come up to 0OC.

MYCELIUM RATE OF ADVANCE

Oxygen: While oxygen is a requirement for proper growth as fungi primarily use cellular respiration (like animals and humans), with adequate moisture fungi are also capable of using anaerobic respiration (fermentation) to create cellular energy (ATP) in low oxygen underground environments.

A colony that is deficient or oversaturated in either will show a range of characteristics that are symptoms of stunted growth.

1.7 MBC composition: MBCs are grown from lignocellulosic by-products, such as sawdust and straw from forestry and agriculture industries, colonized by the chitinous fungal hyphae fibers that form the network structures of mycelium. Spawn and substrate are the 2 main constituting elements in MBCs[13] with supplementation as a situational/optional 3rd component.

Mycelium spawn refers to a monocultural isolate of a single fungi species – most often done in a sterilized food source, such as cereal grains (also called grain spawn).

Substrate refers to the lignocellulosic element of the MBC – the growth medium that is colonized by dispersed ligninolotic fungi mycelium. The type of substrate plays a key role in determining the strength characteristics of the cultivated MBC. Supplementation cover additives that help cover/boost the nutrition requirements of specific fungi in certain substrates, regulate humidity, and/or help prevent contamination.

WATER (70% substrate weight) The properties of MBCs are determined by the growth quality of the fungi species/substrate composition, along with supplementation, and managing the environmental conditions for mycelium growth, to get a material with the required mechanical properties. Properties such as weight, surface structure, compressive and tensile strength all depend on substrate properties, fungi species, and growth quality.

BEST GROWTH PER KILOWATT OPTIMAL GROWTH ZONE

TOTAL WEIGHT: 120g MYCELIUM DIE-OFF MAX.

WATER SOLIDIFIES MINIMUM

-20

-10

0OC

10

20

30

40

60

70

80

45

THERMOPHILIC

90

MBC RECIPE: 100g

50% (50g) Upper limit

25

MESOPHILIC

SPAWN-TO-WEIGHT RATIO

TOTAL WEIGHT: 120g

38

THERMOTOLERANT

PSYCHROPHILIC

50

20% (20g) SUBSTRATE 65g

15

Lower limit

Including supplements

3% (3g)

20

PSYCHROTOLERANT

Lower limit 23

[GL] GANODERMA LUCIDUM / REISHI

22-24

[PO] PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS / OYSTER

WATER 45g FIGURE 5: OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE GROWTH CONDITIONS FOR FUNGI

[11] [12] [13]

(70% substrate weight)

SOURCE: ADRIEN RIGOBELLO

FIGURE 6: REFERENCE RECIPE FOR MYCELIUM-BASED COMPOSITE PRODUCTION

ADAM SAYNER, JANUARY 1, 2023 PHIL PINZONE, FEBRUARY 08, 2019 CLAUDIA COLEINE ET AL., FEBRUARY 6, 2020

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ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS

2. METHOD 2.1. State-of-the-art mycelium project.

The field of mycelium-based materials research has been experiencing a boom in recent years.

With many different groups in the space forming interdisciplinary teams to produce proof-of-concept projects, pushing the state-of-the-art and exploring its use in everything from clothing[14], shoes[15], and accessories[16] (including bicycle helmets[17]) to furniture like lampshades[18], chairs[19] and even coffins[20], as well as architectural elements such as interior[21] and façade cladding tiles[22] and modular structural building elements[23].

Notable manufacturing companies, such as Ecovative[24], Biohm[25], Grow. bio[26] and Mycoworks[27] – including the local Delhi-based startup Dharaksha Ecosolutions[28] – have done work with university research groups like Block Research Group at ETH Zürich[29], CITA at KADK[30] and Sustainable Construction at KIT Karlsruhe[31] (to name a few), and architecture and design firms like The Living Studio[32], MY-CO-X Collective[33], and Company New Heroes[34].

Some projects wholeheartedly embrace the temporary nature of current mycelium-based composite materials[35], while other projects investigate how to prolong the life span of MBCs materials, to better adapt them to use inside architecture for permanent habitation[36].

Except for a few projects, that deliberately avoided any kind of environmental control[37], most proof-of-concept MBC projects have predominantly been developed within a paradigm of advanced technological and centralized production, using heavy industrial- and complex laboratory equipment. This workflow is used to provide consistency and high yields of MBCs at a single location, but this expensive equipment comes at a high upfront cost of carbon and cash and requires high-skill labor to run and maintain, limiting the prospects of scalability and general feasibility for MBCs, especially in developing nations like India.

MBCs show impressive potential as a transformative ecofriendly insulation material, with aesthetically intriguing qualities, that speak to the new biocentric design philosophy, which makes MBCs a worthy candidate for design explorations in the context of the Dhun Project in Jaipur, India.

FIGURE 7: STATE-OF-THE-ART MYCELIUM PROJECTS

[14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37]

NADIA SHEIKINA , 19. NOVEMBER 2023 JULIANA NEIRA , 16. APRIL 2021 NINA A Z Z ARELLO 11. MARCH 2021 AMY FREARSON, 17. MAY 2022 ALICE FINNEY, 1. NOVEMBER 2022 GR ANT GOLDNER, 1. JANUARY 2023 SOFIA LEKKA ANGELOPOULOU, 18. SEPTEMBER 2020 CATAPUL, 26. NOVEMBER 2023 VERA MEYER, 1. JANUARY 2023 PLP ARCHITECTS (BLOG), 6. JUNE 2023.

ECOVATIVE.COM BIOHM.CO.UK GROW.BIO MYCOWORKS.COM WWW.DHAR AKSHA .COM BLOCK RESEARCH GROUP, ETH ZÜRICH CITA , KADK SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION, KIT KARLSRUHE AMY FREARSON, 1. JULY 2014 SVEN PFEIFFER, 26. SEPTEMBER 2021 PASCAL LEBOUCQ ET AL. 1. JANUARY 2023 RORY STOT T, 27. JUNE 2014 JUNEY LEE ET. AL5. SEPTEMBER 2017 SEBASTIAN JORDAHN, SEPTEMBER 1, 2022

FIGURE 7: ALMPANI-LEKKA ET AL. 2021

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ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS 2.2 MBC production process.

