2016 UC San Diego Summer Research Conference program

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2016 UC San Diego Summer Research Conference Welcome to the 2016 UC San Diego Summer Research Conference, which showcases undergraduate research in the San Diego region each summer.

This year's conference features three hundred and two participants who are part of faculty-mentored summer research programs at CSUSM, SDSU, USD, and UC San Diego. The presenters include undergraduates from these universities as well as students who have come from institutions from across the country and internationally to study in San Diego for the summer. These scholars attend schools ranging from San Diego County Community Colleges to large state universities, small colleges, Ivy League universities, and internationally recognized universities.

We hope you will enjoy the conference and the students’ presentations. We extend our thanks to our faculty moderators for their assistance and support, and to the mentors who have provided training and guidance to their students throughout the summer.

This conference was made possible by generous support from Vice Chancellor of Student Affairs Juan GonzĂĄlez. The UC San Diego Summer Research Conference is planned and coordinated by Academic Enrichment Programs, which is part of Student Retention and Success within Student Affairs.

Thank you to all of the AEP staff. Additional thanks to Dr. Tom Brown, Dr. Kirsten Kung, and Dr. Sophia Tsai who helped to organize the panels; to Paul Abbot, who set up the online registration forms; to Theresa Mendoza, who helped to create this program; and to Laura Puhl and Mark Kinsey of the Price Center.

CONFERENCE SCHEDULE 8:00 am REGISTRATION AND BREAKFAST Price Center Ballroom West Foyer 8:30 am OPENING REMARKS Price Center Ballroom West B Welcome: Dr. David Artis Dean of Undergraduate Research Initiatives UC San Diego Dr. Sandra Brown Vice Chancellor of Research Affairs UC San Diego Keynote Speaker: Prof. Olivia Graeve Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, UC San Diego 9:00 am SESSION 1 – MORNING - CONVENES Price Center and Student Services Center (SSC) Conference Rooms 11:45 am – 1:00 pm LUNCH Price Center Ballroom West B 1:00 pm SESSION 2 – AFTERNOON - CONVENES Price Center and Student Services Center (SSC) Conference Rooms 4:00 pm CLOSING REMARKS Price Center Ballroom West B Speaker: Dr. David Artis Dean of Undergraduate Research Initiatives UC San Diego

2016 Summer Research Conference List of Morning Session Panels Panel number and name

Session

Room

1. Stars, Brown Dwarfs, and White Dwarfs

Morning

East Ballroom

2. Communications & Literature

Morning

Muir

3. Health and Sex on the Margins

Morning

Dance Studio

4. Humanities & San Diego

Morning

Ballroom A

5. Biological Stress Response and Plant Defense

Morning

Bear

6. Cancer Metastasis

Morning

Red Shoe

7. Cancer Immunotherapy and Environmental Risk Factors

Morning

Green Table

8. Math and Computational Methods

Morning

Warren

9. Marine Biology

Morning

Roosevelt

10. Chemistry and Biochemistry

Morning

Revelle

11. Spatial Cognition and Learning

Morning

Sixth

12. Neuroscience & Neurobiology

Morning

Marshall

13. Education

Morning

Student Leadership

14. Wearable Sensors and Devices

Morning

Governance

15. Environmental Engineering

Morning

Forum

16. Memory and Language

Morning

SSC 300

17. Diabetes & Molecular Biology

Morning

SSC 350

18. Environmental and Atmospheric Chemistry

Morning

SSC 400

19. Ecology, Behavior & Evolution

Morning

SSC 450

20. Engineering Bones and Cartilage

Morning

SSC 554

21. Bioengineering & Therapeutic Biomaterials

Morning

SSC 554A

22. NanoEngineering

Morning

Green Room

2016 Summer Research Conference List of Afternoon Session Panels Panel number and name

Session

Room

23. Physics and Astrophysics

Afternoon

East Ballroom

24. Sociocultural & Lifestyle Factors in Health

Afternoon

Muir

25. Economics & Political Science

Afternoon

Dance Studio

26. Materials Chemistry

Afternoon

Bear

27. Genomes & Genome Editing

Afternoon

Red Shoe

28. Relationships, Gender, Perceptions of Others

Afternoon

Green Table

29. Mood Disorders and Autism

Afternoon

Warren

30. Metallochemistry

Afternoon

Roosevelt

31. Cancer -- Regulation & Gene Interactions

Afternoon

Revelle

32. Cell Biology & Stem Cells

Afternoon

Sixth

33. Immune Response

Afternoon

Marshall

34. Protein Structure & Characterization

Afternoon

Student Leadership

35. Characterization of Natural Products

Afternoon

Governance

36. Medicine & The Heart

Afternoon

SSC 300

37. Identity and Solidarity Against Persecution

Afternoon

SSC 350

38. Algae & Cyanobacteria

Afternoon

SSC 400

39. Trauma, Coping, and High-Risk Behaviors

Afternoon

SSC 450

40. Bioengineering the Cardiovascular System

Afternoon

SSC 554

41. Image Visualization & Processing

Afternoon

SSC 554A

42. Robotics and Drones

Afternoon

Ballroom A

43. Flexible Devices & Mechanical Engineering

Afternoon

Forum

Panel #1: Stars, Brown Dwarfs, and White Dwarfs East Ballroom ~ Morning

Moderated by Professor Adam Burgasser

Jessica Birky ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Adam Burgasser

Identification Of H-Band Absorption Lines In High Resolution Apogee Spectra Of The Lowest-Mass Stars

Andrew Davis ~ Morehouse College Mentor: Adam Burgasser

Development of the SPLAT Web Interface

Elizabeth Moreno ~ Universidad de Guanajuato Mentor: Adam Burgasser

Characterizing a Resolved M7 Dwarf Twin

Guillaume Shippee ~ University of California Berkeley Mentor: Adam Burgasser

Measuring the motions of low mass stars in the galaxy

Edhah Munaibari ~ King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Mentor: Carl Melis

Looking for Dying Planetary Systems through Dusty White Dwarf Stars

Russell Van Linge ~ Palomar College Mentor: Adam Burgasser

Tuning into Brown Dwarfs: Long-Term Radio Monitoring of Two Very Low-Mass Dwarfs

David Colby ~ University of California Berkeley Mentor: George Fuller

Super Massive Stars and Supernovae

Panel #2: Communications & Literature Muir Room ~ Morning

Moderated by Leonor McCrory

Olivia Gonzalez ~ University of San Diego (USD) Mentor: Susannah Stern

The Power of a Frog on a Unicycle: Investigating Youth Meme Participation

Kevin Do ~ University of San Diego (USD) Mentor: Leeva Chung

The Development and Negotiation of an Asian-American's Identity: A Pop Cultural Direction

Melinda Sevilla ~ University of San Diego (USD) Mentor: Kristin Moran

Stereotyping of Characters on Latino-Based Television Programs

Paulina Pineda Severiano ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Gloria Chacon

Assimilation and the legacy of colonialism in the literature of Javier Castellanos and Doris Pilkington Garimara

Suma Massaley ~ San Diego City College Mentor: Molly Roberts

Understanding and Describing Political Attacks of Denial of Service Attacks

Diana Phan ~ California State University Fullerton Mentor: Shelley Streeby

Vampires in the Transgender Community: Analyzing with a Queer Lens Anne Rice’s The Vampire Chronicles as a Metaphor

Panel #3: Health and Sex on the Margins Dance Studio ~ Morning

Moderated by Becky Marquez

Saanjh Boyani ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Dennis Childs

The Prison Industrial Complex & Its Affects on Women's Health: An Analysis of Hepatitis C, HIV, Forced Sterilizations and Shackled Birth in Imprisoned Women

Stephanie Nunes ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Heather Pines

Prevalence and correlates of seeking sexual partners online among men who have sex with men in Tijuana, Mexico

Estela Delgado Rodriguez ~ Southwestern College Mentor: Elizabeth Reed

ESTIMA Microfinance Tijuana

Antoine Stevens-Phillips ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Laramie Smith

Safe Spaces as a Pathway to Peer Navigation among HIV-Positive Women in San Diego

Sean Barnes ~ Howard University Mentor: Laramie Smith

HIV Stigma’s involvement in Retention in HIV Care: Intersectionality of Race, Ethnicity and Sexual Orientation.

Panel #4: Humanities & San Diego Ballroom A ~ Morning

Moderated by Professor Christine Hunefeldt Muna Pina ~ UC San Diego

Mentor: Mirle Rabinowitz Bussell

Preparing for the Silver Tsunami: The evaluation of aging-friendly plans in the U.S

Valerie Saiag ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Christine Hunefeldt

Expressions of Art in the Andes and Amazonia

Ingrid De Moraes ~ Palomar College Mentor: Robert Castro

UCSD Chicano Theatre Ensemble Collaborative Visual and Performing Arts Original Performance response to SDMOCA the exhibit Papel Chicano Dos: Works on Paper from the Collection of Cheech Marin

Tarez Lemmons ~ University of San Diego (USD) Mentor: Orlando Espin

Black Religion, White Jesus

Jairett Epperson ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Luz Chung

Preserving Art and Culture: A Center’s Mission to Disseminate the Latino and Indigenous Heritage of San Diego

Jose Burciaga ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Luz Chung

La Frontera

Sedna Villavicencio ~ University of California Los Angeles Mentor: Ross Frank

Decolonizing the Museum of Man: A History of Museums, Anthropology and Racism of American Indians

Panel #5: Biological Stress Response and Plant Defense Bear Room ~ Morning

Moderated by Postdoctoral Fellow Patrick Desmond Tanvina Ria ~ Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis Mentor: Brian Zid

Control Of Messenger RNA Localization Under Stress

Emanuel Keiler ~ Washington College Mentor: David Roth

Isoflurane-Induced Preconditioning in Aging Caenorhabditis elegans

Maylin Caldwell ~ California State University San Marcos Mentor: Matthew Escobar

The effect of mitochondrial alternative oxidases and type II NAD(P)H dehydrogenases on reactive oxygen species production in Arabidopsis thaliana

Samantha Landgrave ~ California State University San Marcos Mentor: Julian Schroeder

CRSP Regulates Stomatal Development in Response to High and Low CO2

Kinsey O'Leary ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Eric Schmelz

QTL mapping of fungal elicited maize defense metabolites to reveal biosynthetic and regulatory gene candidates

Harley Riggleman ~ Old Dominion University Mentor: Eric Schmelz

Probing how plants recognize insect attack by screening natural variation in elicitor induced defenses to identify genetic resources useful for receptor QTL mapping.

Katherine Tian ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Kellie Breen Church

Effects of Corticosterone on Ovarian Cyclicity in the Absence of Glucocorticoid Receptors in Kisspeptin Neurons

Panel #6: Cancer Metastasis Red Shoe Room ~ Morning

Moderated by Dr. Miguel Santiago-Medina

Tyler Goshia ~ University of California Merced Mentor: Tyler Goshia

Determining the Physical Mechanism that Triggers Single to Multi-Cell Motility in Cancer Metastasis

Tiffany S. Lee ~ Texas A&M University & Julia Kraimer ~ University of Cincinnati Mentor: YuHwa Lo

Single Cell Assay

Mackenzie Coston ~ University of Washington Mentor: Adam Engler

Shear stress in stromal-like conditions is a metric for metastatic potential

Claire McClain ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Shyni Varghese

Hydrogel Structures and Various Loads Affect MCF7 Cancer Spheroid Growth

Tiffany Lee ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Jing Yang

Novel Breast Cancer Metastatic Dormancy Mouse Model Established to Understand Mechanisms Involving Tumor Dormancy and Metastasis

Hilda Mejia Pena ~ San Diego City College Mentor: JoAnn Trejo

Role of Yap and Taz in PAR1 trough invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells

Marshaun Hall ~ Howard University Mentor: David Cheresh

Escaping Senescence: Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) addiction to đ?›‚đ?›‚vđ?›ƒđ?›ƒ3 and GLUT3

Panel #7: Cancer Immunotherapy and Environmental Risk Factors Green Table Room ~ Morning

Moderated by Dr. Elaine Tanaka Michelle Oberman ~ Brandeis University Mentor: Mitchell Diccianni

DFMO to Enhance Neuroblastoma Immunotherapy

Alexis McDonald ~ Howard University Mentor: Hannah Carter

The Role of Genetic Variation in Helping the Immune System Fight Cancer

Stephen Calderon ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Andrew Kummel

The Efficacy of a TLR7 Agonist Conjugated to Silica Nanoshells as an Immune Adjuvant in Innate Immune Cells

Katherine Ly ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Gabriele Sulli

Investigating the role of circadian rhythms in tumorigenesis and cancer treatment

Aswini Krishnan ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Weg Ongkeko

Dysregulation of novel piwi-interacting RNAs in smoking-induced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Pinxue Li ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Weg Ongkeko

Global profiling of dysregulated lncRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma

Chase Musson ~ California State University Los Angeles Mentor: Gourisankar Ghosh

Structural Analysis of Immune Signaling Pathway Protein Complex NF-KB p100/RelB

Panel #8: Math and Computational Methods Earl Warren Room ~ Morning

Moderated by Jane Friedman Roshil Paudyal ~ Howard University Mentor: Jeffrey Remmel

Q-analogues of the Fibo-Stirling numbers

Lauren Roberts ~ University of San Diego (USD) Mentor: Jane Friedman

" Just the place for a snark!"

Jue Wang ~ UC San Diego Mentor: David Meyer

Simulation of the bootstrap mechanism in regression models

Yosira Hernandez ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Tara Javidi

Object Detection using Group Testing

Vijay Chaudhary ~ Howard University Mentor: Garrison W. Cottrell

Fine-grained categorization using a bottom up attention model

Panel #9: Marine Biology

Roosevelt College Room ~ Morning Moderated by Dr. Ewa Gassmann Cristina Clark ~ University of San Diego (USD) Mentor: Ron Kaufmann

Effects of Hydrographic Parameters on Phytoplankton in Mission Bay, San Diego

Kathryn Ghiorso ~ University of San Diego (USD) Mentor: Jennifer Prairie

The Effects of Density Gradients on Copepod Swimming Behavior

Andrea Mast ~ University of San Diego (USD) Mentor: Jennifer Prairie

Experimental Comparison of Phytoplankton and Marine Snow as a Food Source for Copepods

Kyle Proctor ~ University of San Diego (USD) Mentor: Jennifer Prairie

Effects of Phytoplankton Growth Phase on Delayed Settling Behavior of Marine Snow Aggregates at Sharp Density Transitions

Prisca Ratsimbazafy ~ Lafayette College Mentor: Elsa Cleland

Effects of shifting rainfall events on the decomposition of Salvia Mellifera in comparison to Avena Fatua

Ciera Villegas ~ University of San Diego (USD) Mentor: Jennifer Prairie

Rate of Marine Snow Aggregate Formation: Effect of Phytoplankton Growth Phase

Tanya Marquez ~ California State University Long Beach Mentor: Eric Allen

Looking under the sea: Extensive distribution and diversity of the phylum Tenericutes in marine vertebrate microbiomes

Madelin Andersen ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Jennifer Smith

Response of Sargassum horneri and Macrocystis pyrifera to El NiĂąo-like Conditions

Panel #10: Chemistry and Biochemistry Revelle College Room ~ Morning

Moderated by Dr. Stephanie Stanford

Amineh Rastandeh ~ MiraCosta College Mentor: Yitzhak Tor

Thermodynamic Analysis of the Stability of Natural Oligonucleotides

Tianna Burke ~ Howard University Mentor: Lily Xu

Decreasing sepsis screening labs for infants with maternal chorioamnionitis diagnosis

Jacqueline Rohrer ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Zoran Radic

Expression of Codon-Optimized Human Acetylcholinesterase for Structural Studies Under Low Gravity Conditions and its Kinetic Characterization

Bernardo Jordan ~ Nova Southeastern University Mentor: Joseph O'Connor

Cycloaromatization of Dienynes and Enediynes via Thermal Activation by Halogenated Solvents

Alexandra Jameson ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Joan Schellinger

Optimization of RAFT Polymerization with small polar monomers

Micaella Jorge ~ University of San Diego (USD) Mentor: Joan Schellinger

Synthesis and Evaluation of Peptides for RNA World Hypothesis

Olnita Martini ~ University of San Diego (USD) Mentor: Joan Schellinger

Peptide-Starch Hybrid Conjugates for Applications in Peptide Stabilization and Release

Ashley Litton ~ Central Methodist University Mentor: Kamil Godula

Synthesis of Epoxide Monomers for Polymerization and Development of Mucin-Like Glycopolymers

Panel #11: Spatial Cognition and Learning Sixth College Room ~ Morning

Moderated by Dr. Xiaobei Zhao

Emily Tao ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Douglas Nitz

Encoding of analogous path segments in subiculum and CA1 of hippocampus

Kanyanat Tongprasearth ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Douglas Nitz

Subiculum axis-tuned neurons exhibit theta phase precession

Nora Warren ~ San Diego City College Mentor: Amanda Roberts

Gotta Watch 'Em All: Mouse Behavioral Assessment

Joshua Lozano ~ California State University Dominguez Hills Mentor: Timothy Rickard

Recognition vs. Cued Recall: Which is More Optimal for Test-Enhanced Learning?

Marina Nakhla ~ California State University Northridge Mentor: Adam Aron

The Effects of Surprise on Visuomotor Working Memory

Panel #12: Neuroscience & Neurobiology Marshall College Room ~ Morning

Moderated by Professor Davide Dulcis

Nghi Dang ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Nicole Purcell

Removal of PHLPP2 Protects Astrocytes from Injury

Kelsey Baron ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Shauna Yuan

Circular RNA in Neurodevelopment: Investigation into the Role of Rhabdomyosarcoma 2-Associated Transcript (RMST)

Oliva Mota ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Eduardo Macagno

Modulation of an Identified Gap Junction Synapse

Julisa Gonzalez ~ San Diego City College Mentor: Albert La Spada

Analysis of Peroxin Gene Expression in Tissue Culture Model

Emma Wu ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Lawrence Goldstein

Autophagy failure and mitochondria dysfunction contribute to premature neuronal death in Niemann Pick Disease Type C1

Panel #13: Education

Student Leadership Chambers ~ Morning Moderated by Morgan Appel

Christina MuĂąoz ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Alan Daly

Social Networks and Social Capital: Examining Latino Student Networks in Primary Education

Brenda Torres ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Luz Chung

Creating Resilience: Understanding the Role of Educators and Community Advocates

Kennedy Middleton ~ Spelman College Mentor: Thad Kousser

Funding the School House: Demographics or State Income

Richard Flahive ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Amy Binder

Career Pathways and Mechanisms: A Comparison of Undergraduate Job-Taking at Elite Private Universities, Top Public Flagship Universities, Regional Universities, and Liberal Arts Colleges in the United States

Tiasha Rogers ~ University of San Diego (USD) Mentor: Thomas Reifer

Race, Space & Education’s Place: Education or Incarceration

Meghan Yap ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Anita Raj

A Systematic Review of the Literature: Campus Sexual Assault and Sports Culture

Sandra Fuentes ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Lelli Van Den Einde

Fostering Earthquake Safety Awareness

Isabela Rodrigues ~ Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro Mentor: Adam Burgasser

Thinking about thinking: Preliminary Analysis of students' metacognitive reflections in a college physics course.

Panel #14: Wearable Sensors and Devices Governance Chambers ~ Morning

Moderated by Dr. Ekaterina Novitskaya

Thanh-Phuong Nguyen ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Sheng Xu

Wearable/Stretchable Piezoelectric Biomedical Devices for Ultrasound Imaging

Lee Rutledge ~ University of Michigan Ann Arbor Mentor: Todd Coleman

Residual Limb Monitoring Project

Zachary Gavin ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Sheng Xu

Dermal Impedance, Drug Delivery, and Design of Wearable Iontophoretic Devices

Juan Ortiz Salazar ~ California Polytechnic State University - San Luis Obispo & Ethan Sullivan ~ Louisiana Tech University Mentor: Sheng Xu

Circuit design and mechanical stretchability testing of stretchable and wearable electronics for energy harvesting and storage devices

Rachel Miller ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Darren Lipomi

Wearable Strain Sensors Comprising Graphene Palladium NanoIslands

Samantha Mensah ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Joseph Wang

Smart Tattoos for Continuous Electrochemical Monitoring of Biomarkers in Sweat

Jose Valderrama ~ University of Central Florida Mentor: Jun Zhang

Design and Performance Characteristics of Super-coiled Polymer Bundle Actuators

Panel #15: Environmental Engineering Forum ~ Morning

Moderated by Professor Gilberto Mosqueda

Itzel Gomez ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Marty Ralph

Assessing the Role of Soil Moisture on Reservoir Inflow in the Russian River Basin

Edgar Molina ~ Grossmont College Mentor: Jan Kleissl

Solar Energy Assessment and Forecasting

Apsara Williams ~ Howard University Mentor: Jan Kleissl

Characterizing the transmissivity properties of the optical components of a sky imager.

Maria Winters ~ UC San Diego Mentor: John Crimaldi

The Hydrodynamics of Cyclic Inhalant-Exhalant Flows

Anh Pham ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Karen Stocks

Evaluating Data Format Incompatibility Impacts on Data Usability

Aubriana Morris ~ UC San Diego Mentor: David Fenning

Implementation of Spatially Resolved Emitter Saturation Current Density by Photoluminescence Imaging

Viviana Vela ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Gilberto Mosqueda

Effectiveness of Rubber Bumpers as a Mitigation Measure for Pounding in Base Isolated Structures

Panel #16: Memory and Language SSC 300 ~ Morning

Moderated by Dr. Zhisen Urgolites

Nimsi Guerrero ~ University of California Riverside Mentor: Timothy Brady

Individual Differences in Visual Working Memory and Long Term Memory Precision

Crystal Ruedas ~ California State University San Bernardino Mentor: Timothy Brady

Interference in Visual Working Memory

Karen Garcia ~ California State University Northridge Mentor: Seana Coulson

Verbal working memory and gesture comprehension: An event-related potentials (ERP) study

Ashlynn Duncan ~ University of Hawaii at Manoa Mentor: Seana Coulson

The role of kinesthetic and visuo-spatial working memory on gesture comprehension

Desia Bacon ~ University of Central Florida Mentor: David Barner

First Color Word Learning in Toddlers

Panel #17: Diabetes & Molecular Biology SSC 350 ~ Morning

Moderated by PhD (PostDoc) Alessandra Castaldi

Sharon Booth ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Sushil Mahata

Role of Chromogranin A in Exercise-induced Improvement in Insulin Action

May Madi Han ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Nigel Calcutt

New Topical Cream Treatment against Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Muscarinic Subtype 1 Acetylcholine Antagonist as an Enhancer of Nerve Growth in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

Hye Young Choi ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Simon Schenk

A role for acetylation in regulating insulin stimulated Glut4 trafficking in mouse skeletal muscle

Joanne Ly ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Todd Coleman

Sequence Independent DNA Assembly

Benjamin Yang ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Stephanie Fraley

High-Throughput Universal Digital High-Resolution Melt (U-dHRM) Platform for Bacterial Identification

Rhea-Comfort Addo ~ California State University Long Beach Mentor: Pamela Mellon

Mutations & Infertility: The Effects of FOXL2 Mutations on FSHβ Regulation

Yichen Chuang ~UC San Diego Mentor: Soumita Das

The Establishment of an In Vivo Model to Study Enteric Infection

Panel #18: Environmental and Atmospheric Chemistry SSC 400 ~ Morning

Moderated by Mingxun Wang

Simeon Mckelvey ~ Morehouse College Mentor: Eva-Maria Collins

Investigating the Role of Physical Forces in the Cell Organization of Biological Systems

Jordan Watt ~ San Diego Mesa College Mentor: Kimberly Prather

Atmospheric Aging of Sea-Spray Aerosols and Its Effect on Cloud Formation

Saman Biglari ~ San Diego City College Mentor: Mark Thiemens

Seasonal Variations in ∆ 17O of sulfate aerosols in East Asia by Saman Biglari, Daniel Crocker, Lin Mang, and Mark H Thiemens

Jennifer Maria-Benavides ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Anne Pommier

Understanding the Earth's Upper Mantle: Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Grain Size on the Electrical Properties of Polycrystalline Olivine

Alexia Moore ~ Howard University Mentor: Robert Pomeroy

Cultivated Algae: the next generation of renewable sources

Jon Sigurdson ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Robina Shaheen

Oxygen Triple Isotopes of Nitrate to Identify Long Range Transport of Pollutants to Himalayan Snowpack

Panel #19: Ecology, Behavior & Evolution SSC 450 ~ Morning

Moderated by Sophia Tsai

Lynnette Reed ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Ana Širović

The Effect of Navy Sonar on Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus) Calling Behavior in Southern California

Sara Sandoval ~ UC San Diego Mentor: David Holway

Interacting Impacts of Drought and Habitat Fragmentation on San Diego's Native Bees

Brandon Hendrickson ~ University of California Santa Barbara Mentor: James Nieh

Full or Easy; Apis Melifera's preference for food sources closer to the hive or sources providing unlimited sucrose

Briana Zacharias ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Kaustuv Roy

Ocean acidification and shell calcification of benthic invertebrates: a spatial perspective

Jasmine Akiko Garcia ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Ryan Hechinger

Parasite recognition and avoidance behavior in the California killifish, Fundulus parvipinnis

Jeff Jaureguy ~ MiraCosta College Mentor: Ed DeWalt

Is Stream Size a Determining Factor of Species Richness and Total Abundance of Caddisflies(Trichoptera)

Elizabeth Stuart ~ Howard University Mentor: Justin Meyer

The Effect of Viral Evolutionary History on the Evolution of Novel Pathways of Infection

Tara Spencer ~ Howard University Mentor: Justin Meyer

How necessary is the presence of the Un-evolved and Resistant Host Escherichia Coli for the evolution of its bacteriophage, λ?

Panel #20: Engineering Bones and Cartilage SSC 554 ~ Morning

Moderated by Mike Frank

Andreea Dinescu ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Robert Sah

Localization and Quantification of Mineral Deposition at the Engineered Osteochondral Interface

James Karchner ~ Temple University Mentor: Robert Sah

Tracking Cells for Bone Repair

Leening Liu ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Robert Sah

Site-dependent cartilage degeneration in Forkhead-box class O knockout mice

Edgar Ruiz Bello ~ Universidad de Guanajuato Mentor: Shyni Varghese

A novel method for engineering microcavities within flexible and transplantable tissue engineered scaffold

Anna Render ~ Smith College Mentor: Robert Sah

3-D Microscopic Loaded Cartilage Deformation Quantification in Whole Mouse Knees

Morgan Cobban ~ Barrett, the Honors College at Arizona State University Mentor: Shyni Varghese

A2B Receptor-Mediated Osteogenic Differentiation

Cindy Ayala ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Joanna McKittrick

Magnetic Freeze Casting with Surface Magnetized Hydroxyapatite for Bioinspired Bone Implants

Jose Ricardo Rueda ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Robert Sah

Biochemical Regulation of PRG4 in Bovine Articular Cartilage Explant and Monolayer Culture

Panel #21: Bioengineering & Therapeutic Biomaterials SSC 554A ~ Morning

Moderated by Dr. Robert Sah

Sarina Veale ~ North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Mentor: Robert Sah

The effects of simulated walking regime on chondrocyte death patterns and gene expression

Nicole Friend ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Karen Christman

Myoblast Response to Tissue Specific Extracellular Matrix Environments

Alana Gonzales ~ Scripps College Mentor: Karen Christman

Efficacy of an extracellular matrix-based hydrogel as a delivery method for microRNA

Carlos Osuna ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Robert Sah

Biomechanical Analysis of Osteoporotic Mouse Tibiae via Three-Point Bending

Hasan Abu-Amara ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Nuno Bandeira

General Methods for Identification of Species and Tissue in Mass Spectrometry Samples

Hanna Dhiyebi ~ California State University San Marcos (CSUSM) Mentor: Shyni Varghese

Modeling Ductal Carcinoma In Situ

Josue Campos ~ San Diego State University (SDSU) Mentor: Shaochen Chen

Change in the Binding Ability of Cells in Different Polyurethane Gels

Grace Victorine ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Shaochen Chen

3D printing of microscale biomimetic hepatic vasculature

Panel #22: NanoEngineering Green Room ~ Morning

Moderated by Jinxing Li

Alex Tunchez ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Nathan Delson

Tangible Media Display for the EnVision Maker Studio

Liban Jibril ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Darren Lipomi

Fabrication of Gold Nanowire Strain Sensor by Nano-skiving

Moses Kodur ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Shirley Meng

ALD Coating for Sodium-ion Batteries

Zandra Rojo ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Andrea Tao

The Quantification of Polyethylene Glycol on Silver Nanoparticles By Thermogravimetric Analysis for Protein Corona Characterization

Robert Chrostowski ~ Texas A&M University Mentor: Joseph Wang

Nanocannons and the Future of Medicine

Martin Magno ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Oscar Vazquez-Mena

Encapsulation of Graphene with Hexagonal Boron Nitride (h-BN) for Nanoelectronics in Biological Systems

Steven Wood ~ Temple University Mentor: Brandon Marin

Studying Chemical Self Assembly in situ with Microfabricated Liquid Cells

Panel #23: Physics and Astrophysics East Ballroom ~ Afternoon

Moderated by Dr. Grant Teply

Umaru Waizoba ~ Morehouse College Mentor: Brian Keating

Supernova analysis to test the speed of light

Rodney Davis ~ Morehouse College Mentor: Tom Murphy

Lunar Lasing Ranging

Rebekah Shtayfman ~ Cuyamaca College Mentor: Kaixuan Ni

Analyzing the Sensitivity of XENON1T, the Dark Matter Detector

Uriel Rodea ~ California State University San Marcos (CSUSM) Mentor: Karin Sandstrom

Measuring Properties of Molecular Clouds in the Large Magellanic Cloud Using Supercam

Tenley Hutchinson ~ Spelman College Mentor: Brooke Simmons

Bar Evolution and Bar Properties from Disc Galaxies in the Early Universe

Amauri Tapia ~ California State University Dominguez Hills Mentor: Brooke Simmons

The Stability of Barred Disk Galaxies Over The Last 8 Billion Years

Tran Tsan ~ University of California LA Mentor: Shelley Wright

Exploring Thirty Meter Telescope Capabilities through Simulations of Distant, Young Galaxies

Jacob Cushnir ~ UC San Diego & Yuka Murakami ~ UC San Diego & Melisa Tallis ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Adam Burgasser

Cosmocosm: Sound Planetarium

Panel #24: Sociocultural & Lifestyle Factors in Health Muir Room ~ Afternoon

Moderated by Dr. Laramie Smith

Amiel Maldonado ~ California State University San Marcos Mentor: Kimberly D'Anna Hernandez

The Role of Acculturation and Traditional Mexican Cultural Values on Increased Risk Factors for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Mexican-American Women

Martha Moreno ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Becky Marquez

Relationship between maternal communication and eating disorder symptomology in Mexican-American women

Delia Sanchez ~ California State University San Marcos (CSUSM) Mentor: Kimberly D'Anna-Hernandez

The Role of Maternal Acculturation Status and Cultural Values on Programming of Infant Temperament

Briana Thrift ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Jose Suarez

Nuts and Olestra for Persistent Organic Pollutant reduction (NO-POPs) Trial: A pilot investigation

Kelsey Kines ~ University of Richmond Mentor: Eric Zorrilla

Metabolic and hormonal adaptation in female rats with cyclic access to preferred chow.

Lorenia Gutierrez ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Sheila Gahagan

The effects of obesity-driven inflammation on language skills during childhood

Panel #25: Economics & Political Science Dance Studio ~ Afternoon

Moderated by Professor Sarah Schneewind

Aisha Ali ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Craig McIntosh

Credit Interlinking and Agricultural Markets: Examining the Effects of Trader Inputs on Differential Pricing in Uganda

Johnathan Farmer ~ University of San Diego (USD) Mentor: Ramiro Frausto

Identification of Macroeconomic Shocks

Thomas Broadwater III ~ Morehouse College Mentor: David Lake

Does Statebuilding Work? Military Intervention and the Lifespan of Previously Failed States - Case Studies

Lauren Fleming ~ Spelman College Mentor: Seth Hill

The Politics of Drinking Water

Modester Kamupinda ~ Spelman College Mentor: Karen Feree

Climate Change and Environmental Concerns in the Kenyan Parliament: Who talks about it?

Leonel Perez ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Gerardo Arellano

Bay of Smokes: Immigrants, Health and Aviation

Panel #26: Materials Chemistry Bear Room ~ Afternoon

Moderated by Associate Professor Francesco Paesani

Eduardo Gutiérrez López ~ Instituto Tecnológico de Oaxaca Mentor: Wei Xiong

Adsorbate-Substrate Interaction in Metal Surface Functionalization Employing Molecules with Thiol Group

Mollie Sewell ~ North Carolina A&T State University Mentor: Michael Sailor

Luminescent Porous Silicon as Single Particle Ratiometric Probes

Diego Miranda Gutierrez ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Olivia Graeve

Lanthanum Hexaboride Conducting Wire

Aung Naing ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Joanna McKittrick

Improvement of luminescent properties for phosphors using flux for solid-state lighting

Chenhui Zhou ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Joanna McKittrick

Synthesis and characterization of luminescent properties for core–shell structural phosphors for solid state lighting

Gerardo Campos Villalobos ~ Universidad de Guanajuato Mentor: Francesco Paesani

Structure, Dynamics and Vibrational Spectra of Water layers on Graphene

Justin Johnson ~ Morehouse College Mentor: Richard Averitt

Designing and Optimizing Metamaterials

Grant Varnau ~ San Diego State University (SDSU) Mentor: Richard Haglund

Optical Characterization of the mM state in Vanadium Dioxide Thin Films from Second Harmonic Generation

Panel #27: Genomes & Genome Editing Red Shoe Room ~ Afternoon

Moderated by Dr. Kellie Church

Hannah Rosenblatt ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Amro Hamdoun

Through the Looking Glass: Exploring Uses of the CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing System in Sea Urchin

Joy Rosa Jackson ~ Howard University Mentor: Kelly Frazer

Analysis of CRISPR-Edited Genetic Variant Phases in Long QT Syndrome Genetic Lines Joy Rosa Jackson, Agnieszka D'Antonio-Chronowska, Kelly A. Frazer

Enrique Amaya-Perez ~ Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon Mentor: Gene Yeo

A Cre-loxP-based method for the generation of large genomic duplications via CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing

Francisco Santana ~ UC San Diego Mentor: William McGinnis

Live Imaging of Wound Response Genes Using MS2 Loop Insertion

Ashelyn Sidders ~ University of Central Florida Mentor: Elizabeth Winzeler

Committing to Being Different: the Role of PfNFYB in Plasmodium falciparum Gametogenesis

Melvin Garcia ~ University of California Berkeley Mentor: Agnieszka D'Antonio-Chronowska

Generation of a Collection of CRISPR-mediated Human iPSC and iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes to Model Genetic Variants Involved in Long QT Syndrome Type 1 and 3

Joaquin Reyna ~ UC San Diego Alumni Mentor: Kelly Frazer

Understanding the Advantages and Disadvantages of the Human Genome Reference Assembly 38

Gidsela Luna ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Geoffrey Wahl

Targeting Lgr6 Using CRISPR Cas9 Genome Editing

Panel #28: Relationships, Gender, Perceptions of Others Green Table Room ~ Afternoon

Moderated by Professor Gail Heyman

Nina Francezca Calub ~ California State University San Bernardino Mentor: Nicholas Christenfeld

Gender Differences in Preference for Partner Religiosity

Hani Hussein ~ University of California Berkeley Mentor: Nicholas Christenfeld

Lifestyle Disclosure in Online Dating Profiles

Brittany Ketchup ~ Howard University Mentor: Paul Mills

Impact of Journal Content on Heart Rate Variability, Inflammatory Biomarkers, and Well-Being

Briana Capuchino ~ University of San Diego (USD) Mentor: Stephen Pearlberg

The Effects of Taking Family and Medical Leave on Employee Evaluations

Bella Nguyen ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Beatrice Golomb

Patient Reports of Physician Interaction with Adverse Events

Maedeh Mousavi ~ California State University Fullerton Mentor: John Wixted

The Evaluation of Simultaneous versus Elimination Lineups and Their Link to Confidence and Accuracy Levels.

