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ISSN 1689-7757 Nr 90 zima 2021/2022

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EDGDZF]H L SR]\VNDå -HM SU]\FK\OQRijå Z UHDOL]DFML PRMHJR SURMHNWX 8GDğR VL÷ 3DQL ']LHNDQ Z\UD]LğD ]JRG÷ QD ZVSDUFLH PRMHM DSOLNDFML SRWZLHUG]DMãF WR QLH]E÷GQ\P Z SURFHVLH DSOLNRZDQLD R JUDQW OLVWHP ]DSUDV]DMãF\P 3ÐŏQLHM QDVWãSLğ SURFHV DSOLNDFML 3RGVWDZRZH GRNXPHQW\ DSOLNDF\MQH WR UHVXPH WU]\ UHNRPHQGDFMH QDMOHSLHM ] PL÷G]\QDURGRZHM SU]HVWU]HQL QDXNRZR EDGDZF]HM RUD] RF]\ZLijFLH V]F]HJÐğRZ\ RSLV SURMHNWX EDGDZF]HJR =ğRőHQLH GRNXPHQWÐZ UR]SRF]\QD ZHU\ILNDFM÷ IRUPDOQã 1DVW÷SQLH DSOLNDFMD SU]HFKRG]L GR HWDSX ZHU\ILNDFML PHU\WRU\F]QHM L MHVW RFHQLDQD SU]H] PL÷G]\QDURGRZ\FK HNVSHUWÐZ .ROHMQ\P HWDSHP E\ğD UR]PRZD UHNUXWDF\MQD Z .RPLVML )XOEULJKWD Z :DUV]DZLH 7DP PLDğDP RND]M÷ SR]QDå NROHJÐZ L NROHőDQNL NWÐU]\ XELHJDOL VL÷ R WR VW\SHQGLXP 5HSUH]HQWRZDOL RQL UÐőQH G\VF\SOLQ\ QDXNRZH 0RőOLZRijå UR]ZRMX QDXNRZHJR MDNã VWZDU]D 6W\SHQGLXP )XOEULJKWD GOD UÐőQRURGQ\FK SUDFRZQLNÐZ QDXNL MHVW QLHZãWSOLZLH MHJR NOXF]RZ\P DWXWHP 1DOHő\ WHő SDPL÷WDå őH WDND PRőOLZRijå XGRVW÷SQLRQD MHVW Z SRQDG NUDMDFK 5R]PRZD UHNUXWDF\MQD ]DNZDOLILNRZDğD PQLH GR JURQD ILQDOLVWÐZ Z W\P NRQNXUVLH 0RMD DSOLNDFMD ]RVWDğD Z\VğDQD GR DPHU\NDġVNLHM VLHG]LE\ )XOEULJKWD GR RVWDWHF]QHM DQDOL]\ L ]DWZLHUG]HQLD : VW\F]QLX GRVWDğDP LQIRUPDFM÷ őH VL÷ ]DNZDOLILNRZDğDP D Z PDUFX SU]\V]HGğ &29,' :\MD]G SODQRZDQ\ E\ğ Z SDŏG]LHUQLNX URNX 3R UD] SLHUZV]\ VW\SHQG\ijFL QLH Z\MHFKDOL Z WHUPLQLH 3R]ZROHQLH QD Z\MD]G GRVWDOLijP\ QD SRF]ãWNX U -D ]GHF\GRZDğDP VL÷ UR]SRF]ãå VW\SHQGLXP Z OLSFX :\MD]G RND]Dğ VL÷ PRőOLZ\ G]L÷NL ZVSDUFLX .LHURZQLND .DWHGU\ =DU]ãG]DQLD .DSLWDğHP /XG]NLP 3DQD 3URI $OHNVHJR 3RF]WRZVNLHJR ZUD] ] ]HVSRğHP PRLFK .ROHőDQHN L .ROHJÐZ RUD] :ğDG] 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH %DUG]R MHVWHP ZG]L÷F]QD ]D RND]DQH ZVSDUFLH L SRPRF O. B.: 'ğXJL L VNRPSOLNRZDQ\ SURFHV ZL÷F W\P EDUG]LHM JUDWXOXM÷ 5HDOL]RZDğD 3DQL 3URIHVRU SURMHNW +LJK 3HUIRUPDQFH :RUN 3UDFWLFH LQ +RVSLWDOV 3K\VLFLDQV 3HUVSHFWLYH = MHGQHM VWURQ\ GRW\F]\ğ ]DU]ãG]DQLD DOH ] GUXJLHM V]SLWDOH L PHG\F\QD QLH]E\W NRMDU]ã VL÷ ] XF]HOQLã