Managing a natural fermentation process is about steering biological activity in the direction that yields the desired outcome, by manipulating environmental conditions. These “living processes” are complex and rely on a set of balanced ratios that are more easily disrupted than the mechanical processes we are used to thinkingwith, in architecture[38].

oxygen gas[39] to pasteurize the substrate.

Laminar flow hoods with HEPA-filtered air and UV lights are used as clean working environments to minimize contamination when isolating mycelium samples in agar and inoculating sterilized substrates with mixing machines, sealed grain spawn, or liquid mycelium cultures.

To grow mycelium-based composites with predictable properties, to use as building materials, a species of fungi is isolated in a nutritious substrate that is optimal for both mycelium growth and the desired properties of the MBC. The production speed is determined by whether the preferred environmental conditions of the fungi can be provided during its growth.

Fridges and incubators are used to control oxygen levels, airflow, humidity levels, and a constant temperature, to ensure that the optimal environmental conditions for growth are maintained. The elements are cooked in electrical ovens if the final MBCs require heat treatment.

The cost of this suite of equipment represents a significant barrier to entry. In an attempt to simplify the production of MBCs, a range of low-tech techniques and principles used in permaculture agriculture were investigated.

This means finding the right combination of substrate and fungi and treating the substrate to make it digestible and eliminate/minimize any contamination from competing organisms, like bacteria and other species of fungi present in ambient air, that might stall, disrupt, or impair the process.

Mapping the steps in the production process of MBCs, including the raw materials inputs required from agriculture and industry reveals the complexity of the process, but also the potential for anchoring the manufacturing process in a circular and local economy (see Figure 8).

Current methods used for quality control revolve around the use of sterilizing equipment like autoclaves, pressure cookers, superheated steam, hydrogen peroxide, or pure

H²O

PREPARATION

GROWTH 1

GROWTH 2

GROWTH 3

GROWTH 4

SUBSTRATE PREP

INOCULATE

IMPLIMENTATION

DISPOSAL

MOLDING ELEMENTS

HARVEST BUILDING ELEMENT

USE IN BUILT ENVIRONMENT

RECYCLE BUILDING ELEMENT

GROW SUBSTRATE

PLATE PREP

FORAGE

CULTURE

GRAIN SPAWN PROPERGATION

90 DAYS

1 DAY

1 DAY

4-7 DAYS

4-7 DAYS

1 DAY

14-21 DAYS

1 DAY

1 DAY

6 WEEKS - 20 YEARS*

1 DAY

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

HARVEST GRAIN AND STRAW

MIX MAE FORMULA

FORAGE MYCELIUM SAMPLES

INOCULATE MAE / LIQUID CULTURE

PASTURIZE SPAWN GRAIN

SHRED SUBSTRATE

INOCULATE SUBSTRATE WITH SPAWN

MOLD INOCULATED SUBSTRATE COLONY

EXTRACT ELEMENT

INSTALL IN BUILDINGS

REMOVE FROM BUILDING

AGRICULTURAL RESIDUE (STRAW)

PASTURIZE AND POUR AGAR PLATES

INOCULATE SPAWN GRAIN WITH CULTURE

DISINFECT SUBSTRATE

SEAL IN FILTERED CONTAINER

INCUBATE

HEAT TREAT

MBC USE IN BUILDING

COMPOST

MIX

DRAIN / DRY

INCUBATE

EXTRACT ELEMENT

SURFACE TREATMENT

BREAK UP MYCELIUM

BREAK UP MYCELIUM

PROPERGATE

EXTRACT MYCELIUM SAMPLE BIOPSI

CEREAL GRAINS

DISTRIBUTE

STERILE

REPEAT STEP TO INCREASE SAMPLE PURITY

INCUBATE

STERILE

REPEAT STEP TO INCREASE COLONY MASS

TARGET OF INVESTIGATION.

FIGURE 8: MYCELIUM-BASED COMPOSITE PRODUCTION CYCLE. STORE FOR LATER USE

?

H²O

25°C

100°C

STERILE

STORE FOR LATER USE

[38] DONNA J. HARAWAY, 2016 [39] ECOVATIVE 15. DECEMBER 2023 FIGURE 8: AUTHOR.

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ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS 2.3 Initial testing at KADK - colonies.

As the focus of the experiment was to test the viability of alternative production methods, Ganoderma Lucidum (commonly known as Reishi) and Pleurotus Ostreatus (commonly known as Grey Oyster) were selected, since they are the most well-documented species used in MBCs.

TEST 1

FIGURE 9: COMBINATIONS OF SUBSTRATES AND FUNGUS SPECIES USED IN SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTS.

Preliminary experiments were conducted at KADK as training, with the help of Ph.D. student at the Centre for Information Technology and Architecture (CITA), Adrien Rigobello, to determine the direction of the project.

The first attempts at making MBCs failed due to contamination (Test 0.1).

Isolating spawn samples on agar was deemed too complicated to include in the scope of the project, as the process is delicate and requires a sterile environment to succeed (Test 0.2).

Discussions with Adrien Rigobello led me to look at whether discarded mycelium colonies from commercial mushroom farming could be used as a source of mycelium, as a way to skip the initial stages of mycelium propagation, from sample to grain spawn, via a waste stream. Pleurotus Eryngii [PE] samples were taken, with permission, from a dumpster at a local Copenhagen mushroom farm (Bygaard.dk)The first attempted colony failed (Test 0.3).

TEST 3

TEST 2

TEST 3

FIGURE 9: MACIEJ SYDOR ET AL., 9. SEPTEMBER 2022

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The next test sought to establish a basis of comparison for salvaged oyster mycelium samples against GL samples, across a range of substrates. The samples were inoculated in a laminar flow hood, to reduce contamination, and to get viable results. Lab experience improved the quality of the colonies. All were viable, displaying how substrate-to-spawn ratio and substrate properties like fiber toughness, density, and water absorption affect mycelium growth (Test 4).