Jae Pearl ~ University of San Diego (USD) Mentor: Saturnino Garcia

Quantum Suspension

Panel #29: Mood Disorders and Autism Earl Warren Room ~ Afternoon

Moderated by Provost Leslie Carver

Kathaleen Pham ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Tiffany Greenwood

Positive Traits in Bipolar Disorder

Maria Lorena Lavadia ~ Grossmont College Mentor: Jared Young

The Role of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Mechanism of Depression in Bipolar Disorder

Daniella Yidi ~ Southwestern College Mentor: Jared Young

Nicotinic acetylcholine blockade reverses physostigmine-induced immobility in the forced swim test: Relevance to mechanism(s) underlying switching to a depressed state in bipolar disorder

Samona Davis ~ Howard University Mentor: Jeanne Townsend

Identification of Attention Impairment in Autism using The Attention Trip

Kallie Brown ~ Howard University Mentor: Leslie Carver

The Emergence of Joint Attention in Different Stages of Infancy

Natasha Dixon ~ California State University San Bernardino Mentor: Leslie Carver

Social stimuli and Non-Social Stimuli Reward Response

Austin Lau ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Jessica Suhrheinrich

Comparing Fidelity of Implementation of Autism Spectrum Disorder Educators before and after standardized training in Classroom Pivotal Response Teaching

Panel #30: Metallochemistry

Roosevelt College Room ~ Afternoon Moderated by Professor Charles Perrin

Ornella Mboning ~ Cosumnes River College Mentor: Joseph O'Connor

Synthesis and Characterization of Benzoyl ferrocenes Derivatives

Adrian Acosta ~ University of Arizona Mentor: Wei Xiong

Electric Field Induced Orientational Rearrangement of Self-Assembled Monolayers on Metal Surfaces

Pablo Quijano Velasco ~ National Autonomous University of Mexico Mentor: Seth Cohen

Synthesis of polyMOF with block copolymer ligand

Dane Rinehart ~ MiraCosta College Mentor: Seth Cohen

Metal-Organic Frameworks as Catalysts for the Detoxification of Chemical Warfare Agents Dane B. Rinehart, Le Wang, J. M. Palomba, Seth M. Cohen

Jacob Hirschi ~ San Diego Mesa College Mentor: Joshua Figueroa

Characterization of Isocyano-derivatives of Bis(cyclooctatetraene)iron by Jacob S. Hirschi, Myles J. Drance, Brian M. Emerich, and Joshua Figueroa

Isabel Paredes ~ San Diego Miramar College Mentor: Nathan Gianneschi

Coiled-Coil Peptides for Promoting CO2 Reduction in Rhenium Electrocatalysts Isabel G. Paredes, Swagat Sahu, Clifford P. Kubiak, Nathan C. Gianneschi

Panel #31: Cancer -- Regulation & Gene Interactions Revelle College Room ~ Afternoon

Moderated by Ivan Garcia-Bassets

Avinaash Korrapati ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Weg Ongkeko

DNA Methylation of Tumor Suppressors in Human Epithelial Cells treated with E-cig Vapor

Angela Zou ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Weg Ongkeko

Electronic cigarettes induce DNA strand breaks and cell death independently of nicotine in cell lines

Victoria Spadafora ~ The Pennsylvania State University Mentor: Paul Insel

Can we treat the untreatable? A novel orphan GPCR is highly up-regulated and may be biologically important in Pancreatic Cancer cells

Rick Tenorio ~ San Diego City College Mentor: Pascal Gagneux

Heparan Sulfate in the Endometrium

Reina Angelica Bassil ~ University of California Davis Mentor: Shannon Lauberth

Dissecting the Role of BRD4 in Mutant p53 Driven Chronic Inflammation-Induced Colon Cancer

Andrea Castro ~ University of California Los Angeles Mentor: Hannah Carter

Integration of Protein Network Analysis in Machine Learning Classification of GOF and LOF Mutations in Cancer

Mathew Muhumuza ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Shannon Lauberth

A New Role for the Chromatin Regulatory Protein BRD4 as a Cofactor for mutant p53 in Colon Cancer

Christine Rahal ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Richard Kolodner

Looking for Novel Interacting Partners with Mismatch Repair Proteins Msh2 and Mlh1

Panel #32: Cell Biology & Stem Cells Sixth College Room ~ Afternoon

Moderated by Assistant Project Scientist Michael Dores

Blanca Fernandez ~ Imperial Valley College Mentor: Mark Lawson

FFA Reduces Lhb Gene Expression by ROS

Julian Alcantar ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Miguel Santiago-Medina

The Role of Invadopodia in Neural Crest Cell Migration

David Bunn ~ SUNY Albany Mentor: Hemal Patel

Implications of CAV1 Mutation in Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Pulmonary Hypertension

Emily Diaz ~ Hofstra University Mentor: Ă…sa Gustafsson

Mitochondrial clearance sale: Clearance of damaged mitochondria is independent of the small Rab GTPase Rab7

Henry Lee ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Jin Zhang

Creation and Characterization of a Reversible Photoswitchable Yellow Fluorescent cAMP Indicator

Jose Ramirez III ~ St. Mary's University Texas Mentor: James Hagood

Role of Wnt Pathway in the Regulation of Thy-1 Expression in Lung Fibroblasts

Rachan Narala ~ UC San Diego Mentor: JoAnn Trejo

Thrombin Regulation of Leukocyte Migration by c-Src and p38 Kinases

Joel Beazer ~ Harvard College Mentor: Kamil Godula

Use of heparan sulfate proteoglycan mimetics to enhance growth factor signaling in mESCs on cellular microarrays

Panel #33: Immune Response

Marshall College Room ~ Afternoon Moderated by Dr. Peter Ramirez

Maher Alhaja ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Judith Varner

Novel Immunotherapeutic: Allosteric and Active Site Inhibitors of PI3K Gamma

Stephanie Wong ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Maripat Corr

Identification of Innate Immune Modulators of Arthritis Pain in a Mouse Model

Chau Ngo ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Maripat Corr

Roles of Toll-Like Receptors in Dendritic Cell Differentiation

Gianna Casteleiro ~ Florida International University Mentor: John Chang

The role of β1 integrin in regulatory T-cell homeostasis

Jocelyn Olvera ~ California State University San Marcos (CSUSM) Mentor: John Chang

Proteasome activity regulates CD8+ T lymphocyte metabolism and fate specification

Clara Toma ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Ananda Goldrath

Investigating the Role of BRD4 in Regulating CD8 T Cell Exhaustion

Irene Luu ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Lori Broderick

The Role of IL-1 in the Periodic Fever, Aphthous Stomatitis, Pharyngitis, and Adenitis (PFAPA) Syndrome

Sarah Fulop ~ Palomar College Mentor: Gourisankar Ghosh

Preparation of a Modified NF-kB His-SUMO-RelA Protein

Panel #34: Protein Structure & Characterization Student Leadership Chambers ~ Afternoon

Moderated by Assistant Project Scientist Ozlem Demir

Sirena Tran ~ University of San Diego (USD) Mentor: John Ellis Bell

The Effects of Nucleotides on the Conformational Flexibility and Stability of Glutamate Dehydrogenase

Kimya Nourbakhsh ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Susan Taylor

Activation of the RIa Holoenzyme of Protein Kinase A is defined by a Key Allosteric Signaling Node in the B/C Helix

Leandrew Dailey ~ Fort Lewis College Mentor: Susan Taylor

A study of the Recurrent Acrodysostosis Type I Mutation, R368X: Type Ia Holoenzyme Structure and Mechanisms of Dominant Disease Penetrance

Morgana Sidhom ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Zoran RadiÄ?

Low Gravity Crystallization of and Determination of Catalytic Properties of Human Acetylcholinesterase Through Organophosphate Poisoning

Chidinma Okonkwo ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Partho Ghosh

Determining the Crystal Structure of the N-terminal Region of Enterococcal Surface Protein

Ximei Ackerman ~ Cuyamaca College Mentor: Judy Kim

Expression of an integral membrane protein OmpA in the form of inclusion bodies byXimei Ackerman, Ivan Kozachenko, DeeAnn Asamoto, and Judy Kim

Thuy Tien Nguyen ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Rommie Amaro

Structure and Dynamics of IKK2 in TIP3P and TIP4P-EW Water Models at 298K

Panel #35: Characterization of Natural Products Governance Chambers ~ Afternoon Moderated by Laura-Isobel McCall

Djoser Mack ~ Howard University Mentor: Micheal Burkart

A Carbohydrate Derived Synthesis of a Splice Modulator

Sergio Salazar ~ San Diego City College Mentor: Michael Burkart

Understanding Polyketide Biosynthesis in Streptomyces

Elaheh Sareban ~ San Diego Mesa College Mentor: Michael Burkart

Using Cross-Linking Method To Study Protein-Protein Interaction In Fatty Acid Synthesis

Ashlyn Bahrychuk ~ San Diego Mesa College Mentor: Dimitri Deheyn

Assessment of bioluminescent and fluorescent properties in the parazoanthid Savalia lucifica

Natasha Mazon ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Eduardo Macagno

Antimicrobials in the Medicinal Leech

Maria Cabrera ~ University of California Berkeley Mentor: Tadeusz Molinski

Exploring Protease Inhibition in Natural Products Isolated from Marine Sponges

Kyle Planck ~ University of Notre Dame Mentor: Tadeusz Molinski

Isolation of Bioactive Natural Products from Marine Invertebrates

Emily Aguirre ~ California State University Los Angeles Mentor: Paul Jensen

Chemical Ecology of Naturally Produced Brominated Compounds

Panel #36: Medicine & The Heart SSC 300 ~ Afternoon

Moderated by Jordan Blondelle, PhD

Denisse Suastegui Olivares ~ University of Southern California Mentor: Asa Gustafsson

MCL-1 and Cell Survival in the Heart

Allyse Zondlak ~ Adrian College Mentor: Farah Sheikh

The Potential Role of Cereblon in Desmosomal Biology and Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy

Akira Isaac ~ Howard University Mentor: Rolf Bodmer

Elucidating the Role of Ceramide and UNC-45 in the Etiology of LCM/DCM

Zahna Bigham ~ Wesleyan College Mentor: Shigeki Miyamoto

RhoA Signaling Stabilizes PINK1 to Regulate Mitophagy in Cardiomyocytes

Marc-Anthony Rodriguez ~ Cornell University Mentor: Adam Engler

Effect of forskoin and Nitric oxide on the expression of vinculin in In vitro Drosophila Melanogaster derived embryonic cell lines

Lauren Waller ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Stephan Lange

Biomechanical Strain Sensors and Signaling Pathways

Joey Ochoa ~ University of New Mexico Mentor: Jeffery Omens

Cardiac fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix production after static stretch on compliant gels

Roseline Azoro ~ Fayetteville State University Mentor: Nicole Purcell

The Effect of Removal of Pleckstrin Homolog Domain Leucine rich repeat Protein Phosphatase 2 (PHLPP2) on Cardiac Hypertrophy

Panel #37: Identity and Solidarity Against Persecution SSC 350 ~ Afternoon

Moderated by Associate Professor, Sociology Thomas Reifer

Erika D'Andrea ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Nancy Postero

To Exist is to Resist: The Performance of Female Queer Identity and the Claiming of Social Space in Cochabamba, Bolivia

Jessica Noe ~ University of San Diego (USD) Mentor: Antonieta Mercado

The Whistling Bull: A Narrative Exploration of the Experience of Indigenous Migrants in a Globalized World

Sofia Beltran ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Leslie Lewis

Experiences with Community Resources and Supports for LGBTQ Ethnic and Racial Minority Adolescents in British Columbia, Massachusetts and Minnesota

Chelsea McLin ~ University of San Diego (USD) Mentor: Carlton Floyd

Permed, Relaxed, and Bleached: An examination of beauty standards in relation to the black female body

Ruben Jr. Casillas ~ San Diego State University (SDSU) Mentor: Mary Blair-Loy

Glass Ceiling in the Corporate World

Panel #38: Algae & Cyanobacteria SSC 400 ~ Afternoon

Moderated by Olga (Olia) Gaidarenko

Dylan Mills ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Mark Hildebrand

Mysterious Metabolism: zeaxanthin pigment synthesis in diatoms

Emily Schmidt ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Stephen Mayfield

Sustainable Alternatives through Algal Bio-manufacturing

Meryssa Tran ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Michael Burkart

Revealing substrate sequestration of the Chlamydomonas reindhardtii acyl carrier protein using solvatochromic fluorophores

Cuong Lieu ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Mark Paddock

Identification of Signaling Network Interactions of The Cyanobacterial Circadian Clock

Sydni Caet Smith ~ Oklahoma State University Mentor: Susan Golden

Revealing and reversing the essentiality of the circadian clock protein KaiA under natural light-dark cycling conditions in Synechococcus elongatus

Jenny Lee ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Susan Golden

The Role of cyclic di-AMP in Synechococcus Elongatus

Panel #39: Trauma, Coping, and High-Risk Behaviors SSC 450 ~ Afternoon

Moderated by Leonor McCrory

Michelle Aiello ~ University of Central Florida Mentor: Ariel Lang

Changes in autonomic nervous system functioning associated with compassion meditation among veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder

Ramiro Frausto ~ University of San Diego (USD) & Jessica Ruiz ~ University of San Diego (USD) Mentor: Stephen Pearlberg

Predicting Consultation and Other Health Outcomes Among Veterans Who Have Experienced Military Sexual Trauma

Carlos Araujo ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Amy Lansing

Trauma and Cognitive dysfunctions as Predictors of Psychotic symptomatology in Juvenile Delinquents

Molly Ellenberg ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Amy Lansing

Predictors of Internalizing and Externalizing in Juvenile Delinquents

Cristina Rangel ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Amy Lansing

Psychosocial Predictors of Adolescent Delinquents’ Maladaptive Coping Behaviors

Stephanie Price ~ California State University San Marcos Mentor: Heike Mahler

Development of a Pathological Emptiness Scale: A Pilot Study

Panel #40: Bioengineering the Cardiovascular System SSC 554 ~ Afternoon

Moderated by David Meyer

Kirsten Wong ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Adam Engler

Risk allele at 9p21 uniquely regulates connexins to induce arrhythmic phenotypes in patient-derived iPSCs

Anna Koroleva ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Shaochen Chen

3D bioprinting of hESC derived cardiomyocytes for cardiac tissue engineering

Natalie Lawrence ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Shaochen Chen

3D Bioprinting for Cardiac Microtissues

Gerardo Sandoval Gomez ~ Imperial Valley College Mentor: Juan Ybarra

Processing Soluble Extracellular Matrix with Greater Yield and Practicality

Vivien Tran ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Adam Engler

Understanding Multi-allelic Heterozygous Variant Contributions to Cardiomyopathy Using iPSCs

Marissa Miramontes ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Juan C. del Ă lamo

High Dynamic Range Intraventricular Color-Doppler Velocimetry

Panel #41: Image Visualization & Processing SSC 554A ~ Afternoon

Moderated by Dr. Eduardo Macagno

Alfredo Lucas ~ UC San Diego & Carlos Munoz ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Pedro Cabrales

Determination of Wall Shear Stress on Red Blood Cells(RBCs) Flowing through Capillaries via Image Analysis

Jose Moreno ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Juan Carlos del Ă lamo

Quantifying and analyzing the errors associated with specified Boundary Conditions applied when using Traction Force Microscopy and Monolayer Stress Microscopy on iPSC induced cardiomyocytes

Crystal Avila ~ University of California Davis Mentor: Shaochen Chen

3D Bioprinting of Imaging Phantoms for MRI

Takeyah Campbell ~ Howard University Mentor: Robert Sah

Vascular Transport Pathways in the Epiphysis using Digital Volumetric Imaging

Alefia Kothambawala ~ University of California Davis Mentor: Zhaowei Liu

Improved Surface Imaging Using Movable Microlenses with Localized Plasmon Structured Illumination Microscopy

Megulo Abebe ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Falko Kuester

Structure From Motion Accuracy Assessment

Panel #42: Robotics and Drones Ballroom A ~ Afternoon Moderated by TBA

Bryan Yang ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Jorge Cortes

Quadcopter Control Systems - Sliding Mode Controller with Auto-Tuning PID Controller

Nathan Adera ~ San Diego Miramar College Mentor: Benjamin Shih

Soft Torsional Sensor for Emedding into Artificial Skin

Esmeralda Ochoa ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Michael Tolley

Variable Stiffness Pouch Actuators: Layer Jamming in an Inchworm Robot

Jesus Baquera ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Mauricio De Oliveira

Determination of Angles in Multiple Bar Linkages

Ashim Neupane ~ Howard University Mentor: Jorge Cortes

State Optimization using Extended Kalman Filter

Jonathan Ambrose Torres ~ University of Puerto Rico MayagĂźez Mentor: Kenneth Loh

Multifunctional and Self-Sensing Soft Robotic Structures

Javier Ruiz ~ University of California Santa Cruz Mentor: Sonia MartĂ­nez

Formation Control for Multi-robot Swarms

Panel #43: Flexible Devices & Mechanical Engineering Forum Room ~ Afternoon Moderated by Mike Frank Damian Gonzalez ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Joanna McKittrick

Biomimicry of Cuttlefish using Surface Magnetized Pigments

Valeria Gonzalez ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Todd Coleman

Miniaturization of Flexible Antennas for Integration Onto Adhesive Electronic Sensors

Andrew Chiang ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Darren Lipomi

Analyzing fatigue due to cyclic loading in poly(3-alkylthiophene) thin films with the weakly interacting H-aggregate model

Carolina Salinas ~ San Diego City College Mentor: Tse Ng Nga

Near-infrared photodetectors, based on low cost flexible organic semiconductors

Joylene Aguirre ~ University of San Diego (USD) Mentor: Frank Jacobitz

Determination of the Inclination Angle of Turbulent Structures in Rotating and Sheared Flows

Miguel Becerra ~ East Los Angeles College Mentor: Antonio Sanchez

On the Effects of Buoyancy–Driven Motion on the Ignition Limits of Gaseous Reactive Mixtures in Porous Media

Evan Mueller ~ UC San Diego Mentor: Renken Chen

Synthesis of Novel Desiccants for Energy Efficient Systems

Josh Henry ~ The University of The West Indies Mentor: Michael Yip

Electronic Braille display using super-coiled polymer actuators

ABSTRACTS ALPHABETICAL BY PRESENTER’S LAST NAME

Panel 41 SSC 554A

Abebe, Megulo. UC San Diego, Sixth College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Falko Kuester

Structure From Motion Accuracy Assessment

Photogrammetry has heavily impacted the analytical community vis a vis research. Structure from Motion (SFM) provides a solid framework that enables engineers and scientists to utilize Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to construct three-dimensional models of any terrain, facility, structure, etc. for analytical exploration. The essence of this research topic is to assess the veracity of the SFM data set. The knowledge of reliable accuracy is imperative especially when utilizing this technology for systematic inspection. Accuracy of this model is referenced from LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) scanning, a reliable and advanced point cloud generator that allows the user to make metrics within a three millimeter threshold. This paper presents a methodology to acquire high-resolution accurate data that rivals that of LIDAR scanning.

Panel 21 SSC 554A

Abu-Amara, Hasan. UC San Diego, John Muir College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Nuno Bandeira

General Methods For Identification Of Species And Tissue In Mass Spectrometry Samples

Mass spectrometry has a lot of promise in being used to sequence and identify proteins based off of the mass to charge peaks each subunit of the protein has when broken down. It has seen use in animal models of diseases to identify proteins and concentrations associated with diseases such as cancer, and a wealth of data has been gathered in these models. However, new data is not consistently labeled with important information regarding these models such as species, disease, tissue, and experimental conditions. In this paper, we propose methods to identify the species and tissue of a sample knowing only the peptides identified through mass spectrometry runs. We identified species and tissues from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory library (Payne et al, 2015) and UC San Diego's MassIVE site that were similar to each other via a percent similarity, and then we tried to find the number of peptides present in each peak file. We also identify how many peptides are needed to match a number of peptides in a given number of mass spectrometry peak files.

Panel 34 Student Leadership Chambers

Ackerman, Ximei. Cuyamaca College 4Cs@UCSD REU Mentored by Judy Kim

Expression Of An Integral Membrane Protein Ompa In The Form Of Inclusion Bodies Byximei Ackerman, Ivan Kozachenko, Deeann Asamoto, And Judy Kim

Cell culture and protein expression and purification are fundamental techniques in biochemistry. A protein that is expressed for folding experiments is the β-barrel outer membrane protein A (OmpA), native to Escherichia coli. The current protocol for the expression of OmpA relies on a

signal sequence that directs the protein to the membrane. A typical yield is 1 mg/L of growth media. This project aims to optimize the growth protocol by emulating a new method that eliminates the signal sequence. This results in OmpA being directed to the cytoplasm where it precipitates into inclusion bodies. From the cytosol, the inclusion bodies are isolated, denatured, and refolded. The bacteriologic and recombinant DNA techniques that are utilized include the preparation of competent cells, plasmid DNA extraction, bacterial transformation, and site directed mutagenesis. This method averts the extraction process of OmpA from the membrane and has been shown to result in higher yields of OmpA—about 33 mg/L of growth media. Presented in this project is the manipulation of protein processing systems to engineer an efficient method of expressing large amounts of OmpA. Panel 30 ERC Room

Acosta, Adrian. University of Arizona Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Wei Xiong

Electric Field Induced Orientational Rearrangement Of Self-Assembled Monolayers On Metal Surfaces

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on metal surfaces have applications in nanomaterials, bioengineering, electrocatalysis, and many other fields. The orientation of SAMs is an important parameter that could dictate their behavior. Here we study the surface orientational rearrangement of SAMs under electrical potential using IR spectroscopy, in a home-built electrochemical cell. It has been reported that the electric fields induced by the applied voltage potential bias can produce conformational changes to the SAMs. These changes can be characterized by reflective IR spectroscopy.

Firstly, we examined model samples of cysteine and cysteamine on gold surfaces. By monitoring the changes in their spectroscopic signatures as a function of electrical potential, we can reveal the influence of external voltage bias on the orientations of the molecules. The knowledge gained from the method developed here can help us better understand the behavior of more complex molecular systems. Ultimately, this process can be combined with 2dimensional surface sensitive spectroscopy to reveal orientation rearrangement of DNA secondary structures on biosensor chips, and on adsorbate-substrate interactions on electrocatalytic surfaces.

Panel 17 SSC 350

Addo, Rhea-Comfort. California State University Long Beach Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Pamela Mellon

Mutations & Infertility: The Effects Of Foxl2 Mutations On Fshβ Regulation

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is the loss of ovarian function before the age of 40. Patients with POF are infertile, do not menstruate, have low estrogen levels, and high levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Another disease known as Blepharophimosis ptosis epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) Type I leads to abnormal eyelid development and is associated with POF. Mutations in the FOXL2 gene have been found in patients with these diseases.

FOXL2 is a necessary component in FSHβ synthesis and mutations could contribute to the altered regulation of FSH in POF and BPES patients.

The aim of this study is to determine how FOXL2 mutations affect the FSHβ induction pathway, leading to POF and BPES. The effects of FOXL2 mutations on FSHβ expression will be tested by transfecting FOXL2 mutant expression vectors into a pituitary-specific LβT2 cell line. Human and mouse FSHβ luciferase reporters will be used to measure changes in FSHβ expression to determine if the effects of FOXL2 mutations are conserved in both species. Potentially, this study will bring us one step closer towards treating patients with these reproductive disorders.

Panel 42 Ballroom A

Adera, Nathan. San Diego Miramar College Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Benjamin Shih

Soft Torsional Sensor For Emedding Into Artificial Skin

Robots have been designed using rigid materials, limiting types of motion capable. To improve functionality, roboticists have incorporated biologically inspired materials. Materials like silicone rubber are replacing robots rigid structure. Sensors have been capable of sensing pressures, and strain in the x, y, and z plane. However, developing sensors that read torque or rotational pressure measurements have remained a challenge with bioinspired materials.

This research aims to design and fabricate a flexible sensor that detects torsional forces upon an object. A coil-like sensor filled with conductive material will be placed inside of an artificial skin, silicone rubber. Torque applied to the silicone will produce a pressure reading. This type of sensor could be integrated into artificial skins placed on a robotic arm, allowing the robot to recognize someone twisting it’s arm. We hypothesize that designing sensors with different geometries will yield different torsional measurements.

This type of sensor may also be used in rehabilitation for patients who have lost use of their legs. The sensor, attached to tights, will enable sensing pressures and performing complex movements previously not possible.

Panel 43 Forum

Aguirre, Joylene. University of San Diego (USD) McNair Scholars Program Mentored by Frank Jacobitz

Determination Of The Inclination Angle Of Turbulent Structures In Rotating And Sheared Flows

The results of direct numerical simulations are used to study the effect of rotation on the orientation of structures and evolution of the turbulent kinetic energy in homogeneous sheared turbulence. Shear flows with moderate, strong, and without rotation are considered and the rotation axis is either parallel or anti-parallel to the mean flow vorticity. In the case of moderate rotation, an anti-parallel configuration increases the growth rate of the turbulent kinetic energy, while a parallel configuration decreases it. The orientation of turbulent structures in the flows are characterized using the three-dimensional, two-point autocorrelation coefficient of velocity and vorticity magnitude. An ellipsoid is fitted to the surface defined by a constant

coefficient value and the major and minor axes are used to determine the inclination angle of flow structures in the plane of shear. It was found that the inclination angle assumes a maximum value for the anti-parallel configuration with moderate rotation. The smallest inclination angles are found for the strongly rotating cases. Hence, the inclination angle is directly related to the growth rate of the turbulent kinetic energy.

Panel 35 Governance Chambers

Aguirre, Emily. California State University Los Angeles Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Paul Jensen

Chemical Ecology Of Naturally Produced Brominated Compounds

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are naturally produced compounds in the marine environment known to have toxic effects on humans.

Brominated molecules, including PBDEs, are produced by marine bacteria, primarily the genus Pseudoalteromonas. We are interested in exploring the ecological roles of these molecules. Due to the complexity of marine habitats, it is hypothesized that members of this genus have responded to competition by acquiring traits, such as the gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of brominated compounds, as defense strategies against other bacteria and eukaryotic grazers. To investigate the bactericidal properties of these compounds, we tested growth inhibition of a diverse panel of marine bacteria.

Preliminary findings indicated that brominated, natural products inhibit the growth of all bacterial strains used. We also questioned their ecological impact as eukaryotic feeding deterrents using C. elegans as a model. A grazing assay was conducted microbially synthesized brominated molecules were added to E.coli plaques and feeding activity was recorded. The initial assay results suggested equal grazing activity for the control and compounds, therefore additional concentrations and molecules will be tested.

Panel 39 SSC 450

Aiello, Michelle. University of Central Florida Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Ariel Lang

Changes In Autonomic Nervous System Functioning Associated With Compassion Meditation Among Veterans With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

The present study investigates the effects of Compassion Meditation (CM) on autonomic nervous symptom functioning, including heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV), among veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). CM is a meditative practice focused on the wish that others and the self be free of suffering. CM has been associated with positive mood, a sense of belongingness, reduction of anxiety and lower physiological stress. The first phase of our study involved iterative refinement of the CM intervention.

Veterans with PTSD participated in CM, which was taught in 8-10 weekly two-hour sessions. Veterans’ HR was recorded for 5 minutes before and after each session. We hypothesized that veterans participating in the CM group would have significant changes in HR and HRV from before and after the eight-weeks. Open trial results and analyses from phase one are currently underway. If we see significant improvement in HRV, we can conclude that

CM may regulate the autonomic nervous system of veterans dealing with PTSD, providing an insight into one mechanism by which CM may be effective to reduce PTSD symptoms.

Panel 32 Sixth College Room

Alcantar, Julian. UC San Diego, Revelle College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Miguel Santiago-Medina

The Role Of Invadopodia In Neural Crest Cell Migration

Neural crest cells (NCCs) are migratory stem cells that arise during early embryonic development. NCCs differentiate to tissues such as bone and cartilage of the face, vascular smooth muscles, and neurons of the gut. In addition, NCCs are suspected to form actin-rich stuctures known as invadosomes, which allow the cells to remodel and invade tissue as they migrate. The migratory behavior of NCCs, along with their ability to form invadosomes, is reminiscent of the mechanisms used by cancer cells during metastasis. Cancer cells metastasize by forming actin-rich structures known as invadopodia, and migrate from a primary tumor site to colonize new tissues.

Due to these similarities, we are investigating the actin-rich invadosomes of NCCs isolated from mouse embryos by immunolabeling and inhibiting key invadopodia proteins such as Src, Tks5, and MT1-MMP. By examining how the inhibition of invadopodia proteins affect invadosome formation and function in NCCs cultured on different matrices, we will show that these structures are analogous to cancer cell invadopodia and that they play a significant role in NCC migration during embryonic development.

Panel 33 Marshall College Room

Alhaja, Maher. UC San Diego, John Muir College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Judith Varner

Novel Immunotherapeutic: Allosteric And Active Site Inhibitors Of Pi3K Gamma

One way to develop a new cancer immunotherapy is by administering cytokines that can boost the activity of anti-tumor cells and thus limit tumor growth. Another approach is to weaken immune suppressive responses in tumors by changing immune suppressive M2 macrophages to immune stimulatory M1 macrophages. Phosphoinositide phosphate 3-kinase gamma is highly expressed in macrophages. Its inhibition in macrophages leads to an increase in immune stimulatory gene expression represented by the up regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the down regulation of immunosuppressive factors. Inflammation promotes tumor growth. The enzyme PI3Kg in macrophages controls tumor inflammation. The significance of macrophages arises from their abundance in all stage of tumor development and their early role in supporting tumor growth and stimulating angiogenesis, as well as their control of immune suppression. The purpose of the research is to characterize two allosteric inhibitors and two-kinase inhibitors of PI3K gamma, and then to explore whether those inhibitors have an effect on

changing the gene expression to alter the immune suppressive M2 macrophages into immune stimulatory M1 macrophages in a tumor.

Panel 25 Dance Studio

Ali, Aisha. UC San Diego, Sixth College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Craig McIntosh

Credit Interlinking And Agricultural Markets: Examining The Effects Of Trader Inputs On Differential Pricing In Uganda

Over the last decade, microfinance has become an increasingly important tool in poverty alleviation in the developing world. In Uganda, access to forms of microcredit is typically limited to informal sources for those engaged in agricultural production. This paper focuses specifically on relationships within agricultural markets in Uganda where farmers often receive their credit from traders, a process known as credit interlinking. Using regression analysis, the paper attempts to answer whether credit interlinking has an effect on the price traders pay, if the price they pay is lower and by how much. The study uses data from a baseline survey conducted in 110 Ugandan sub-counties by Innovations for Poverty Action in 2015. The results, with the exception of direct credit provision, are consistent with current literature suggesting that there is little correlation between supplying inputs and paying lower prices.

Panel 27 Red Shoe Room

Amaya-Perez, Enrique. Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Gene Yeo

A Cre-Loxp-Based Method For The Generation Of Large Genomic Duplications Via Crispr/Cas9 Genome Editing

Copy number variations (CNVs) cause genetic conditions like WilliamsBeuren duplication syndrome, a developmental disorder caused by duplication of 1.5 MB on chromosome 7 (chr7). Generating duplications in induced human pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) will be useful for studying these disorders; however, methods have not been reported. This project’s goal is to effect genomic duplications in cells, using CRISPR/Cas9 in combination with cell permeable recombinases. First, I will use Gibson assembly to generate two vectors that specify loxP sites upstream and downstream of the WilliamBeuren region (WBR). I will then use CRISPR/Cas9 to introduce these sites into the genome of HEK293T cells, expecting different homologous chromosomes to integrate the loxP sites. Next, I will synchronize the cells in the G2 phase and apply cell-permeable Cre recombinase to induce recombination of the loxP sites producing a chr7 with a duplicated WBR, a chr7 with a deleted WBR and two wild type chr7s. Half of the cell’s progeny will harbor the WBR duplication; these will be identified by PCR. If successful, my approach will enable the generation of CNVs in iPSCs.

Panel 42 Ballroom A

Ambrose Torres, Jonathan. University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Kenneth Loh

Multifunctional And Self-Sensing Soft Robotic Structures

Soft robotic systems have underwater and above-ground applications. While actuation is necessary, sensing its environment is as critical to achieving a fully closed-loop system. To date, many soft robotic systems employ conventional strain and/or force sensors too rigid and bulky, especially as these systems become smaller and achieve greater movement. Furthermore, the objective of this research is to transform the structural material of soft robotics – i.e., its soft polymeric structure – into one that is also a sensor.

Hence, the material becomes multifunctional, able to resist loads while also sensing itself. The approach is to modify the soft structure, which is typically a silicone-based matrix, with conductive nanomaterials such as multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). MWCNTs are dispersed in DragonSkinTM via ultra-high-speed shear-mixing. This study investigates how MWCNT concentrations, shear-mixing speed, mixing times, and ratios of polymers used, affect both their mechanical and electromechanical properties. In particular, their strain sensing properties are characterized. Prototype MWCNT-silicone thin films have been casted. They are subjected to load tests, while their change in electrical properties are measured for validating self-sensing.

Panel 9 ERC Room

Andersen, Madelin. UC San Diego, John Muir College California Louis Stokes Alliance for Minority Participation (CAMP) Mentored by Jennifer Smith

Response Of Sargassum Horneri And Macrocystis Pyrifera To El NiñoLike Conditions

The 2015-2016 El Niño event drastically reduced the coverage of giant kelp in southern California. Giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, is an ecosystembuilding macroalga that provides habitat and shelter for many organisms.

Warm, nutrient-limiting conditions due to El Niño events have led to massive die-offs of M. pyrifera in previous decades. The loss of M. pyrifera due to El Niño has made kelp forests more susceptible to the invasion of Sargassum horneri, a non-native invasive alga to southern California. In order to test for synergistic effects of temperature stress and nutrient-limitation on these two algas, I ran a cross-factorial experiment in which I raised S. horneri and M. pyrifera in conditions that simulate the warm, low-nutrient environment characteristic of an El Niño event. I examined the responses of M. pyrifera and S. horneri to these conditions by measuring their change in pigment concentrations, dark-adapted yield, and growth rate. This research is crucial to our understanding of how future warming events will affect kelp habitats and is of interest to many people in southern California ranging from fishermen, tourists, and surfers.

Panel 39 SSC 450

Araujo, Carlos. UC San Diego, Revelle College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Amy Lansing

Trauma And Cognitive Dysfunctions As Predictors Of Psychotic Symptomatology In Juvenile Delinquents

Juvenile delinquents are a vulnerable population at a high risk of experiencing trauma, significantly increasing their risk of suffering from psychiatric impairments. Cognitive deficits are commonly present in psychiatric patients, in part, due to trauma. Additionally, cognitive deficits may serve a role in the development and maintenance of PTSD post-trauma. Furthermore, PTSD usually derived from sexual assault will occasionally exhibit psychotic-like symptomatology such as delusions, hallucinations and dissociations. Despite the high prevalence of trauma, juvenile delinquents are unlikely to receive mental health treatment, highlighting the need for better tailored treatments to address the special needs of this population. In this study we aim to: 1) study trauma as a possible predictor of cognitive and executive dysfunctions, 2) assess for potential group differences in demographic (e.g., race, ethnicity, age, etc.), and other variables of interest among girls receiving concurrent treatment for PTSD and substance abuse, relative to those whom only received substance abuse treatment.

Panel 41 SSC 554A

Avila, Crystal. University of California Davis San Diego Nanotechnology Infrastructure (SDNI) REU Mentored by Shaochen Chen

3D Bioprinting Of Imaging Phantoms For Mri

Medical imaging technology is powerful in aiding diagnostic testing, but requires calibration. Calibration is typically performed by software, but this neglects to encompass the variation between different biological regions. 3D bioprinting has the ability to fill this niche and further advance imaging technology by fabricating biomimetic scaffolds rapidly as required. 3D bioprinted phantoms are scanned by imaging equipment and provide a spatial baseline to image known features. This baseline is applied to further scans of unknown features for accurate imaging output. Phantoms are beneficial because the structures allow for device adjustment, reflecting tissue contrast and absorption depending on the imaging modality. The technique described in this study uses a light based approach to continuously polymerize polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA), creating the phantom. A digital micro-mirror device(DMD) is used to project photomasks that progress through 2D cross-sections of the desired 3D phantom structure. This allows for micro-meter resolution that reflects biological dimensions. With further developments to 3D bioprinting and imaging technology, phantoms can be customized for specific studies and can further calibrate imaging devices to perform for more precise applications.