24

HNRQRPLF]Qã 3URV]÷ RSRZLHG]LHå F]\P VL÷ 3DQL 3URIHVRU ]DMPRZDğD MDN Z\JOãGDğD SUDFD Z UDPDFK SURMHNWX" prof. B. B.: 2G ODW ]DMPXM÷ VL÷ SUREOHPDW\Nã ]DU]ãG]DQLD NDSLWDğHP OXG]NLP Z RFKURQLH ]GURZLD 0RMD SUDFD KDELOLWDF\MQD e.RQFHSFMD V\VWHPX ]DU]ãG]DQLD HIHNW\ZQRijFLã SUDF\ SHUVRQHOX PHG\F]QHJR Z V]SLWDODFKr GRW\F]\ğD WHM SUREOHPDW\NL -HVW WR SUREOHPDW\ND Z Z\VRNLHM PLHU]H ZSLVXMãFD VL÷ Z ]DNUHV EDGDġ QDV]HM 8F]HOQL =UHV]Wã Z 8(. SUDFXMã UÐZQLHő LQQL EDGDF]H ]DMPXMãF\ VL÷ SUREOHPDW\Nã ]DU]ãG]DQLD Z RFKURQLH ]GURZLD 7HQ REV]DU MHVW EDUG]R SHUVSHNW\ZLF]Q\ L LVWRWQ\ ]ZğDV]F]D WHUD] Z NRQWHNijFLH SDQGHPLL 'OD PQLH SUREOHPDW\ND ]DU]ãG]DQLD SRPLRWDPL OHF]QLF]\PL ]DZV]H E\ğD t L P\ijO÷ őH SR]RVWDQLH t SDVMã QDXNRZã 6WDUDP VL÷ QD ELHőãFR UR]ZLMDå Z W\P ]DNUHVLH :L÷F WHQ SURMHNW E\ğ t QLH XNU\ZDP t SRNğRVLHP PRMHM ZF]HijQLHMV]HM SUDF\ EDGDZF]HM : UHDOL]RZDQ\P SURMHNFLH VNXSLğDP VL÷ MHGQDN QD DQDOL]LH SUDNW\N Z\VRFH HIHNW\ZQHM SUDF\ ] SHUVSHNW\Z\ OHNDU]\ 1D ijZLHFLH QDXNRZF\ ]DMPXMã VL÷ ]DU]ãG]DQLHP Wã SURIHVMã PHG\F]Qã Z 3ROVFH EDUG]R U]DGNR : ]DVDG]LH MHVW WR WHPDW SRPLMDQ\ D OHNDU] WR F]ğRZLHN ZDUWRijFLRZ\ NDSLWDğ OXG]NL .OXF]RZH ]QDF]HQLH OHNDU]\ Z V\VWHPLH RFKURQ\ ]GURZLD SRZLQQR PRELOL]RZDå EDGDF]\ GR SRGHMPRZDQLD G]LDğDġ Z ]DNUHVLH DQDOL] XZDUXQNRZDġ IXQNFMRQRZDQLD WHM SURIHVML O. B: :LHP MXő őH VZRMH EDGDQLD SURZDG]LğD 3DQL 3URIHVRU Z 6HLGPDQ &ROOHJH RI %XVLQHVV $OH F]\ WR E\ğ MHG\Q\ RijURGHN" 0RőH ZVSÐğSUDFRZDğD 3DQL 3URIHVRU UÐZQLHő ]H V]SLWDODPL" prof. B. B.: 7DN PRMã XF]HOQLã JRV]F]ãFã E\ğ 6HLGPDQ &ROOHJH RI %XVLQHVV *968 1DWRPLDVW EH]SRijUHGQLR ZVSÐğSUDFRZDğDP ] QDMZL÷NV]\P V\VWHPHP ]GURZRWQ\P Z 0LFKLJDQ : MHJR VNğDG ZFKRG]L PL LQ V]SLWDOL 6\VWHP ]DWUXGQLD SRQDG W\V RVÐE O. B.: 7R U]HF]\ZLijFLH EDUG]R GXőD SUÐED EDGDZF]D &]\ V\WXDFMD VğXőE\ ]GURZLD Z 86$ EDUG]R URőQL VL÷ RG WHM Z 3ROVFH" prof. B. B.: 1LH FKRG]LğR R SUÐE÷ EDGDZF]ã -D SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP

FKFLDğDP SR]QDå VSHF\ILN÷ SUDNW\N Z\VRFH HIHNW\ZQHM SUDF\ eXV]\W\FK QD PLDU÷r ]DU]ãG]DQLD SURIHVMã OHNDUVNã 1D WDNLH SR]QDQLH SR]ZDODMã SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP PHWRG\ MDNRijFLRZH ,GHQW\ILNRZDğDP SUDNW\NL VSU]\MDMãFH PRW\ZDFML ]DDQJDőRZDQLX L Z\VRNLHM HIHNW\ZQRijFL SUDF\ OHNDU]\ ,ORijFLRZH PHWRG\ QLH GDMã WDN GRNğDGQHJR ZJOãGX Z EDGDQã U]HF]\ZLVWRijå ]ZğDV]F]D MHőHOL WD U]HF]\ZLVWRijå QLH E\ğD GR WHM SRU\ UR]SR]QDQD $ WDN MHVW Z SU]\SDGNX +3:3 Z V]SLWDODFK :UDFDMãF MHGQDN GR PHULWXP SUDJQ÷ ]DXZDő\å őH Z\]ZDQLD ] MDNLPL ERU\NDMã VL÷ V\VWHP\ RFKURQ\ ]GURZLD Z 86$ L Z 3ROVFH ] MHGQHM VWURQ\ Vã RGPLHQQH D ] GUXJLHM SRGREQH 2GPLHQQRijå G\NWRZDQD MHVW P LQ UR]ZLã]DQLDPL Z ]DNUHVLH ILQDQVRZDQLD ijZLDGF]Hġ ]GURZRWQ\FK $ SRGRELHġVWZR t QLHGRERUHP ]DVREÐZ OXG]NLFK 3ROVND L 86$ OHJLW\PXMã VL÷ ]EOLőRQ\PL ZDUWRijFLDPL ZVNDŏQLND OHNDU]\ QD W\V PLHV]NDġFÐZ :DUWR SDPL÷WDå őH VZRMH EDGDQLD SURZDG]LğDP SR SLHUZV]HM IDOL &29,' 3DQGHPLD Z\UDŏQLH SRJRUV]\ğD VWDQ ]GURZLD QDV ZV]\VWNLFK Z W\P SHUVRQHOX PHG\F]QHJR NWÐU\ MHVW QD SLHUZV]HM OLQLL IURQWX ZDONL : EDGDQ\P SU]H]H PQLH V\VWHPLH RG UD]X VWZRU]RQR ]HVSÐğ ZVSLHUDMãF\ SV\FKRORJLF]QLH FDğ\ SHUVRQHO PHG\F]Q\ Z W\P SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP OHNDU]\ G]LDğDMãF\ SR WR DE\ SRPÐF OHNDU]RP ]DDQJDőRZDQ\FK Z OHF]HQLH SDFMHQWÐZ FRYLGRZ\FK :DUWR MHGQDN ]DXZDő\å őH Z SU]\SDGNX DQDOL]RZDQHJR SU]H]H PQLH V\VWHPX G]LDğDQLD XNLHUXQNRZDQH QD SRSUDZ÷ W]Z GREURVWDQX SUDFRZQLNÐZ PHG\F]Q\FK SRGHMPRZDQH E\ğ\ MXő ZF]HijQLHM P LQ QD NDQZLH WUDJLF]Q\FK Z\GDU]Hġ ]ZLã]DQ\FK ] VDPREÐMVWZHP OHNDU]D NWÐU\ ] SU]HSUDFRZDQLD ZSDGğ Z GHSUHVM÷ =DSHZQLHQLH ZVSDUFLD SV\FKRORJLF]QHJR GOD SHUVRQHOX PHG\F]QHJR WR NOXF]RZH ]DGDQLH MDNLH F]HND L SROVNL V\VWHP RFKURQ\ ]GURZLD 6]F]HJÐOQLH Z NRQWHNijFLH LQIRUPDFML GRW\F]ãF\FK VFHQDULXV]\ UR]ZRMX SDQGHPLL Z QDMEOLőV]\FK PLHVLãFDFK WHJR URNX O. B.: &]\ SRE\W Z 86$ E\ğ GOD 3DQL 3URIHVRU LQVSLUXMãF\" =PLHQLğ MDNRij SXQNW ZLG]HQLD QD SUDF÷ 3DQL 3URIHVRU" $ PRőH ]ZUÐFLğ XZDJ÷ QD UÐőQLFH PL÷G]\ SUDFã QDXNRZã Z 3ROVFH L Z 86$"