Through discussions with the farmers at Bygaarden I began looking into low-tech production procedures from the commercial mushroom farming industry since MBC production uses similar techniques. Researching permaculture mushroom cultivation I learned of zeropower techniques like cold water lime pasteurization [40], still air chambers [41], and low-flow ventilation.

These concepts informed the design of the prototype, but cold-water lime pasteurization was tested with PO and GL mycelium in straw and hemp fibers (Test 5). Coir was discarded, as it is not locally cultivated in Rajasthan.

The prolonged limewater bath of 6 hours soaked the substrate, giving it a moisture ratio of over 3.5 for hemp and 5.75 for straw. While colony growth in these samples was initially heavily stunted by excess moisture in the substrate, all colonies were viable when examined on 04.11.23.

[40] [41]

TONY SHIELDS, 5. MARCH 2019 SAM GELFAND, 10. SEPTEMBER 2021

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3. METHODOLOGY 3.1 “Low-tech” The concept of “low-tech” has gained traction in recent years, in tandem with how the field of architecture is working to emit less CO2 and become more sustainable, in the face of the threat of global warming and climate change.

Unlike the antonymous concept of “high-tech”, from the 1960s, “low-tech” is not typically associated with a specific person, practice, period, or stylistic movement in architectural history.

“Low-tech” as a concept has its roots in ideas put forth by architects like Bernard Rudofsky, in his 1964 MoMA exhibition in New York: “Architecture without Architects”, describing the sophisticated local adaptations of vernacular architecture[45].

In contemporary architectural discourse, “low-tech” is used as a shorthand description for the attributes of a design. Qualities such as simplicity of materials used for structure and envelope, accessibility of said materials, and manufacturing processes/equipment required for assembly on site. These attributes indirectly imply resource efficiency as a quality of the design.

The term directly refers to the quality of/intention to design independent of the most advanced available technology for the application, preferably without any electrical input. The term is related to the concept of “passive” technology (technology in the built environment that improves building performance without electrical input from fossil-fuel-based technology).

In her book, Julia Watson reconstitutes the term “lowtech” into “Lo-TEK” to be an abbreviation of “Local traditional ecological knowledge”, and distances the concept of “technology” from the myth of enlightenment and recognizes the deep and rich systems of knowledge and ecological expertise within indigenous cultures.

While the phrase can be seen as synonymous with words like “backwards”, “rough”, “inelegant”, “crude” and “primitive”[42], recent works like Julia Watsons “Lo-TEK: Design by Radical Indigenism”[43] highlight how skilled craftspeople with a deep understanding from inherited and lived experience of their local environments can accomplish impressive performance in their built environment, without the use of “fossil-fuel based technology”.

However, while local traditional practices were investigated, very little knowledge of pre-existing culture of mushroom cultivation was found for the dry state of Rajasthan (home to the famous Thar desert) in northwest India. However, from interviews and conversations with local farmers and professionals working in Jaipur and Dhun, it is clear that mushroom cultivation and consumption have been gaining popularity in recent years [46].

What differentiates “low-tech” as a field, which is in itself independent from fossil-fuel-based technology, are the most sophisticated examples of low-tech works, like the living roots bridges of the Khasi tribe in the east indian region of Kolkata[44], which can often not be replicated by fossil-fuel based technology, even if it was attempted.

The goal of the project was to investigate how to untangle the production of MBCs from ecologically and economically costly equipment, and evaluate the results from simpler methods of production. As such, the prototype design is informed more by “Low-tech”, more so than “Lo-TEK”, as a guiding principle.

SOURCE:AMY FREARSON, FEBRUARY 11, 2020

[42] [43] [44] [45] [46]

“LOW-TECH,” IN CAMBRIDGE ADVANCED LEARNER’S DICTIONARY & THESAURUS (CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSIT Y PRESS, FEBRUARY 1, 2024 JULIA WATSON AND WADE DAVIS, LO-TEK: DESIGN BY R ADICAL INDIGENISM (COLOGNE: TASCHEN, 2020).

AMY FREARSON, FEBRUARY 11, 2020 GERMAN DESIGN COUNCIL 18. JULY 2022 A ASTHA NISHAD 17. MAY 2021

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ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS 3.2 Prototype design.

To test the viability of a low-tech approach to myceliumbased composite production, a prototype device was designed to work as a mini-factory. The device was part of a series of 13 prototypes that were embedded in a timber frame structure as either wall, roof, or floor elements. As mycelium production requires stable temperatures and no sunlight, the device was conceived as a floor element. The device had 3 main components:

PROTOTYPE DIAGRAM [A] SUBSTRATE TREATMENT CHAMBER LED-CONTROLS

HEPA AIR FILTER

[A] Substrate treatment chamber.

In this first part of the device, cold water lime pasturization could be conducted, to treat substrate.

Using a 60ml-to-10L ratio of calcium hydroxide to water, a water solution with a pH measured to be over 13 was made to bathe the substrate and remove bacterial and fungal contamination sources.

[B] STILL-AIR CHAMBER / BIOREACTOR

[B] Still-air chamber.

This was the main body of the device, wherein inoculation work could be done with minimized risks of contamination. The walls of the chamber were made of thin plastic sheets from heavy-duty garbage bags, to make the access ports for the arms compliant, improving ergonomics over other DIY still-air chamber designs. The chamber was made to be collapsible, to make it flush with the floor when not in use.

Within the still air chamber were 3x3 containers 5 liter containers were stored in the chamber, to be used as mixing containers, wherein live mycelium colonies were kept. By keeping stable mycelium colonies running[47] in this “bio-reactor”, reliance on an input of purchased grain spawn could be avoided. The colonies are split and used for tiles when needed, like a mycelium sourdough or yogurt culture.