Panel 20 SSC 554

Ayala, Cindy. UC San Diego, Revelle College Bioengineering REU Mentored by Joanna Mckittrick

Magnetic Freeze Casting With Surface Magnetized Hydroxyapatite For Bioinspired Bone Implants

Cindy Ayala, Sze Hei Siu, Louis Guibert, Michael B. Frank, Joanna M. McKittrick Osteoporosis causes erosion of trabecular bone, producing a fragile porous scaffold with brittle mechanical properties. Reinforcing the bone with a titanium implant can create additional problems and necessity for follow-up surgeries. Surface magnetization of the bone mineral hydroxyapatite provides an alternative avenue for manipulation of magnetized particles into aligned porous scaffolds via magnetic freeze casting. Superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles from cationic charged ferrofluid were electrostatically adsorbed to anionic charged hydroxyapatite in water. Magnetized hydroxyapatite particles subjected to a low magnetic field formed chains that were separated between growing ice crystals into lamellar walls aligned in the ice crystal growth and magnetic field axes. After freeze drying and sintering, mechanical properties for the multi-axis strengthened porous scaffolds were compared with bone. This work is supported by funding provided by the MultiUniversity Research Initiative through the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR-FA9550- 15-1- 0009).

Panel 36 SSC 300

Azoro, Roseline. Fayetteville State University Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Nicole Purcell

The Effect Of Removal Of Pleckstrin Homolog Domain Leucine Rich Repeat Protein Phosphatase 2 (Phlpp2) On Cardiac Hypertrophy

PH domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase (PHLPP) is a serine/threonine phosphatase that has been shown to directly dephosphorylate several members of the AGC family of kinases. Preliminary data from the lab has shown that the removal of PHLPP2 in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) activates fetal gene re-expression at baseline and potentiates phenylephrine (PE) induced gene expression 2 fold over siControl. We have previously published that removal of PHLPP2 in NRVMs does not affect Akt phosphorylation as previously reported in other cells; Gprotein coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5), an AGC kinase, has been shown to regulate cardiac hypertrophy through de-repression of gene transcription and may be a target of PHLPP2. Knockdown of PHLPP2 increased GRK5 nuclear translocation and HDAC export. Overexpression of PHLPP2 attenuated GRK5 induced MEF2 luciferase activity. Also, PHLPP2 knockout mice show signs of progressive hypertrophy and decreased cardiac function. Our prelimary data suggests that removal of PHLPP2 regulates GRK5 to induce cardiac hypertrophy and future studies will determine whether the cardiac phentype of the knockout mice is GRK5 dependent.

Panel 16 SSC 300

Bacon, Desia. University of Central Florida Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by David Barner

First Color Word Learning In Toddlers

Children tend to use color language incorrectly before they master adult-like meanings. Previous work on children who have begun to produce color words suggests that mastering color word meanings requires children to figure out adult-like perceptual boundaries between color words (e.g., between blue and green) in their language. This study investigated whether children have broad, narrow, or adult-like understanding of color words in the earliest stages of color word acquisition. All participants (18 – 30 month olds) completed a verbal color word production task, an eye-tracking color word comprehension task, and a parent report measure of production/comprehension of color words. Preliminary data replicate prior work showing that children often overextend color word meanings for words that they already produce.

However, we also demonstrate that children may under-extend color word meanings for words they have yet to produce. These findings suggest that children may construct initially narrow color word meanings prior to production, overextend these meanings as part of the production process, and gradually refine them over time to converge on language specific color word boundaries.

Panel 35 Governance Chambers

Bahrychuk, Ashlyn. San Diego Mesa College Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Dimitri Deheyn

Assessment Of Bioluminescent And Fluorescent Properties In The Parazoanthid Savalia Lucifica

The parazoanthid Savalia lucifica is a cnidarian generally found at depths greater than 100 meters. Little is known about this species other than that it is bioluminescent, with 3 different wavelengths having recently been measured. It is also fluorescent. Despite not fully understanding the functions behind bioluminescence and fluorescence, they are nonetheless important in biomedical applications. Therefore, the bioluminescent and fluorescent properties of Savalia lucifica were measured using a Berthold Sirius luminometer and a Spectramax i3 spectrophotometer. Although bioluminescence is often triggered by the addition of Ca 2+ ions, results show S. lucifica to be unaffected. Thus, we also tested S. lucifica in the presence of metal ions such as Fe 2+, Pb 2+, and Ba 2+, as previous research on other cnidarians shows some effect. Results reveal unique properties which have not been previously identified or documented. Further testing can be done to gain more knowledge of Savalia lucifica.

Panel 42 Ballroom A

Baquera, Jesus. UC San Diego, John Muir College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Mauricio De Oliveira

Determination Of Angles In Multiple Bar Linkages

An overview on the determination of angles in multiple bar linkages relative to both an inertial frame of reference and relative frame will be presented here.

Multiple bar linkages are used extensively in industry for robotic applications.

Most applications determine this angle via optical sensors such as encoders, but instead, a mechanical approach will be taken. To determine said angles via a mechanical approach, strain gauges will be placed on both the top and bottom mid portions of the linkages alongside a sheet of different material. In doing so, strain will possibly be multiplied in order to be able to detect the strains and correlate them to an angle. The mathematical formulas will be determined empirically and utilized to control motors in actuating the multiple bar linkages. In doing so, a cheaper, smaller, and less complex solution to this problem will be possible.

Panel 3 Dance Studio

Barnes, Sean. Howard University Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Laramie Smith

“Hiv Stigma’S Involvement In Retention In Hiv Care: Intersectionality Of Race, Ethnicity And Sexual Orientation.”

Recent CDC findings suggest 1:2 African American males who have sex with men (MSM) will be diagnosed with HIV. This is due partially to HIV-stigma, which deters MSM from accessing HIV care and prevention services. Previous empirical findings demonstrate HIV-stigma is associated with poorer retention in care (RIC). We aim to deconstruct how that relationship might differ by ethnicity, race, and sexual orientation.

Data was collected from HIV-positive adults (≥21 yrs.) accessing care in the Bronx, NYC (January-December 2011). Participants’ group membership was dichotomized (1=yes, 0=no) for ethnicity (Latino), race (non-Hispanic Black) and sexual orientation (Lesbian/Gay/Bisexual). Experiences of HIV-stigma were measured using the HIV-stigma mechanism scale (1=Low Stigma, 5=High Stigma), and poor retention was measured as total number of days overdue for HIV clinical visits. Between-group differences in mean-level of HIV-stigma will be evaluated using the Mann-Whitney-U test. If significant differences exist, we will test whether group membership moderates the previously observed relationship between HIV-stigma and RIC using multiple linear regression. These findings may help inform how we might attend to HIV-stigma within marginalized subgroups of out-of-care HIV-positive persons.

Panel 12 Marshall College Room

Baron, Kelsey. UC San Diego, Sixth College URS Eureka Scholars Program Mentored by Shauna Yuan

Circular Rna In Neurodevelopment: Investigation Into The Role Of Rhabdomyosarcoma 2-Associated Transcript (Rmst)

Circular RNAs are a class of noncoding RNA characterized by their annular structure that has obscured them from most methods of detection until recently. Advancements in RNA Sequencing have revealed an abundance of circular RNAs present throughout the mammalian transcriptome, with notable expression in the developing brain. We investigated the role of the circular isoform of Rhabdomyosarcoma 2-Associated Transcript (RMST), a novel gene recognized as host to a long noncoding RNA necessary for neurogenesis as well as a trans-spliced RNA whose role has been implicated in pluripotency maintenance of human embryonic stem cells. We hypothesized that the enrichment of circular RMST in the fetal brain was indicative of its function in neural development, and thus we aimed to characterize the expression of circular RMST across 5 developmental stages undergone by human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) adopting a neural fate. RNA sequencing revealed an upregulation of circular RMST expression in hiPSCderived neurons at 4 and 7 weeks of neuronal differentiation, an observation further validated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).

Panel 31 Revelle College Room

Bassil, Reina Angelica. University of California Davis UC LEADS Mentored by Shannon Lauberth

Dissecting The Role Of Brd4 In Mutant P53 Driven Chronic Inflammation-Induced Colon Cancer

Cell cycle regulator TP53 is the most commonly mutated gene in cancers resulting in loss of tumor suppressor function and gain-of-function activities that promote tumorigenesis. Evidence supports mechanisms underlying mutant p53 oncogenic activities connected to mutant p53-dependent regulation of gene expression including mutant p53 interactions with transcriptional regulators and cofactors that recruit mutant p53 to corresponding target genes.

This study sought to evaluate the role of bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) in functioning as a key cofactor for mutant p53-dependent activation of tumor promoting genes. BRD4 is a chromatin regulatory protein that binds to epigenetic modifications, specifically acetylation (H3K27ac). We recently identified a physical association between BRD4 and mutant p53 in human colon carcinoma SW480 cells. Using ChIP and qPCR, we also identified an overlap in enrichment levels of histone acetylation, BRD4, and mutant p53 recruitment at various mutant p53 target genes. Additionally, a small molecule inhibitor of BRD4, JQ1, has revealed a role for BRD4 function in promoting mutant p53-dependent cell invasiveness. These studies advance our understanding into a new underlying mechanism by which mutant p53 drives colon cancer.

Panel 32 Sixth College Room

Beazer, Joel. Harvard College Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Kamil Godula

Use Of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Mimetics To Enhance Growth Factor Signaling In Mescs On Cellular Microarrays

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) hold great potential in therapeutics and regenerative medicine. However, there are numerous barriers to realization of ESC driven therapies, such as precise control of ESC differentiation.

It is known that cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) mediate signaling which directs ESC differentiation. However, endogenous heparin sulfate structure is highly varied making it difficult to control outcomes from its use. To overcome these difficulties, our lab has developed HSPG mimetics (Neo-PGs) with precisely controlled structures and similar function to endogenous HSPGs. To examine the effects on signaling, the NeoPGs were first screened on a cellular microarray, a pioneering, high throughput platform for screening differentiation. The effect of the Neo-PGs on signaling was then evaluated by using western blots to assess phosphorylated ERK, a protein involved in pro-differentiation signal transduction. Our analysis is intended to show two things: that one Neo-PG produced similar signaling response to Heparin, indicating that it may be a suitable candidate for directing cell-differentiation; and that Neo-PG cellular microarrays may be a valid platform for screening the effects of glycans on signaling.

Panel 43 Forum

Becerra, Miguel. East Los Angeles College Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Antonio Sanchez

On The Effects Of Buoyancy­Driven Motion On The Ignition Limits Of Gaseous Reactive Mixtures In Porous Media

Reactive flow in porous media is important for its technological applications, such as catalytic pellets for propulsion systems, and its implications regarding safety hazards, an example being explosions in grain silos. The focus of the present investigation is on the effects of the buoyancy-driven flow on the resulting system response. As a model problem, we consider steady reactive solutions in an enclosed spherical vessel with constant-temperature walls.

Besides the DamkĂśhler number Da, defined as the ratio of the conduction time across the vessel to the characteristic chemical time, the solution is seen to depend on the Rayleigh number Ra, which characterizes the effect of the buoyant motion on the heat transfer to the walls. Analytic solutions are sought using an asymptotic expansion with the Rayleigh number Ra as the small parameter. The analysis provides predictions for critical explosion conditions accounting for buoyancy effects.

Panel 37 SSC 350

Beltran, Sofia. UC San Diego, Thurgood Marshall College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Leslie Lewis

Experiences With Community Resources And Supports For Lgbtq Ethnic And Racial Minority Adolescents In British Columbia, Massachusetts And Minnesota

Despite the fact that most lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ) adolescents are thriving, the LGBTQ adolescent population experiences disproportionate health risks (e.g., victimization, depression).

Linking LGBTQ adolescents to supportive community resources (e.g., GayStraight Alliances) is a key strategy for addressing their health disparities.

Few studies have investigated how intersections of ethnic/racial minority and LGBTQ statuses relate to accessibility to and experiences with community supports. As part of Project RESPEQT, thirty-three LGBTQ ethnic/racial minority adolescents aged 14-19 years living in Massachusetts, Minnesota, and British Columbia participated in go-along interviews. During audiorecorded interviews, participants toured their community with an interviewer to discuss supportive and non-supportive environments and resources. We used content analysis methods to analyze the interview transcripts. Three major themes were identified: privileges and disadvantages associated with intersecting statuses; impacts of intersecting statuses on perspectives of their environment, community and themselves; and influences of intersecting statuses on accessibility to supportive resources. Findings underscore the importance of considering intersecting LGBTQ and ethnic/racial minority statuses for understanding adolescents’ experiences with community resources for supporting their health.

Panel 36 SSC 300

Bigham, Zahna. Wesleyan College Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) SURF Mentored by Shigeki Miyamoto

Rhoa Signaling Cardiomyocytes

Stabilizes Pink1

To

Regulate

Mitophagy In

RhoA is a low-molecular weight GTPase that regulates a multitude of cellular activities including adhesion, migration, invasion, cell-cycle progression, gene expression, and cellular protection. RhoA is activated by various G-proteincoupled receptors (GPCRs), including those elicited by sphingosine-1phosphate (S1P) in cardiomyocytes. Activation of RhoA through the S1P pathway has been shown to provide cardioprotection from ischemia/reperfusion.

During hypoxic events, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) accumulated at depolarized mitochondria stimulates mitophagy (mitochondrial autophagy). Mitophagy enables the cell to regulate the steadystate mitochondrial number to match metabolic demand, as well as conduct quality control through clearance of compromised mitochondria. Thus, mitophagy plays a critical role in preventing activation of the cell death pathway, promoting cardiomyocyte survival against stress.

Although it has been reported that RhoA signaling confers cardioprotection, there is lack of knowledge on the regulatory effects of RhoA on mitochondrial quality control through mitophagy. We have observed that RhoA upregulates

PINK1 expression through PKD without inducing mitochondrial membrane depolarization. In this study, we use miniSOG PINK1 overexpression to determine the ability of RhoA to stimulate PINK1 stabilization.

Panel 18 SSC 400

Biglari, Saman. San Diego City College 4Cs@UCSD REU Mentored by Mark Thiemens

Seasonal Variations In ∆ 17O Of Sulfate Aerosols In East Asia By Saman Biglari, Daniel Crocker, Lin Mang, And Mark H Thiemens

We are currently working to determine the chemical formation pathway of sulfate aerosol in the atmosphere. Sulfate aerosols affect the climate by cooling it in two basic ways: either directly, by reflecting away some of the incoming solar radiation, or indirectly, by increasing the reflectivity of clouds.

Currently, our understanding about chemical and photochemical processes of sulfur compounds in the atmosphere is rather limited, due to the complex nature of the sulfur cycle and uncertainties in understanding aerosol chemistry. To better understand the chemical formation pathways of sulfate, we are analyzing samples collected on a weekly basis in East China, one of the largest emitters of SO2. A sulfate pyrolysis technique in a continuous flow system is used to collect O2 from the sulfate samples. The triple oxygen isotopic composition of the collected O2 is analyzed by a MAT 253 isotoperatio mass spectrometer. Measuring the isotopic compositions will help elucidate the contributions of O3, OH, O2, and H2O2 responsible for SO2 oxidation providing details about SO2 oxidation pathways to help constrain models and accurately predict atmospheric sulfate concentrations.

Panel 1 East Ballroom

Birky, Jessica. UC San Diego, Revelle College Mentored by Adam Burgasser

Identification Of H-Band Absorption Lines In High Resolution Apogee Spectra Of The Lowest-Mass Stars

The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III has measured high resolution (R~22,500), near-infrared (1.51-1.7Âľm) spectra for nearly 100,000 stars within the Milky Way Galaxy. While the APOGEE experiment was designed to research galactic structure by targeting bright stellar populations in the disk, we have focused attention on the lesser studied subset of faint and low-temperature late-M and early-L dwarfs, with the objective of characterizing their chemical abundances. Using routines we have developed in Python, we have identified various absorption features, establishing the types of atoms and molecules present; and, fit Lorentzian distribution functions to measure equivalent widths and line centers, the latter to determine radial motions. The characterization of atomic features in APOGEE data will eventually enable us to determine empirical relationships between spectral morphology and their underlying physical properties, such as temperature, metallicity, and surface gravity, allowing more detailed study of this lowest-mass stellar population in the Milky Way.

Panel 17 SSC 350

Booth, Sharon. UC San Diego, John Muir College Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Sushil Mahata

Role Of Chromogranin A In Exercise-Induced Improvement In Insulin Action

Obesity is an ever-increasing problem that can cause insulin resistance (IR), which in turn may lead to type II diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

Exercise decreases IR and improves insulin sensitivity by increasing glucose uptake in muscle and decreasing glucose production in liver. We subjected adult obese male wild-type and insulin sensitive Chromogranin A knockout (Chga-KO) mice to daily treadmill exercise for a total of 15 days. Upon the end of this period, skeletal muscle, and liver will be harvested from sedentary and exercised mice for evaluation of insulin sensitivity by Western blot and gene expression analyses. We expect increased phosphorylation of AKT, GSK3b and TBC1D1 in skeletal muscle of exercised mice compared to sedentary mice. In addition, we expect to see decreased expression of Pepck and G6pc in liver of exercised mice compared to sedentary mice. Chga-KO mice will display improved insulin sensitivity compared to WT mice upon exercise.

Panel 3 Dance Studio

Boyani, Saanjh. UC San Diego, Thurgood Marshall College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Dennis Childs

The Prison Industrial Complex & Its Affects On Women' S Health: An Analysis Of Hepatitis C, Hiv, Forced Sterilizations And Shackled Birth In Imprisoned Women

Women in prison represent a marginalized demographic thus, they are vulnerable to poor health outcomes. Incarcerated women have distinct health care needs. Since the mid 90s the women’s prison population has increased at a rate higher than that of men’s. Black, Latina and low-income women who are predisposed to poor health outcomes are overrepresented in this population due to the implementation of harsh drug sentencing laws. The imprisonment of women of color is tied to a racialized and gendered history, which can be traced as far back as chattel slavery. Prison is not an appropriate site to meet the health needs of women, but the health risks faced inside prisons must be addressed.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV have higher prevalence rates in women’s prisons. I will further analyze the high rates of HCV and HIV in women’s prisons. The reproductive needs of women in prison are often neglected and I will report on the negative practices of shackled birth and forced sterilizations inside women’s prisons. Imprisonment itself may be the cause of these negative health outcomes.

Panel 25 Dance Studio

Broadwater III, Thomas. Morehouse College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by David Lake

Does Statebuilding Work? Military Intervention And The Lifespan Of Previously Failed States - Case Studies

Building on the work by Lake and Matush (2015), this paper investigates the effect of armed statebuilding on the survival of previously failed states. Do interventions from foreign military powers adversely affect the states they attempt to fix? Statebuilding is one of the largest social and economic projects of the modern world. Rehabilitating states that have ‘failed’ has become an important topic in international debate and the centerpiece of several countries’ foreign policy. Despite these efforts, it appears that armed interventions do little or nothing for the states they attempt to restore. This case study will examine various failed states that have received an armed military intervention between 1956-2006 and will evaluate whether or not this mediation was subsequently better or worse for the host country. Its results will open the conversation on the effectiveness of leading state building practices.

Panel 29 Earl Warren Room

Brown, Kallie. Howard University Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Leslie Carver

The Emergence Of Joint Attention In Different Stages Of Infancy

Joint Attention refers to how two people share attention through eye contact.

It reflects mental and behavioral processes that facilitate infant learning and development. However, children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have deficits in joint attention skills which are related to future language development. It was believed that joint attention emerged suddenly at around 12 months. However, de Barbaro et al (2013) demonstrated that children begin to develop joint attention skills gradually between 6 and 12 months rather than suddenly at 12 months. The current study aims to examine the developmental trajectory of joint attention in both typically developing infants and infants at high risk for ASD. Caregivers and infants at 6, 9 and 12 months will be observed and coded for 10 minutes. We expect to see joint attention during play with the caregiver present among these age groups, with deficits among the infants at high risk for ASD. These deficits, present before language development, can be used as an marker to assist in early ASD diagnosis.

Panel 32 Sixth College Room

Bunn, David. SUNY Albany Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) SURF Mentored by Hemal Patel

Implications Of Cav1 Mutation In Mitochondrial Bioenergetics And Pulmonary Hypertension

Caveolin are structural, scaffolding proteins embedded in flask-like membranous invaginations called caveolae. They can serve independent regulatory roles in cellular trafficking and signal transduction. Recently a

caveolin-1 (CAV1) frame shift mutation (Phe160X) was identified to cause progeriod-like symptoms and pulmonary hypertension in a patient. The association of aging with mitochondria led the lab to investigate the patient’s mitochondria. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results revealed an increase in the number of small mitochondria with disorganized cristae. The exact role of mutant CAV1 in altering the shape and function of mitochondria is unclear.

To investigate this, human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC), which are abundant in CAV1, were transduced to introduce the CAV1 mutation. The morphology of mutated HUVEC mitochondria were characterized through TEM for comparison with the patient’s mitochondria, and a metabolic analyzer, known as seahorse, was used to quantify the metabolic rate and aerobic respiration of the cells. Determining the role of CAV1 in mitochondria will lead to further investigation of the protein’s role in cellular metabolism.

Panel 4 Ballroom A

Burciaga, Jose. UC San Diego, Sixth College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Luz Chung

La Frontera

My research is about Transfronterizos students, which is a large group of people who resides in both Tijuana and San Diego. I research how these students have created a hybrid identity because they reside in two different countries at the same time. These students do not consider themselves from Tijuana nor from San Diego. Furthermore, through my data collection I expose how these students are not being offer equal access to education, even though most of them are US citizens. Finally, I explore the meaning of the border in the transfronterizos students’ perspective and life- for example the border as a violent symbol, struggles, violence, discriminations, immigration, and the daily commute these students face. Most people including teacher, principals, policy making, and higher administration from educational system are not aware of what these students have to accomplish to cross the border daily to fight a for a decent education that they deserve by law. The research purpose is to expose transfronterizos students and how to better provide resources for their success.

Panel 10 Revelle College Room

Burke, Tianna. Howard University Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Lily Xu

Decreasing Sepsis Screening Labs For Infants With Maternal Chorioamnionitis Diagnosis

The leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality is early onset sepsis, and neonates typically undergo frequent blood tests and are treated with antibiotics for extended periods of time despite appearing healthy. In order to avoid administering unnecessary treatment to non-infected infants, we proposed that a sepsis screening panel, which consists of a Complete Blood Cell differential (CBCd) and a C - reactive protein test (CRP), is first conducted

at 12 hours of age. If the blood test results fall within normal limits and the infant remains asymptomatic, antibiotic treatment will be ceased after 4 doses and further blood testing will not be conducted. To test whether our proposed diagnosis and treatment protocol is effective, we collected data from 310 subjects over a one year period. We then fit a Poisson generalized linear model with the number of CBC’s and CRP’s performed as the dependent variable and intervention as an independent variable.

Panel 35 Governance Chambers

Cabrera, Maria. University of California Berkeley Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Tadeusz Molinski

Exploring Protease Inhibition In Natural Products Isolated From Marine Sponges

The chemical diversity of marine natural products introduces potential drug candidates for human disease through investigation of their structure, synthesis, and biological properties. Previously discovered compounds isolated from marine sponges have demonstrated antifungal activity for example, and other biological effects undiscovered compounds might have can lead to new kinds of pharmaceutical treatment. Natural products exhibiting inhibitory activity is of interest to our lab, in particular products that may inhibit the protease thrombin, an enzyme involved in the clotting process. A compound that can stop blood coagulation maybe vital in making drugs for people that are susceptible to clotting, which increases the risk of strokes and cerebral aneurysms. Enzyme inhibitory assays compared reactivity between natural product extracts to a known inhibitor of thrombin. Samples with noticeable inhibitory activity were then separated and purified by HPLC and analyzed through LC-MS and NMR. Isolation and total structure determination of the specific inhibitory compound continue the investigation.

A unique structure of natural products might relate to protease inhibition, impacting the discovery of drug leads for diseases involved with blood coagulation such as strokes.

Panel 7 Green Table Room

Calderon, Stephen. UC San Diego, Sixth College Mentored by Andrew Kummel

The Efficacy Of A Tlr7 Agonist Conjugated To Silica Nanoshells As An Immune Adjuvant In Innate Immune Cells

The ultimate goal of cancer immunotherapy is the destruction of tumor cells by the immune system. Recently, agonists of the toll-like receptors (TLR) have been recognized for their anti-tumor potential across various therapeutic modalities. The “danger signals” they provide augment the host immune system response against tumor antigens by enhancing the local immunogenicity of the tumor microenvironment. The proposed project aims to evaluate the efficacy of an immune adjuvant, a TLR7 agonist, conjugated to the surface of hollow silica nanoshells. It is theorized that addition of the TLR7 agonist stimulates immune recognition of tumor antigens leading to a sustained systemic anti-tumor immunity. Preliminary in vitro studies in RAW cells, a macrophage cell line, have shown that the immunostimulatory properties of a TLR7 agonist are enhanced when conjugated to 100nm silica

nanoshells. Optimizing the conjugation synthesis will aid in effectively measuring how TLR7 density could affect dose response. Through adjuvant addition, the extent of the induced immunogenic response will be investigated in RAW cells and bone marrow derived dendritic cells (DCs) with the aim to enhance production of anti-tumor cytokines.

Panel 5 Bear Room

Caldwell, Maylin. California State University San Marcos (CSUSM) Mentored by Matthew Escobar

The Effect Of Mitochondrial Alternative Oxidases And Type Ii Nad(P)H Dehydrogenases On Reactive Oxygen Species Production In Arabidopsis Thaliana

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) plays a central role in the bioenergetics of all eukaryotic cells, but varies somewhat between plants and animals. Plants have more components in their ETC that serve as alternative pathways for electron flow, specifically NAD(P)H dehydrogenases (ND) and alternative oxidases, which may help to minimize the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). To better understand the connections between ETC structure and ROS production in plants, we generated a series of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines using two RNAi vectors designed to silence all AOX genes or all external ND genes (NDout). Real time RT-PCR analyses demonstrated significantly reduced levels of AOX and NDout transcripts in several transgenic lines. In vivo respiratory assays of AOX-silenced lines showed significantly reduced AOX capacity compared to wild type, but we saw no significant reduction in external NADH or NADPH oxidation in NDout-silenced lines. Hydrogen peroxide production and lipid peroxidation levels were measured, and one transgenic line showed an increase in both.

Overall, this project will substantially increase our understanding of mitochondrial-associated ROS production.

Panel 28 Green Table Room

Calub, Nina Francezca. California State University San Bernardino Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Nicholas Christenfeld

Gender Differences In Preference For Partner Religiosity

Religion is thought to be an important factor in romantic relationships. In the current study, we examined gender differences in preference for partner religiosity. We tested this by asking participants to observe and rate online profiles. We hypothesized that religiosity information would affect women’s partner preferences more so than men’s partner preferences. Previous studies have shown that females are particularly more interested in “resources” (e.g. religious compatibility) and males in “attractiveness”. Adults under 30 years old were shown the dating profiles of potential partners, with religion and degree of religiosity randomly assigned. Participants evaluated these potential dating partners on attractiveness and likelihood of accepting a date with them.

Preliminary analyses demonstrated support for our hypotheses that the religiosity of potential mates matters more to females. This demonstrates an important implication because fundamental differences impacts relationship outcomes and individuals in terms of health and overall well being. Future research should assess religious group differences.

Panel 41 SSC 554A

Campbell, Takeyah. Howard University Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Robert Sah

Vascular Transport Pathways In The Epiphysis Using Digital Volumetric Imaging

The onset or perpetuation of major diseases in the bone is linked to reduced vasculature. The presence of vascular networks in the epiphyseal region of bone is known, however, the overall structure of vasculature in this area is inadequately defined. Digital Volumetric Imaging (DVI) provides a tissue imaging technique allowing 3-D imaging of cells and matrix at both high resolution (0.89 Âľm)3 and relatively large image volumes (2-4 mm)3. The hypothesis is that DVI image visualization allows structural mapping of blood vessels in murine bone. The objective was to identify vasculature in the developing mouse epiphysis through DVI method (3-D histology). This was achieved by imaging and reconstructing the murine distal femur in 3-D, then characterizing blood vessels distal to the growth plate, and identifying connections to larger vessels penetrating the periosteum. A qualitative analysis revealed vasculature in the epiphysis, stemming out of the subchondral region, typically ~50 Îźm from the articular surface, and tapering off towards the growth plate. In future studies, this methodology can be used in the detection and treatment of osteonecrotic bone damage and diseases.

Panel 21 SSC 554A

Campos, Josue. San Diego State University (SDSU) Bioengineering REU Mentored by Shaochen Chen

Change In The Binding Ability Of Cells In Different Polyurethane Gels

Synthetic polymers, such as polycarbonate and polyurethane were widely studied as biomaterials due to optimal biocompatibility, mechanical strength, flexibility and tunability. Recently, an aliphatic polyurethane synthesized through green chemistry was developed for biomedical applications. The purpose of this study is to compare the cell binding ability of different polyurethane compositions. The four types of polyurethane used were diamine putrescine and cadaverine, as well as tetra-amine spermidine and spermine. Each material has different binding ability due to the number of amine groups within its structure, which tend to behave as a protein upon cell binding, and different chain lengths. Some advantages to polyurethane are non-toxicity and a short reaction time, which is time and energy efficient when compared to other conventional gels. The biocompatibility of the polyurethane was analyzed by cell seeding and life/dead analysis using staining practices to differentiate the cells. ImageJ was used to count the number of cells which bind to its respective gel. Spermine was found to have the best binding ability despite the higher stiffness when compared to other gels.

Panel 26 Bear Room

Campos Villalobos, Gerardo. Universidad de Guanajuato Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Francesco Paesani

Structure, Dynamics And Vibrational Spectra Of Water Layers On Graphene

Graphene is a revolutionary material in the form of a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice. Graphene applications are almost limitless due to its extraordinary properties (mechanical, optical, electronic); ranging from use as hydrophobic membrane to use as material for high-tech devices. Of great interest is the study of water-graphene intefacial interaction for the desire of understanding the phase-behaviour of water at the nanoscale to enhance processes such as lubrication and water purification. Here we report a computational study of water monolayers adsorbed onto graphene. Via molecular dynamics simulations, we monitor how graphene influences both structural and dynamical properties of water by computing the vibrational spectra (IR and Raman), structure (SFG and RDF) and the dynamics of the system (Diffusion). We performed simulations of water interacting with a graphene sheet through vdw forces while waterlike molecules interact with each other via the MB-pol potential, which is the first, and so far only, molecular model that correctly predicts the properties of water from gas phase to condensed phases. We also report how water properties change as a function of number of water layers.

Panel 28 Green Table Room

Capuchino, Briana. University of San Diego (USD) University of San Diego McNair Scholars Program Mentored by Stephen Pearlberg

The Effects Of Taking Family And Medical Leave On Employee Evaluations

The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA, 1993) permits eligible employees 12 weeks of unpaid leave for personal, parent, or child illness and birth or adoption of a child (Wayne & Cordeiro, 2003). However, many employees do not use the FMLA because they fear negative consequences in the workplace (Hall, 1989; Israeloff, 1995; Levine, 1993, 1997; Norman & Tedeschi, 1984).

Studies have identified negative effects, but only for male employees (Wayne & Cordeiro, 2003; Allen & Russell, 1999). Such effects can partially be explained by the social role theory (Eagly, 1987), which describes how behavior is associated with socially imposed gender roles. The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of why a bias has been observed only for male employees who use the FMLA (Wayne & Cordeiro, 2003). This experiment will employ a 2 (gender) x 2 (reason for leave) x 2 (type of evaluation) between subjects design.

Panel 37 SSC 350

Casillas, Ruben Jr. San Diego State University (SDSU) Mentored by Mary Blair-Loy

Glass Ceiling In The Corporate World Ruben Casillas

Since the passage of the Equal Pay Act in 1963, U.S. corporations have been progressing in reducing gender inequality. While women’s employment has increased almost 40 percent over the last 45 years, and sex segregation in male dominated jobs has dramatically decreased in the last decades (England, 2010), women are still underrepresented in leadership positions of the most powerful publicly traded companies in the U.S. Acker (1990) states that corporations have been organizationally structured to represent an imagined “abstract worker”, which she describes in terms of gendered embodiments, and relationships to procreation and paid work. I argue that because corporations imagine the abstract worker as a heterosexual male, and focused on paid work, without family caregiving obligations, top executive positions are still highly male dominated in the U.S. corporate world. I will show this by mapping the gender imbalance of the largest corporations in the U.S. and show that women are unfairly clustered in positions imagined to be more family friendly but less important to the management of the organization.

Panel 33 Marshall College Room

Casteleiro, Gianna. Florida International University Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by John Chang

The Role Of Β1 Integrin In Regulatory T-Cell Homeostasis

Regulatory T (Treg) cells are a subset of helper T cells that are crucial for the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Treg cells depend on the continuous expression of the transcription factor Foxp3, which is essential for their suppressive function. Previous studies from our lab suggest a role for the cytoskeletal protein talin1 in maintaining Treg cell homeostasis and suppressive function. Mice with a Treg cell-specific deletion of talin1 exhibit spontaneous lethal inflammation, attributed to the role of talin1 in integrin activation. Talin1 plays an essential role in the activation of β1, β2, and β3 integrins; therefore, our current project aims to elucidate the specific mechanisms through which β1 integrins influence the suppressive function of Treg cells. In order to achieve this aim, we examined how a Treg cell-specific deletion of β1 integrins alters immune homeostasis using an Itgb1fl/flFoxp3Cre mouse model. We analyzed Foxp3 expression, T cell activation, and the expression of specific Treg cell suppressive molecules.

Understanding the role of β1 integrins in Treg cell suppression provides insights into the mechanisms by which Treg cells maintain immune homeostasis.

Panel 31 Revelle College Room

Castro, Andrea. University of California Los Angeles UC LEADS Mentored by Hannah Carter

Integration Of Protein Network Analysis In Machine Learning Classification Of Gof And Lof Mutations In Cancer

Cancer is a broad class of diseases that can arise in various tissues and is hallmarked by unregulated cell replication and genomic instability.

Uncontrolled division of cells is often triggered by gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in oncogenes, or loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in tumor suppressors. These mutations are collectively referred to as “driver mutations”. Computational tools have been established to distinguish between these driver mutations that push the cell towards cancer and neutral variants that are byproducts. However, today’s methods fail to differentiate between GOF and LOF variants. We intend to develop a predictive model that can make the distinction between GOF and LOF mutations by incorporating tissue-specific protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, a feature that has not been integrated before. We hypothesize that these two classes of mutations have subtle but differential patterns of PPIs, therefore we aim to discover these patterns via machine learning algorithms and validate our predictions with previously identified GOF and LOF mutations. We anticipate that our model will classify otherwise ambiguous driver mutations, and be a useful tool for cancer researchers in the future.

Panel 8 Earl Warren Room

Chaudhary, Vijay. Howard University Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Garrison W. Cottrell

Fine-Grained Categorization Using A Bottom Up Attention Model

Fine-grained categorization of natural images concerns the classification of objects at sub-ordinate levels, i.e., at the species (birds) or breed (dogs) level.

In addition, the objects are not necessarily at a certain position in the image.

Hence, there is the challenge of localization as well as finding detailed features of objects. In our work, we are using a bottom up attention model, also known as a saliency map, to aid in the localization of objects. We use deep convolutional neural networks to extract features of image patches sampled from the saliency map to improve recognition accuracy. We are using knearest neighbor kernel density estimation for the classification. It is a nonparametric method; hence it does not require any training, except to store image patches, which makes the model highly efficient. We are applying the model to the NABirds dataset, which contains more than 40,000 images of 555 species of birds.