O. B.: -DN MXő ZVSRPQLDğDP ]GRE\FLH WHJR VW\SHQGLXP WR ROEU]\PL VXNFHV -DNLH Vã NRU]\ijFL Z\QLNDMãFH ] MHJR X]\VNDQLD GOD SUDFRZQLND QDXNRZHJR" prof. B. B.: .DőG\ Z\MD]G ]D JUDQLF÷ t L WR ]DZV]H SRZWDU]DP PRLP VWXGHQWRP t MHVW RJURPQã NRU]\ijFLã GOD MHGQRVWNL RUD] MHM RWRF]HQLD .DőG\ WDNL Z\MD]G XF]\ QDV F]HJRij QRZHJR R LQQ\FK RVZDMD QDV ] LQQRijFLã XF]\ WROHUDQFML L GDMH PRőOLZRijå OHSV]HJR SR]QDQLD VLHELH -DN ]DF]\QDğDP NDULHU÷ QDXNRZã MHGHQ ] PRLFK VWDUV]\FK NROHJÐZ

t SURIHVRU ] ,UODQGLL t NWÐU\ G]LDğD Z ijURGRZLVNX PL÷G]\QDURGRZ\P SRZLHG]LDğ PL EDUG]R FLHNDZH L PRLP ]GDQLHP LQWU\JXMãFH PRWWR NWÐUH WRZDU]\V]\ğR PX Z UR]ZRMX PL÷G]\QDURGRZHM G]LDğDOQRijFL QDXNRZHM e,P ZL÷FHM SRGUÐőXMHP\ W\P OHSLHM SR]QDMHP\ VZRMã WRőVDPRijå QDURGRZã ,P EDUG]LHM GRFHQLDP\ LQQRijå W\P EDUG]LHM PRőHP\ VL÷ SRFKZDOLå NLP VDPL MHVWHijP\ L WZRU]\å SR]\W\ZQ\ ZL]HUXQHN QDV]HJR NUDMXr :\MD]G ]D JUDQLF÷ ]DZV]H WUDNWXM÷ MDNR PRőOLZRijå QDZLã]DQLD ZVSÐğSUDF\ ] RijURGNDPL VSHFMDOL]XMãF\PL VL÷ Z UÐőQ\FK DVSHNWDFK ]DU]ãG]DQLD Z W\P SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP Z ]DU]ãG]DQLX ]DVREDPL OXG]NLPL -HVW WR WHő PRőOLZRijå UR]SRF]÷FLD SUDF QDG QRZ\PL SURMHNWDPL EDGDZF]\PL = SHUVSHNW\Z\ RVRELVWHM WHQ NRQNUHWQ\ Z\MD]G XijZLDGRPLğ PL őH FKRå ]PLDQD SRZLQQD E\å ZSLVDQD Z QDV] JHQRW\S WR QLH ]DZV]H WDN MHVW &KRå SRVWU]HJDP VL÷ MDNR RVRE÷ NWÐUD OXEL ]PLDQ\ Z F]DVLH Z\MD]GX ]DXZDő\ğDP őH WD UDG\NDOQD ]PLDQD E\ğD GOD PQLH Z\]ZDQLHP 0RMD DGDSWDFMD SU]HELHJDğD Z F]DVLH SDQGHPLL L QDZHW DPHU\NDQLH NWÐU]\ SU]HFLHő ]QDQL Vã ] RWZDUWRijFL F]\ EXGRZDQLD UHODFML VSRğHF]Q\FK ]ZL÷NV]\OL ZREHF VLHELH G\VWDQV 7R E\ğR GOD PQLH ]XSHğQ\P QRYXP %DUG]R FHQQH GRijZLDGF]HQLH ]DU]ãG]DQLD ]PLDQã Z SU]HVWU]HQL RVRELVWHM O. B.: -DNLH Vã SODQ\ QD SU]\V]ğRijå 3DQL 3URIHVRU" prof. B. B.: : NROHMQ\FK PLHVLãFDFK SODQXM÷ SRGMãå SUDF÷ QDG W\P DE\ Z\QLNL EDGDġ NWÐUH