[C] 3 incubation chambers In these chambers, 3x6 tile molds with mycelium colonies could be comparatively tested to see the effects of different levels of environmental control on MBC growth quality. One of the incubator chambers had an air filtration system, that air through a HEPA filter by using a 5V electrical fan. The incubators were made of clear thermoformed plastics, to make it easy to inspect and document the growth of the tiles. During the day, the trays were covered to shield the tiles from direct sunlight.

Incubator 1 seeks to mimic the lab conditions available in a commercial incubator, with HEPA-filtered air, insulation, and heating.

Incubator 2 was for experimenting with different lowtech techniques of keeping the mushroom warm at night (sun-heated rocks, body heat from a person sleeping on a mattress on top of the incubator, heated water, cotton plugs as air filters in the ventilation holes of the tray).

Incubator 3 was the control chamber, without any measures for environmental control.

[GL]

[PO]

SLIDING BRACKETS

[C] INCUBATION CHAMBERS 1: LAB 2: MIN.TECH / LO-TEK 3: NO TECH / CONTROL

LED FITTINGS

[1]

[2]

[3]

FIGURE 10: PROTOTYPE FUNCTION DIAGRAM

Each of the 3 incubators was packed with 6 tile molds, to test different combinations of the local substrate with grey oyster (Pleurotus Ostreatus/ PO) and Reishi (Ganoderma Lucidum / GL). Each one of the 18 molds was poked with a heated steel needle 6 times, to provide the molds with some air flow, while minimizing the risk of contamination.

[D] LED Lights To help with photographic documentation of growth quality, LED work lights were mounted on the bottom of the incubator trays and the still air chamber, to aid with even lighting for photographic documentation.

[47] PAUL STAMETS, MYCELIUM RUNNING: HOW MUSHROOMS CAN HELP SAVE THE WORLD (BERKELEY, CALIF.: TEN SPEED, 2005).

FIGURE 10: PROTOT YPE FUNCTION DIAGR AM

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ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS 3.3 Testing parameters.

To test both the quality of the final products produced, and whether the prototype device performed its functions as intended, data is collected on a range of different parameters.

INDIA 2023/24 the potential for evaporation or excess moisture levels to stall the growth of the samples.

The growth of the MBC tile samples was documented photographically, to track the growth speed and evaluate the performance of the strains of mushrooms in the substrate chosen, as well as contamination.

In addition, a simple strength test was done to assess the mechanical strength of the panels, by holding up the panels to see whether the MBC panels could support their weight. Using a suite of HOBO dataloggers and outdoor temperature and relative humidity sensors will measure whether the 3 incubators perform as intended, and successfully alter the environmental conditions.

A kitchen weight and a structural moisture sensor are used to collect data on water levels, to keep an eye on

The PH of the cold water lime pasteurization is measured to ensure the correct ratios.

MILLET RESIDUE (STRAW)

MUSTARD SEED RESIDUE (STRAW)

4. RESULTS 4.1 Tile tests.

For testing MBC production substrate was sourced from local farms adjacent to Dhun. Local millet and mustard crop residues were chosen for their vegetative composition (high in straw) and availability.

For the cold-water lime pasteurization, the gathered substrates were measured out in 4 portions of 250g, a total of 500g of both types of substrate, put in porous cotton bags and submerged overnight in 30L of water with 175 grams of calcium hydroxide, in the substrate treatment chamber. The PH measured to be around 14, which was the intended target.

After treatment, the substrates were dried in the sealed substrate treatment chamber for 1 day, before they were weighed again to establish the water-to-substrate moisture ratio, which was measured to be around 2.3 for mustard seed straw and 1.8 for millet straw (See “Inoculation 1: MBC ratios") This was much higher than the targeted 0.7 described in the reference recipe, but

lower than the 3.5 for hemp and 5.75 for straw measured in Copenhagen and deemed sufficient.

Each portion of the 4 portions of the treated substrates was moved to the containers in the incubation chamber and inoculated with 75g of Ganoderma Lucidum [GL] and Pleurotus Ostreatus [PO] grain spawn, bought online from an Indian company via Amazon. 75g was chosen as a middlepoint between a slightly higher ratio than the reference recipe, based on the dry weight of the substrate, and a slightly lower than normal ratio by the wet weight of the substrate, in anticipation of some level of evaporation within the incubation chambers.

From each of the 4 portions of inoculated substrate mixed where, 1 tile mold in each of the 3 incubation trays was filled, for a total of 12 tile samples (see “Inoculation 1: tiles"). 2 tiles in each of the 3 incubators (6 total) were left unfilled, to test a mix with a substrate that had dried out for longer.

INOCULATION 1: MBC RATIO

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ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS Another batch of substrate was treated and left to dry in the substrate treatment chamber for 4 days, but these substrate batches were contaminated with mold (the millet much more so than the mustard).

The 3 trays were kept in a tent for the first 3 days of growth, wrapped in an insulating foil. This was an afterthought, in part due to delays in the assembly and installation of the prototype device, but also served as a control for the sample inoculation process.

Image 01 shows progress after the first 3 days, taken after installation of the trays was complete (30.11.23).

Advanced growth can be seen in the [GL] samples to the right, with some progress in the [PO] samples to the left (see Image 01). Images 02 + 03, taken the 08.12.23 and 13.12.23 show [GL] + mustard samples successfully colonized, with millet lacking slightly behind, with no contamination, and [PO] colonies spreading more slowly, but also without contamination. This difference in growth speed between the two species is to be expected, from what is known about them in the literature.

INDIA 2023/24 of its main goals. This is supported by data from the HOBO loggers, which indicate that temperatures inside the Lab incubator 01 follow the ambient diurnal temperature fluctuations between day and night (see Figure 11).

Comparing weight and moisture before and after the incubation period showed minimal evaporation (see Inoculation 1: Tiles - Moisture and weight). This indicates that the air seals were tight enough and that the tiny ventilation holes poked in the molds were successful in balancing airflow, to provide adequate oxygen while minimizing loss of moisture.