Panel 43 Forum

Chiang, Andrew. UC San Diego, Earl Warren College UC LEADS/Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Darren Lipomi

Analyzing Fatigue Due To Cyclic Loading In Poly(3-Alkylthiophene) Thin Films With The Weakly Interacting H-Aggregate Model

Organic semiconductors are promising materials for applications which require mechanical compliance and robustness, such as wearable and implantable biomedical devices and stretchable organic photovoltaics.

However, even highly compliant devices experience failure when repetitively strained. This failure (or fatigue), which is likely due to disruption in the quantity and quality of polymer aggregates–which dominate charge transport in poly(3-alkylthiophene)s–can be measured utilizing UV-vis spectroscopy and the weakly interacting H-aggregate model. The polymer films were transferred to stretchable substrates, strained cyclically, and measured periodically to determine the quantity and quality of high-charge transport aggregates. Preliminary data showed a critical number of cycles (dependent on the strain percentage) before the destruction of polymer aggregate began to occur. Understanding the degradation mechanisms and loading limits of conjugated polymer films undergoing cyclic strain will inform scientists and engineers and allow for the intelligent design and selection of polymers for applications requiring repetitive strains such as portable and wearable stretchable or flexible electronic devices.

Panel 17 SSC 350

Choi, Hye Young. UC San Diego, Earl Warren College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Simon Schenk

A Role For Acetylation In Regulating Insulin Stimulated Glut4 Trafficking In Mouse Skeletal Muscle

Insulin resistance is a common metabolic complication in aged and obese skeletal muscle constituting a primary defect in the etiology of type 2 diabetes.

At the cellular level, insulin resistance disrupts translocation of glucose transporter Glut4 to the plasma membrane causing impaired insulinstimulated glucose uptake. Normal Glut4 translocation relies on insulinmediated exocytosis of Glut4 storage vesicles (GSVs), a process coordinated by cytoskeletal remodeling and the activation of motor, docking, and fusion proteins involved in vesicle mobilization. Currently, phosphorylation-based signaling from the insulin receptor (IR) through PI3K-Akt and subsequent Glut4 translocation is considered the principal mechanism underlying insulinstimulated glucose uptake. However, we believe lysine-acetylation of key proteins in the canonical insulin signaling and Glut4 trafficking pathways are necessary for this process. Our central hypothesis posits insulin-stimulated glucose transport requires acetylation of insulin signaling and glucose transport-related proteins. Our model predicts loss of acetylation (not the loss of a singling per se) abrogates insulin-stimulated glucose transport.

Panel 22 Green Room

Chrostowski, Robert. Texas A&M University San Diego Nanotechnology Infrastructure (SDNI) REU Mentored by Joseph Wang

Nanocannons And The Future Of Medicine

Medical procedures on the scale of cells rather than scalpels have been a dream for a long time, as demonstrated by the 1966 movie Fantastic Voyage, where a team of scientists shrink themselves down to fight a life-threatening brain clot. Though shrinking down is sadly impossible, and due to the dominance of viscosity over inertia at small scales nanomotors will have to propel themselves much differently than the submarine the characters in Fantastic Voyage used, at least the clot-busting bit may soon become very real.

The group I am working with has developed the world's smallest cannon: a hollow cylinder 15 micrometers long by 5 micrometers wide. We can aim these cannons using externally applied magnetic fields, and once loaded with non-toxic PFC, upon being triggered with an ultrasound pulse they can propel cargo, or even themselves, at speeds up to the scale of meters per second!

We're currently exploring diverse applications for these cannons, from the aforementioned clot busting micro-surgery to transdermal drug delivery.

Panel 17 SSC 350

Chuang, Yichen. , Sixth College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Soumita Das

The Establishment of an In Vivo Model to Study Enteric Infection

The WHO estimates that the global death toll associated with enteric infectious diseases is at 4-6 million per year, mostly occurring in children, the elderly and those with compromised immune systems. While the rates of death have decreased dramatically over the recent years, enteric infections still continue to impact child growth and cognitive development. There are no models currently that could allow researchers to test for novel medications, or even to test the mechanism in question. The development of enteroids is a new technique that allows intestinal stem cells to thrive in an environment that mimics the 3D crypt-villus structure of the intestines. These enteroids will then be used to create a monolayer (EDM) that will be used as an in vivo model of infection.Then, peripheral blood derived macrophages, which are activated by infection, will be co-cultured with the monolayers in the Boyden chamber with the presence/absence of blocking antibody/reagent, which inhibits monocyte recruitment. This assay will help to interpret the role of any agent that can be used in future therapies for infections and other inflammatory diseases.

Panel 9 ERC Room

Clark, Cristina. University of San Diego (USD) McNair Scholars Program Mentored by Ron Kaufmann

Effects Of Hydrographic Parameters On Phytoplankton In Mission Bay, San Diego

Mission Bay, San Diego, is home to numerous species of phytoplankton. The abundance and diversity of phytoplankton in Mission Bay, a seasonally

variable estuary, are known to vary with distance from the mouth of the bay, becoming more abundant and less diverse with increasing distance from the mouth. Dinoflagellates are dominant near the mouth (front bay), while diatoms prevail in the eastern portion of the bay (back bay). Hydrographic conditions (temperature, salinity, etc.) also can affect phytoplankton abundance and diversity. The critical ecological role of phytoplankton as primary producers emphasizes the importance of understanding the factors that influence their dynamics. This study examines how hydrographic conditions correlate with changes in phytoplankton abundance and diversity in Mission Bay over hourly time scales, and how these parameters and relationships vary throughout the bay. Chlorophyll and phytoplankton samples were collected every other hour over a 24 hour period at three locations, in the front, middle, and back bay. The results of this project should provide important insights into the relationship between hydrographic factors and phytoplankton abundance and composition in Mission Bay. Panel 20 SSC 554

Cobban, Morgan. Barrett, the Honors College at Arizona State University Bioengineering REU Mentored by Shyni Varghese

A2B Receptor-Mediated Osteogenic Differentiation

Osteoporosis is a disorder of bone remodeling with dysregulated osteoblast function that leads to skeletal structural deterioration. In healthy bone, osteoblasts work to rebuild calcification and aid in the remodeling process for bone formation. Increasing the presence of healthy osteoblasts would allow for a more remodeling process in patients suffering from osteoporosis, and it is believed that the A2B receptor is involved in the differentiation process. We hypothesize that treatment of BAY 60-6583, an agonist of A2B receptor, promotes osteogenic differentiation of mouse mesenchymal stem cells (mMSCs). My study aims to investigate the early intracellular signaling events involved upon activation of A2B receptor with BAY 60-6583 for 15, 30, and 60 minutes, with cells in growth medium as undifferentiated control and DMSO (vehicle) as a negative control in a time-matched manner. Protein expressions were analyzed with sodium dodecyl sulfate/ polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS/PAGE) and Western blot technique. These findings could lead to an increased understanding of the intracellular protein targets involved during A2B receptor-mediated osteogenic differentiation of MSCs for bone formation.

Panel 1 East Ballroom

Colby, David. University of California Berkeley Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by George Fuller

Super Massive Stars And Supernovae

We model super massive stars and supernovae with detailed numerical simulations which include a large range of physics. Finding out properties of these stars is not only fascinating, but is also crucial for understanding the early universe, since super massive stars are good candidates for the origin of the super massive black holes that observation shows us exist at high redshift.

We will use the Kepler stellar evolution and nucleosynthesis code to study the

collapse of stars with masses of order 1 million solar masses. A key objective of mine will be to figure out how to analyze and display data (e.g., density, temperature, pressure, neutrino emissivity, and nuclear composition) generated by the Kepler code.

Panel 6 Red Shoe Room

Coston, Mackenzie. University of Washington Bioengineering REU Mentored by Adam Engler

Shear Stress In Stromal-Like Conditions Is A Metric For Metastatic Potential

Perhaps the most important contribution to the mortality rate associated with cancer is metastasis of the primary tumor. Lacking a universal biological marker of metastatic potential of solid tumor cells, we sought to characterize the relationship between a cell’s adhesion strength and its metastatic potential by utilizing a spinning shear assay. We found that strong adherence to the substrate, independent of matrix ligand, corresponds with weaker metastatic potential with cation independent adhesion for non-metastatic cells lines. For cells previously characterized as metastatic from animal models, e.g. the mammary tumor line MDA-MB 231, we found that only a subset of cells was weakly attached, and only in tumor-like cation conditions. Since the current assay only isolates the strongly adherent cells, we are developing a parallel plate flow chamber, which will apply a single shear stress, to capture weakly adherent cells at that shear stress for further analysis. We believe that characterization of the relationship between shear stress and adhesion strength for the 231 cells will provide valuable information and establish adhesion strength as a physical prognostic marker for metastasis.

Panel 23 East Ballroom

Cushnir, Jacob. UC San Diego, Sixth College Frontiers of Innovation Scholars Program (FISP) Mentored by Adam Burgasser

Cosmocosm: Sound Planetarium

Imagine entering a dark room, the walls and ceiling lined with speakers and plenty of space to stand or sit by yourself or in a small group. Instead of watching the stars reveal themselves on the ceiling of a planetarium, we hear localized sounds coming from every direction, spatialized in a full sphere around the body—this is our Sound Planetarium. For this project, we use data sonification techniques to translate existing astronomical data from the bright star catalogue into spatialized sounds. The Sound Planetarium is an audio laboratory, with the ability to modulate different samples to match the physical qualities of stars (ex. spectral type, spectral class, brightness, and color) to physical qualities of sound (ex. timbre, rhythm, volume, and frequency). In addition to experimenting with the sound qualities, we also adjust their locations according to the Earth’s rotation. Bridging the disciplines of live performance, audio installation, data sonification, and Astrophysics, our trans-sensory artwork is designed to live in between experimental art practice and scientific inquiry.

Panel 34 Student Leadership Chambers

Dailey, Leandrew. Fort Lewis College Pharmacology SURF Mentored by Susan Taylor

A Study Of The Recurrent Acrodysostosis Type I Mutation, R368X: Type Ia Holoenzyme Structure And Mechanisms Of Dominant Disease Penetrance

Protein Kinase A, a tetrameric holoenzyme comprised of two Catalytic and one dimeric Regulatory (R) subunit, is the prototypical kinase that responds to cAMP. Of the four functionally non-redundant R subunits, RIα is the dominant, ubiquitously expressed isoform. Recently, mutations in RIα have been linked to a rare condition, Acrodysostosis type I (ACRDYS1), where patients display severe skeletal defects, mental retardation, and hormonal resistance. Our studies will focus on one recurrent ACRDYS1 mutation, RIα R368X. Currently, no structures of Type Iα holoenzyme have been solved.

Preliminary crystallographic studies using a patient mutation deleting the last 15 residues (R368X) have yielded low resolution structures which we aim to improve. To evaluate dominant penetrance of ACRDYS1, we proposed that R-subunit heterodimerization may render dimers unresponsive to cAMP. To evaluate heterodimer formation, we co-expressed wild type and R368X RIα.

We will use in vitro cAMP assays to assess responsiveness of RIα heterodimers. Collectively, this data will identify a possible mechanism for dominant disease penetrance and provide a pharmacological platform for rational drug design for acrodysostosis patients, since no clinical treatments yet exist.

Panel 37 SSC 350

D'Andrea, Erika. UC San Diego, Thurgood Marshall College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Nancy Postero

To Exist Is To Resist: The Performance Of Female Queer Identity And The Claiming Of Social Space In Cochabamba, Bolivia

This investigation explores the performance of lesbian and bisexual identity and the movement to claim space for social recognition in Cochabamba, Bolivia. Queer women in Bolivia face alienation and exclusion, as they exist in a country where patriarchal and heteronormative structures dominate social hierarchies. By examining this context, I clarify that the subtle ways in which lesbian and bisexual women make their identities visible are in fact acts of resistance against dominant social norms. I argue that visual representation of lesbian and bisexual women through non-normative attire and the clandestine yet supportive spaces in which gatherings take place allow these women to define their identity and validate their existence. Further, I argue that lesbian and bisexual women, who are commonly excluded and marginalized from public discourse, designate space to make visible their identities in order to create an alternative sphere in which their concerns can be recognized and discussed. This collective recognition, however, is not allinclusive; I uncover how female queer representation and social space in Cochabamba abide by a structure of norms that in turn exclude certain identities.

Panel 12 Marshall College Room

Dang, Nghi. UC San Diego, John Muir College UCSD MSTP SURF Program Mentored by Nicole Purcell

Removal Of Phlpp2 Protects Astrocytes From Injury

A newly found serine/threonine phosphatase PHLPP, Pleckstrin Homology domain Leucine Rich repeat Protein Phosphatase, can directly dephosphorylate several members of the AGC family of kinases, including Akt. There are two isoforms of PHLPP: PHLPP1 and PHLPP2. Our lab has demonstrated that removal of PHLPP1 increases Akt activity in primary astrocytes leading to protection from ischemic damage. However, removal of PHLPP2 does not alter Akt activity, thus the target of PHLPP2 in the brain and astrocytes are unknown. Preliminary data suggests that removal of PHLPP2 results in astrocyte survival following oxidative stress and inhibits inflammation induced by scratch wounding. Primary astrocytes from wildtype and PHLPP2 knockout (KO) mice brains will be used to analyze the signaling pathways altered following oxidative stress and wounding. Our findings will help elucidate the targets of PHLPP2 removal that are important for survival and anti-inflammatory response following injury in astrocytes.

Thus, PHLPP2 may serve as a therapeutic target to treat inflammatory neurological diseases in which astrocytes play an important role.

Panel 23 East Ballroom

Davis, Rodney. Morehouse College Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Tom Murphy

Lunar Lasing Ranging

Lunar Laser Ranging: Opportunity to better understand Gravity While the theories of quantum mechanics and general relativity (gravity) each work very well separately, they are fundamentally incompatible with each other. Reconciling the two theories would be a critical step forward in advancing our understanding of the universe. Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR), in which laser signals directed toward the moon are returned by reflectors placed by Apollo astronauts, provides one of the best tests of gravity since the early Apollo missions to the moon. Using a 3.5-meter telescope at the Apache Point Observatory, we determine the Earth-moon distance with precise measurements of the elapsed time between detections of reflected photons. Our experiment improves the precision of previous LLR measurements by a factor of ten, from the centimeter to millimeter level, and reduces statistical uncertainty by increasing the signalto-noise ratio. I am using python to write software that allows a Raspberry Pi communication with a PicoFyb switch-box, which communicates with the laser. The ultimate goal of this project is to progress toward a unified theory of quantum mechanics and general relativity.

Panel 1 East Ballroom

Davis, Andrew. Morehouse College UCSD-Morehouse-Spelman Physics Bridge Program Mentored by Adam Burgasser

Development Of The Splat Web Interface

The SpeX Prism Library Analysis Toolkit (SPLAT) is a Python-based spectral access and analysis package designed to interface with an online repository of over 1500 low-resolution, near-infrared spectra of lowtemperature stars and brown dwarfs. Currently, SPLAT users must have some experience with Python in order to call the functions that it can perform.

This requirement poses as a knowledge barrier for researchers not proficient in Python, or those with limited programming skills. I have developed a prototype web interface for SPLAT using the web framework Flask and the interactive graphical visualization tools available in Bokeh. This project helps broaden the use of SPLAT, particularly for students and citizen scientists, allowing greater access to astronomy tools and data, and hands-on exposure to core astronomical concepts such as spectroscopy.

Panel 29 Earl Warren Room

Davis, Samona. Howard University Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Jeanne Townsend

Identification Of Attention Impairment In Autism Using The Attention Trip

Abnormalities of visual attention are among the earliest indicators of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). There is evidence that these impairments persist throughout the lifespan affecting development and function. One of the more commonly used assessments of attention is the Attention Network Test (ANT) which is designed to measure alerting, orienting and executive function networks. While effective, the ANT is lengthy and tedious.

Participants may become disengaged which in turn may affect the results, particularly in clinical populations. This study compares the ANT to a new and more engaging game-based assessment of the same attention networks, the Attention Trip (ATrip). Study goals are to examine attention impairment in young adults with high functioning ASD compared to typically developing young adults using both the ANT and the ATrip and to compare those results to a previous ANT study that found attention impairment in ASD (Keehn et al, 2010). Identification of impairments in the attention networks of ASD individuals using neuro-gaming interventions has the potential to significantly impact clinical assessment and treatment of ASD and may be more effective than traditional methods.

Panel 4 Ballroom A

De Moraes, Ingrid. Palomar College Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Robert Castro

Ucsd Chicano Theatre Ensemble Collaborative Visual And Performing Arts Original Performance Response To Sdmoca The Exhibit Papel Chicano Dos: Works On Paper From The Collection Of Cheech Marin UCSD Chicano Theatre Ensemble

Collaborative Visual and Performing Arts Original Performance Response to the SDMOCA exhibit: “Papel Chicano Dos: Works on Paper from the Collection of Cheech Marin” This paper researches what Chicano Theatre collaboration process response is, how it responds to its environment, with a special focus on contemporary urban culture, practicing radical inclusive theatre, and activation of a space into a performance stage. I argue that the activist aesthetics, founded by Teatro Campesino, have been transcending its functions, evolving into a new theatrical organism. This paper analyzes books, articles, and it includes a study with all artists who are part of the exhibition, as well as interviews with various scholars. I also look and consider ways to meaningfully connect and open a discussion about what contemporary Chicano Theatre is. I try to hypothetically define it as a theatre without borders, a worldly ensemble represented by all nations and all possibilities within the wide spectrum of culture. To conclude, I would like to open a fair dialogue on practicing radical inclusion in all performances and/with intercultural ensembles meanings.

Panel 3 Dance Studio

Delgado Rodriguez, Estela. Southwestern College Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Elizabeth Reed

Estima Microfinance Tijuana

In Tijuana, Mexico Female Sex Workers (FSW) are among the populations at greatest risk for HIV and other Sexual Transmitted Infections (STIs).

Economic vulnerability is one of the main reasons for why women are involved in sex work and also associated with increased experiences of violence and unprotected sex with clients. ESTIMA is a microfinance program that addresses the economic vulnerability of 120 FSW in Tijuana, Mexico by providing group loans and; it is based on groups (minimum five women) loans entrepreneurial support supporting women to start a small business. This paper seeks to understand the challenges related to the recruitment of FSWs for this type of microfinance intervention. In-depth interviews were done with four study staff to analyze recruitment experiences. Emerging patterns reveal that the most prominent challenges are those related to FSW’s perception of the project and staff, the program’s recruitment strategy, and the context of the target population. Recommendations for increased reception among the target population include providing monetary incentives prior to study enrollment, generating interest through visual media, and changes to recruitment location.

Panel 21 SSC 554A

Dhiyebi, Hanna. California State University San Marcos (CSUSM) Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Shyni Varghese

Modeling Ductal Carcinoma In Situ

Cancer is the second leading cause of death, killing millions of people all over the world. It affects those in developed countries but hurts more people in developing countries. Amongst many different cancers, Breast cancer is reported to be the most prominent form of cancer especially amongst women.

Studies show that new cases are diagnosed every 2 minutes. Additionally, one of the common forms of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) where abnormal growth occurs within cells lining the mammary ducts. Although non-invasive, DCIS is a perquisite for invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) which is the lethal form of this disease. Using 3D bioprinting techniques, platforms have been used to recreate certain aspects of the cancer microenvironment.

Within this study, we have created a novel platform recapitulating the cellular and extracellular matrix (ECM) compositions along with physical cues present within the tumor environment using 3D photopatterning technique and fluidics technology. Using this approach, we aim to create and validate 3D tissue engineered breast cancer microenvironment, that would allow us to better understand this disease within an in vitro setting.

Panel 32 Sixth College Room

Diaz, Emily. Hofstra University Pharmacology SURF Mentored by Ă…sa Gustafsson

Mitochondrial Clearance Sale: Clearance Of Damaged Mitochondria Is Independent Of The Small Rab Gtpase Rab7

Damaged organelles, such as dysfunctional mitochondria, are quickly degraded by the cell to prevent them from activating cell death. Cells can eliminate mitochondria via the autophagy- or endosomal degradation pathways. Both pathways utilize Rab7 to fuse late endosomes or autophagosomes to lysosomes, respectively, for cargo degradation. To further investigate the role of Rab7 in eliminating mitochondria, we studied WT and Rab7-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). We used immunofluorescence (IF) microscopy and western blotting (WB) to assess mitochondrial clearance in WT and Rab7-/- MEFs in response to treatment with the mitochondrial uncoupler FCCP. The IF and WB experiments demonstrate that Rab7-/- MEFs are still able to clear their damaged mitochondria. This suggests that that there exists an alternative Rab7independent mechanism of mitochondrial clearance in cells. Increased understanding of the pathways involved in removing damaged mitochondria from cells is important because it could potentially identify new therapeutic targets to prevent or treat heart disease.

Panel 20 SSC 554

Dinescu, Andreea. UC San Diego, Earl Warren College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Robert Sah

Localization And Quantification Of Mineral Deposition At The Engineered Osteochondral Interfac [Abstract redacted owing to proprietary information.]

Panel 29 Earl Warren Room

Dixon, Natasha. California State University San Bernardino Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Leslie Carver

Social Stimuli And Non-Social Stimuli Reward Response

The Social Motivation Hypothesis (SMH) suggests that children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) may be less rewarded by social stimuli than typically developing children.

The goal of this research is to understand how social reward processing deficits develop.

Reward anticipation will be measured through an associative learning paradigm (ALP). Through the ALP, children will be presented with the letter X, followed by a delay and social stimuli(face) and a square, followed by a delay and non-social stimuli (toy).

We will then measure the brains response to the stimuli using electroencephalogram (EEG). We use Event Related Potentials (ERP) to measure reward anticipation and Stimulus-Preceding Negativity (SPN), which is thought to reflect internal anticipation of reward.

Though the study is in the preliminary stages, we anticipate neurotypical children will exhibit greater ERP and SPN in response to the faces compared to the toys. In future studies, we expect infants at risk for developing ASD to show lower ERP and SNP in response to social stimuli, indicating a decreased anticipatory response for social stimuli.

Panel 2 Muir Room

Do, Kevin. University of San Diego (USD) McNair Scholars Program Mentored by Leeva Chung

The Development And Negotiation Of An Asian-American'S Identity: A Pop Cultural Direction

This paper explores the identity development and negotiation of AsianAmericans born in the United States. The current psychological literature on identity development is rooted in Erickson’s (1980) Stages of Psychosocial Development. The model serves as a foundation within the field of identity and is now applied to ethnic identity developments. In communication studies, Ting-Toomey’s (1999) Identity Negotiation Theory accentuates the importance that identity serves as the underpinning for intercultural communication processes. This literature review utilizes an interdisciplinary approach to explore how Asian Americans born in the United States develop and negotiate their identity. While various social scientists have studied identity development and negotiation, very few have accounted for the role of popular culture. Because popular culture is controlled by the dominant group and imposes Eurocentric viewpoints, it is essential to see how it plays a role in an Asian-American’s socialization in the larger culture; pop culture has the ability to blur cultural boundaries. Overall, this literature review will serve as the foundation for future research on the impact of media/pop-culture on the development and negotiation of an Asian-American’s identity.

Panel 16 SSC 300

Duncan, Ashlynn. University of Hawaii at Manoa Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Seana Coulson

The Role Of Kinesthetic And Visuo-Spatial Working Memory On Gesture Comprehension

A great deal of communication is non-verbal, including the use of gesture.

Here, we examine the role of kinesthetic working memory (KWM) and visuospatial working memory (VSWM) in gesture comprehension. A dual-task paradigm will be used to test whether imposing a load on either KWM or VSWM interferes more with gesture comprehension. Participants will watch video clips of a man describing an image, accompanied by congruent and incongruent gestures. Then, they will be shown two images and asked to choose the one that is most closely related to the video content. The videos will be paired with one of two tasks. In the KWM task, participants first view a pose, watch the video, then mimic the pose. In the VSM task, participants first view a sequence of squares that light up on a grid, watch the video, then recall the sequence. We expect to learn which working memory system is more involved in gesture comprehension by determining which has the greatest interference on the gesture comprehension task while looking at how quickly participants choose the most closely related image.

Panel 39 SSC 450

Ellenberg, Molly. UC San Diego, Earl Warren College Mentored by Amy Lansing

Predictors Of Internalizing And Externalizing In Juvenile Delinquents

This study examines emotional abuse combined with symptoms of psychopathy and Complicated Grief as predictors of internalizing and externalizing symptoms in life-course persistent delinquent youth.

Psychopathy has been highly linked to criminality in previous literature and has been associated with histories of childhood trauma and adversity.

Complicated Grief, unlike psychopathy, has not been thoroughly examined in populations of justice-involved youth. However, individuals with histories of trauma and abuse have been shown to be more susceptible to developing Complicated Grief in the event of a loss. Most literature on LCPD and incarcerated youth has focused on externalizing symptoms such as those demonstrated in psychopathy. This study, however, demonstrates that psychopathy and Complicated Grief together predict internalizing symptoms in addition to externalizing symptoms. The addition of emotional abuse to the linear regression models increased the amount of variance predicted by psychopathy and Complicated Grief, thus demonstrating the significant effect that this form of childhood maltreatment, which is notoriously difficult to prove, has on the psychological symptomatology of this population.

Panel 4 Ballroom A

Epperson, Jairett. UC San Diego, John Muir College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Luz Chung

Preserving Art And Culture: A Center’S Mission To Disseminate The Latino And Indigenous Heritage Of San Diego

Centro Cultural de la Raza possess the tools to create, preserve, and promote the art and culture of Chicano, Mexicano, Latino and Indigenous peoples hailing from the San Diego/Tijuana region. The Centro educates patrons of all cultural affiliations and academic interests through a dynamic and interdisciplinary calendar of events hosted at their Balboa Park location. The Centro is intended to be a safe place for students and the general public to actively engage in the discussion surrounding artistic growth and cultural exchange in the San Diego/Tijuana region. While the Centro's art preservation methods may be less than satisfactory, the efforts that that this community makes to create and preserve art and culture shows a strong dedication to their mission. Through a participant-observer model, I will address the following question: How has Centro Cultural de la Raza Preserved and Facilitated Artistic Growth and Cultural Exchange in the San Diego region?

Panel 34 Student Leadership Chambers

Espino, Tanya. California State University San Marcos (CSUSM) Mentored by Sajith Jayansighe

Structural Characterization Of E. Coli Outer Membrane Protein Csgg And Chaperone Protein Csge

Curli fibers are known to be involved in bacterial adhesion to surfaces, cell aggregation, and biofilm formation. Curli belongs to a class of fibers known as amyloids. Curli assembly requires 5 proteins, CsgA, CsgB, CsgE, CsgF, and CsgG. CsgA and CsgB are the major structural components of curli.

CsgG is an outer membrane protein responsible for the secretion of CsgA and CsgB to the extracellular surface. CsgE and CsgF are thought to be chaperon proteins in which are responsible for transport of CsgA and CsgB in the periplasm. Research done on curli identified functional interactions between CsgG and CsgE during curli secretion. Recent crystal structure of CsgG indicated the transmembrane segment of the protein adopts a b-sheet structure. However, not much is known regarding the interactions between CsgG and the other curli assembly proteins. The ultimate goal of our study is to characterize the membrane associated structure of CsgG, to gain insight on how its structure contributes to its function in curli formation, and to determine any interaction with CsgE. Panel 25 Dance Studio

Farmer, Johnathan. University of San Diego (USD) McNair Scholars Program Mentored by Ramiro Frausto

Identification Of Macroeconomic Shocks

This work represents a new method for identification of macroeconomic shocks by solving the simultaneous equation problem with conditional heteroskedasticity. These shocks coincide with business cycles and the

propagation of these shocks can have effects on various parts of the economy.

Two tested methods identifies the structural coefficient(Roberto Rigobon), and the second uses co-movements to identify shocks(Roberto Rigobon & Brian Sack). The method proposed will measure the shocks of a supply and demand system by analyzing the linear function not affected by the shock.

Panel 32 Sixth College Room

Fernandez, Blanca. Imperial Valley College Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Mark Lawson

Ffa Reduces Lhb Gene Expression By Ros

Women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) have hormone imbalances, are often overweight, and are at risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Obesity affects both normal and PCOS women and is associated with decreased Luteinizing Hormone (LH) levels and infertility. To understand the complex relationship between obesity and fertility we are investigating the effect of free fatty acids(FFA) on LH production. We believe FFA decreases the LH production. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete LH in pulses. We believe that reactive oxygen (ROS) facilitates the effect of FFA on LH. We tested the effect on the gene expression by blocking ROS with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an ROS scavenger. In experiment 1 we treated a pituitary cell line with NAC, FFA, and GnRH. In experiment 2 we tested cells treated with FFA and pulsatile GnRH. Both experiments then underwent the same procedures: RNA extraction, reverse transcription of RNA, and QPCR for Lhb and GAPDH gene expression. We anticipate that blocking ROS will prevent the effect that FFA have on gene expression.

Panel 13 Student Leadership Chambers

Flahive, Richard. UC San Diego, John Muir College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Amy Binder

Career Pathways And Mechanisms: A Comparison Of Undergraduate Job-Taking At Elite Private Universities, Top Public Flagship Universities, Regional Universities, And Liberal Arts Colleges In The United States

Much has been written about the effects of college attendance on post-college outcomes. For example, we know from large-scale survey and census data that college graduates earn higher salaries and attain higher occupational levels than people with some college, community college degrees, and high school diplomas (in descending order). Yet while this literature has laid out the general contours of these large-scale trends, we know little about other dimensions of the relationship between college education and the labor market. For example, how do college graduates obtain their first jobs, and what is the role of university career centers or other units (academic departments) in this process? How does job-taking vary, across different institutional types Are there some jobs that are available only to the elite tier of college graduates, and if so, what are those jobs, how are they obtained, and to what degree do they create or sustain social and economic inequality?

Through this analysis, we gain a much deeper understanding of the distinctive

linkages between university/college campuses and the occupational sectors and firms where students take jobs.

Panel 25 Dance Studio

Fleming, Lauren. Spelman College Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Seth Hill

The Politics Of Drinking Water

Does political participation influence the drinking water quality of cities?

American scholars have proven that there is a strong correlation between community characteristics such as race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic statuses and environmental quality, however, none have applied voter turnout as a proxy for determining environmental standards. I claim that cities with a higher local voter turnout rate will have better drinking water quality than cities with lower local voter turnout. Tested toxins, nitrate and arsenic commonly produced from polluting industries are less likely to affect conscious citizens due to limited polluting industries. I offer a regression analysis of Californian cities’ local election turnout and recorded drinking water quality data from 1995-2014 to analyze the trends of political participation and water quality. I expect to observe that drinking water quality is significantly higher when voter turnout is also high. Citizens’ political participation could determine the fate of their drinking water quality and overall environmental standards. If political participation influences environmental standards, citizens could improve the environmental standards of their cities by voting.

Panel 39 SSC 450

Frausto, Ramiro. University of San Diego (USD) McNair Scholars Program Mentored by Stephen Pearlberg

Predicting Consultation And Other Health Outcomes Among Veterans Who Have Experienced Military Sexual Trauma

As part of the Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom Care Management clinical program, veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan must complete a series of self-report assessments concerning mental and physical health when enrolling in the VA system. This retrospective study will analyze self-reported scores of veterans who enrolled in the VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS) from March 2012 to December 2013. Current research focuses on those who screened positive for military sexual trauma (MST), described as “sexual assault or repeated, threatening sexual harassment” during one’s military service (Veterans Administration, 2015.). We aim to identify factors that predict whether or not a person who screens positive (MST+) will receive a subsequent psychological consultation within an MST clinic. Our analysis will consider scored health questionnaires, clinician referrals and notes from chart reviews performed 6 months after intake. We hope to identify expected outcomes for veterans who screen MST+, particularly those who do not request consults. In

understanding this, eventually, we can help encourage more positive outcomes for veterans who report MST.

Panel 21 SSC 554A

Friend, Nicole. UC San Diego, Sixth College Bioengineering REU Mentored by Karen Christman

Myoblast Response Environments

To

Tissue

Specific

Extracellular

Matrix

Cell delivery has been used to improve tissue function in cases of volumetric muscle loss, peripheral artery disease, and muscular dystrophy. However, previous cell delivery methods have resulted in low cell viability and differentiation leading to the utilization of extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogels for cell delivery to mimic the microenvironment of cells within the body. This study aims to determine which ECM environment invokes the greatest cellular response for future use in myoblast delivery for muscle tissue regeneration. Each ECM provides a similar microenvironment, however, it is important to understand how slight variations contribute to myoblast response in native and non-native ECM environments. Tissue from porcine lung, heart, and skeletal muscle was collected, decellularized, milled, and reconstituted as hydrogels. Murine primary myoblasts were cultured then encapsulated in ECM hydrogels or collagen and subsequent assays were performed to determine cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation over time in each ECM environment. It is predicted that the myoblasts encapsulated and cultured in skeletal muscle ECM will have the highest percentage of viability, proliferation, and differentiation, as this is the cell’s native environment.

Panel 13 Student Leadership Chambers

Fuentes, Sandra. UC San Diego, Revelle College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Lelli Van Den Einde

Fostering Earthquake Safety Awareness

School Earthquake Safety Initiative (SESI) aims to increase awareness about earthquake engineering by having experts collaborate in different aspects.

Classroom Education and Outreach is a subcommittee within SESI. The purpose of this committee is to create a dialog about earthquake school safety within the community, all people with access to school facilities, and create leaders in science and public safety. This will be achieved through the integration of earthquake engineering to K-12 curriculum to foster earthquake safety awareness. Preliminary use of the curriculum demonstrates that age appropriate earthquake engineering material is possible to create.

This curriculum and teaching techniques will be further applied to students in the California State Summer School for Mathematics and Science (COSMOS) for high school students. Further research will seek to develop material connected to each individual power standard to help teachers ease

implementation of earthquake engineering curriculum and emphasize desired material.

Panel 33 Marshall College Room

Fulop, Sarah. Palomar College 4Cs@UCSD REU Mentored by Gourisankar Ghosh

Preparation Of A Modified Nf-Kb His-Sumo-Rela Protein

NF-kB is a family of proteins that play a critical role in cellular immune and inflammatory responses, growth and survival through the transcriptional regulation of specific effector genes. RelA (p65) is one of the five subunits of the NF-kB family. Its N-terminal region, encompassing residues 19 to 304, directly binds to DNA. Previous studies have shown that the methylation of Arg30 modulates RelA’s ability to bind to DNA and regulate transcription.

Although it has been observed in vivo, the Arg30 methylated RelA has not yet been examined in vitro. In this study we first expressed a RelA peptide fragment (38-304) with a His-SUMO tag using an E. coli expression system.

The enzyme SUMO protease was then used to create an open N-terminal on Cys38. The RelA peptide spanning residues 19 to 38 with methylated Arg30 was synthesized by our collaborator in vitro and then ligated to the 38-304 peptide. The semi-synthesized RelA (19-304) with Arg30 methylation will be tested in comparison to unmodified RelA in vitro to better understand how RelA binds to DNA. Panel 19 SSC 450

Garcia, Jasmine. UC San Diego, John Muir College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Ryan Hechinger

Parasite Recognition And Avoidance Behavior In The California Killifish, Fundulus Parvipinnis

Parasites can strongly impact their hosts. In order to reduce fitness costs resulting from parasitism, hosts have evolved avoidance behaviors to prevent infection. Fresh water fish, intermediate hosts to certain trematodes, have been documented to detect parasites and then shoal or mitigate movement to reduce their infection rate (James et. al, 2008; Stumbo et. al, 2012). However, little is known if the findings are applicable to fish in California estuaries. Our study will analyze the behavior of the California killifish when subjected to infectious propagules (cercariae) of the trematode parasite Euhaplorchis californiensis. This parasite is known to impact the fish by modifying their behavior, making infected fish 30x more likely to be eaten by predator birds (Lafferty & Morris, 1996). Using controlled exposures and videography of fish in experimental aquaria, we will examine whether and how California killifish recognize and respond to E. californiensis cercariae. The findings will increase our understanding of a classic and model host-parasite system and more generally expand knowledge of the behavioral aspects of parasite-host interactions.