SU]HSURZDG]LğDP Z 86$ SU]HQLHijå QD JUXQW SROVNL Z GZÐMQDVÐE : Z\PLDU]H QDXNRZ\P FKFLDğDE\P NRQW\QXRZDå DQDOL]÷ ]LGHQW\ILNRZDQ\FK SUDNW\N Z SROVNLP V\VWHPLH RFKURQ\ ]GURZLD : Z\PLDU]H SUDNW\F]Q\P PDP QDG]LHM÷ SURSDJRZDå Z\QLNL VZRLFK EDGDġ QD IRUXP VSRWNDġ ] LQWHUHVDULXV]DPL RFKURQ\ ]GURZLD 0DP QDG]LHM÷ őH UHDOL]DFML REX W\FK FHOÐZ WRZDU]\V]\å E÷G]LH UR]ZÐM &HQWUXP (NRQRPLNL L =DU]ãG]DQLD Z 2FKURQLH =GURZLD 8(. NWÐUH SRZVWDğR ] PRMHM LQLFMDW\Z\ &KFLDğDE\P DE\ WR &HQWUXP E\ğR QDV]\P RijURGNLHP LQWHJUXMãF\P EDGDF]\ ]DMPXMãF\FK VL÷ SUREOHPDW\Nã V]HURNR SRM÷WHJR ]DU]ãG]DQLD Z RFKURQLH ]GURZLD :LHU]÷ őH SUDFD ]HVSRğRZD SU]\QRVL OHSV]H HIHNW\ QLő LQG\ZLGXDOQD 0DP QDG]LHM÷ őH SRSU]H] WDNã ZVSÐğSUDF÷ PRőHP\ XVSUDZQLDå IXQNFMRQRZDQLH V\VWHPX RFKURQ\ ]GURZLD Z 3ROVFH

wywiad numeru

prof. B. B.: 6WDQDPL MHVWHP ]DLQVSLURZDQD MXő RG ODW -DNR QDVWRODWND EUDğDP XG]LDğ Z MHGQ\P ] SLHUZV]\FK SURJUDPÐZ Z\PLDQ\ VWXGHQWÐZ SRPL÷G]\ 3ROVNã D 86$ 2G ODW ZVSÐğSUDFXM÷ ] UÐőQ\PL RijURGNDPL QDXNRZ\PL ]DMPXMãF\PL VL÷ SUREOHPDW\Nã PL÷G]\QDURGRZHJR ]DU]ãG]DQLD ]DVREDPL OXG]NLPL F]\ WHő ==/ Z RFKURQLH ]GURZLD 6WDQ\ Vã GOD PQLH R W\OH LQVSLUXMãFH őH ] MHGQHM VWURQ\ SRVWU]HJDP MH MDNR ]XSHğQLH LQQH NXOWXURZR D ] GUXJLHM MHGQDN EDUG]R SRGREQH GR QDV]HJR NUDMX 3UDF÷ QDXNRZã Z 86$ FHFKXMã SRGREQLH MDN L Z LQQ\FK REV]DUDFK ]DUÐZQR SRGRELHġVWZD MDN L UÐőQLFH 7\FK UÐőQLF QLH MHVW ZLHOH L QLH Vã RQH Z ]DVDG]LH ]QDF]ãFH &KRå SHZQLH SRZLQQDP ]DXZDő\å őH DPHU\NDġVF\ QDXNRZF\ SUDFXMã Z PQLHM WXUEXOHQWQ\P RWRF]HQLX QLő SROVF\ 2F]\ZLijFLH PDP QD P\ijOL SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP XZDUXQNRZDQLH MDNLP MHVW G\QDPLND ]PLDQ Z V]NROQLFWZLH Z\őV]\P Z 3ROVFH