The evenness of growth in each of the 3 incubators suggests that the environmental control attempted in LAB (Incubator 01) and LOW-TECH (Incubator 03) was likely insignificant in altering the growth and that the incubator portion of the prototype failed in achieving one

IMAGE 01: MYCELIM GROWTH - 30.11.23 - DAY 4.

IMAGES 02: MYCELIM GROWTH - 08.12.23 - DAY 11

IMAGES 03: MYCELIM GROWTH - 13.12.23 - DAY 16

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ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS The goal was to monitor the environmental conditions in multiple incubators simultaneously with the HOBO dataloggers, but one of the two borrowed HOBO sensors was found to be damaged, when I tried to set it up after arriving in India.

Test 1: Inoculator 01: Control

40.1% of the growth time. The growth progress of [GL] based MBC colonies is known to be around 4 to 7 days with similar spawn-to-substrate concentration ratios in optimal temperature conditions. This indicates that the overall speed of MBC production was somewhere between 1.5 and 2 times slower than normal, in the winterseason environmental conditions, at a fraction of the cost of the equipment.

Test 2: Inoculator 03: Lab

Data from the HOBO loggers shows that the tile molds were only in their optimal growth temperature zone for INITIAL INCUBATION IN TENT

INOCULATION

TEMP.

26.11.2023 00:00:00

27.11.2023 00:00:00

28.11.2023 00:00:00

29.11.2023 00:00:00

INCUBATOR 03: CONTROL 30.11.2023 00:00:00

01.12.2023 00:00:00

02.12.2023 00:00:00

LOGGER READOUT 03.12.2023 00:00:00

04.12.2023 00:00:00

INCUBATOR 01: LAB 05.12.2023 00:00:00

06.12.2023 00:00:00

07.12.2023 00:00:00

INCUBATOR 02: LOW-TECH 08.12.2023 00:00:00

08.12.2023 00:00:00

50°C

09.12.2023 00:00:00

LOGGER READOUT 10.12.2023 00:00:00

11.12.2023 00:00:00

RH% 100% 90%

40°C

80%

38.8°C

70% 30°C

60%

OPTIMAL GROWTH TEMPERATURE.

50% 40%

20°C

30% 20%

10°C 6.9°C

10%

0°C

0% FIGURE 11: HOBO LOGGERS - ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS INSIDE INCUBATORS.

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ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS 4.2 Still-air chamber/bioreactor container tests.

To test the capacity of the main chamber for housing and propagating colonies, to use as a continuous source of spawn for tiles, 8 out of 9 containers were filled with a mix of treated and inoculated substrates (see "Inoculation ratios" ).

The MBC mix used in the tile molds, which all grew without contamination, was inoculated and put in the molds inside the still-air chamber. However, every single large container left in the still-air chamber to incubate ended up becoming highly contaminated.

This suggests that the level of protection against airborne sources of contamination offered by the stillair chamber was enough to minimize contamination if the MBC mix is quickly put in tiles after inoculation, but not enough to keep contaminants out of the containers.

Experience from working with the still-air chamber showed that the chamber was highly airtight. This was evident from the difficulty of operating the collapsable function of the chamber roof. When raising it from the collapsed position, the plastic sheet walls were pulled in by the suction from the negative pressure and pushed out when closed from the positive pressure.

The main failing point of the chamber was likely user error during inoculation and the containers and their lids not forming a proper airtight seal, which could have allowed more airflow and airborne bacteria to circulate, although air circulation in the chamber would be very minimal when the chamber was closed. As such, the still-air chamber proved unable to maintain a healthy base mycelium colony, but would likely be capable of doing so with minor tweaks and upgrades to the design.

N/A

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5. DISCUSSION 5.1 Failure of Incubators to regulate temperature.

While the failure to modulate the environmental parameters of incubators 01 and 02 is regrettable, the success of the MBC tile growth at ambient temperatures in the incubators in the winter season of Rajasthan shows great promise for the feasibility of the material.

The surprising success of the tiles is most likely a result of insufficient knowledge of the science of mycology.

From the experience and knowledge gained from testing MBC production, before going to Dhun, Incubator 03, without environmental control, was expected to fail either from drying out or accumulating contamination from airborne sources.

Minimal air exchange and evaporation from the tiny ventilation holes in the tiles and good air seals in the still-air chamber and incubation chambers were likely the most important contributors to the success of the tiles.

5.2 High moisture content in MBC mix.

The amount of time during the incubation period where the colonies grew in non-optimal thermal conditions, due to diurnal fluctuations played a role. However, the KADK tests with cold-water lime pasteurized substrate also grew slowly, even in the temperature-controlled incubator. These tests at KADK and DHUN suggest that the high moisture-to-spawn ratio in the inoculated substrate was likely the primary contributing factor to the slow advancement speed of the mycelium colonies.

5.3 Minimal air exchange in tile molds.

Without a HEPA filter or a cotton plug, I expected the lack of air filtration to let contamination run rampant in Incubator 3. The cold-water lime pasteurization seems to have been very successful in cleaning + preparing the substrate with moisture. Although I speculate that the high humidity might have also helped minimize contamination from aerobic bacteria, the mycelium containers in the still air chamber, without proper seals, were heavily contaminated within less than a week.

If the main contamination vector is airborne bacteria and fungal spores from ambient air, then the minimal air exchange ventilation holes were likely the critical factor in minimizing contamination. However, no tests were done of substrate submerged in water without added calcium hydroxide to confirm this.

5.4 Design improvements.

The spread of contamination in the containers of the still-air chamber shows that there is much room for improvement in the design. Sealing the containers inside the still air chamber with a sealing strip lining, of the type that was used to line the seams between the elements in the rest of the prototype (see detailed drawings in the appendix), would be the first thing to try.

[48]

A second iteration of the prototype would also not be confined to the constraints of the wooden frame that all student prototypes of the 2023/24 India cohort in extreme environments were confined to.