Panel 16 SSC 300

Garcia, Karen. California State University Northridge Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Seana Coulson

Verbal Working Memory And Gesture Comprehension: Related Potentials (Erp) Study

An Event-

Many people tend to “talk with their hands” because it helps them keep a rhythm when they talk, especially when there is a lot of information to remember. Here, we ask whether co-speech gesture can benefit listeners, in addition to speakers. In the present study, electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings of the participants’ brain waves were recorded as they watched a video of a speaker talking about everyday items while he produced either congruent or incongruent (related or unrelated) gestures during his speech.

Then, they were asked to determine whether a picture shown afterward was related to what the speaker was talking about or not. Verbal working memory resources were manipulated by asking participants to remember either one or four digits (low vs high load) and recall the digits after watching the video. It is hypothesized that congruency effects might be greater for high-load trials compared to low-load trials. These findings would suggest that verbal working memory is in fact important for gesture comprehension.

Panel 27 Red Shoe Room

Garcia, Melvin. University of California Berkeley Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Agnieszka D'Antonio-Chronowska

Generation Of A Collection Of Crispr-Mediated Human Ipsc And IpscDerived Cardiomyocytes To Model Genetic Variants Involved In Long Qt Syndrome Type 1 And 3

Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is an electrophysiological cardiac disorder characterized by abnormalities of the ion channels in the heart, resulting in prolonged electrocardiographic QT interval, and sudden cardiac arrest.

Family studies of LQTS demonstrated low penetrance (25-90%) (Vincent et al. 1992; Priori et al., 2007; Viadero et al. 2011; Giudicessi and Ackerman, 2013). We investigate LQTS type 1 and 3 each known to be caused by variants rs199473662 (KCNQ1 R190Q) and rs137854600 (SCN5A R1623Q) respectively. We are using a collection of 54 human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), CRISPR-edited to carry these variants in addition to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs2074238 and rs185711973 with potential regulatory functions. We are deriving and collecting cardiomyocytes from these hiPSCs through a highly standardized pipeline we have developed. We are characterizing the molecular profiles of all hiPSC and hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes by RNA-seq, ChIP-Seq for H3K27ac (active chromatin mark) and, ATAC-seq. This resource will enable functional genetic studies aimed to understand the genetic basis of low penetrance in LQTS type 1 and 3.

Panel 14 Governance Chambers

Gavin, Zachary. UC San Diego, Sixth College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Sheng Xu

Dermal Impedance, Drug Delivery, And Design Of Wearable Iontophoretic Devices

Iontophoresis is the process of improving passive dermal drug delivery by relying upon current to transport drugs through the skin. When iontophoresis is utilized in a wearable device, device design, power usage, and drug penetration all provide new challenges. Due to the very large impedance of skin’s outermost layer (the stratum corneum), analyzing dermal impedance is key to successful drug delivery and reducing power usage. Critical improvements can be made by varying electrode size and spacing, current frequency, and elements in the skin itself.

Panel 9 ERC Room

Ghiorso, Kathryn. University of San Diego (USD) Summer Undergraduate Research Experience (SURE) Program Mentored by Jennifer Prairie

The Effects Of Density Gradients On Copepod Swimming Behavior

Zooplankton play an important role in marine ecosystems as the primary grazers of phytoplankton resulting in the transport of carbon to higher trophic levels. Copepods, the most common type of multicellular zooplankton in the ocean, often perform daily vertical migrations through the water column which require them to move through density gradients, or pycnoclines. Of the many environmental factors affecting zooplankton swimming behavior, pycnoclines are the main focus of this experiment. Our objective is to quantify the effects of these pycnoclines on copepod vertical movement and swimming behavior.

Copepods were collected in situ and starved for 24 hours before being used for foraging experiments. Copepods were placed in a tank either with or without a density gradient. Two cameras were positioned perpendicularly to the tank, allowing for 3D observation of copepod swimming tracks. Image analysis using Matlab allowed for quantification of copepod swimming velocity, turning rate, and vertical distribution for the different treatments.

Here, we will present preliminary results demonstrating how various copepod swimming behavior characteristics and distributions are affected by the presence or absence of a density gradient.

Panel 15 Forum

Gomez, Itzel. UC San Diego, Eleanor Roosevelt College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Marty Ralph

Assessing The Role Of Soil Moisture On Reservoir Inflow In The Russian River Basin

Levels of precipitation in California have been low over the past five years and have resulted in a historic drought. Reservoirs which store much of California’s water supply, have experienced severe decreases in inflow due to low precipitation and potentially exasperated by unsaturated soil near

reservoirs. Therefore, in order to better predict and plan for a decreasing water supply, it is important to understand the relationship between soil moisture, precipitation, and reservoir inflow. To better understand this relationship, we will look at different locations within coastal regions of California and use station and gridded data. Our analysis includes data from years with highly variable precipitation levels, starting in 2010 and extending until June of 2016, specifically looking at dates corresponding to the occurrence of Atmospheric River events. Based on previous research, we anticipate that soil moisture directly affects the volume of streamflow to the reservoir. By using data from a relatively wet year and an extreme drought, this analysis will show how soil moisture affects reservoir inflow, and thus water supplies during various conditions.

Panel 21 SSC 554A

Gonzales, Alana. Scripps College Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) SURF Mentored by Karen Christman

Efficacy Of An Extracellular Matrix-Based Hydrogel As A Delivery Method For Microrna

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have demonstrated therapeutic potential due their role in post-transcriptional gene regulation. However, complications in delivering miRNAs due to rapid degradation by RNases and uncontrolled diffusion have hindered the success of these therapeutics. This study examines the efficacy of an extracellular matrix (ECM)-based hydrogel as a delivery method for miRNAs. We hypothesized that the ECM hydrogels would yield a slow release of miRNAs while preventing degradation. For the purpose of our study, we focused on delivering antimir and antagomir oligonucleotides, which inhibit the function of other miRNAs. Skeletal muscle and pericardial ECM hydrogels were produced by decellularizing porcine-derived tissue with detergent, followed by lyophilization, milling, and pepsin digestion. Antimir and antagomir conjugated with a Cy3 dye were mixed with the ECM hydrogels, and PBS supernatant was collected every 24 hours to quantify the amount of antimir or antagomir released via fluorescence readings with a plate reader. Samples from the release study were examined for signs of degradation using gel electrophoresis. Overall, the results of this study will improve the therapeutic efficacy of miRNAs for later in vivo applications.

Panel 43 Forum

Gonzalez, Valeria. UC San Diego, Earl Warren College McNair Scholars Program Mentored by Todd Coleman

Miniaturization Of Flexible Antennas For Integration Onto Adhesive Electronic Sensors

Current efforts to fabricate flexible electronic sensors employ microfabrication processes resembling screen printing techniques that allow ultra-thin and flexible features for a “skin-like� profile. An impediment in this approach is the size of the integrated components needed to process and communicate the recorded data. The bulky and rigid design of these components sacrifice some of the flexibility and stretchability from the ultra-thin foundation. Micro-sized versions of certain components can be obtained off-the-shelf, but such

alternatives for larger components are not currently available. The antenna used to allow Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) communication, is one of the bulkiest components on the chips. Our research focuses on resolving this issue by fabricating a flexible and stretchable antenna. This antenna is modeled after the 2.4GHz inverted F antenna from Texas Instruments. A key focus in our study is to miniaturize the antenna as small as possible while maintaining a 2.4GHz frequency. A successful outcome in our research would provide ultrathin flexible electronics a low-cost alternative to communicate data to external devices without sacrificing their flexibility and low-profile.

Panel 43 Forum

Gonzalez, Damian. UC San Diego, John Muir College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Joanna McKittrick

Biomimicry Of Cuttlefish Using Surface Magnetized Pigments

Damian Gonzalez, Sze Hei Siu , Cindy Ayala, Kai Prager, Michael B. Frank, Joanna M. McKittrick Institute for Mexicans Abroad (IME-Becas), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of NanoEngineering University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 Flamboyant cuttlefish are cephalopods that use neuromuscular organs called chromatophores to change color and texture to blend in with their surroundings.The neurobiological mechanism for how the chromatophore functions has been studied, however, a bioinspired method for reproducing their color movement has not yet been described. Calcite mineral-based pigments with a cationic charge in water were magnetized via electrostatic adsorption of superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles from anionic charged ferrofluid. The magnetized pigments were imparted with responsivity to a magnetic field that resembled superparamagnetic particles and they mostly retained their original pigment hue. Separation and combination of magnetized pigments within a fluid medium was conducted to visualize striping patterns that resembled the flamboyant cuttlefish. Additional work with coloration and magnetization of silica particles was conducted to develop new materials whereby both color and texture can be manipulated.

Panel 12 Marshall College Room

Gonzalez, Julisa. San Diego City College Pharmacology SURF Mentored by Albert La Spada

Analysis Of Peroxin Gene Expression In Tissue Culture Model

Peroxisomes are organelles that carry out various oxidative reactions resulting in the breakdown of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA). Elevated levels of ROS and VLCFAs are associated with multiple neurodegenerative disorders. In order to determine whether peroxisomes are important contributors to disease pathology in neurodegeneration we are studying PEX gene expression. PEX genes are important regulators of peroxisome biology and are required for normal peroxisomal function. We are specifically examining the effects of

transcription factor knockdown on peroxisome biogenesis by determining the effects on PEX gene expression. We hypothesize that there are transcription factors that regulate PEX gene production resulting in alteration of normal peroxisome biology leading to disease pathology. Using short interference RNA (siRNA) technology, reverse transcription, quantitative qPCR, and western blotting we are characterizing the effects of transcription factors on peroxin gene production. Studying transcriptional networks of peroxisome biogenesis may result in identifying targets that could serve as frameworks to design novel treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.

Panel 2 Muir Room

Gonzalez, Olivia. University of San Diego (USD) University of San Diego McNair Scholars Program Mentored by Susannah Stern

The Power Of A Frog On A Unicycle: Investigating Youth Meme Participation

Memes exemplify an emerging media genre that has begun to receive attention from media and discourse scholars (Segev et al, 2015). However, little attention has been paid to the motivations behind Internet users’ participation in meme production, propagation, and consumption. And virtually no attention has focused on youth meme participants. This study sought to uncover the motivations behind teenagers’ participation in a genre that is commonly discounted as “mundane” (Shifman & Kampf, 2015).

Specifically, it aimed to understand why teenagers create, share and seek out memes in their everyday lives. This analysis is founded upon research conducted through interviews with ten teenagers residing in Southern California.

Thus far, the interviews have revealed that teenagers utilize the process of sharing memes as a creative form of communication through which they augment their interpersonal relationships. Moreover, regardless of their level of involvement in the propagation of memes, teenagers utilize specific sharing strategies to shape their online identity. Further interviews may validate or extend these initial findings, and provide greater insight into the motivations behind teens' involvement in this genre.

Panel 6 Red Shoe Room

Goshia*, Tyler. University of California Merced Bioengineering REU Mentored by Tyler Goshia

Determining The Physical Mechanism That Triggers Single To MultiCell Motility In Cancer Metastasis

Cancer metastasis requires tumor cell motility through dense collagenous 3D extracellular matrix (ECM). A key finding is that metastasis is enhanced through a phenomenon called vascular mimicry, wherein cancer cells differentiate into endothelial-like cells and form vessel-like structures.

Vascular mimicry is clinically predictive of metastatic disease. Therefore, determining what promotes vascular mimicry could provide novel therapeutic targets and lifesaving treatments for many varieties of metastatic cancer. We hypothesized that collagen density could promote vascular mimicry and are exploring the relationship between high-density extracellular matrix and cell

migration behavior. Several parameters of high-density 3D collagen could enhance cancer migration, including higher integrin binding and signaling, higher confinement due to small pore sizes, and lower oxygen availability. To explore the role of confinement independently of increased adhesive ligand binding, we made 3D PEGylated collagen gels (gels with non-bioactive polyethylene glycol to increase density without higher levels of collagen), and high-density gels of other matrix molecules (fibrin) to create confined microenvironments. Initial results show significant differences in motility for several matrix conditions and tubulogenesis mediated by confinement, but further study is required.

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Guerrero*, Nimsi. University of California Riverside Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Timothy Brady

Individual Differences In Visual Working Memory And Long Term Memory Precision

In working memory, items are kept in mind actively for short amounts of time whereas in long term memory, items are stored and later retrieved after longer periods of time. Previous studies have found that, on average, how precisely people can remember information is similar between working memory and long term memory. Could this mean that these two memory systems share the same visual representations? In other words, when we measure an individual’s working memory precision, can we predict their long term memory precision?

To test this, we will ask participants to remember the color of objects and report their colors after a delay in order to estimate the precision of visual information in working memory as well as long term memory. If working memory and long term memory are similar, perhaps because they share the same visual representations, then precision for each should be highly correlated, with the same individuals having high precision in both or low precision in both.

Panel 24 Muir Room

Gutierrez, Lorenia. UC San Diego, John Muir College Undergraduate Research Scholarship (URS) Mentored by Sheila Gahagan

The Effects Of Obesity-Driven Inflammation On Language Skills During Childhood

Obesity and obesity-driven inflammation in youth have become significantly associated with declines in cognitive function, motor skills, and language development. Because obesity among children is becoming more common, it is very important that we determine strategies to ensure successful early intervention and prevention. The current project will determine the extent at which incidence and persistence in obesity across children affects language skills in children at 5 and 10 years of age. The study uses longitudinal data from a large cohort of Chilean children (N=1657) who have been studied at infancy, early childhood, late childhood, adolescence and young adulthood.

The data contain extensive measures of obesity and language competence (via standardized cognitive tests, the WPPSI and the WISC-R). By analyzing how changes in obesity across development are related to language test scores at 5

years and at 10 years it is possible to better understand how obesity affects language development in children over time.

Panel 26 Bear Room

GutiĂŠrrez LĂłpez, Eduardo. Instituto TecnolĂłgico de Oaxaca Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Wei Xiong

Adsorbate-Substrate Interaction In Metal Surface Functionalization Employing Molecules With Thiol Group

Solid surfaces of metals, semiconductors and oxides with different topographies can be used as scaffolds for the construction of these supramolecular systems through the adsorption of different molecules. The interest in surface-confined molecular assemblies arises from their potential to combine and manipulate topological, chemical and functional features that are essential for a wide variety of technological application such a microanalysis, biotechnology, nanofabrication or corrosion protection, among others. Here we study the functionalization of metal surfaces using organic molecules with thiol functional group, such as 1 – octadecanothiol (ODT), cysteine and cysteine, employing immobilization techniques of self-assembled monolayers, where concentration of adsorbate and immersion time of gold, silver and platinum metal surfaces were varied and studied using the FTIR spectroscopy.

FTIR results indicate that there is a selectivity bonding with the thiol groups to establish bonds with metal surfaces.These results help study the surface attachment of complex structures such as DNA, peptides, and proteins.

Studying the interfacial behavior of molecules is of crucially importance in topics such as understanding protein orientations on surfaces, and developing immobilized DNA biosensors, etc Panel 6 Red Shoe Room

Hall, Marshaun. Howard University Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by David Cheresh

Escaping Senescence: Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) addiction to đ?›‚đ?›‚vđ?›ƒđ?›ƒ3 and GLUT3

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and deadliest of malignant primary brain tumors in adults. Like many other cancers, GBM upregulates the expression of ιvβ3, an integrin protein, for tumor proliferation and angiogenesis. Specific to GBM is the relationship between ιvβ3 and the glucose transporter, GLUT3, the primary transporter used by neurons in the brain. The purpose of this research is to illuminate the relationship between ιvβ3 and GLUT3 in GBM cell lines. We've found that expression of ιvβ3 is directly tied to expression of GLUT3, and that knockdown of either gene creates the same phenotypic result of increased cellular senescence. This interaction is limited to GBM cells; epithelial cancers show no specific preference for GLUT3, and will not senesce when the gene is knocked down.

Though drugs that target the function of the GLUT3 transporter alone are not practical, continued research into the exact pathway that allows for the

relationship between ιvβ3 and the GLUT3 transporter can help develop novel treatments to combat the aggressiveness and viability of GBM tumors.

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Han, May Madi. UC San Diego, John Muir College Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Nigel Calcutt

New Topical Cream Treatment Against Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Muscarinic Subtype 1 Acetylcholine Antagonist As An Enhancer Of Nerve Growth In Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

Diabetes affects over 25 million Americans. Peripheral neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes but lack of knowledge about the pathogenic mechanism limits treatment options. My laboratory recently identified pirenzepine (PZ), a muscarinic subtype 1 acetylcholine antagonist, as a factor that enhances nerve growth by removing endogenous cholinergic constraint of nerve metabolism. To develop PZ as a treatment for diabetic neuropathy, we initially investigated the frequency of subcutaneous PZ injections necessary to show efficacy. Groups of diabetic mice were treated 1,3 or 5 times/week with PZ and compared to vehicle-treated control and diabetic mice. We found that five days of treatment was necessary for maximal efficacy against thermal hypoalgesia and nerve conduction velocity slowing, although once weekly treatment was the only frequency to produce efficacy against tactile allodynia, suggesting that different symptoms of neuropathy may require different dosing frequencies. Imminent clinical trials of PZ in diabetic patients will deliver the drug as a topical cream. We are therefore currently repeating the above mentioned preclinical dose frequency study using topical delivery to guide design of treatment frequency in clinical trial.

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Hendrickson, Brandon. University of California Santa Barbara UC LEADS Mentored by James Nieh

Full Or Easy; Apis Melifera' S Preference For Food Sources Closer To The Hive Or Sources Providing Unlimited Sucrose

The bee waggle dance is a method of communicating multiple characteristics about a food source ie. Distance, direction, and quality of the food. In dynamic and often unpredictable environments the waggle dance can convey extremely useful information that drastically increases the efficiency of the hive by reducing foraging time for bees receiving the dance information and increasing the number of individuals as a profitable food source. It is currently not known if bees can keep two or more locations of a food source in their memory, though it is understood that a single dance conveys information about a single food source. Because food sources are variable in the environment in both distance from the hive and quality and or abundance of nectar, we hypothesize that the dance will be dependent upon the interaction between the two qualities of the food source. We predict that Apis Melifera

will dance for the closest food source to maximize foraging efficiency and reduce spatial error

Panel 43 Forum

Henry, Josh. The University of The West Indies Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Michael Yip

Electronic Braille Display Using Super-Coiled Polymer Actuators

Super-Coiled Polymer(SCP) actuators have been in the foreground for research due to its high yield and minimal cost. Although these actuators have potential to be used to replace human muscle or control tactile feedback mechanisms, use in these applications remains a significant challenge. The research aims to utilize these actuators in a tactile feedback mechanism specifically y replicating an electronic Braille display. In replicating an electronic Braille display, we hope to better understand how well these actuators serve in tactile feedback functions. In the first stage of the research, a workable design is produced using CAD software. Actuators are then made by wounding them, and heat treated at a with electronic pulses. The design is then manufactured using 3-D printing, laser cutting as well as actuators and springs. The research may possibly lead to even greater tactile feedback work with these SCP actuators and help determine help determine how well they would serve in certain applications.

Panel 8 Earl Warren Room

Hernandez, Yosira. UC San Diego, Earl Warren College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Tara Javidi

Object Detection Using Group Testing

Consider finding a specific object, within n number of the same objects, in the most efficient way. Although checking each object individually would result in an accurate outcome, this method is not time-efficient.

Another approach is group testing, searching strategically grouped elements.

Adaptive strategies, such as binary search, are dependent on the previous step and a procedure. However, non-adaptive strategies- for instance linear and random searches- do not need to know what happened beforehand. The goal is to construct an algorithm to identify the defective target while minimizing the number of tests to search for it. In the noiseless case the number of test to search for 100% accuracy is growing logarithmically. There are other cases which are noisy. An interesting question would be to establish tradeoff between time and accuracy. The objective of my research is to survey the different strategies available in literature and compare them. First we understand noiseless cases and design strategies to find the target. The next step involves noisy cases, which are more complex; nonetheless I will try to understand the codes.

Panel 30 ERC Room

Hirschi, Jacob. San Diego Mesa College 4Cs@UCSD REU Mentored by Joshua Figueroa

Characterization Of Isocyano-Derivatives Of Bis(Cyclooctatetraene)Iron

Iron with its multiple redox states is well known for its applications in enzymatic and industrial processes. In particular, Fe(0) has a propensity to be oxidized that can effect numerous chemical transformations; however, most sources of Fe(0) are insoluble in organic solvents, rendering them chemically inert in the solution phase. Bis(COT)iron (COT = cyclooctatetraene), on the other hand, has been used as a soluble source of iron in the 0 oxidation state.

This project focused on discovering unusual redox chemistry induced by isocyanide ligation of iron. Some of the pertinent organometallic compounds under investigation were Fe(COT)(CNArMes2)3 (ArMes2 = 2,6-(2,4,6and Me3C6H2)2C6H3), [Fe(COT)(CNArMes2)3]SnCl3, Fe(COT)2(CNArDipp2)2 (ArDipp2 = 2,6-(2,6-(i-Pr)2C6H3)2C6H3). The ionic complex was likely generated by multiple electron transfers, including the reduction of COT by iron. Interestingly, coordination induced reductive coupling is exhibited in Fe(COT)2(CNArMes2)2 by carbon-carbon bond formation between the two COT rings. These compounds were characterized via proton nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis.

Panel 28 Green Table Room

Hussein, Hani. University of California Berkeley Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Nicholas Christenfeld

Lifestyle Disclosure In Online Dating Profiles

Previous research has explored the multitude of factors that go into finding romantic partners. The current study examines how the disclosure of lifestyle factors (hobbies, sports, instruments played, number of cats and dogs) affects an online profile’s level of appeal as a romantic partner. We hypothesized that participants would most likely rate profiles with a similar amount of lifestyle factors as highly appealing as a romantic partner and rate profiles with a different amount of lifestyle factors as not as appealing as a romantic partner.

The purpose of this study is to explore exactly at which point a desirable attribute, such as an interest in pets, becomes too much of a good thing and counts against an individual’s level of appeal as a romantic partner.

Undergraduate participants viewed various online profiles with a randomized number of lifestyle factors attributed to each profile. We expect to find that participants will rate profiles that they can relate to in terms of number of lifestyle factors as highly appealing and profiles that they can’t relate to as not as appealing romantic partners.

Panel 23 East Ballroom

Hutchinson, Tenley. Spelman College Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Brooke Simmons

Bar Evolution And Bar Properties From Disc Galaxies In The Early Universe

Bars in disc galaxies are large collections of stars in a configuration of orbits that give the galactic center a rectangular feature. Astronomers have discovered that these bars affect the distribution of matter in galaxies, and are related to galaxy stellar mass and star formation history. Little is known about the specifics of how bars evolve and drive the evolution of their host galaxies because only a handful of bars have been studied in detail so far. I have examined a sample of 8,221 barred galaxies from the early universe to identify correlations with galaxy properties. The data is from Galaxy Zoo, an online citizen science project that allows anyone to classify and measure properties of galaxies. I present results including the barred fraction of the sample, and how galaxy properties such as color and stellar mass vary with bar length. I also compare these results to barred galaxies in the local universe. I will discuss the implications of these results in the larger context of galaxy evolution, including the effect of dark matter on bars and galaxy evolution.

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Isaac, Akira. Howard University Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Rolf Bodmer

Elucidating The Role Of Ceramide And Unc-45 In The Etiology Of Lcm/Dcm

Lipotoxic cardiomyopathy (LCM) is a disease affecting heart muscle that is characterized by dilation of diastolic and systolic diameter, reduced fractional shortening and increased occurrence of contractile defects. Accumulation of ceramide, a lipid, has been implicated in the progression of LCM. Recent studies show that loss of UNC-45, a ceramide-binding protein that is necessary for myosin folding and accumulation, leads to similar cardiac phenotypes in Drosophila melanogaster. UNC-45 occupies the Z-band of cardiac muscle fibers, but also translocates to the A-band where it functions as a chaperone to stabilize myosin. The subcellular localization of UNC-45 to the Z-band combined with its known interaction with ceramide and phenotypic similarity to ceramide-induced LCM upon knockdown suggests that UNC-45 may play an important role in LCM pathology. We hypothesize that when ceramide accumulates in lipid components of the Z-band, it binds and localizes UNC-45, preventing its translocation to the A-band and leading to myosin disorganization. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches in Drosophila melanogaster, the current study aims to address whether UNC-45 is an important factor in the etiology of ceramide induced LCM.

Panel 27 Red Shoe Room

Jackson, Joy Rosa. Howard University Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Kelly Frazer

Analysis Of Crispr-Edited Genetic Variant Phases In Long Qt Syndrome Genetic Lines Joy Rosa Jackson, Agnieszka D'Antonio-Chronowska, Kelly A. Frazer

According to the NIH, the incidence of Long QT Syndrome (LQTs) in the United States is estimated to be 1 in 7000. The extended Q-T period observed in the electrocardiograms of LQTs patients causes a disturbance in heart function that can result in cardiac arrhythmias and possibly sudden death. To improve genetic testing and help prevent sudden death from LQTs through early intervention, we are using CRISPR technology to study coding and associated non-coding genetic variants in human induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes.

Numerous variants in coding sequences underlying LQTs are already known, however, the function of non-coding variants remains largely unclear. We hypothesize that numerous non-coding variants may have a regulatory function and modulate the outcome of the coding variant.

We have generated, using CRISPR technology, 54 iPSC lines carrying 4 variants (rs199473662, rs137854600, rs2074238, rs185711973). We are using PCR, cloning, and Sanger sequencing methods in order to determine the phase (cis/trans) of the variants. This will allow us to establish associations and potential regulatory functions of them and their role in the onset of LQT. Panel 10 Revelle College Room

Jameson, Alexandra. UC San Diego, Earl Warren College TIM REU from University of San Diego Mentored by Joan Schellinger

Optimization Of Raft Polymerization With Small Polar Monomers

Peptides are a growing topic in materials science due to their ability to serve as delivery agents for genes, oils, or drugs for biomedical and petroleum research. Peptides diverse structural features allows them to self-assemble to form micelles.. In this project, we are investigating reaction conditions for efficient reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of peptide monomers to form high density brush polymers.

RAFT is an ideal method to polymerize peptide monomers because it’s tolerant of functional groups and employs green chemistry techniques. Using three different simple polar monomers in varying solvents and molarities, a stock solution is subjected to RAFT polymerizations in either conventional heating methods or microwave irradiation using a chain transfer agent(4cyanopentanoic acid dithiobenzoate [CTP]) and an initiator (4,4-Abzobis(4cyanopentanoic acid) [V-501]). While optimum purification techniques for degree of polymerization and molecular weight calculations are currently being investigated, a [50]:[1]:[0.5] molar ratio of [M]:[CTP]:[V-501] in a 4:1 solvent mixture of sodium acetate buffer/dioxane with conventional heating yielded the optimum polymerization conditions. Future work of this project will apply these conditions to peptide monomers

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Jaureguy, Jeff. MiraCosta College SROP University of Illinois Mentored by Ed DeWalt

Is Stream Size A Determining Factor Of Species Richness And Total Abundance Of Caddisflies(Trichoptera)

This experiment compared the species richness and total abundance of samples of caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) at three streams of varying size.

The River Continuum Concept predicts that larger streams would produce more species and higher abundance than smaller streams. The samples were collected at one small, one medium width, and one large streams in St. Croix River drainage. Stream wetted width was used as an index of size. We collected and scored for OTU affiliation 7845 caddisfly individuals across the three sites. Our null hypothesis regarding species richness was supported in that there does not appear to be any relationship with stream size. Our abundance null hypothesis was partially refuted. Our efforts were limited to three site due to time constraints. More sample sites would be desirable to fully answer the question.

Panel 22 Green Room

Jibril, Liban. UC San Diego, Revelle College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Darren Lipomi

Fabrication Of Gold Nanowire Strain Sensor By Nano-Skiving

This work describes the sensitization of a conductive gold wire to the minute strain regime when shrunk to nano-scale dimensions. Gold nanowires were fabricated by nano-skiving, an edge lithographic technique, which uses a diamond blade to section thin films of gold in an encapsulating polymer matrix. The nanowires were of approximate dimensions 100nm x 200nm x 400µm. These nanowires when addressed are highly sensitive to minute strains, and should deform purely elastically while strains remain below 0.1%.

The ‘gage factor’ which describes the sensitivity of a strain sensor’s response to mechanical strain is an order of magnitude above the bulk continuum model’s expected value (2.7 vs. 37.) This nano-electro-mechanical system (NEMS) has yet to be explored, and the underlying physics of the large increase in gage-factor is currently under investigation. These strain sensors have applications for measurement of minute displacements and strains, or could be used to make an accelerometer sensitive to minute accelerations Panel 26 Bear Room

Johnson, Justin. Morehouse College Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Richard Averitt

Designing And Optimizing Metamaterials

In 1999, John Pendry proposed split ring resonators (SRRs) as a way to achieve a high-frequency magnetic response from a non-magnetic material.

SRRs are sub-wavelength resonators (essentially artificial “atoms”) made of simple metals such as gold. Metamaterials have resulted in the demonstration of novel phenomena such as invisibility cloaking, negative refractive index, and near perfect absorption. In this study, we focus on the design of an array

of gold SRRs integrated with a vanadium dioxide (VO2) thin film to create a tunable “perfect absorber”. VO2 is insulating at room temperature and exhibits a phase transition to a metallic phase at ~340K. As such, at room temperature, our metamaterial would be highly reflecting, transitioning to a highly absorptive state above 340K. Our design approach utilizes full-wave electromagnetic wave simulations, with the goal of designing a perfect absorber that operates in the far-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The feasibility of our design will be discussed and will include the presentation of preliminary measurements on simpler (all gold or copper) perfect absorbers using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.

Panel 10 Revelle College Room

Jordan, Bernardo. Nova Southeastern University Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Joseph O'Connor

Cycloaromatization Of Dienynes And Enediynes Via Thermal Activation

By Halogenated Solvents

Bergman cycloaromatization reactions allow for construction of substituted arenes via thermal reactions of enediyne substrates. While mechanistically interesting, the high temperatures and low yields limit their effectiveness.

Previous studies in our lab have demonstrated room temperature cyclizations of enediynes to arene by using either CpRu(MeCN)3+ or Cp*Ru(MeCN)3+.

To expand on this, we are focusing on fundamental studies to establish the scope and limitations of thermal cycloaromatizations via an examination of nitrogen containing enediynes. 2-(pent-1-yn-1-yl)-3-(prop-1-yn-1-yl) pyridine was synthesized, and upon heating in the presence of a haloform and 1,4-CHD, led to the formation of a regioselective mono-halogenated quinoline derivative and a quinoline derivative. These products were characterized by NMR, mass spectroscopy and IR. It is hypothesized that there is an in-situ generation of HX, that adds across one alkyne on the enediyne, forming a dienyne that can undergo a Höpf cyclization. In a Höpf cyclization, the bonds of the dienyne rearrange causing it to cyclize into a benzene ring. By understanding the mechanism of this and similar reactions, these reactions can be optimized for drug design and other chemical uses.

Panel 10 Revelle College Room

Jorge, Micaella. University of San Diego (USD) McNair Scholars Program Mentored by Joan Schellinger

Synthesis And Evaluation Of Peptides For Rna World Hypothesis

The RNA world hypothesis is the theory that describes how ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules were present at the start of life and are responsible for all life on Earth today. Ribozymes (catalytic RNA) are crucial to this theory because they may have led to self-replicating systems. Amino acids and peptides also likely existed during the emergence of the RNA world because they are easier to generate by prebiotically plausible reactions.

The research question is: can peptides help in the function of ribozymes? My work focuses on the synthesis, purification, characterization and evaluation of twenty different peptides containing both naturally occurring and prebiotically-plausible amino acids. The synthesis is done via conventional

Fmoc-tBu orthogonal protection strategy using an automated microwaveassisted peptide synthesizer and purified by C-18 reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. Peptide structure is confirmed by mass spectrometry.

Once these peptides are successfully synthesized and purified, they will be coincubated with ribozymes using in-vitro selection assays to identify ribozymes that recruit specific peptides from a pool of peptides (UCSD collaboration).

This research would allow for a closer look at a prebiotic world.

Panel 25 Dance Studio

Kamupinda, Modester. Spelman College Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Karen Feree

Climate Change And Environmental Concerns In The Kenyan Parliament: Who Talks About It?

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Climate change and its devastating effects on the wellbeing of people and the national economy have been widely acknowledged across the African continent. In recent years, an increasing number of African governments and bureaucracies, through regional and international cooperation, are proposing sustainable development strategies to address climate change. In this paper, I am interested in the legislators who talk about and propose solutions to climate change and related environmental concerns in Kenya. With my main independent variable being rural or urban county, I hypothesize that legislators from urban areas are less likely to discuss climate change than their rural counterparts. Other control variables are political party and representative’s gender. I focus on Kenya because this country is one of the leading developing countries engaged in legislative solutions to address climate change and related environmental impacts. I use text analysis to identify climate change-related topics in legislators’ speeches. Using STATA, I test my hypothesis by comparing my variables in relation to speeches made on climate change and related environmental concerns in the parliament of Kenya.

Karchner, James. Temple University Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Robert Sah

Tracking Cells For Bone Repair

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiate into osteoblasts to repair bone, but their influx by infiltration or migration under clinically-relevant scenarios is not understood. Cell tracker dyes have been used for a variety of cells, and may be applied to MSCs. The cleansing of marrow from within bone may affect cell infiltration or migration, and could lead to bone grafts healing more efficiently. The hypothesis of this study is that MSCs will be successfully labeled and observed as they infiltrate bone by means of migration and absorption. Aims: Determine if hMSCs can be labeled, tracked, and retain the label during in vitro cell culture. Track the MSCs as they infiltrate cleansed bone discs. Methods: Label hMSCs with dye, and seed them onto bone discs harvested from femoral condyles. Cleanse bone discs, and seed the labeled hMSCs onto bone discs from the surface and base. Image the bone discs to track the cells. An understanding of this relationship can result in more effective patient cell integration in bone grafts used for clinical applications and more effective bone engineering techniques.

Panel 5 Bear Room

Keiler, Emanuel. Washington College Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) SURF Mentored by David Roth

Isoflurane-Induced Preconditioning In Aging Caenorhabditis Elegans

The volatile anesthetic isoflurane has been shown to have anesthetic preconditioning effects that protect against a broad range of cellular stresses.

Anesthetic preconditioning has been observed in cardiac myocytes and neurons, and includes protection against stress events such as hypoxia, ischemic reperfusion, and hyperthermia. Part of the mechanism for isoflurane’s protective effects involves increased recruitment of the protein caveolin.

Caveolin in turn increases the compartmentalization of signaling proteins within caveolae, membrane lipid rafts.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how aging effects the protective properties of isoflurane. We hypothesize that isoflurane-induced cellular protection will decrease with age. Studies are conducted by preconditioning 3 day old and 15 day old Caenorhabditis elegans with isoflurane prior to challenging them with experimentally-induced hypoxia or hyperthermia.

Observed C. elegans are engineered to have either wildtype, overexpressed, or knockout phenotypes for the caveolin-2 gene. After recovery C. elegans were scored for survival rates to observe the protective effects of isoflurane-induced preconditioning.

The results of this work may have implications for patients at risk of ischemia, myocardial infarctions, or stroke during surgical procedures.

Panel 28 Green Table Room

Ketchup, Brittany. Howard University Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Paul Mills

Impact Of Journal Content On Heart Rate Variability, Inflammatory Biomarkers, And Well-Being

A recent study conducted at UCSD entitled, The Effects of Gratitude Journaling on Heart Rate Variability and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Asymptomatic Heart Failure Patients, found that cardiac patients who journaled for eight weeks what they were thankful for had increased heart rate variability (HRV) and decreased inflammatory biomarkers. The primary goal of this current study is to determine if the particular focus of patient’s gratitude while journaling serves as a stronger predictor of changes in heart health and well-being. We hypothesize that patients who journal more frequently about the love and support of family members experience the greatest improvement in heart health and well-being, as evidenced by a greater decrease in inflammatory biomarkers IL-6 and sTNFr1 and increase in HRV. The content of the gratitude journals in the aforementioned study will be analyzed and coded according to topic groups and then correlated with HRV, inflammatory biomarkers, and overall well-being scales. This research will enhance the scientific study of gratitude and highlight the role and significance of family on healing and well-being.