O. B.: Ő\F]÷ 3DQL 3URIHVRU őHE\ WH SODQ\ VL÷ VSHğQLğ\ ER Vã SL÷NQH L ZDUWH UHDOL]DFML ']L÷NXM÷ ]D UR]PRZ÷

)XOEULJKW 6HQLRU $ZDUG SURJUDP XPRőOLZLDMãF\ SUDFRZQLNRP SROVNLFK LQVW\WXFML DNDGHPLFNLFK L QDXNRZ\FK UHDOL]DFM÷ VDPRG]LHOQ\FK SURMHNWÐZ EDGDZF]\FK OXE EDGDZF]R G\GDNW\F]Q\FK Z LQVW\WXFMDFK JRV]F]ãF\FK Z 86$ : F]DVLH SRE\WX Z 86$ VW\SHQG\VWD UHDOL]XMH ZğDVQ\ SURMHNW EDGDZF]\ L OXE G\GDNW\F]Q\ Z DPHU\NDġVNLHM XF]HOQL LQVW\WXFLH EDGDZF]\P LQVW\WXFML U]ãGRZHM OXE RUJDQL]DFML SR]DU]ãGRZHM 2G SRQDG ODW SURJUDP ZVSLHUD ZVSÐğSUDF÷ QD U]HF] UR]ZRMX QDXNL NXOWXU\ RUD] UHODFML PL÷G]\OXG]NLFK SRPL÷G]\ 86$ D SRQDG NUDMDPL

'\UHNWRU &HQWUXP (NRQRPLNL L =DU]ãG]DQLD Z 2FKURQLH =GURZLD 8(. $PEDVDGRUND 3ROVNLHM )HGHUDFML 6]SLWDOL RUD] HNVSHUWND 0LQLVWHUVWZD =GURZLD 'RNWRU KDELOLWRZDQ\ Z G]LHG]LQLH HNRQRPLL Z QDXNDFK R ]DU]ãG]DQLX R VSHFMDOQRijFL ]DU]ãG]DQLH ]DVREDPL OXG]NLPL ==/ 6W\SHQG\VWD )XOEULJKW 6HQLRU $ZDUG &]ğRQHN ZLHOX ]HVSRğÐZ HNVSHUFNLFK ]ZLã]DQ\FK ] SURMHNWRZDQLHP L ZGUDőDQLHP PHWRG L QDU]÷G]L ==/ ]H V]F]HJÐOQ\P XZ]JO÷GQLHQLHP NRQWHNVWX RFKURQ\ ]GURZLD 9LVLWLQJ SURIHVVRU Z 5RRVHYHOW 8QLYHUVLW\ &KLFDJR 86$ RUD] 3IRU]KHLP 8QLYHUVLW\ 3IRU]KHLP 1LHPF\ &]ğRQHN .RPLWHWX 2FHQLDMãFHJR RJÐOQRSROVNLHJR NRQNXUVX /LGHU =DU]ãG]DQLD =DVREDPL /XG]NLPL ,QVW\WXWX 3UDF\ L 6SUDZ 6RFMDOQ\FK &]ğRQHN PL÷G]\QDURGRZHJR ]HVSRğX SURMHNWX 6WUDWHJLF 7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ IRU <RXWK /DERU LQ (XURSH ,,, 3URJUDP 5DPRZ\ .RPLVML (XURSHMVNLHM $XWRUND SRQDG SXEOLNDFML ]ZLã]DQHM ] SUREOHPDW\Nã ]DU]ãG]DQLD NDSLWDğHP OXG]NLP Z W\P ] ]DU]ãG]DQLHP SHUVRQHOHP PHG\F]Q\P D ZijUÐG QLFK PRQRJUDILL QDJURG]RQHM SU]H] .RPLWHW 1DXN R 3UDF\ L 3ROLW\FH 6SRğHF]QHM 3$1 R W\WXOH e.RQFHSFMD V\VWHPX ]DU]ãG]DQLD HIHNW\ZQRijFLã SUDF\ SHUVRQHOX PHG\F]QHJR Z V]SLWDODFKr

25

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26

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wspomnienie

(1977-2021)

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