An alternative design that skips the construction of a prototype and forms the still air chamber by digging out a hole in the ground and lining it with non-permeable airtight plastic sheeting would be significantly cheaper in materials use, complexity, and labor hours, even out temperature fluctuations to help keep the colonies warmer and closer to their optimal growth temperature during the night, as well as shield the colonies from sunlight.

The initial spawn-to-substrate ratios could also be much higher than what was used for testing purposes, to help ensure successful colonization, without incurring significantly higher costs, as the spawn sourced in India was produced locally in the state of Rajasthan and cheap to buy.

5.5 Beyond the prototype.

The field of MBC study is young, and there is a lot more to be discovered and developed about their performance. Many different additional tests would be needed to determine the feasibility of the samples produced in Dhun.

Insulation- and mechanical properties weren’t tested, but are assumed to be comparable to other samples, based on the growth quality. The samples produced in DHUN will be tested at KADK at a later date to determine the mechanical and thermal properties. Additionally, a range of different surface treatments will be tested against rain, to determine the environmental resistance of the samples, which is a big concern for the use of MBCs in the context of Rajasthan, which experience extremely heavy rains yearly, during the monsoon season.

Despite the inadequacies of the prototype design and width and execution of testing, the results clearly show the potential viability of cheaper and easier manufacturing processes for MBC and make a small contribution to the development of sustainable and scalable production methods, in the form of tacit knowledge[48] for the author and local collaborators in Dhun.

During the fieldwork, local professionals working in engineering and architecture were engaged, who were curious and excited to share knowledge, and happy to receive the prototype, which was given to the DHUN team, for their members to continue testing.

With the local availability of calcium hydroxide, agricultural residues, and mycelium, the limiting factor for scalable production of MBCs in the context is likely

A . RIGOBELLO, ET AL., JULY 2022

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ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS the water. Although Dhun is said to be self-sufficient with water, the moderate risk of water scarcity in the Jaipur region of Rajasthan, and the high risk in the regions beyond, near and in the northwestern Thar desert should invite a critical reflection on the use of water for building materials.

Many local building materials require the use of water in their production, especially for the cutting of sandstone slabs. The water embedded in MBC materials could likely be captured during the drying process, with the right design of an oven - solar or electric.

INDIA 2023/24 Alternatively, in the context of India, a seasonal approach to design use could be explored, where MBC cladding tiles are grown in the winter, deployed in the summer, and disposed of on fields as fertilizer during the monsoon season as part of the Dhun strategy of retaining the moisture from rainfall in the soil, to reduce water run-off/scouring, and replenish aquifers.

Overall, I would consider the results of the project to be a promising indicator for the feasibility of low-tech MBC material production.

6. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the study demonstrates the feasibility of a “low-tech” approach to MBC production, with the prototype yielding promising results in the challenging climatic conditions of Rajasthan. Despite some shortcomings in environmental control within the incubators, the mycelium-based composite tiles showed robust growth, indicating the potential for cost-effective and sustainable production methods. The findings suggest areas for improvement in design, in enhancing the airtightness of containers and exploring alternative prototype design strategies. Further research and development in the field of low-tech mycelium-based materials is required to determine the viability of the application of the material as an insulating material to protect against heatgain during heatwaves, both in the direction of material performance and design application.

BEST TILE GROWN IN DHUN - GANODERMA LUCIDUM + MUSTARD SEED STRAW MIX

SOURCE:AUTHOR

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ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS

PROTOTYPE INTEGRATED IN FLOOR

INCUBATOR TRAY 2 WITHOUT LID OR TILE SAMPLES.

AIR HOLES

STILL-AIR CHAMBER CONTAINER

TILE MOLD CONTAINER WITH - OYSTER / MILLET STRAW

WORKING IN STILL-AIR CHAMBER

INCUBATORS 1, 2 AND 3 AT NIGHT.

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ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS

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[4] AMITA BHADURI, “HOW CITIES TURN INTO HEAT ISLANDS: THE JAIPUR EXAMPLE,” CITIZENMATTERS.IN (BLOG), JUNE 20, 2018, HT TPS://CITIZENMAT TERS.IN/PINK-CIT Y-JAIPUR-HEAT-ISLAND-SUMMER-TEMPERATURE-6981.

[5A] JAMES L. GLAZER, MD, “HEAT STROKE IN ADULTS,” BMJ BEST PRACTICE (BLOG), SEPTEMBER 9, 2022, HT TPS://BESTPR ACTICE.BMJ.COM/ TOPICS/EN-GB/3000174.

[5B] LIVEMINT, “LETHAL HEATWAVE: MORE INDIANS ARE DYING DUE TO HIGH TEMPERATURE,” LIVEMINT (BLOG), OCTOBER 26, 2022, HT TPS:// WWW.LIVEMINT.COM/NEWS/INDIA /LETHAL-HEATWAVE-MORE-INDIANS-ARE-DYING-DUE-TO-HIGH-TEMPERATURE-116667 78785596.HTML. [6] DR. VIJAY LIMAYE, “INDIA’S LEADERSHIP ADVANCES HEAT-HEALTH PROTECTIONS,” NRDC (BLOG), FEBRUARY 19, 2023, HT TPS:// WWW.NRDC.ORG/BIO/ VIJAY-LIMAYE/INDIAS-LEADERSHIP-ADVANCES-HEAT-HEALTH-PROTECTIONS [7] CARMEN MARÍA CALAMA-GONZÁLEZ ET AL., “ THERMAL INSULATION IMPACT ON OVERHEATING VULNERABILITY REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN DWELLINGS,” HELIYON 9, NO. 5 (MAY 2023): E16102, HT TPS://DOI.ORG/10.1016/J.HELIYON.2023.E16102.