Panel 24 Muir Room

Kines, Kelsey. University of Richmond Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) SURF Mentored by Eric Zorrilla

Metabolic And Hormonal Adaptation In Female Rats With Cyclic Access To Preferred Chow.

An increased availability of palatable, high calorie food has caused major health concerns, including obesity. To prevent being overweight, people often ‘diet,’ which leads to alternating cycles of abstaining from but then overeating palatable food (‘yo-yo dieting’). How such cycles impact metabolism or hormones that regulate energy homeostasis is unclear. The present studies use a recently developed rat model to compare the effects of continuous vs. alternating access to preferred food. In the model, similar to humans, continuous access to palatable food leads to increased weight. Intermittent access, in contrast, leads to self-deprivation from regular chow and compulsive, binge-like eating of the preferred food. The present study tests the hypothesis that intermittent access to preferred food also produces adaptations in metabolic rate, as determined by indirect calorimetry, or in circulating levels of key gut-pancreas- or adipose-tissue-derived hormones, as determined by multiplexed bead immunoassays. The hormones being measured are glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), pancreatic polypeptide, insulin, leptin, and ghrelin. The results may reveal adaptations to continuous vs. dieting-like cycles of access to palatable, sucrose-rich food that promote obesity or related comorbidities.

Panel 22 Green Room

Kodur, Moses. UC San Diego, Sixth College UC LEADS Mentored by Shirley Meng

Ald Coating For Sodium-Ion Batteries

Technological advancement of energy storage systems is crucial to the development of power grids run on sustainable energy sources. Lithium-ion batteries have demonstrated excellent performance but are expensive. As a result, sodium-ion batteries are being investigated due to the low cost of sodium and comparable electrochemical properties to lithium. Coating techniques have shown to improve the performance of lithium-ion batteries; however, little work has been performed on cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries. The effects of coating electrodes with aluminum oxide through atomic layer deposition (ALD) is explored.

The results from batteries that were coated and uncoated P2Na2/3[Ni1/3Mn2/3]O2 were compared. Coating decreased the charge capacity of the material by 2.5% (160 mAh/g to 156 mAh/g) but increased the discharge capacity by 5.9% (135 mAh/g to 143 mAh/g) resulting in an increase of the coulombic efficiency from 83.5% to 91.6%. After 100 cycles, the coated electrodes maintained a capacity of 72 mAh/g while the uncoated electrode decreased to 55 mAh/g when cycled at a rate of 0.05C.

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Koroleva, Anna. UC San Diego, Revelle College San Diego Nanotechnology Infrastructure (SDNI) REU Mentored by Shaochen Chen

3D Bioprinting Of Hesc Derived Cardiomyocytes For Cardiac Tissue Engineering

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death in the U.S. Current treatments for heart disease include medical management and surgical procedures; however, these methods do not offer regeneration of myocardium and are limited by a shortage of donors. As an alternative solution, this study employs the application of rapid, digital 3D bioprinting to create functional cardiac tissues for regenerative cardiac therapy and drug testing.

The project uses Digital Optical Bioprinting, a high-throughput microfabrication system which prints encapsulated cardiomyocytes in an aligned 3D configuration. Cardiomyocyte alignment is essential for cardiac pump function, and this novel application of 3D tissue bioprinting allows patterning of cells in a predetermined biomimetic manner which induces alignment similar to native left-ventricular myocardium. The 3D printed scaffolds composed of photopolymerizable gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) and hyaluronic acid glycydyl methacrylate (HAGM) were designed to spatially pattern human embryonic stem cell derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Immunofluorescence stain for Sarcomeric Îą-actinin (cardiac structural marker), CD31 (endothelial cell), and DAPI (nuclear stain) were visualized to show tissue structure.

Panel 31 Revelle College Room

Korrapati, Avinaash. UC San Diego, John Muir College Mentored by Weg Ongkeko

Dna Methylation Of Tumor Suppressors In Human Epithelial Cells Treated With E-Cig Vapor

Alcohol consumption, tobacco use, and HPV infection have all been identified as primary risk factors associated with the development of Head and Neck Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC). However, a recent surge in the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) has brought attention to a new possible risk factor for this deadly disease. While the existing body of research focuses primarily on the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of e-cigs, much remains to be elucidated regarding its role in the pathogenesis and progression of HNSCC. Our project focuses on investigating the hypermethlyation of key cancer-related genes in epithelial cells treated with e-cig vapor. Methylation analysis of extracted DNA revealed that even short term exposure to e-cig vapor (independent of nicotine) can trigger significant methylation of GSTP1, DAPK1, CDH1, CDH13, MLH1 and TIMP3 in human epithelial cells. Dysregulation of such tumor suppressors that control cell cycle, apoptosis, and DNA repair highlight the carcinogenic potential of e-cigarettes.

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Kothambawala, Alefia. University of California Davis San Diego Nanotechnology Infrastructure (SDNI) REU Mentored by Zhaowei Liu

Improved Surface Imaging Using Movable Microlenses With Localized Plasmon Structured Illumination Microscopy

The resolving power of a microscope is fundamentally limited by diffraction.

However, in recent decades, there have been several methods that employ imaging technologies that bypass this limit,collectively referred to as superresolution microscopy. Earlier,our group developed localized plasmon structured illumination microscopy (LPSIM), a wide-field surface imaging technique with resolution down to 75nm,by controlling near-field excitation from localized surface plasmons of finely periodic structures. To further improve LPSIM resolution,we used optically controlled dielectric microspheres to resolve individual 50-100nm fluorescent beads. The exact position of these microspheres was controlled by optical tweezers. To determine best resolving conditions,we tested polystyrene spheres (10μm/45μm diameter, n=1.6, 1.8x magnification) and TiO2 spheres (20μm, n=2.3, 3x magnification) emerged in water (n=1.3) under a 0.8NA 50x air objective and a 1.2NA 60x water immersion objective. We expect up to 1.5 to 3 times greater resolution improvement with polystyrene and TiO2 microspheres respectively. These movable microlenses allow the user to interactively zoom into objects,and coupled with LPSIM,resolve details that are more than 3 times below the diffraction limit for visible light.

Panel 6 Red Shoe Room

Kraimer, Julia. University of Cincinnati San Diego Nanotechnology Infrastructure (SDNI) REU Mentored by Yuhaw Lo

Single Cell Assay

Single Cell Study: Exosomes and Cell to Cell Communication Previous technology has only allowed for cells to be studied as a group, but in this experiment, cells are considered separately to continuously monitor cell behaviors. In this experiment, a PDMS mesh is placed over the glass bottom dish to guide the cells in. The cells are then centrifuged into the wells, singling them out. A cover glass is placed over the top of these so the exosomes the cells secrete can be collected and bonded to quantum dots. The cover glass was treated with antibodies to capture the exosomes. These exosomes are analyzed by determining the type of protein on their surfaces. The type of exosomes secreted can be used to study the different types of cells, like cancer stem cells or cancer cells. The exosomes secreted are traced back to the cells so their individual behavior can be studied. Based on the results, improvements to cancer treatment could be made by studying how the cells communicate and preventing the malignant cells from spreading.

Panel 7 Green Table Room

Krishnan, Aswini. UC San Diego, Earl Warren College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Weg Ongkeko

Dysregulation Of Novel Piwi-Interacting Rnas In Smoking-Induced Head And Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

While smoking has long been recognized as a key cause of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), one of today's most deadly cancers, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which smoking causes HNSCC remains largely incomplete. New studies show that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) may provide a promising means by which to explore HNSCC pathogenesis due to their diverse genetic and epigenetic roles and their recent emergence as potential biomarkers for cancer. In this study, we performed RNA-sequencing analysis on 264 HNSCC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TGCA) to identify differentially expressed piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), the largest class of non-coding RNAs that have roles in epigenetic and gene silencing of retrotransposons, heterochromatin modification, and germ cell maintenance, in smoking-related HNSCC and computationally assessed the phenotypical effects of these piRNAs. Our investigations revealed a panel of 8 piRNAs significantly implicated in smoking-induced HNSCC. Among these were novel oncogenes NONHSAT077364 and NONHSAT052637, upregulated in smoking-related HNSCC and exhibiting significant correlations to tumor stage, tumor location, and patient survival, indicating their potential to be used as diagnostic or therapeutic targets.

Panel 5 Bear Room

Landgrave, Samantha. California State University San Marcos (CSUSM) Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Julian Schroeder

Crsp Regulates Stomatal Development In Response To High And Low Co2

Plants control CO2 exchange and water loss to the atmosphere via the density and the aperture size of stomatal pores in the leaves. Human activities are causing a continued atmosphere CO2 concentration elevation, which induces a reduction of stomatal density in leaves. However, the signaling mechanism by which the CO2 feeds into the stomatal development machinery has remained largely unknown. This research project aims to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and network of CO2 modulation mechanisms that control stomatal development and to identify and characterize genetic and cellular components important for this process. Wild type and crsp/sbt1/sdd1 triple mutant plants will grow under high (900 ppm) and low (150 ppm) CO2 levels for 11 days and images of abaxial cotyledon epidermis will be taken by Confocal microscope. Then guard cells will be counted for stomatal index calculations. This study will enlarge the understanding of the regulation of gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere and new knowledge provided by this project could become relevant for breeding plants exposed to changing climate and environmental drought stress conditions.

Panel 29 Earl Warren Room

Lau, Austin. UC San Diego, Sixth College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Jessica Suhrheinrich

Comparing Fidelity Of Implementation Of Autism Spectrum Disorder Educators Before And After Standardized Training In Classroom Pivotal Response Teaching

As special education enrollment for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has increased, school-based programs and providers have been challenged to expand the scope and quality of services. Researchers and school administrators are aligned in the goal of training teachers to educate children with ASD, however current literature does not address how training and implementation needs may differ by the age of children served. The current study explores teacher use of one intervention for ASD, Classroom Pivotal Response Training (CPRT). A subset of data collected from a larger CPRT effectiveness trial was analyzed to evaluate variability of teacher fidelity of implementation (FI) of CPRT. Sample data included 551 individual video units collected from 108 teacher and 385 student participants. Videos were coded using behavioral coding definitions and student demographic information was collected from parents of participating children. Factorial analysis explored FI of CPRT by age and functioning level of students and type of educational activity. Additional analyses evaluated FI of CPRT over time. Teacher training in CPRT and age group of students had a significant influence on FI of CPRT. Panel 29 Earl Warren Room

Lavadia, Maria Lorena. Grossmont College Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Jared Young

The Role Of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors In The Mechanism Of Depression In Bipolar Disorder

Numerous factors can induce depressive or manic symptoms in bipolar disorder (BD), e.g., increasing acetylcholine levels can induce depression and heightening dopamine levels can induce mania. However, what triggers the switch between mood states remains unknown. This study investigated mechanisms that may induce depression in BD. One trigger that induces depressed episodes is short active (SA) photoperiods (fall/winter) in BD patients. According to Dulcis et al. (2013), SA photoperiod exposure initiates a cascading effect that may result in elevated acetylcholine levels and depressive-like behaviors in rodents. To examine a putative acetylcholinedepression relationship and its mechanism, we administered the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, physostigmine, to elevate acetylcholine in mice.

We then tested whether the muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine could block physostigmine-induced increased in immobility (depressive-like behavior) in the forced swim test in mice. Scopolamine significantly reduced immobility in the physostigmine- but not saline-pretreated mice. Hence, depressive-like behaviors may arise from acetylcholine-induced effects on muscarinic receptors. This mechanism may play an important downstream role in BD switching to a depressed episode. Future studies will include testing remediation of SA-induced depressive-like behavior.

Panel 40 SSC 554

Lawrence, Natalie. UC San Diego, Thurgood Marshall College San Diego Nanotechnology Infrastructure (SDNI) REU Mentored by Shaochen Chen

3D Bioprinting For Cardiac Microtissues [Abstract redacted owing to proprietary information.]

Panel 38 SSC 400

Lee, Jenny. UC San Diego, Sixth College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Susan Golden

The Role Of Cyclic Di-Amp In Synechococcus Elongatus

Cyclic di-AMP has recently been elucidated as the newest member of the nucleotide signaling family, and it has been found to have broad distribution and importance. Our work in the Golden lab has shown the presence of c-diAMP and the responsible enzyme in the cyanobacteria, Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942. We have also identified putative c-di-AMP interacting proteins using a pull-down assay. We have created mutants of the genes coding for these proteins and assay the mutants for phenotypes shared by the cyclase responsible for c-di-AMP production. Currently, we are working to perform a synthetic screen, in which we will be inserting a second mutant into the genome. This work will vastly improve our understanding of the role this signaling molecule has in cyanobacteria.

Panel 32 Sixth College Room

Lee, Henry. UC San Diego, Earl Warren College Pharmacology SURF Mentored by Jin Zhang

Creation And Characterization Of A Reversible Photoswitchable Yellow Fluorescent Camp Indicator

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a second messenger that is vital to many cellular processes. Understanding the regulation of cAMP-dependent signaling will allow researchers to understand how cells use information from their environment to regulate cellular behaviors. Genetically-encodable fluorescent biosensors enable scientists to monitor second messengers in individual live cells in real time with high spatial and temporal resolution.

However, in dense tissues, isolating dynamics from specific individual cells can be a challenge. On the other hand, photoactivatable fluorescent proteins, proteins that are primed for fluorescence through a light-induced chemical reaction, enable individual cells to be highlighted. We aim to develop a novel photoactivatable fluorescent biosensor that combines biosensing and fluorescent highlighting. Our design is to modify the yellow fluorescent cAMP reporter Flamindo2 to include mutations from a yellow reversibly photoswitchable fluorescent protein called Dreiklang. Combining these two proteins will create a reversible, photoswitchable yellow fluorescent cAMP indicator biosensor, Flamindo-2 Dreiklang. This probe would allow one to determine the spatiotemporal dynamics of cells when they interact with cAMP.

Panel 6 Red Shoe Room

Lee, Tiffany S. Texas A&M University San Diego Nanotechnology Infrastructure (SDNI) REU Mentored by YuHwa Lo

Single Cell Assay

As one of the newest focus of cancer research, exosomes, known to carry genetic material such as mRNA, miRNA, and angiogenic proteins, play an important role in cell-to-cell communication, tumorigenesis, drug resistance, and organotropic metastasis. To further understand exosomes, the fabrication of a micro-well device that allows a single-cell assay is necessary for the capture of exosomes. In addition, a procedure needs to be created for these cultures. Currently, a single cell study has been constructed for the exosome collection of the glioblastoma cancer cells. The purpose of this single cell study is to capture the exosomes by labeling them with ani-CD63 antibodies and quantum dots as well as quantifying the exosome secretion levels over a period of time. The drug Temozolomide, TMZ, will also be studied to see if the exosome secretion levels will change. The fabrication of this device will allow all kinds of single cell study which will benefit the downstream process. This experiment will also elucidate the nature of exosomes and how they interact when it comes to treating glioblastoma.

Panel 6 Red Shoe Room

Lee, Tiffany. UC San Diego, Earl Warren College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Jing Yang

Novel Breast Cancer Metastatic Dormancy Mouse Model Established To Understand Mechanisms Involving Tumor Dormancy And Metastasis

Most breast cancer-related deaths are due to distant metastasis despite successful primary tumor removal. Disseminated tumor cells can enter a dormant state for years and then reactivate cell proliferation to form metastatic outgrowth under suitable conditions. Clinical and experimental results suggest activation of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) promotes invasion and dissemination of tumor cells into distant organs while reversible EMT allows re-proliferation of disseminated dormant tumor cells to form macrometastases at distant organs.

Currently there is no in vivo mouse model that monitors and characterizes disseminated tumor cells in a controlled fashion, thus limiting research on tumor dormancy mechanisms. Our lab established a breast cancer metastatic dormancy mouse model that enables us to utilize fluorescent markers to visualize and characterize disseminated tumor cells in a controlled manner.

Immunofluorescence staining characterized Her2-driven breast cancer subtype, circulating tumor cells, and metastatic lesions in the lung. Staining at metastatic lesions indeed demonstrated that activation of EMT promotes dissemination while reversible EMT promotes metastasis at distant organs.

Our mouse model will be a valuable tool for our futures studies in determining tumor dormancy mechanisms.

Panel 4 Ballroom A

Lemmons, Tarez. University of San Diego (USD) McNair Scholars Program Mentored by Orlando Espin

Black Religion, White Jesus

Born with no noted European ancestry, Jesus can be found hanging in several spaces ranging from churches to museums, portrayed with several markers of European phenotype, (including blonde hair and blue eyes). Visibly white images of Jesus are materializations of whitened biblical commentary on moral and salvation—white theology. The mentalities emanating from overall whitened theology have endorsed several de-humanizations in the USofA, including Chattel slavery. Black Theologians have investigated these historically inaccurate white messiahs, examining their influences on U.S. societies, through theological appraisals of African American experiences.

Black lives function as the theological point of departure for this research, as well. This investigation of racial idolatry is conducted through a literature review on several like-minded conversations within the academy of Black Theology; conversations that intersect on varying points along this plane of inquiry. Also grappling with the ways in which art as a European born phenomenon has affected the conversation in the United States, the research examines iconographical histories behind the developments of European born images, and traces their transition into the U.S..

Panel 7 Green Table Room

Li, Pinxue. UC San Diego, Revelle College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Weg Ongkeko

Global Profiling Of Dysregulated Lncrnas In Hepatocellular Carcinoma

The goal of this project is to identify and characterize dysregulated long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using data from paired HCC and normal liver tissue deposited at The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The majority of HCC arises from cirrhosis, scarring of the liver tissue, with incidence compounded if the cirrhosis was caused by alcohol abuse or Hepatitis. However, although we know its etiology, the molecular mechanism in the pathogenesis of HCC is still unclear. Studying ncRNAs could be a novel approach to understanding its pathogenesis.

Panel 38 SSC 400

Lieu, Cuong. UC San Diego, Thurgood Marshall College UC LEADS/Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Mark Paddock

Identification Of Signaling Network Interactions Of The Cyanobacterial Circadian Clock

The cellular circadian clock serves an important role in a wide range of organisms, allowing for the coordination of physiological and behavioral functions to changes in the diurnal rhythms of the environment. These modulations of cellular functions are controlled through the output of a circadian oscillator system. Here we study the model system for cellular circadian study in the cyanobacteria, Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942.

Although the temporal oscillator of the model system has been identified:

KaiA/B/C, it has remained challenging to identify the interactions of the input/output/pathways because of redundancy of the network. Here we describe a multidisciplinary approach integrating computational results of direct coupling analysis and experimental methods in addressing this challenge.

Panel 10 Revelle College Room

Litton, Ashley. Central Methodist University Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Kamil Godula

Synthesis Of Epoxide Monomers For Polymerization And Development Of Mucin-Like Glycopolymers

Cells communicate with their environment through interactions on the cell surface. Studying these interactions can be challenging, however, due to the complex forest of proteins and glycoconjugates coating the cell. To simplify the system, synthetic representations of specific components of this forest can be used to isolate the function of individual biomolecules. One class of biomolecule found on the cell surface are mucins: large, heavily glycosylated and heterogeneous proteins involved in a variety of cellular processes. This project focused on designing synthetic glycopolymers that attempt to match the size and structural complexity of native mucins. Towards this goal, a variety of epoxide monomers were designed in an attempt to yield very high molecular weight polymers through anionic polymerization. These polymers would also provide a facile route to novel aldehyde side chain functionalization, and with it the backbone of a new synthetic route to mucinlike glycopolymers, which will then be used to explore the various functions of mucins on the cell surface in vitro.

Panel 20 SSC 554

Liu, Leening. UC San Diego, John Muir College Mentored by Robert Sah

Site-Dependent Cartilage Degeneration In Forkhead-Box Class O Knockout Mice

Dysregulation of Forkhead-box class O (FoxO) transcription factors in human and mouse knee joints can result in site-dependent cartilage degeneration, particularly on the medial femoral condyle (MFC). This study aimed to grade the MFC across six sites (1-6) to examine site-varied cartilage degeneration and compare FoxO triple knockout (TKO) and wild type (WT) mice.

Histology of 6mo WT and TKO mice MFC (n=6) were graded using standardized histopathology criteria, based on cartilage matrix features (range: 4 to 10, normal to degenerate), and compared by 1-way ANOVA and t-tests.

TKO had higher grades in load-bearing sites (3,4,5) of 5.8±0.3,6.7±0.4 and 5.8±0.5 (mean±SEM), respectively, compared to WT grades of 4.0±0.0,4.0±0.0 and 4.0±0.0 for sites 3,4 and 5, respectively (p<0.05 for all three). For TKO, site 4 grades were significantly higher than site 1 and 6 grades (p<0.05) while site 3 and 5 grades were significantly higher than site 1 (p<0.05).

Sites with a predilection to degeneration may reflect a combination of biological and site-specific biomechanical factors

Panel 11 Sixth College Room

Lozano, Joshua. California State University Dominguez Hills AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Timothy Rickard

Recognition Vs. Cued Recall: Which Is More Optimal For TestEnhanced Learning?

A large body of research has demonstrated the testing effect: being tested on information enhances memory for that information relative to re-study.

However, little research has directly compared the benefits of testing via a cued recall or recognition paradigm. In this study we investigated that issue using a two-session, within-subject experimental design. Session 1 began with subjects studying a list of 54 word pairs. Three conditions followed, in counterbalanced order: (1) re-study 18 word pairs (see the pairs again), (2) a recognition test for 18 word pairs (identify whether a given pair was seen earlier), and (3) a cued recall test for 18 word pairs (given one word of a pair, provide the second). Subjectsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; memory for all word pairs was tested 24 hours later via a cued recall test in Session 2. Statistical analyses compared the testing effect for cued recall versus recognition tests. We hypothesized that recognition tests would enhance learning relative to re-study, but that a cued recall test would enhance learning the most. Preliminary results indicate that only cued recall enhances learning relative to re-study.

Panel 41 SSC 554A

Lucas, Alfredo. UC San Diego, Earl Warren College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Pedro Cabrales

Determination Of Wall Shear Stress On Red Blood Cells(Rbcs) Flowing Through Capillaries Via Image Analysis

Deformations and the wall shear stress (the force per unit area of the membrane) experienced by RBCs are necessary for their passage through capillaries. However, physical changes due either to different pathologies, like Sickle Cell Anemia and Malaria, as well as blood transfusions, can impair capillary flow. This study will determine the wall shear stress experienced by a RBC membrane as it flows through the capillary by using information obtained from recorded high-speed blood flow videos. In order to determine stress, strain (a measure of relative change in shape) is needed. By studying the deformation of the contour of the RBC membrane, which is obtained through image analysis techniques, strain can be determined. The strains determined are then fit to a series of equations in order to experimentally fit two material constants during capillary flow, from which the wall shear stress will then be determined. This model is advantageous in its ability to determine an approximation for the mechanical properties of RBCs without the need for more expensive microscopy techniques.

Panel 27 Red Shoe Room

Luna, Gidsela. UC San Diego, John Muir College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Geoffrey Wahl

Targeting Lgr6 Using Crispr Cas9 Genome Editing

Lgr6 is part of the Lgr family of G-protein coupled receptors involved in the Wnt Signaling pathway. While Previous work has focused on the role of Lgr4 and Lgr5 in the adult mammary gland stem cell activity, the functional role of Lgr4,5,6 in the fetal mammary gland has not been characterized. My goal is to use CRISPR Cas9 genome editing to target the target Lgr6 gene in fetal mammary stem cells (fMaSCs) and to disrupt the gene via nonhomologous end joining. fMaSCs will be isolated from mice containing widespread expression of the Cas9 protein and infected with a lentiviral vector expressing a single guide RNA (SgRNA) targeting the first exon of the Lgr6 gene. After confirmation of the functional loss of Lgr6, in vitro and in vivo stem cell assays will be performed. In addition, this method will be expanded to test the role of the multiple Lgr proteins simultaneously. These studies, which will complement current in vivo studies using genetically modified mice, will allow us to identify the role of Lgr4,5,6 in fMaSCs and in mammary gland formation.

Panel 33 Marshall College Room

Luu, Irene. UC San Diego, Revelle College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Lori Broderick

The Role Of Il-1 In The Periodic Fever, Aphthous Stomatitis, Pharyngitis, And Adenitis (Pfapa) Syndrome

Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome is an immune disorder found in children which is characterized by monthly fevers without evidence of infection. Among the different therapies used to treat or prevent PFAPA episodes, steroid therapy has been shown to be effective in resolving the febrile episodes and symptoms of inflammatory conditions after a few hours while tonsillectomy has been shown to cure patients of PFAPA completely. The pathogenesis of PFAPA is unknown but this disease suggests a role for dysregulated immune tolerance. To characterize the inflammatory pathways that may be a target for therapy and provide new insight into the mechanisms behind the PFAPA syndrome, tonsil cells from patients were treated with the steroids prednisolone and dexamethasone and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide in an ex vivo culture system. Gene expression analysis of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-1receptor antagonist was used to determine the effects of the steroid treatments on the PFAPA tonsil cells. The role of IL-1 in PFAPA may be further explained as well as the role of tonsils in the immune system under febrile conditions.

Panel 17 SSC 350

Ly, Joanne. UC San Diego, Sixth College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Todd Coleman

Sequence Independent Dna Assembly [Abstract redacted owing to proprietary information.]

Panel 7 Green Table Room

Ly, Katherine. UC San Diego, Thurgood Marshall College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Gabriele Sulli

Investigating The Role Of Circadian Rhythms In Tumorigenesis And Cancer Treatment

Daily changes in the environment such as light and temperature lead to conditions in which living organisms must rely on circadian rhythms to adapt and survive. Since circadian clock genes regulate several basic functions of cells including interaction with cellular environment, DNA damage response and cell division; disrupting circadian rhythms (such as night shifts) interferes with these processes and thus increases the risk of cancer. Essentially, this project will analyze the status of circadian rhythms in cancer cells and attempt to see how modulating circadian rhythms can affect the viability of tumoral cells.

Panel 35 Governance Chambers

Mack, Djoser. Howard University Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Micheal Burkart

A Carbohydrate Derived Synthesis Of A Splice Modulator

The spliceosome is a multi-kilo Dalton protein complex comprised of many subunits and complex rearrangements to produce mature mRNA. Recently, certain natural products such as pladienolide B and their subsequent analogues such as, E7107 have been shown to affect nanomolar binding affinity onto a subunit of the spliceosome, SF3B1, which is a frequently mutated hot spot in certain cancers. Due to the complexity of the spliceosome, typical proteomic methods used to perform structure activity relationship (SAR) analysis are ineffective. Therefore, to elucidate the binding characteristics of SF3B1 to the inhibitors and monitor its downstream effects on splicing, the Burkart lab has synthesized a carbohydrate-derived splice modulator, which substituted the complicated macrolide ring on pladienolide B for a sugar moiety. This modification allows for production of stereochemically diverse analogues using various sugar cores will shed light on the binding characteristics of SF3B1 due to expected differences in binding affinifties.

Panel 22 Green Room

Magno, Martin. UC San Diego, Earl Warren College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Oscar Vazquez-Mena

Encapsulation Of Graphene With Hexagonal Boron Nitride (H-Bn) For Nanoelectronics In Biological Systems

Graphene is the first one-atom thick two-dimensional material that combines the highest tensile strength, thermal conductivity, and carrier mobility among electronic materials. Its unique Carbon honeycomb lattice makes it highly sensitive to its environment, but can also have detrimental effects on its electronic properties thereby limiting its application and performance. In order to preserve its superior electronic properties in complex biological systems, we propose encapsulating Graphene with another ideal 2-D material: hexagonal Boron Nitride (h-BN). h-BN is characterized as an insulator that is chemically inert and has been reported to enhance Grapheneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s electronic properties when utilized as a substrate in bulk form. h-BNâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s key property is its chemical inactivity that prevents scattering of carriers within Graphene, moreover, it is thin enough to maintain Grapheneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sensitivity to the environment. The two materials will be grown via chemical vapor deposition, transferred to test substrates, and stacked on one another to form a van der Waals heterostructure. The h-BN encapsulation layer would enable the development of two-dimensional flexible nanoelectronics with strong potential in bioapplications.

Panel 24 Muir Room

Maldonado, Amiel. California State University San Marcos (CSUSM) Psychology Mentored by Kimberly D'Anna Hernandez

The Role Of Acculturation And Traditional Mexican Cultural Values On Increased Risk Factors For Gestational Diabetes Mellitus In MexicanAmerican Women

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a growing perinatal health concern with augmenting risks for individuals with altered physical and social environments. Immigrant, minority women newly adapting to US culture are disproportionately affected. Critical risk factors include high pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), increased caffeine intake, history of obesity and diabetes, and older child bearing age. To investigate the relationship between GDM risk factors, culture, and pregnancy outcomes, data markers of cultural change (acculturation and adherence to traditional cultural values), family histories, maternal/infant medical information and weekly caffeine intake was collected as part of an ongoing longitudinal study. 106 Mexican-American women with singleton pregnancies receiving care from a local community clinic participated. Women who met higher GDM risk factors demonstrated significant differences in birth complications (p=0.026), but not pregnancy problems. Adverse birth outcomes, acculturation and family values were not significantly associated with the development of risk factors. More accurate constructs are needed to capture health behaviors and suggestions for the pattern effects of complications are discussed.

Panel 18 SSC 400

Maria-Benavides, Jennifer. UC San Diego, John Muir College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by anne pommier

Understanding The Earth' S Upper Mantle; Experimental Investigation Of The Effect Of Grain Size On The Electrical Properties Of Polycrystalline Olivine

The effect of rock chemistry and rheology on bulk physical properties is critical to interpret geophysical surveys. Electrical conductivity is sensitive to small changes in temperature, pressure, composition, and rock deformation, and it can be used as a probe of the thermal state, structure, and dynamics of the upper mantle. Specifically, the effect of grain size on bulk conductivity is still poorly understood and requires further investigation at upper mantle conditions. The rare existing datasets present disagreeing conclusions about the effect of grain size on conductivity. Here we propose a systematic investigation of the effect of grain size on the electrical conductivity of polycrystalline olivine. Grain size of starting materials ranged from ~5Οm to ~100Οm. Electrical were conducted at 3GPa and up to ~1400°C in the multianvil apparatus using the impedance spectroscopy technique. Our first results, show that conductivity increases with temperature and decreases with increasing grain size. Our results will be used to develop electrical models that will be compared to electrical field data. This investigation will provide more insight about the processes occurring in the upper mantle.

Panel 9 ERC Room

Marquez, Tanya. California State University Long Beach Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Eric Allen

Looking Under The Sea: Extensive Distribution And Diversity Of The Phylum Tenericutes In Marine Vertebrate Microbiomes

Members of the bacterial phylum Tenericutes lack cell walls and are usually found in symbiotic association with plants and animals. Common genera of the Tenericutes include Mycoplasma, Spiroplasma and Ureaplasma, and most research indicates that these host-associated Tenericutes are usually parasites or pathogens. For example, many members of the genus Mycoplasma are pathogens of humans and animals, like Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma bovis. Recent studies suggest that these bacteria may be present in higher abundances in animals that live in marine environments than terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, we aim to describe the diversity of Tenericutes in wild marine vertebrates in order to have a better understanding of how these bacteria are distributed in the marine environment. I will explore which marine vertebrates seem to carry the highest load of Tenericutes in their guts. Also, correlation between the Tenericutes phylogeny and the host phylogeny will be determined by sequencing and cloning full length 16S rRNA genes and phylogenetic analysis. This project is a first stepping stone to finding out how these pervasive symbionts are transmitted in the marine environment.

Panel 10 Revelle College Room

Martini, Olnita. University of San Diego (USD) NSF REU TIM Consortium Mentored by Joan Schellinger

Peptide-Starch Hybrid Conjugates For Applications In Peptide Stabilization And Release

Peptides are important therapeutic agents that have beneficial advantages such as selectivity, biocompatibility and chemical versatility. However, there are still issues such as decreased bioavailability, due to enzyme degradation.

In order to circumvent these shortcomings, polysaccharides used to enhance peptide stability are being investigated. We hypothesize that polysaccharides, which are less toxic and cheaper to produce, can substitute polyethylene glycol. Our main goal in this project is to develop and synthesize novel hybrid peptide-starch conjugates composed of sugar and peptide. Two routes of conjugation are currently being investigated, linking separate molecules together in different orders via copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition and sulfide-exchange on the dibromomaleimide moiety. Our initial conjugates were synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy. We are currently investigating the use of fluorine tags to confirm the success of conjugation characterized by 19F NMR. We predict that the joining of starch to a peptide will potentially be used in peptide delivery systems, or as therapeutic coating on biomedical devices.

Panel 2 Muir Room

Massaley, Suma. San Diego City College Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Molly Roberts

Understanding And Describing Political Attacks Of Denial Of Service Attacks

Distributed Denial of Service Attacks (DDOS) are intentional attempts to flood a website with traffic with the intent of making services temporarily unavailable to users. Often, these malicious attacks on websites are politically or economically motivated. It is important to study DDOS on websites because by forcing the targeted websites to temporarily shut down could cause victims to lose money, stop providing information, and create lapses in their services over a long period of time. We are interested in understanding and describing these attacks because very little is known about denial of service attacks. These attacks are infrequently reported and their origins are difficult to ascertain. The purpose of this research leverages the new technology developed by the San Diego Supercomputer Center to detect victims of these attacks. By categorizing victimsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; websites, we identify instances where governmental websites are targeted with the intention to temporarily block or shut down these governmental websites. We describe patterns in timing, frequency, and duration of these attacks to better understand the potential political causes and consequences of denial of service attacks.

Panel 9 ERC Room

Mast, Andrea. University of San Diego (USD) Mentored by Jennifer Prairie

Experimental Comparison Of Phytoplankton And Marine Snow As A Food Source For Copepods

The constant shower of marine snow in the ocean is responsible for the vertical movement of organic carbon from the photic zone to the deep ocean, playing an important role in the carbon cycle. As the marine snow descends, it may be decomposed by bacteria, fragmented into smaller particles, or eaten by organisms. Through this study we are investigating the interaction between zooplankton and marine snow. Feeding experiments were conducted in which zooplankton, specifically copepods, were incubated in roller tanks with either individual phytoplankton cells or marine snow as their food source.

After each experiment, the gut pigment contents of the copepods were analyzed. This allowed for a comparison of the ingestion rate of the copepods fed with individual phytoplankton to those fed marine snow, thus determining whether marine snow is a viable food option for copepods compared to individual phytoplankton. The results of this study will provide information on the interaction, if any, between zooplankton and marine snow, and shed some light on whether zooplankton are contributing to marine snow degradation as it falls through the water column.

Panel 35 Governance Chambers

Mazon, Natasha. UC San Diego, Thurgood Marshall College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Eduardo Macagno

Antimicrobials In The Medicinal Leech

Antimicrobials are molecules that help fight several kinds of invasive and potentially dangerous microorganisms, such as bacteria. A serious health issue for people worldwide is that many virulent bacterial strains have developed resistance to most, if not all, the known antibiotics. There is a crucial effort to develop new antibiotics, in particular, to find novel antibacterial factors in natural products. The central aim of this project is to characterize additional members of two gene families, the neuromacins and the lumbricins, found in the medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana, which express peptides shown to have antimicrobial activity. I propose to clone these genes, synthesize peptide products presumed to have antibacterial properties, and assay these molecules for antibacterial activity. Ultimately, I anticipate to discover a diversity of novel antibacterial peptides in the medicinal leech that are effective against a bacterial challenge.

Panel 30 ERC Room

Mboning, Ornella. Cosumnes River College Mentored by Joseph O'Connor

Synthesis And Characterization Of Benzoyl Ferrocenes Derivatives

Cells have a highly regulated system of Iron II and the excess of Iron in our cells stir the formation of free-radicals known to cause cancer and help it grow.

The favorable electronic properties of ferrocene and its derivatives was found to have anticancer potential. Since Iron metabolism is aberrant in cancer cells, we want to overload HeLa and A459 cells with iron to increase oxidative

stress and bypass the iron metabolism. Synthesising and characterizing our Benzoyl ferrocenes derivatives compounds is used as a way to kill tumor cells through photo and fenton chemistry.

Panel 6 Red Shoe Room

McClain, Claire. UC San Diego, Earl Warren College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Shyni Varghese

Hydrogel Structures And Various Loads Affect Mcf7 Cancer Spheroid Growth

Panel 7 Green Table Room

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. This disease is triggered by deregulated cell growth caused by altered gene expression patterns. Recent studies have implicated the role of mechanical cues in the cancer microenvironment in modulating the growth of the tumor mass. We have utilized 3D photopatterning and microfluidics to apply spatially varying mechanical resistance to cancer spheroids. To this end, we first encapsulated the MCF7 cancer cells in circle and triangle hydrogel structures to apply different mechanical resistances to the spheroids. Using hydrostatic pressure, we can apply various loads to these cancer spheroids and monitor their growth patterns as a function of time. Furthermore, the capacity to form different structures allows us to spatially tune the mechanical cues experienced by the cancer spheroid. We hypothesized that the cancer spheroids would grow more easily in areas with less mechanical resistance from the hydrogel. This experiment enables us to more closely analyze the growth patterns of these spheroids due to these controlled stressors and modulate their growth in the future.

McDonald, Alexis. Howard University Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Hannah Carter

The Role Of Genetic Variation In Helping The Immune System Fight Cancer

The human immune system has the potential to play a vital role in patrolling genomic mutations associated with tumorigenesis. Research suggests that genetic variation within Major Histocompatibility Complex - Class I (MHCI) alleles impacts the ability of the immune system to detect mutations in cancer; which may have a direct influence on the chances of cancer development. The research uses two previously established prediction algorithms to score peptides according to the capacity of specific MHC-I alleles to present the peptides to the immune system. Netchop is used to calculate the number of cleavage sites, and the IEDB is used to predict binding affinity. The score is based on the product of results found by these prediction algorithms. These experiments have previously been performed on 10-mer peptides; but our current goal is to confirm the consistency of scores for peptides of length 8-11. These findings will help to uncover clues about the effects of genetic variation on cancer; with hopes of discovering more potential options for immunotherapy.

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Mckelvey, Simeon. Morehouse College Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Eva-Maria Collins

Investigating The Role Of Physical Forces In The Cell Organization Of Biological Systems

Pattern formation is a fundamental process in development and regeneration.

Cell sorting whereby two populations of cells spontaneously separate into different compartments is a biologically important example of pattern formation. Recently, it has become clear that such pattern formation events can arise from physical interactions only. In the context of cell sorting, this idea was postulated over 40 years ago in the Differential Adhesion Hypothesis (DAH), which state tissues behave, on long time scales, as liquids and that their sorting rely on differences in interfacial tensions just as the separation of immiscible liquids such as oil and water. Here, we test whether the DAH can explain cell sorting during Hydra regeneration from cellular aggregates. To do so, we use established protocols separating full animals into isolated tissues.

The surface tensions of both tissues are estimated through measuring the dynamics of fusion of two pieces of the same tissue. Our results provide a simple example of how physical forces can drive pattern formation in biological systems. This knowledge can inspire the development of new methods in tissue engineering and tissue repair.

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McLin, Chelsea. University of San Diego (USD) McNair Scholars Program Mentored by Carlton Floyd

Permed, Relaxed, And Bleached: An Examination Of Beauty Standards In Relation To The Black Female Body

In Jamaica and the United States, the beauty industry banks on the insecurities of black women to fit a model of white beauty through perms, relaxers, skin bleaching products, etc. While there has been a rise in movements that promote acceptance of the traits black women are born with, to see these traits as beautiful, black women are still pressured to conform to standards of beauty that do not reflect them. This research project focuses on the effects of these beauty standards on black women, specifically black girls, in Jamaica and the United States. Through close readings of literature, observations and reader response, I seek to answer the following questions: 1) how do black women respond to the expectations of beauty society places on them, and 2) how does society respond to them?

Panel 6 Red Shoe Room

Mejia Pena, Hilda. San Diego City College Pharmacology SURF Mentored by JoAnn Trejo

Role Of Yap And Taz In Par1 Trough Invasion Of Mda-Mb-231 Cells

The metastasis of tumorigenic cells represents a major turning point in the progression of breast cancer. The Hippo pathway regulates cell number by modulating cell proliferation cell death and cell differentiation. Recent research has shown that the G-protein coupled receptor PAR1 is highly expressed and signals aberrantly in metastatic breast cancer cells. Recent

findings have shown that PAR1 activates to the Hippo/Yap signaling pathway in cancer cells. Upon activation of the Hippo/Yap pathway, two effectors,Yap and Taz translocate to the nucleus and initiate the transcription of genes encoding tissue growth factors CTGF and Cyr61. In this project we will study the function of Yap and Taz in PAR1-dependent migration and invasion of human breast cancer cells. To accomplish these aims we will analyze the hippo/yap pathway activation by quantifying the expression of CTGF and Cyr61,we will use the qualitative and quantitative fluorescence microscopy to assay cancer cell migration and invasion. Finally we will culture MDAMB231 cells using RNA-interference to disrupt the expression of target genes.These experiments will contribute to the identification of factors that mediate PAR1dependent cancer cell metastasis Panel 14 Governance Chambers

Mensah, Samantha. UC San Diego, Earl Warren College Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Joseph Wang

Smart Tattoos For Continuous Electrochemical Monitoring Of Biomarkers In Sweat

There is a large demand in the sports medicine and health care sectors to monitor real-time human physiological well-being and performance during physical activity. Many research efforts aim to develop and optimize wearable sensors because they provide a method of real-time, noninvasive personal monitoring of chemical constituents in biofluids. However, most existing wearable sensors are limited to only one method of electrochemical detection due to the prevalence of crosstalk between the sensing elements. We aim to detect compounds in sweat in-vivo using two different methods of detection and spatial separation of the sensors to prevent interference from crosstalk.

We integrate screen-printed electrodes into tattoos and equip the tattoo with a miniature wireless transceiver. The smart tattoo performed simultaneous amperometric detection of the metabolites glucose and lactate, and potentiometric detection of potassium and sodium electrolytes. They also present a fast response time, suitable selectivity, no hysteresis, and wide linear dynamic range. The simple and inexpensive fabrication process can be easily scaled up for mass production.

Panel 13 Student Leadership Chambers

Middleton, Kennedy. Spelman College Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Thad Kousser

Funding The School House: Demographics Or State Income

Which characteristics of a state â&#x20AC;&#x201C; its wealth or its population demographics â&#x20AC;&#x201C; affect its level of spending on education? Previous education literature examines spending disparities in states with diverse populations. In the first stage of my project I intend to investigate how wealth and population demographics impacts education spending. The second stage will analyze whether an increase in education spending actually leads to improved educational outcomes. Using data on state education expenditures from 1890 until 2010, I will regress state characteristics such as: state income, population size, minority and immigrant percent on education spending. To determine

the quality of education of each state I will perform a regression on high school completion rates to see if this variable is affected by spending levels. An education gives one access to opportunity, therefore a states use of demographic characteristics to determine how much is spent on education would not only deny a student opportunity it would also decrease the states investment in the human capital of education essentially stagnating their overall progression.

Panel 14 Governance Chambers

Miller, Rachel. UC San Diego, Earl Warren College UC LEADS/Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Darren Lipomi

Wearable Strain Sensors Comprising Graphene Palladium Nanoislands Existing glove-like sensors for decoding human hand gesturesâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;e.g., American Sign Language (ASL)â&#x20AC;&#x201D;have been demonstrated before, but they have employed bulky electronics and had limited sensitivity at small strains.

In this presentation, I describe the use of piezoresistive strain sensors comprised of graphene decorated with thermally evaporated palladium nanoislands. These composite thin films are integrated into a sensor system that wirelessly measures the wide range strain corresponding to motion of the hands and fingers. These sensors have demonstrated a large gauge factor (change in resistance with strain) and stable baseline and are able to detect strain as small 0.1% with a dynamic range of over four orders of magnitude in strain (0.001% â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 10% strain). Moreover, this demonstration uses imperceptible sensors that can be placed on commonly available textiles. While we demonstrate an application in ASL, the piezoresistive sensor system is also amenable to instrumented gloves for surgical training, virtual keyboards and instrument panels, prostheses and electronic skin for amputees and soft robots, and silent wireless communication for covert operations.

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Mills, Dylan. UC San Diego, Eleanor Roosevelt College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Mark Hildebrand

Mysterious Metabolism: Zeaxanthin Pigment Synthesis In Diatoms

Diatoms are ecologically and industrially important brown microalgae. Like other photosynthetic organisms, diatoms use light absorbing pigments to facilitate photosynthesis and to prevent excess light damage using a process called photoprotection. Photoprotective pigments are like sunglasses which can be easily put on or taken off depending on the light conditions. One of these pigments is zeaxanthin, and its synthesis is one of the many unresolved steps in diatom pigment metabolism. Diatoms don't have beta-carotene hydroxylases (BCHs), which typically catalyze the conversion of beta-carotene to zeaxanthin in plants and green algae. Theoretically, another enzyme that carries out a similar reaction could play that role.

Bioinformatic analysis has revealed LUT-like (LTL) genes in diatoms. In other organisms, LUTs convert alpha-carotene to lutein, which have very similar chemical structures to beta-carotene and zeaxanthin, respectively. It has been hypothesized that LTLs may substitute for BCH in diatom

zeaxanthin synthesis. My research tests this idea by suppressing (via knockdown) the expression of both LTL genes of the model diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana and measuring the effect on pigment composition using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).

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Miramontes, Marissa. UC San Diego, Revelle College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Juan C. del Ă lamo

High Dynamic Range Intraventricular Color-Doppler Velocimetry

Assessment of left ventricular (LV) blood flow can improve the diagnosis and understanding of cardiac diseases. A recently developed method to quantify LV flow is echocardiographic color-Doppler velocimetry (echo-CDV). Being fast, easy to perform and fully non-invasive, echo-CDV is well suited for widespread clinical application. However, this technique can be subject to aliasing error. Aliasing artifacts appear if the flow speed exceeds the velocity scale programmed in the acquisition device. The velocity scale is usually set to resolve high speeds of flow entering and exiting the ventricle leaving little dynamic range left to capture much lower speeds. The goal of this research is to expand current echo-CDV processing algorithms to combine multipleacquisitions performed with different velocity scales, thereby expanding the dynamic range of the technique. Our preliminary results indicate that combining acquisitions with two different velocity scales does improve the dynamic range. We are currently quantifying this improvement by comparing the new method to the original. Enhancement of echo-CDV could be significant for accurately quantifying blood stasis, a recognized risk factor for clot formation which can lead to stroke.

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Miranda Gutierrez, Diego. UC San Diego, Earl Warren College IME BECAS Mentored by Olivia Graeve

Lanthanum Hexaboride Conducting Wire

Lanthanum hexaboride is a semi-conductive ceramic used in electron microscopes as a crystal for the cathode because it can withstand high temperatures and support electron flow. However, these crystals are very expensive. In an effort to reduce costs of the cathode we are developing a conducting wire by joining single lanthanum hexaboride crystals with a polymer. Synthesis of lanthanum hexaboride powder results in an agglomeration of crystals which cannot be separated. These agglomerated crystals cannot be used to create a conducting wire because they would not properly conduct electrons. Therefore, we prepare our LaB6 by varying Ph values by using Ph 10 buffer in the solution with lanthanum (8.4945 grams), boron (1.2733 grams), carbohydrazide (.1415 grams), and H2O (20 ml) . This solution is dried under 200 C. Once it is dried it is put in an oven where it explodes at around 400 C. The resulting LaB6 powder from the explosion is washed with HCL and water. We observe physical qualities of the crystals under SEM.

Panel 15 Forum

Molina, Edgar. Grossmont College Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Jan Kleissl

Solar Energy Assessment And Forecasting

This research aims to improve cloud and weather forecasting for solar energy assessement. Using the UCSD sky imager, images are taken regularly, every 30 seconds, to determine the sky cover. A two dimensional cloud map is then formed to determine the shadows generated at the surface of the solar panels.

Limited validation of the method was obtained before, and we seek to increase the number of pyrometers, which measure irradiance, in different areas of the UCSD campus to expand coverage area and improve the validation data sets, to better study sky imaging forecasting. We are building efficient pyranometer stations to gather better cloud conditions nowcast and weather forecasting to predict how much power can be generated per hour per meter square in different weather conditions so that we can work together with solar energy power plants and help them meet their utility and grid reliability needs.

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Moore, Alexia. Howard University Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Robert Pomeroy

Cultivated Algae: The Next Generation Of Renewable Sources

Algae has proven to be a valuable renewable resource for conversion to biofuels. However algae is susceptible to attacks by predators/pathogens.

Without the ability to foresee and prevent attacks from predators the use of algae will be circumscribed. To address this issue we developed a simple, automated system of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for early detection of pathogens, which uses pesticides to minimize risk to public health and the environment. Using Mass Spectrometerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s early detection system in conjunction with qPCR and High Resolution Melt (HRM) we can pinpoint predatory and pathogenic species. HRM is a closed tube post qPCR analysis used to identify genetic differences in nucleic acid amplicons. Together these appliances monitor the production of algae by detecting harmful species in the air and pond that are linked to algal death. This technique is capable of pairing broad screening for classes of predators with determination of the pestâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s species from sequence specific differences in melt analysis. To determine the efficiency of these products we will cultivate algae and monitor the growth before and after adding known predators.

Panel 24 Muir Room

Moreno, Martha. UC San Diego, John Muir College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Becky Marquez

Relationship Between Maternal Communication And Eating Disorder Symptomology In Mexican-American Women

This study focused on high obesity prevalence in Mexican-American women and harmful eating disorder symptoms that may result from weight loss attempts. The purpose was to investigate the relationship between maternal

communication and eating disorder symptomology in adult daughters and determine whether this relationship depends on acculturation. A community sample of 59 overweight or obese Mexican-American adult mother-daughter dyads (N=118) completed questionnaires. Positive and negative maternal communication was assessed with the Parental Eating and Weight Messages (PEWM) Survey. Eating disorder symptomology was determined using the three subscales of Oral Control, Dieting, and Bulimia and Food Preoccupation of the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26). Acculturation was measured by the Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans (ARSMA-II). Positive maternal communication was correlated with higher Oral Control (r=0.35, p<0.01), but not with the other subscales. Positive maternal communication was associated with lower acculturation (r=-0.39, p<0.01). The relationship between eating disorder symptomology and maternal communication did not depend on the daughterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s acculturation. Interventions improving positive communication in the mother-daughter relationship may reduce the risk of eating disorders in young women.

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Moreno, Jose. UC San Diego, Revelle College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Juan Carlos Del Alamo

Quantifying And Analyzing The Errors Associated With Specified Boundary Conditions Applied When Using Traction Force Microscopy And Monolayer Stress Microscopy On Ipsc Induced Cardiomyocytes

Collective cell-generated mechanical forces are relevant to many biological processes, such as development, tissue repair and establishing the barrier function of epithelia / endothelia. Traction Force Microscopy (TFM) and Monolayer Stress Microscopy (MSM) are methods that quantify these forces; TFM focuses on physical interactions at the interface between a cell monolayer and a substrate while MSM focuses on cell-to-cell interactions.

These forces are measured by finding the solution of systems of partial differential equations that arise from force balances on both cell monolayer and substrate with prescribed boundary conditions (BCs). In studies where the cells are confined within a region of the image, BCs are given by the physics of the problem. However, for those cases where the cell monolayer extends beyond the image, the BCs are unknown and thus further assumptions at the edge of the imaged region are required. The purpose of this research paper is to analyze and quantify the errors associated by approximating the unknown BCs at the periphery. We observe the errors to be confined within a narrow region near the edge of the image.

Panel 1 East Ballroom

Moreno, Elizabeth. Universidad de Guanajuato Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Adam Burgasser

Characterizing A Resolved M7 Dwarf Twin

Brown dwarfs are objects occupying the gap between the least massive stars and the most massive planets. Binary systems composed of two stars orbiting a common barycenter and are important systems for understanding the formation of stars and making direct orbit and mass measurements to validate

our understanding of stellar evolution. LP 318-218, a high proper motion late M dwarf which we have discovered, is a binary system in which both stars have nearly equal brightness. We use resolved near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging, and combined light optical spectroscopy to characterize the components of this binary and the system in general, including distance, common proper motion and the projected separation. We also place LP 318218, in context with other widely-separated late M dwarf binaries.

Panel 15 Forum

Morris, Aubriana. UC San Diego, Revelle College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by David Fenning

Implementation Of Spatially Resolved Emitter Saturation Current Density By Photoluminescence Imaging

The efficiency of the next generation of solar cells is limited by the so called “dark” or “saturation” current in the near-surface emitter region of the cell.

Photoconductance measurements were once the primary method of determining the emitter saturation current, J0e, for a solar cell but did not produce a spatially resolved image. Since highly-localized defects limit saturation current, methods are needed to produce a spatially resolved image of J0e. The purpose of this research is to implement a calibrated photoluminescence (PL) imaging approach to extract high-resolution images of J0e. To do this, Silicon solar cell samples with known J0e values were measured individually inside a light-proof box with an 808nm laser incident upon each sample, where a scientific-grade camera captured an image of the emitted light. Multiple images were taken at increasing laser intensity, and the resulting PL images’ data was used to calculate J0e at each point on the wafer’s surface using the same method as for the photoconductance approach.

Spatially resolved images of J0e enable rapid identification of process-induced defects and faster materials and process development.

Panel 12 Marshall College Room

Mota, Oliva. UC San Diego, John Muir College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Eduardo Macagno

Modulation Of An Identified Gap Junction Synapse

Neurons communicate via chemical and electrical synapses, and while the strengths of chemical synapses are known to change with learning and aging, electrical synapses or gap junctions have traditionally been viewed as being fixed and unalterable in the strength of their electrical signal, allowing the same reproducible flow of ions and other small molecules to be transmitted between neurons each time. However, many of the same gap junction proteins which make up electrical synapses also comprise the pore structures which allow direct communication between the inside and outside of cells, known as hemichannels, and whose openings are known to be modulated by both extracellular and intracellular factors. My research examines this synaptic dogma of gap junctions asking whether the purinergic amine Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP) can alter the conductance of an identified electrical synapse found between the bilateral Retzius neurons in the medicinal leech ganglion.

Panel 28 Green Table Room

Mousavi, Maedeh. California State University Fullerton Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by John Wixted

The Evaluation Of Simultaneous Versus Elimination Lineups And Their Link To Confidence And Accuracy Levels.

In recent years, DNA exoneration cases have revealed instances where eyewitnesses misidentified suspects leading to wrongful convictions.

Numerous studies have been conducted in an effort to reduce such errors. One specific area of research examines the presentation of photo lineups commonly used in police investigations. While most police departments use the simultaneous photo lineup â&#x20AC;&#x201C; presenting six photos concurrently and asking the witness to isolate the perpetrator â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the elimination lineup has been argued to be more advantageous. In this method, all six images are displayed together and the witness is asked to identify a familiar face, eliminating the remaining five images. The witness is then asked if the chosen image is the criminal. To determine which type of lineup is the superior method for police investigations, we compared the two lineup techniques. Additionally, previous investigations suggest that the level of confidence expressed at the time of initial identification may not be linked to the degree of identification accuracy.

Therefore, our second aim is to investigate the degree of confidence expressed by the witness and the relationship to its accuracy.

Panel 43 Forum

Mueller, Evan. UC San Diego, Earl Warren College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Renken Chen

Synthesis Of Novel Desiccants For Energy Efficient Systems

Polymer based desiccants attract a lot of attention due to their high swelling ratios and wide applications in supermarkets, hospitals, and hotels. However, a high regeneration temperature consumes a lot of energy, making it rather expensive to use. In this work, we synthesized poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) based desiccants with high swelling ratios, which is from the embedded salt desiccant, and low regeneration temperature, which is due to the polymeric matrix. The performance of the PNIPAM based desiccants, i.e. absorption and desorption, was tested independently with a humidity chamber set at a relative humidity of ~95% and temperature of 25 C for the absorption, and a relatively humidity of ~10% and temperature of 50C for the desorption.

Results show that PNIPAM based desiccants have the same absorption capabilities as other desiccants, while having a lower regeneration temperature, thus improving the efficiency and decreasing the cost of applications.

Panel 31 Revelle College Room

Muhumuza, Mathew. UC San Diego, Sixth College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Shannon Lauberth

A New Role For The Chromatin Regulatory Protein Brd4 As A Cofactor For Mutant P53 In Colon Cancer

Functional inactivation of the tumor suppressor TP53, is a feature of human tumors. These mutations give rise to gain-of-function (GOF) effects that induce cancer development. Despite increasing evidence that GOF activities are driven by aberrant transcription of mutant p53, the mechanisms by which mutant p53 regulates gene expression programs in the cancer cell remains to be fully investigated. Exploring the mechanisms underlying the GOF of mutant p53, we investigated whether BRD4 functions as a transcriptional cofactor for mutant p53-induced transcription. Brd4, has been shown to play important roles in cancer. We hypothesized that BRD4 plays a facilitative role in mutant p53 R273H gene regulation through direct protein-protein interaction. In this study, we demonstrate that Brd4 forms a physiological association with mutant p53. We identified that BRD4 interacts with the missense p53 mutants, R273, R248Q, and G245S.These experiments advance the mechanism by which BRD4 functions as a transcriptional cofactor for mutant p53-induced transcription. We aim to advance the potential for target based screening approaches that could lead to the development of cancer therapies Panel 1 East Ballroom

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Munaibari, Edhah. King Fahd University of Petroleum and Mineral Mentored by Carl Melis

Looking For Dying Planetary Systems Through Dusty White Dwarf Stars

White dwarf stars provide a novel method to study Earth-like planets and the material they are made of. Planetary systems that orbit these now-dead stars that once were like the Sun begin to decay and rocky material gets captured, tidally shredded, and eventually accreted by the white dwarf. We are searching for white dwarf stars that have disks of material accreting onto them. Since these disks are made up of small dust particles, they efficiently absorb the light from the white dwarf star and re-radiate it at infrared wavelengths. Thus, our search employs deep infrared data taken by the Spitzer Space Telescope that as of yet has not been mined for white dwarf accretion disk systems. I collected the data for all sources and developed a code that models the contribution from the white dwarfs so we can identify any evidence of excess infrared emission that might herald the presence of a disk.

Disk-bearing white dwarf stars identified in this survey will be prime targets for future studies with current and future ground- and space-based telescopes.

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Munoz, Carlos. UC San Diego, Earl Warren College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Pedro Cabralles

Determination Of Wall Shear Stress On Red Blood Cells(Rbcs) Flowing Through Capillaries Via Image Analysis

Deformations and the wall shear stress (the force per unit area of the membrane) experienced by RBCs are necessary for their passage through capillaries. However, physical changes due either to different pathologies, like Sickle Cell Anemia and Malaria, as well as blood transfusions, can impair capillary flow. This study will determine the wall shear stress experienced by a RBC membrane as it flows through the capillary by using information

obtained from recorded high-speed blood flow videos. In order to determine stress, strain (a unitless measure of relative change in shape) is needed. By studying the deformation of the contour of the RBC membrane, which is obtained through image analysis techniques, strain can be determined. The strains determined are then fit to a series of equations in order to experimentally fit two material constants during capillary flow, from which the wall shear stress will then be determined. This model is advantageous in its ability to determine an approximation for the mechanical properties of RBCs without the need for more expensive microscopy techniques.

Panel 13 Student Leadership Chambers

Muñoz, Christina. UC San Diego, Thurgood Marshall College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Alan Daly

Social Networks And Social Capital: Networks In Primary Education

Examining Latino Student

The educational achievement of Latino students in the United States has been a hot topic of concern for decades. Low socioeconomic statuses and lack of access can significantly contribute to falling behind. However, the social capital that Latino students obtain throughout their education is not limited to the relationships with their family and teachers. Peer networks may also play a role in educational achievement. Using social network questionnaires and semi-structured interview data, this study examines the creation of social capital among the social and academic support networks of fourth grade Latino students in two classrooms. Preliminary findings show mixed results.

In both classrooms, gender played a significant role in the development of friendships. However, the role of gender and race among the academic support networks varied by classroom. In conclusion, this study discusses the possible effect of academic support networks among Latino students in primary classrooms. This study also highlights the greater need for inclusion among student support networks.

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Murakami, Yuka. UC San Diego, John Muir College Frontiers of Innovation Scholars Program (FISP) Mentored by Adam Burgasser

Cosmocosm: Sound Planetarium

Imagine entering a dark room, the walls and ceiling lined with speakers and plenty of space to stand or sit by yourself or in a small group. Instead of watching the stars reveal themselves on the ceiling of a planetarium, we hear localized sounds coming from every direction, spatialized in a full sphere around the body—this is our Sound Planetarium. For this project, we use data sonification techniques to translate existing astronomical data from the bright star catalogue into spatialized sounds. The Sound Planetarium is an audio laboratory, with the ability to modulate different samples to match the physical qualities of stars (ex. spectral type, spectral class, brightness, and color) to physical qualities of sound (ex. timbre, rhythm, volume, and frequency). In addition to experimenting with the sound qualities, we also adjust their locations according to the Earth’s rotation. Bridging the disciplines of live performance, audio installation, data sonification, and

Astrophysics, our trans-sensory artwork is designed to live in between experimental art practice and scientific inquiry.

Panel 7 Green Table Room

Musson, Chase. California State University Los Angeles Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Gourisankar Ghosh

Structural Analysis of Immune Signaling Pathway Protein Complex NFκB p100/RelB NF-κB is a family of transcription factors that alters the expression of specific genes in response to certain environmental signals and can lead to cancers when unregulated. Cell surface receptors, specific kinases, and regulatory protein complexes propagate these signals to the NF-B transcription factors through signaling pathways. The p100/RelB protein complex is a regulatory protein complex found in the ‘non-canonical NF-B signaling pathway.

Studies have shown that the non-canonical pathway is critical for inflammatory response and cell survival, but the crystal structures of many of the signaling proteins remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to obtain pure p52, I B vitro to determine a crystal structure of the complex as a foundation for biochemical and structural studies, particularly with respect to specific DNA sequence targets. We expressed deletion constructs of p100 and RelB in an E. coli expression system, then purified the complex using affinity, ion-exchange, and size-exclusion chromatography. This information can be used to better understand the biochemical mechanics of the p100/RelB complex as a signaling molecule.

Panel 26 Bear Room

Naing, Aung. UC San Diego, John Muir College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Joanna Mckittrick

Improvement Of Luminescent Properties For Phosphors Using Flux For Solid-State Lighting

Luminescent ceramics (phosphors) are currently used in white-emitting LEDs because they are highly efficient long lasting light sources, replacing incandescent and fluorescent lighting. Typically used solid-state method for phosphors produces large crystallite size powders with good quantum efficiencies but have low packing density and light scattering on the device.

Small phosphor particles of radii ~ 400nm are required to overcome these issues since they reduce the scattering effect on the LED device, but these phosphors have poor quantum efficiency compared to the micron-sized phosphors. To increase the quantum efficiency, flux such as NH4F, NH4Cl, and H3BO3 are used in preparing small-sized phosphor powders. The flux helps increase atomic diffusion which increases the crystallite size and thus increases the quantum efficiency. Flux on submicron-sized silicate-based phosphors through wet chemical processes also showed an increase in quantum efficiency of phosphors. Flux will be used on phosphate-based

phosphors to determine how it affects the luminescent properties and the results will be compared to that of flux with silicate-based phosphors. X-ray diffraction patterns and luminescent properties will be presented.

Panel 11 Sixth College Room

Nakhla, Marina. California State University Northridge Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Adam Aron

The Effects Of Surprise On Visuomotor Working Memory

Prior research has demonstrated that unexpected (surprising) events impact working memory (WM). Specifically, auditory surprise interrupts verbal WM by recruiting a stopping system in the human brain (Wessel et al., 2016).

While this is an intriguing insight, several questions remain. Does surprise interrupt non-verbal WM (visuomotor)? Can visual surprise induce an interruption? We examined the effect of visual surprise on visuomotor WM in a new behavioral paradigm with 16 healthy participants. Participants were shown a sequence of square stimuli, each presented in a different position on the screen. A looming visual stimulus (surprising event) was then presented on 20% of trials, with a static stimulus (control) presented on 80% of trials.

Participants were then probed with a number cue indicating which square in the sequence they should recall, and responded by clicking on the screen where they believed it was located. We predict participants will perform significantly worse in trials with looming vs. static stimuli. This would indicate that visual surprise can affect visuomotor WM, and would open up further avenues to better understand how looming stimuli have effects.

Panel 32 Sixth College Room

Narala, Rachan. UC San Diego, John Muir College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Joann Trejo

Thrombin Regulation Of Leukocyte Migration By C-Src And P38 Kinases

The goal of my summer project is to determine the role of c-Src kinasemediated activation of proteins in initiating leukocyte migration across the vascular membrane. Thrombin is a proinflammatory protease that induces endothelial vascular permeability and recruitment of leukocytes. Previous research has shown that thrombin-induced cleavage of protease activated receptor-1 (PAR1) leads to a phosphorylation of the p38 MAP kinase. C-Src is an important kinase that indirectly leads to p38 phosphorylation after thrombin stimulation of PAR1, as well as other well-characterized roles in the endothelium. Activation of the p38 signaling cascade has also been shown to regulate the production of key inflammatory cytokines including MCP-1, IL6 and IL-8, which are necessary for leukocyte recruitment. My goal is to analyze the role of thrombin dependent c-Src kinase activation in microvascular endothelial cells and determine the role of c-Src kinasemediated activation in initiating leukocyte migration across the vascular membrane. Chemical inhibition and siRNA depletion of c-Src will be used to analyze the thrombin-dependent activation of p38 signaling, its role in

mediating cytokine production and regulation of leukocyte recruitment, and trans-endothelial migration.

Panel 42 Ballroom A

Neupane, Ashim. Howard University Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Jorge Cortes

State Optimization Using Extended Kalman Filter

The flight behavior of autonomous aerial drones (e.g. quadrotors) is controlled using a control algorithm that drives the drones to a desired position and orientation. Subsequently, on-board sensors measure the drones' position, altitude and orientation. Proper control of quadrotors using on-ground computers remains challenging due to delays in the transmission of drone video streams and sensor data to the computers' processors. Furthermore, sensor measurements and state estimation processes have inaccuracies that cause overshooting and stability issues. Kalman Filters are typically used to address these issues by facilitating the fusion of measurements and estimations to obtain optimal estimations of the quadrotor's state. This research project focuses on the implementation of an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to counter the effects of delayed video streams and noisy measurements and obtain optimal state estimates. A modified EKF is used to track numerous preceding state information to obtain correct estimations of succeeding drone states.

Results from this study may contribute to more efficient control of quadrotors in the future, making the wide-spread use of autonomous aerial drones a possibility.

Panel 33 Marshall College Room

Ngo, Chau. UC San Diego, Thurgood Marshall College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Maripat Corr

Roles Of Toll-Like Receptors In Dendritic Cell Differentiation

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. It has been shown that in human patients with rheumatoid arthritis, TLRs are upregulated in synovial tissue. TLR4 in particular has been implicated as a promising target for arthritic treatment.

Through high-throughput screening, our laboratory has identified the compound 1z105 as a TLR4 ligand. Treatment with 1z105 in an arthritic mouse model has shown attenuation of the disease. As part of this project, we first studied the effect of TLR4 ligand (1Z105) on dendritic cell differentiation by identifying surface marker changes and relative proportions of cellular subtypes in treated versus untreated bone marrow derived cells. If the drug was added on the first day of culture then the cells were not enriched and few cells survived. The drug treated cells showed a difference in the types of dendritic cell surface markers that were enriched in the presence of GMCSF if it was added three days after harvest. Future studies will be needed to correlate the function of the enriched cells.

Panel 34 Student Leadership Chambers

Nguyen, Thuy Tien. UC San Diego, Sixth College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Rommie Amaro

Structure And Dynamics Of Ikk2 In Tip3P And Tip4P-Ew Water Models At 298K

Panel 28 Green Table Room

IKK complex is the critical component for the NF-κB pathway which is responsible for proinflammatory gene expression and cellular response. The IKK complex is an important drug target to develop treatment for chronic inflammatory disorder as well as an array of different cancers. Due to IKK’s large multimeric structure and highly variable dynamics, experimental studies encounter many difficulties; the protein-protein full signalosome complex is still not well understood. Using biochemical visualization and molecular dynamics software, including VMD, Maestro, and AMBER, crystal and cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM), structures of IKKβ, the main subunits of IKK complex, will be processed and prepared for molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Understanding of the atomic-level dynamic motions in such a large protein-protein complex can only be attained through computational simulation techniques. I aim to perform MD simulations on the IKKβ heterodimer in TIP3P and TIP4P-EW Water Models at 298K to attain unique insight into the dynamic structures of this important drug target with the final goal of pursuing drug discovery based on pocket openings seen from MD. Nguyen, Bella. UC San Diego, Eleanor Roosevelt College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Beatrice Golomb

Patient Reports Of Physician Interaction With Adverse Events

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the interaction between physicians and their patients in association with statin adverse effects. Existing UCSDIRB-approved survey submissions providing information on patient characteristics and their interaction with their doctors will be analyzed for descriptive statistics and collation. A convenience sample of patients who have self-identified as having had statin adverse effect and have completed a UCSDIRB-approved survey, with informed consent, will have their data used.

Abstracted information regarding adverse events will be provided by previous research done through the Statin Adverse Effect Study. Chi-squared statistical testing and T-test will be applied for categorical and continuous data. This project is aimed to gain insights into the prescription of drugs at the expense of patient preferences and even well-being.

Panel 14 Governance Chambers

Nguyen, Thanh-Phuong. UC San Diego, Sixth College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Sheng Xu

Wearable/Stretchable Piezoelectric Biomedical Devices For Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound imaging is widely used in medical diagnosis due to its low cost and real-time dynamic imaging capability. The rigid transducer probes require manual scanning over the skin surface in a sequential manner, which can be time-consuming and cause discomfort to the users. To address this

problem, this research aims to develop a soft biomedical device using piezoelectric arrays for ultrasound imaging, which is stretchable to account for the curvature of the skin surface and can rapidly obtain high quality images of human's tissues. The device is consisted of inorganic piezoelectric single crystals Pb(MgNb)-PbTiO3 and a backing layer, enclosed in silicone elastomeric substrate. The piezoelectric performance and the pulse-echo response of the piezoelectric array can be characterized and compared on phantom skins and live animal models, in planar and bending/stretching configurations. The acquired signal is then transmitted to a back end commercial imaging system and analyzed. The resulted soft ultrasound imaging devices can be used to integrate with human body to achieve continuous high quality monitoring of human deep tissues and organ functions.

Panel 37 SSC 350

Noe, Jessica. University of San Diego (USD) McNair Scholars Program Mentored by Antonieta Mercado

The Whistling Bull: A Narrative Exploration Of The Experience Of Indigenous Migrants In A Globalized World

Historically, the inaccurate portrayals conveyed by dominant cultural reporting and storytelling about indigenous groups has served to create barriers of understanding between cultures and peoples. As a result, many indigenous groups rely on community solidarity and oral storytelling to transmit cultural information to younger generations. Through a blend of participatory action research and narrative ethnography, this research studies the effect of narrative as a method of recovery, maintenance, and preservation of indigenous knowledge in a diasporic Mixtec community living in Linda Vista, California. Through story writing, interviews, workshops, and the creation of a blog for the community, not only is a body of work for this community’s indigenous knowledge started, but the tools for growing it begin to take root in the community as well. Beyond the applicability of narrative methodology to aid in respectful and accurate engagement, oral histories are powerful tools for social justice. Respectful and genuine engagement with a community through the written word has the potential to prompt discourse and build bridges with those who have so often been relegated to the status of “other”.

Panel 34 Student Leadership Chambers

Nourbakhsh, Kimya. UC San Diego, Eleanor Roosevelt College Mentored by Susan Taylor

Activation Of The Ria Holoenzyme Of Protein Kinase A Is Defined By A Key Allosteric Signaling Node In The B/C Helix

Protein Kinase A (PKA) is a tetrameric holoenzyme comprised of two regulatory (R) subunits and two catalytic (C) subunits that is activated by intracellular cAMP. While functionally non-redundant, the four R subunit isoforms (RIa/b, RIIa/b) share a conserved domain architecture, including tandem C-terminal cyclic nucleotide binding (CNB-A/B) domains. Here we focus on the allosteric communication between the two CNB domains in RIa; in particular on the role of four highly conserved basic patch residues (239-

RKRK-242) within the B/C helix. The B/C helix serves not only as a major R:C interface, but also contains an important signaling node between the aA helix (D267) and Phosphate Binding Cassette (E200). We suspect that mutation of this conserved basic patch in the B/C helix would greatly reduce cooperativity by decoupling cAMP binding and release of C subunit. To evaluate this, we are using alanine mutagenesis and testing cAMP responsiveness using an in vitro fluorescent polarization assay combined with structural studies to identify changes to this allosteric signaling node.