[8] ADRIEN RIGOBELLO AND PHIL AYRES, “DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR MYCELIUM-BASED COMPOSITES,” IN FUNGI AND FUNGAL PRODUCTS IN HUMAN WELFARE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY, ED. TULASI SATYANARAYANA AND SUNIL KUMAR DESHMUKH (SINGAPORE: SPRINGER NATURE SINGAPORE, 2023), 605–35, HT TPS://DOI.ORG/10.1007/978-981-19-8853-0_20.

[9] HTTPS://MYCELIUMINSPIRED.COM/COMPANIES [10] HTTPS:// W W W.DHARAKSHA.COM/ [11] ADAM SAYNER, “ WHAT DO MUSHROOMS EAT?,” GROCYCLE (BLOG), JANUARY 1, 2023, HT TPS://GROCYCLE.COM/ WHAT-DO-MUSHROOMS-EAT/.

[12] PHIL PINZONE, “DESERT ADAPTED FUNGI; THE ECOLOGY OF MONTAGNEA SP.,” FFN - FOREST FLOOR NARRATIVE (BLOG), FEBRUARY 8, 2019, HT TPS:// WWW.FORESTFLOORNARRATIVE.COM/BLOG/2019/2/8/DESERT-ADAPTED-FUNGI-THE-ECOLOGY-OF-MONTAGNEA-SP. [13]CLAUDIA COLEINE ET AL., “ENDOLITHIC FUNGAL SPECIES MARKERS FOR HARSHEST CONDITIONS IN THE MCMURDO DRY VALLEYS, ANTARCTICA,” LIFE 10, NO. 2 (FEBRUARY 6, 2020): 13, HT TPS://DOI.ORG/10.3390/LIFE10020013.

[14] NADIA SHEIKINA, “DASHA TSAPENKO CO-CREATES WITH FUNGI FOR HER WEDDING DRESS,” DESIGNBOOM (BLOG), NOVEMBER 19, 2023, HT TPS:// WWW.DESIGNBOOM.COM/DESIGN/DASHA-TSAPENKO-BIODEGRADABLE-WEDDING-DRESS-MYCELIUM-VINTAGE-UKRAINIAN-LACE-11-19-2023/.

[15] JULIANA NEIRA, “ADIDAS UNVEILS THE STAN SMITH MYLO MADE WITH MUSHROOM-GROWN LEATHER,” DESIGNBOOM (BLOG), APRIL 16, 2021.

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[16] NINA AZZARELLO, “HERMÈS + MYCOWORKS UNVEIL MUSHROOM-BASED ‘LEATHER’ BAG MADE FROM FINE MYCELIUM,” MARCH 11, 2021, HT TPS:// WWW.DESIGNBOOM.COM/DESIGN/HERMES-MYCOWORKS-MUSHROOM-LEATHER-BAG-FINE-MYCELIUM-03-11-2021 /.

[17] AMY FREARSON, “STUDIO MOM CREATES ECO-FRIENDLY CYCLE HELMET FROM MYCELIUM AND HEMP,” DEZEEN (BLOG), MAY 17, 2022, HT TPS:// WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2022/05/17/MYCELIUM-CYCLE-HELMET-MYHELMET-STUDIOMOM/.

[18] ALICE FINNEY, “MYCEEN CREATES ‘SOF T AND VELVETY’ LAMPSHADES MADE FROM MUSHROOM MYCELIUM,” DEZEEN (BLOG), NOVEMBER 1, 2022, HT TPS:// WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2022/11 /01 /MYCEEN-MYCELIUM-PENDANT-LIGHTS-B-WISE-DUTCH-DESIGN-WEEK /.

[19] GRANT GOLDNER, “MYCELIUM CHAIR,” GRANT GOLDNER (BLOG), JANUARY 1, 2023, HT TPS:// WWW.GR ANTGOLDNER.COM/MYCELIUM-CHAIR. [20] SOFIA LEKKA ANGELOPOULOU, “ WORLD’S FIRST LIVING COFFIN MADE OF MUSHROOM MYCELIUM GIVES HUMAN NUTRIENTS BACK TO NATURE,” DESIGNBOOM (BLOG), SEPTEMBER 18, 2020, HT TPS:// WWW.DESIGNBOOM.COM/DESIGN/LIVING-COFFIN-MUSHROOM-MYCELIUM-HUMAN-NUTRIENTS-NATURE-09-18-2020/.

[21] CATAPULT, “IN VIVO: BELGIAN PAVILION | WALLONIA-BRUSSELS FEDERATION, 18TH INTERNATIONAL ARCHITECTURE EXHIBITION – LA BIENNALE DI VENEZIA,” BELGIAN PAVILION (BLOG), NOVEMBER 26, 2023, HT TPS:// WWW.BELGIANPAVILION.BE/EN/PROJECTS/BELGIAN-PAVILION-2023.

[22] VERA MEYER, “MY-CO SPACE,” V. MEER (BLOG), JANUARY 1, 2023, HT TPS:// WWW.V-MEER.DE/MY-CO-SPACE. [23] “PLP LABS’ MYCELIUM BUILDING BLOCKS FEATURED BY THE WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM,” PLP ARCHITECTS (BLOG), JUNE 6, 2023, HT TPS://PLPARCHITECTURE.COM/PLPL ABS-MYCELIUM-BUILDING-BLOCKS-FEATURED-BY-THE-WORLD-ECONOMIC-FORUM/.

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[33] SVEN PFEIFFER, “MY-CO-X,” TINYBE.ORG (BLOG), SEPTEMBER 26, 2021, HT TPS:// TINYBE.ORG/ARTISTS/MY-CO-X /.

[34] PASCAL LEBOUCQ DIANA ET AL, “ THE GROWING PAVILION: THE NEXT STEP IS BIOBASED - BY BIOBASED CREATIONS,” COMPANYNEWHEROES (BLOG), JANUARY 1, 2023, HT TPS://COMPANYNEWHEROES.COM/PROJECT/ THE-GROWING-PAVILION/.

[34] RORY STOTT, “HY-FI, THE ORGANIC MUSHROOM-BRICK TOWER OPENS AT MOMA’S PS1 COURTYARD,” ARCHDAILY.COM (BLOG), JUNE 27, 2014, HT TPS:// WWW. ARCHDAILY. COM/521266/HY-FI-THE-ORGANIC-MUSHROOM-BRICK-TOWER-OPENS-AT-MOMA-S-PS1-COURT YARD.

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ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS [35] RORY STOTT, “HY-FI, THE ORGANIC MUSHROOM-BRICK TOWER OPENS AT MOMA’S PS1 COURTYARD,” ARCHDAILY.COM (BLOG), JUNE 27, 2014, HT TPS:// WWW. ARCHDAILY.COM/521266/HY-FI-THE-ORGANIC-MUSHROOM-BRICK-TOWER-OPENS-AT-MOMA-S-PS1-COURT YARD.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY FIGURES FIGURE 1: "HEAT WAVE OCCURANCE IN DHUN, JAIPUR, RAJASTHAN 2022" AUTHOR SOURCE OF DATA: “THE PREDICTION OF WORLDWIDE ENERGY RESOURCE (POWER) PROJECT,” .EPW, ACCESSED FEBRUARY 1, 2024, HT TPS://POWER.LARC.NASA .GOV/DATA-ACCESS-VIEWER /.

FIGURE 2: "MAXIMUM TEMPERATURES OVER INDIAN STATES, MARCH 2022" AIIMS, “PUBLIC HEALTH BULLITIN, WORLD MAL ARIA DAY 2022 + BEAT THE HEAT” (RAJKOT, GUJARAT, INDIA: ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (AIIMS), DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNIT Y & FAMILY MEDICINE, JANUARY 4, 2022), CHROME-EX TENSION://EFAIDNBMNNNIBPCAJPCGLCLEFINDMKAJ/HT TPS://AIIMSRAJKOT.EDU.IN/SITES/DEFAULT/FILES/INLINE-FILES/CFM-PUBLIC%20HEALTH%20 BULLETIN%2C%20AIIMS%20RAJKOT%2C%20VOL-1%2C%20ISSUE-1%2C%20APRIL-2022%20(2).PDF. FIGURE 3: "DIURNAL TEMPERATURE CYCLE AND THERMAL DAMPING" JOHNSTONE, C., TUOHY P., MCELROY, L. AND “ THERMAL MASS, INSUL ATION AND VENTIL ATION IN SUSTAINABLE HOUSING - AN INVESTIGATION ACROSS CLIMATE AND OCCUPANCY.,” UNIVERSIT Y OF STR ATHCLYDE, GL ASGOW (BLOG) , AUGUST 18, 2005, HT TP S://PUREPORTAL.STR ATH.AC.UK /EN/PUBLICATIONS/ THERMAL-MASS-INSUL ATION-AND -VENTIL ATION-IN-SUSTAINABLE-HOUSING -AN. FIGURE 4: "PROPERTIES OF COMMON INSULATION MATERIALS COMPARED" AUTHOR SOURCES OF INFORMATION: 4.1 ELISE ELSACKER E T AL ., “ MECHANICAL, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHAR ACTERISATION OF MYCELIUM-BASED COMP OSITES WITH DIFFERENT T YPES OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC SUBSTR ATES,” ED. DENIZ AYDEMIR, PLOS ONE 14, NO. 7 (JULY 22, 2019) : E021395 4, HT TP S://DOI.ORG/ 10.13 7 1/JOURNAL .P ONE.021395 4.

4.2 GIANLUCA GR A ZIESCHI, FR ANCESCO ASDRUBALI, AND GUILHEM THOMAS, “ EMBODIED ENERGY AND CARBON OF BUILDING INSUL ATING MATERIALS: A CRITICAL RE VIE W,” CLE ANER ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 (JUNE 2021) : 100032, HT TP S://DOI.ORG/ 10.1016/J.CESYS.2021.100032.

FIGURE 5: "OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE GROWTH CONDITIONS FOR FUNGI" AUTHOR SOURCE OF INFORMATION: E VERY THING MONOTUB - THE BASICS OF TEMPER ATURE FOR GR AIN SPAWN AND FRUITING MUSHROOMS (ONEE ARTH MUSHROOMS) , ACCES SED FEBRUARY 1, 2024, HT TP S:// W W W.YOUTUBE.COM/ WATCH? V=Y TPYJGWNAE0.

FIGURE 6: "REFERENCE RECIPE FOR MYCELIUM-BASED COMPOSITE PRODUCTION" AUTHOR SOURCE OF INFORMATION: HT TP S://ADRIENRIGOBELLO.COM/HOW-TO -MYCELIUM FIGURE 7: "STATE-OF-THE-ART MYCELIUM PROJECTS" DIMITR A ALMPANI-LEKK A E T AL ., “A RE VIE W ON ARCHITECTURE WITH F UNGAL BIOMATERIALS: THE DESIRED AND THE FE ASIBLE,” F UNGAL BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 8, NO. 1 (NOVEMBER 19, 2021) : 17, HT TP S://DOI.ORG/ 10.1186/S 40694- 021- 00124- 5.

FIGURE 8: "MYCELIUM-BASED COMPOSITE PRODUCTION CYCLE".

AUTHOR FIGURE 9: "STATE-OF-THE-ART MYCELIUM PROJECTS" FIGURE 9, COMBINATIONS OF SUBSTR ATES AND FUNGUS SPECIES USED IN SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTS. MACIEJ SYDOR ET AL., “FUNGI IN MYCELIUM-BASED COMPOSITES: USAGE AND RECOMMENDATIONS,” MATERIALS 15, NO. 18 (SEPTEMBER 9, 2022): 6283, HT TPS://DOI. ORG/10.3390/MA15186283.

FIGURE 10: "PROTOTYPE FUNCTION DIAGRAM" AUTHOR FIGURE 11: "HOBO LOGGERS - ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS INSIDE INCUBATORS" AUTHOR

UFFE EMIL HOLM THOMSEN 170375