Collectively, these experiments will be used to address mechanisms of allosteric regulation of PKA. Panel 3 Dance Studio

Nunes, Stephanie. UC San Diego, John Muir College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Heather Pines

Prevalence And Correlates Of Seeking Sexual Partners Online Among Men Who Have Sex With Men In Tijuana, Mexico

Objectives: Men who have sex with men (MSM) experience substantial risk of HIV infection worldwide. Popularity of sex seeking smartphone applications among MSM globally has sparked interest regarding the feasibility of delivering HIV prevention interventions via virtual venues. This study aims to (1) determine the prevalence of online sex seeking among MSM in Tijuana and (2) identify correlates of online sex seeking within this population. I hypothesize that online sex seeking will be associated with younger age, greater levels of internalized stigma, and less openness about having sex with men. Methods: Between March and July 2016, 157 HIV-negative MSM were recruited via respondent-driven sampling (RDS) in Tijuana, Mexico.

Participants completed interviewer-administered surveys to examine sociodemographics, sexual behaviors, substance use, internalized homophobia, and the use of websites and smartphone applications to meet sexual partners in the past 4 months. We will use Chi-squared, Fisherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s exact, and t-tests to identify factors associated with online sex seeking. Implications: This research will help inform the development of targeted HIV prevention strategies for MSM at greatest risk of HIV in Tijuana.

Panel 7 Green Table Room

Oberman, Michelle. Brandeis University Brandeis University World of Work Fellowship Mentored by Mitchell Diccianni

Dfmo To Enhance Neuroblastoma Immunotherapy

Dinutuximab, an immunotherapy approved in 2015, improves survival rates of the pediatric cancer neuroblastoma. However, many children are not cured, and treatment is painful because it targets nerve cells. Polyamines, key components of cell proliferation, are associated with cancers, including neuroblastoma, and regulate sensitivity to pain. DFMO (elfornithine) inhibits polyamine synthesis. Historically, DFMO has been used to treat facial hirsutism and trypanosomaisis, but has also been shown to inhibit prostate cancer growth in combination with standard chemotherapeutics. We have been investigating DFMOâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s potential to enhance dinutuximab immunotherapy. We hypothesize that DFMO will improve the efficacy and

reduce associated allodynia. Preliminarily, we have observed that 5 mM DFMO directly reduces neuroblastoma cell proliferation up to 60% in vitro.

We have seen that rats given 1% DFMO in their water exhibited decreased dinutuximab-induced allodynia, correlated with reduced serum polyamine levels. An antibody, dinutuximab mediates tumor cell killing through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). We are currently assessing the effect of DFMO on this process in vitro. In summation, our initial findings suggest that DFMO may be an effective adjunct to dinutuximab immunotherapy.

Panel 42 Ballroom A

Ochoa, Esmeralda. UC San Diego, Earl Warren College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Michael Tolley

Variable Stiffness Pouch Actuators: Layer Jamming In An Inchworm Robot

In this project, a laminate inch worm robot prototype is developed. The robotâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s movement relies on pneumatic pouch actuators and introduces vacuum layer jamming as a way to add variable stiffness to the pouch actuators, a new capability these actuators do not have on their own. Testable parameters within layer jamming involve different amounts of interleaved layers of thin sheet material, applied pressure over the overlapped area and the friction between the layers. These parameters are tested using 3-point bending tests and the peak load data is collected. By changing the above parameters, a layer jamming component that provides maximum variable stiffness is determined.

Both the pouch actuators and the layer jamming components are fabricated in a laminate process with heat sealing and are controlled by the same pneumatic system. This robot will be cost efficient, easily mass manufactured and rapidly customizable. Future possible applications include the ability to venture into small areas where large scale robots and humans cannot enter in order to gather data, for search and rescue in disaster scenarios or to perform structure inspections.

Panel 36 SSC 300

Ochoa, Joey. University of New Mexico Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) SURF Mentored by Jeffery Omens

Cardiac Fibroblast Proliferation And Extracellular Matrix Production After Static Stretch On Compliant Gels

Sustained pressure overload in hypertension and aortic stenosis can lead to heart failure. Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) play a critical role in heart failure as they produce and maintain homeostasis of the extracellular matrix (ECM), a scaffold for all cardiac cells. Mechanical stress leads CFs to proliferate and transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts produce excessive fibrotic proteins to stiffen the ECM, alter ventricular compliance and compromise cardiac output. CFs respond rapidly to mechanical stress, including increased mechanical tension in cell culture. The stiffness of a regular plastic culture dish, ~100,000X higher than that of the myocardium (10-100kPa), induces myofibroblast differentiation. Previous studies have evaluated the effects of mechanical stretch on fibroblasts, but not on CFs on

soft matrices. Our aim is to determine if static stretch of quiescent CFs on soft gels induces transdifferentiation. Primary CFs isolated from CD1 mice will be plated on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane crosslinked to a soft (812kPa) polyacrylamide gel of physiological stiffness. Homogenous equibiaxial stretch.will be applied to the gel, and effects on proliferation and profibrotic gene expression in the CFs will be assessed.

Panel 34 Student Leadership Chambers

Okonkwo, Chidinma. UC San Diego, Eleanor Roosevelt College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Partho Ghosh

Determining The Crystal Structure Of The N-Terminal Region Of Enterococcal Surface Protein

Enterococcus faecalis is among the most common hospital-acquired pathogens. This bacteria is known to cause endocarditis, urinary tract infections, and bacteremia. Its pathogenicity is associated with several different genes, including a gene that encodes for Enterococal Surface Protein (Esp). The presence of Esp in disease-causing strains of the bacteria has led it to be seen as a potential contributor to infection. Therefore, determining the molecular function of this protein will help inform potential treatment against this bacteria. To do so, we will use x-ray crystallography to attain the crystal structure of the N-terminal region of Esp, which is believed to be responsible for the binding of the bacteria to host cells. This structure can help reveal the binding domain and site of Esp. Also, it can be compared to other bacteria proteins of known structure and function in order to gain insight into Espâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s function in Enterococcal infection. From this result, we hope to move closer to improved treatments for E. Facaelis infections.

Panel 5 Bear Room

O'Leary, Kinsey. UC San Diego, Thurgood Marshall College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Eric Schmelz

Qtl Mapping Of Fungal Elicited Maize Defense Metabolites To Reveal Biosynthetic And Regulatory Gene Candidates

As the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest annually harvested grain crop, maize (Zea mays) significantly contributes to food, feed, and fuel. Maize is protected by abundant and largely constitutive defenses that have been studied for over 50 years; however, in the face of pathogen pressures, plants rapidly produce locally accumulated antimicrobial secondary metabolites that provide essential protection. Complex families of maize phytoalexins impair disease progression yet remain largely unidentified. To understand these anti-pathogen responses, recombinant inbred maize lines (RILs) of the Nested Association Mapping (NAM) B73 x Ky21 subpopulation were challenged with heat-killed fungal hyphae (Fusarium venenatum) to identify novel defense metabolites and their corresponding genes. Locally reacted stem tissues containing a diverse array of phytoalexins were metabolically profiled using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). From these profiles, a series of segregating metabolic phenotypes were analyzed for quantitative trait loci (QTL) to uncover candidate genes responsible for multiple pathway differences. Improved candidates for biosynthetic and regulatory genes will provide crucial insights

towards the understanding of both novel compounds and basic crop protection mechanisms.

Panel 33 Marshall College Room

Olvera, Jocelyn. California State University San Marcos (CSUSM) Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by John Chang

Proteasome Activity Regulates Cd8+ T Lymphocyte Metabolism And Fate Specification

CD8+ T lymphocytes are an important component of the adaptive immune defense against intracellular pathogens. When CD8+ T lymphocytes are activated by their cognate antigens, these cells can divide asymmetrically to generate daughter cells with distinct fates as effector or memory cells.

Previous studies have demonstrated that proteasome activity during mitosis contributes to the regulation of CD8+ T cell fate specification. In the current study, we show that decreasing proteasome activity in CD8+ T-cells resulted in acquisition of effector cellâ&#x20AC;?like characteristics, while increasing proteasome activity resulted in increased memory lymphocyte differentiation and function.

CD8+ T-cells with low levels of proteasome activity preferably utilized glycolysis for cellular respiration instead of oxidative phosphorylation. We will test the hypothesis that overexpression of glycolytic enzymes in CD8+ T cells with high levels of proteasome activity will prevent these cells from undergoing memory differentiation. In conclusion, this study will allow us to determine proteasome activity can control CD8+ T cell fate by regulating cellular metabolism.

Panel 14 Governance Chambers

Ortiz Salazar, Juan. California Polytechnic State University - San Luis Obispo San Diego Nanotechnology Infrastructure (SDNI) REU Mentored by Sheng Xu

Circuit Design And Mechanical Stretchability Testing Of Stretchable And Wearable Electronics For Energy Harvesting And Storage Devices

Power supplies, as vital components in wearable electronics, must be light, flexible, and possess high power capacity in order to accommodate integration with the soft, low-modulus mechanics at the system level. Biocompatibility is another requirement given that these systems will contact the human body while in application. The island-bridge microstructure is a widely used layout for stretchable and wearable electronics, owing to its large stretchability, high robustness, and low cost. In this study, copper island-bridge layouts were designed and fabricated by integrating serpentine interconnections with commercial coin cells and the stretchable silicone elastomer Eco-Flex. The aim of this study is to determine the layout design with the largest stretchability and highest reliability. Therefore, different diameters of the islands, thicknesses of the interconnections, spacing intervals, and thicknesses of copper layers in the stretchable devices were investigated. Then, electrical measurement, including open voltage tests, and mechanical reliability tests, such as uniaxial and biaxial strain capability test, were both conducted.

Panel 21 SSC 554A

Osuna, Carlos. UC San Diego, John Muir College Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Robert Sah

Biomechanical Analysis Of Osteoporotic Mouse Tibiae Via Three-Point Bending [Abstract redacted owing to proprietary information.]

Panel 30 ERC Room

Paredes, Isabel. San Diego Miramar College 4Cs@UCSD REU Mentored by Nathan Gianneschi

Coiled-Coil Peptides For Promoting Co2 Reduction In Rhenium Electrocatalysts Isabel G. Paredes, Swagat Sahu, Clifford P. Kubiak, Nathan C. Gianneschi

Currently, CO2 from human sources is directly released to the atmosphere contributing heavily to global warming. Our goal is to develop a strategy to combine various electrocatalysts to convert CO2 into CO, a useful intermediate for liquid fuels production. Specifically, we aim to use peptides and their key structural motifs to assemble the electrocatalysts. In previous work, Litowski and Hodges designed the coiled-coil sequences, KIAALKE (Pep A) and EIAALEK (Pep B), which form highly stable, parallel heterodimers.1 In general, coiled-coil sequences contain a heptad repeat characterized by two hydrophobic residues (Isoleucine and Leucine) specifically placed to allow stability, and two charged residues (Lysines and Glutamic Acids) which promote heterodimerization. We synthesized the peptide chains using standard fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (FMOC) chemistry by solid phase synthesis. For the electrocatalyst, we performed a Negishi coupling followed by hydrogenation and metalation reactions which resulted in compound 1.2 We aim to incorporate this compound 1 into peptides A and B to assemble A-B heterodimers as a strategy to co-localize catalyst and co-catalyst to enhance their activity in CO2 reduction to CO. Panel 8 Earl Warren Room

Paudyal, Roshil. Howard University Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Jeffrey Remmel

Q-Analogues Of The Fibo-Stirling Numbers

In a previous work, we introduced Fibonacci analogues of the Stirling numbers called Fibo-Stirling numbers of the first and second kind as the connection coefficients between the Fibo-falling factorial basis {〖(x)〗_(↓F,n):n≥0} and the Fibo-rising factorial basis {〖(x)〗_(↑F,n):n≥0} which are defined by 〖(x)〗_(↓F,0)=〖(x)〗_(↑F,0)=1 and for k≥1,(x)_(↓F,n)=x(x-F_1)⋯(x-F_(k-1)) and (x)_(↑F,n)=x(x+F_1)⋯(x+F_(k1)). We have a general rook theory model which allowed us to give combinatorial interpretations of the Fibo-Stirling numbers of the first and second kind.

There are two natural q-analogues of the falling and rising Fibo-factorial basis. That is, let 〖[x]〗_q= (q^x-1)/(q-1). Then we let

〖[x]〗_(↓q,F,0)=([x]) ̅_(↓q,F,0)=〖[x]〗_(↑q,F,0)=([x]) ̅_(↑q,F,0)=1 and, for k > 0, we let 〖[x]〗_(↓q,F,k)=〖[x]〗_q 〖[x-F_1]〗_q⋯〖[x-F_(k-1)]〗_q, 〖[x]〗_(↓q,F,k)=[x]_q ([x]_q-[F_1 ]_q)⋯([x]_q-〖[F_(k-1)]〗_q), 〖[x]〗_(↑q,F,k)= 〖[x]〗_q 〖[x+F_1]〗_q⋯〖[x+F_(k-1)]〗_q, 〖[x]〗_(↑q,F,k)=[x]_q ([x]_q+[F_1 ]_q)⋯([x]_q+〖[F_(k-1)]〗_q).

In this work, we show that we can modify the previous rook theory model to give combinatorial interpretations for the two different types of q-analogues of the Fibo-Stirling numbers which arise as connection coefficients between the two different q-analogues of the Fibonacci falling and rising factorial bases.

Panel 28 Green Table Room

Pearl, Jae. University of San Diego (USD) McNair Scholars Program Mentored by Saturnino Garcia

Quantum Suspension

The following study analyzes intrinsic limitations of perception in order to formulate a more nuanced account of consciousness. Computer programmed visualizations and light prism studies operate as the primary methodology to analyze a series of enigmatic questions, contextualized by subjective accounts and objective physiological data. Visual studies contribute to a larger visualaudio installation interfaced with an API application that retrieves and maps heart rate correlations amongst subjects. The data-mined information will be used to create an interactive space based on said correlating trends. The visual-audio studies operate to reconstruct space and suspend conscious awareness as a programmatically rendered time-based sequence. According to theoretical physicist, Dr. S. James Gates, there exists a syntax of the universe coined Adinkras represented by 1D graphs. These theoretical computations assert reality as a projection experienced through a matrix. Through reconstructing environment and deconstructing awareness "objective" perception is called into question. The overall analysis presents critical consideration pertaining to the fundamental fallacies of human perception, thus, challenging the physicality of reality.

Panel 25 Dance Studio

Perez, Leonel. UC San Diego, Thurgood Marshall College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Gerardo Arellano

Bay Of Smokes: Immigrants, Health And Aviation

Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) is an industry that is surrounded by Inglewood, Hawthorne, El Segundo and Lennox. Lennox is an unincorporated city of Los Angeles that has been directly affected through the aviation industry. This research analyses the health impact and air quality of aviation from the 1990’s until the present-day based on the laws that regulate local, state, national and international aviation laws. A subsequent part of this research deals with the unincorporated status of the Lennox community, which has become a key political status of this now immigrant community.

Through the analysis of legal cases and historical overview we will investigate

how is their status as an unincorporated community affect their overall political and economical power.

Panel 29 Earl Warren Room

Pham, Kathaleen. UC San Diego, Thurgood Marshall College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Tiffany Greenwood

Positive Traits In Bipolar Disorder

Panel 15 Forum

Although many studies have attempted to evaluate the nature of the relationship of creativity to bipolar disorder, few have administered a comprehensive test battery in a large sample size. Our goal is to capture the full spectrum of phenotypic and genetic variation. This study aims to recruit 100 bipolar patients, 100 unaffected first-degree relatives, and 200 healthy controls from creative and non-creative professions. Positive traits that are of potential relevance to bipolar disorder will be evaluated in this sample. All analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 23, and all measures were standardized as z-scores relative to non-creative controls. Despite the small sample size of 52 participants, the findings provided support for our initial hypothesis through observing expected correlations and group differences.

We will continue to increase the sample size to validate these initial findings to make comparisons of these measures in bipolar patients and their relatives.

Making the connection between positive traits and bipolar disorder will help psychiatrists create better treatment plans that are focused on the patientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs and experiences instead of the symptoms of the illness.

Pham, Anh. UC San Diego, Thurgood Marshall College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Karen Stocks

Evaluating Data Format Incompatibility Impacts On Data Usability

Oceanographers rely on easy access and usability of data to advance their research, leading to needs for integrable, interoperable data. Data format incompatibility is one significant obstacle that hampers seamless data integration within the geoscience and oceanography communities. SeaView aims to increase the usability of data in 5 major oceanographic data repositories by making data more uniform in format, and readily usable by end-users.1 This project tests the hypothesis that an increase in usable formats (increased operability) will lead to an increase in data usage by end users.

Specifically, it will look at whether downloads from one repository, CCHDO, changes with the addition of ODV and complete netCDF data download options. Download metrics from CCHDO, and other repositories if possible, will be measured to detect any increase in usage. Analysis of the result will help with understanding data preferences by oceanographers, and building efficient data management practices to serve the scientific communities.

Panel 2 Muir Room

Phan, Diana. California State University Fullerton Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Shelley Streeby

Vampires In The Transgender Community: Analyzing With A Queer Lens Anne Rice’S The Vampire Chronicles As A Metaphor

The Vampire Chronicles by Anne Rice is a Horror novel series with a unique interpretation of vampires while keeping some of the traditional Gothic elements and typical tropes of vampirism such as blood drinking and human hunting. I develop an analysis that The Vampire Chronicles narratives are a metaphor for the transgender community by common themes involving transgender issues. I argue that The Vampire Chronicles narratives are a metaphor for the transgender community because Rice emphasizes shared experiences of finding community, adjusting to a new body and how “passing” is important. Using Jack Halberstam’s concept of visibility from Gaga Feminism which focuses on coming out within a public space and dangers of being seen. I will discuss how bodies of both vampires and transgender people are about transitioning to a new body. I will explore the concept of “passing” and how vampires passing as humans is similar to transgender people passing as their preferred gender. I conclude that for community vampires and transgender people share similar histories of looking for someone to represent them in times of a crisis.

Panel 4 Ballroom A

Pina, Muna. UC San Diego AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Mirle Bussell

Preparing For The Silver Tsunami: The Evaluation Of Aging-Friendly Plans In The U.S

As the current elderly population continues to increase at an alarming rate, with the senior populace growing 18 times faster than that of the younger generations. It is necessary to address the inadequate planning for this aging crisis by communities and cities across the U.S. The focus of this study is to evaluate the extent to which preparations for the aging community have been addressed within formal planning processes of at least 10 metropolitan areas in the U.S, in hopes to better understand and identify indicators of age-friendly communities.

Panel 2 Muir Room

Pineda Severiano, Paulina. UC San Diego, Eleanor Roosevelt College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Gloria Chacon

Assimilation And The Legacy Of Colonialism In The Literature Of Javier Castellanos And Doris Pilkington Garimara

Many countries continue to deal with the legacy of colonialism and what has been badly named as the aboriginal/indigenous problem, which for many years was addressed through assimilation. Recent literature in the form of novels by indigenous and aboriginal writers around the globe, provides an insight into how integration theories and state policies affected aboriginal/indigenous societies, as well as how various communities responded and resisted. Although this has been studied, connections between

different regions of the world and various forms of assimilation and colonization has not been fully explored in literature. This paper is a literary analysis of works by Javier Castellanos, a Mexican-Zapotecan writer and Doris Pilkington-Garimara, an Australian-Jigalong author, focusing on the issue of assimilation in each region. It is through a comparison of these authors that one can observe the significance of appropriating the novel as a form of expression, as well as the insights gained through these new representations of indigenous and aboriginal characters, that highlight the flaws of the solutions provided by many scholars and policy makers to deal with issues concerning aboriginal/indigenous people.

Panel 35 Governance Chambers

Planck, Kyle. University of Notre Dame Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Tadeusz Molinski

Isolation Of Bioactive Natural Products From Marine Invertebrates

Natural products derived from marine organisms have garnered the attention of drug discovery scientists because of their unique chemistry and therapeutic potential. Compounds from marine bacteria and invertebrates are under investigation in clinical trials, and some have already received FDA approval as anticancer and analgesic drugs. The search for natural products is ongoing as researchers harvest specimens from different marine invertebrate species to determine if their contents have useful pharmaceutical applications. This project uses nanomole-scale protocols to examine sponge and tunicate samples from the ocean around Micronesia and Western Australia for biological activity and to investigate the unique compounds they contain. Compounds are extracted using progressive solvent partitioning, separation and purification are carried out by HPLC, and the structures of these molecules are elucidated using LC-MS, 1H NMR, and IR spectroscopy. As a result of these experiments, a number of natural products are successfully identified.

These compounds, as well as those from other marine invertebrate samples, will continue to be examined for new, exciting bioactive natural products.

Panel 39 SSC 450

Price, Stephanie. California State University San Marcos (CSUSM) Mentored by Heike Mahler

Development Of A Pathological Emptiness Scale: A Pilot Study

Pathological emptiness is associated with high risk behaviors including substance abuse, self-injury, and suicidal ideation. Individuals with a variety of psychiatric diagnoses, such as personality disorders, are more likely to experience emptiness. Despite the clinical significance of this experience, empirical investigations of emptiness have been limited due to a paucity of validated instruments for measuring emptiness. The purpose of the present pilot study was to assess the face validity, item ambiguity, and psychometric properties of newly developed self-report scale for assessing pathological emptiness. Following construct explication, items were generated and assessed for content validity by a panel of eight subject-matter experts. Next, a convenience sample of 53 university students completed the 88-item selfadministered, pencil-and-paper, pilot scale. Expert content validity ratings

were inconsistent. Three items were removed from analyses due to restricted range. The scale demonstrated high internal consistency (Îą = .98) and adequate average inter-item correlations (r = .33). Further research is needed to refine and validate the scale using large, representative samples. The subjective emptiness scale has potential clinical and empirical applications for the assessment of pathological emptiness.

Panel 9 ERC Room

Proctor, Kyle. University of San Diego (USD) McNair Scholars Program Mentored by Jennifer Prairie

Effects Of Phytoplankton Growth Phase On Delayed Settling Behavior Of Marine Snow Aggregates At Sharp Density Transitions

Marine-snow aggregates, collections of organic material and marine detritus, play a fundamental role in the marine carbon cycle. Previous studies have shown that marine-snow aggregates will significantly decrease their settling velocity when passing through sharp density transitions within the ocean, a phenomenon defined as delayed settling. Given the importance of aggregate settling to carbon export, these small-scale changes in aggregate settling dynamics may have significant impacts on the efficiency of the biological pump. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about how different physical properties of aggregates can affect this delayed settling. In this study, we investigated the effect of phytoplankton growth phase on delayed settling behavior. Using phytoplankton cultures stopped at distinct growth phases, we formed aggregates in a laboratory environment. We then observed individual aggregates as they settled through a stratified water column. A thorough understanding of the impact of phytoplankton growth phase on the delayed settling behavior of marine-snow will offer insight into how phytoplankton growth phase may influence the efficiency of the biological pump, carbon flux, and the carbon cycle as a whole.

Panel 30 ERC Room

Quijano Velasco, Pablo. National Autonomous University of Mexico Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Seth Cohen

Synthesis Of Polymof With Block Copolymer Ligand

Research in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has shown the extraordinary capability of these materials to be used in different technologies such as ion exchange, catalysis, gas adsorption and fluids separations. However, their inherently difficult processability has delayed their commercial application. A new kind of MOF material constructed from linear polymer organic ligands has the potential to combine the characteristic porosity and crystallinity of MOF materials with the processability of organic polymers. Until now most of the polymer metal-organic frameworks (polyMOFs) that have been synthesized are powder or brittle film materials which present physical properties more similar to a MOF than those of a polymer. In this project we aim to explore a different approach to synthesize a new polyMOF architecture, using a block copolymer formed by an aromatic dicarboxylic acid polymer and 1,5-polyoctadiene. The dicarboxylic acid polymer will act as the linker of the MOF structure and by adding the 1,5-polyoctadiene we expect to enhance the

polymer-like physical properties of the polyMOF. Investigating block copolymers that form polyMOFs increases our understanding of the compatibility of polymer and MOF structures.

Panel 31 Revelle College Room

Rahal, Christine. UC San Diego, Earl Warren College UC LEADS/Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Richard Kolodner

Looking For Novel Interacting Partners With Mismatch Repair Proteins Msh2 And Mlh1

Panel 32 Sixth College Room

The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway prevents accumulation of mutations caused by mismatched bases occurring during DNA replication.

Studying the interactions between the proteins that facilitate this repair can lead to a better understanding of how MMR defects lead to cancer.

Exonuclease 1 has two Msh2 and one Mlh1 conserved amino acid motifs for binding, defined as the SHIP and MIP boxes, respectively. Using bioinformatic techniques we have found SHIP and MIP boxes in a number of other proteins. One of these proteins which has not been previously implicated in MMR, Rad5, contained both the SHIP box and MIP box motifs. Using constructs I generated and a yeast two hybrid system, I have confirmed a novel interaction between Rad5 and Msh2 as well as an interaction between Rad5 and Mlh1. I am currently mutating the Rad5 MIP and SHIP boxes to determine impact on binding and DNA MMR using yeast genetic techniques.

This work is also being expanded to other SHIP box containing proteins to determine if these potential interacting partners play a role in DNA mismatch repair.

Ramirez III, Jose. St. Mary's University Texas Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by James Hagood

Role Of Wnt Pathway In The Regulation Of Thy-1 Expression In Lung Fibroblasts

Thy-1 is a cell surface glycoprotein found on normal lung fibroblasts that acts as a context-dependent regulator of cell phenotype. Thy-1 is absent in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a disease whose signature lesions, called fibroblastic foci, are a powerful predictor of impending death (Hagood JS, Am J Pathol. 2005). Thy-1 is a fibrosis suppressor and appears to play an important role as a mechanosensor during myofibroblast differentiation (Sanders, Kumbla, and Hagood 2007). Taken together we hypothesise that Thy-1-mediated signaling broadly suppresses myofibroblastic transformation and promotes apoptosis, restoring homeostatic function in lung fibroblasts.

Current preliminary results show regulation of Thy-1 expression in mouse fibroblasts when Wnt pathway is activated by glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibitor (CHIR99021); and in low doses appears to downregulate Thy-1 expression in mouse fibroblasts. We propose studies in rat cells will compliment findings in the mouse model. Sorted Thy-1(+) and Thy-1(-) rat lung fibroblasts will be treated with increased doses of CHIR99021 and processed for RNA isolation and qPCR analysis of Thy-1 expression. We predict that rat cells treatment with CHIR99021 will downregulate Thy-1.

Panel 39 SSC 450

Rangel, Cristina. UC San Diego, Thurgood Marshall College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Amy Lansing

Psychosocial Predictors Of Adolescent Delinquents’ Maladaptive Coping Behaviors

Delinquents experience significant health disparities and adversity exposure (traumas, losses) in their lifetime. Adolescent delinquents experience higher rates of traumas and losses in their lifetime when compared to adolescents that are not in the juvenile justice system. Maladaptive behaviors (intentional selfharm, substance use, suicidality) may arise as a way to cope with symptoms after these experiences. This study proposes to examine various psychosocial factors to find predictors of trauma-related maladaptive coping behaviors. The population consists of adolescents between the ages of 14-18 years old, largely of minority and low income status. Participants are part of a randomized controlled trial treatment efficacy study for concurrent posttraumatic stress disorder and substance/alcohol use, funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Clinical psychology measures were administered during incarceration and six months after their release and treatment end. Results from this study will assist in the early detection of developing trauma-related maladaptive coping behaviors.

Panel 10 Revelle College Room

Rastandeh, Amineh. MiraCosta College 4Cs@UCSD REU Mentored by Yitzhak Tor

Thermodynamic Analysis Of The Stability Of Natural Oligonucleotides

2-deoxystreptamine (2-DOS), was used to treat oligonucleotide duplexes to determine if the stability of the duplexes increased or decreased. The results of this experiment after a triplicate indicated that the RNA became more stable compared to a control of Poly-A Poly-U as the dosage of the 2-DOS increased.

Apart from studying RNA molecules, Tm value of oligonucleotide duplex IM 10 and IM 12 were studied and were found to be in a close agreement with previously published data. Currently, we are studying IM 11 to see how it affects the stability of DNA. Being able to study the effects of the 2-DOS scaffold common for structures of many antibiotics will open the window for scientists to observe their dynamic microenvironment.

Amineh Rastandeh, Patrycja Hopkins, Kaivin Hadidi, Yitzhak Tor * Sequences of IM 10,11, and 12, respectively: 5’-GAG CGA TGT GTA GCG AG-3, 3’-CTC GCT ACBF CAT CGC TC-5’, 3’-CTC GCT ACA CAT CGC TC-5’ Panel 9 ERC Room

Ratsimbazafy, Prisca. Lafayette College Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Elsa Cleland

Effects Of Shifting Rainfall Events On The Decomposition Of Salvia Mellifera In Comparison To Avena Fatua

The rainfall activity change due to climate change is impacting various community level processes. For instance, changing precipitation is hypothesized to shift the highly-moisture dependent biotic decomposition rates, thereby the plant community and litter inputs, and further alter

decomposition rates. The effect of precipitation change on decomposition was evaluated using litter from a native shrub (Salvia Mellifera) and an invasive grass (Avena Fatua). Litter bags of the two species were deployed in June 2004 in rainfall manipulation experiment of 50%, 100% and 150% ambient rainfall, with two different communities: native-dominated and invaded, then collected in April 2016. Litter bags in the invaded community decomposed faster than those in the native-dominated (p<0.001). Avena decomposition rates were significantly faster in the 150% than the 100% rainfall treatment (Tukey’s HSD,p=0.031). Avena decomposed faster than Salvia litter in all scenarios (p<0.001). In summary, rainfall variability alters decomposition processes and can affect nutrients availability for biotic uptake and the amount of carbon released into the atmosphere with the potential for climate feedbacks.

Additionally, the different litter types may alter their decomposition.

Panel 19 SSC 450

Reed, Lynnette. UC San Diego, Revelle College Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Ana Širović

The Effect Of Navy Sonar On Blue Whale (Balaenoptera Musculus) Calling Behavior In Southern California

Blue whales produce variable, low frequency D calls that can be detected at long ranges. In the Southern California Bight (SCB), D call presence peaks in late spring and early summer. This is an area with known sonar activity which could potentially result in shortened or inaudible D calls. To examine the interaction between blue whales and Navy sonar, a high-frequency acoustic recording package (HARP) recorded blue whale calling behavior at an offshore site in the SCB year round. A sensitive automatic detector, with low probability of missed detections (PMD), provided an hourly call count metric.

The analysis was supplemented with manual checking to remove all false alarms. The null hypothesis was tested that offshore calling behavior is not impacted by Navy sonar. Similar analysis of other sites in the SCB provided a basic model for blue whale calling behavior when Navy sonar was not present.

Panel 20 SSC 554

Render, Anna. Smith College Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Robert Sah

3-D Microscopic Loaded Cartilage Deformation Quantification In Whole Mouse Knees

Background: Mouse knees are commonly used to study how genetics, loading, and injury can lead to the onset of osteoarthritis (OA). Site-specific nature of cartilage degeneration in mouse OA models may reflect local mechanics of articular cartilage (AC), but is largely unknown.

Objective: Quantify cartilage deformation (thickness) in loaded mouse knee joints ex vivo using high-resolution 3-D histology.

Methods: The knee joint of a 4mo wild type C57Bl6 mice was loaded with 5.5N static compressive load at a physiological joint angle. Joints were fixed during loading, then imaged by high resolution 3-D volumetric histology. AC thickness was measured on the medial and lateral femoral condyles (MFC, LFC) and tibial plateau (MTP, LTP), and compared to contralateral unloaded control knee.

Results: The loaded joint showed decreased AC thickness compared to control for MFC (56μm vs 103μm, 47μm deformation), MTP (83μm vs 90μm, 7μm deformation), and LTP (76μm vs 88μm, 12μm deformation), but little change for LFC (87μm vs 88μm, 1μm deformation).

This new approach to quantifying joint-scale AC thickness and deformation enables quantitative joint mechanics analysis in mouse models.

Panel 27 Red Shoe Room

Reyna, Joaquin. UC San Diego Alumni Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Kelly Frazer

Understanding The Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Human Genome Reference Assembly 38

The latest version of the human genome reference assembly (GRCh38) is a new genetic model improving on the pitfalls of its predecessor (GRCh37), including representation of human genome diversity; however, few reliable resources suggest that switching to GRCh38 is actually beneficial. Here, we investigate the advantages and disadvantages of GRCh38 with available bioinformatics tools that can utilize the new reference. We evaluate performance of variant calling from whole-genome sequencing data with GRCh38 by the following comparisons: 1) precision and recall assuming SNP array data as gold standard, 2) genotype concordance for monozygotic twins, and 3) false positive heterozygous calls in alignment of a haploid genome to either reference assembly. Our results show a decrease in the number of variants called, precision and recall, and lower genotype concordance with GRCh38 than with GRCh37. We also observed more false positive calls from the haploid genome sequence data with GRCh38. Without more highly optimized algorithms for GRCh38, which can handle alternative loci effectively, it still remains to be investigated how the new reference can improve bioinformatics analysis.

Panel 5 Bear Room

Ria, Tanvina. Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Brian Zid

Control Of Messenger Rna Localization Under Stress

Most free-living organisms like Saccharomyces cerevisiae, commonly known as baker’s yeast, have adaptive responses for survival under stressful conditions. For example, yeast has shown growth in high osmolarity, which is usually detrimental to most cells. One potential response for adaptation under stress is sequestration of mRNAs into RNA-protein granules.

Previously, our lab has found that the promoter and 5’ untranslated regions of relevant genes contribute to sequestration of mRNAs into stress granules and P bodies. However, it is not known whether the promoter or the 5’ untranslated region influences localization of mRNA in osmotic stress. In this study we have generated reporter constructs containing only the promoters of selected genes to determine if these regions control localization to stress granules. Utilizing time-lapse fluorescent microscopy, we will observe the dynamics of mRNA localization under osmotic stress. This experiment will

show if promoter regions control mRNA localization under stress and mechanism used if so. Ultimately, this project will provide more insight into how adaptation of eukaryotes in stressful conditions can be controlled and provide guidelines for further studies in mammalian cells.

Panel 5 Bear Room

Riggleman, Harley. Old Dominion University Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Eric Schmelz

Probing How Plants Recognize Insect Attack By Screening Natural Variation In Elicitor Induced Defenses To Identify Genetic Resources Useful For Receptor Qtl Mapping.

Plants respond to a wide range of biotic attacks through the perception of molecular signatures. Previously, a disulfide- bridged peptide (+ICDINGVCVDA-), termed inceptin, was isolated from Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) larval oral secretions. An C-terminal truncated form of inceptin, termed inceptin minus A (+ICDINGVCVD-), was also discovered in velvetbean caterpillar (VBC; Anticarsia gemmatalis). Inceptin, when detected, can promote ethylene production to induce defense mechanisms within the plant. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) can perceive herbivory through the detection of Inceptin in specific insect oral secretions, but it does not respond to minus A. Unlike cowpea, other bean varieties are hypothesized to respond to inceptin minus A, due to more ecological exposure to VBC. To address this, we analyzed ethylene production on common bean plant varieties to determine which groups respond consistently to treatment of water, inceptin, and its antagonist form, Inceptin -A; using Cowpea as a control. The receptor responsible for the detection of inceptin forms are still unknown.

Differentially responsive lines will be used as genetic resources to identify a putative inceptin receptor.

Panel 30 ERC Room

Rinehart, Dane. MiraCosta College 4Cs@UCSD REU Mentored by Seth Cohen

Metal-Organic Frameworks As Catalysts For The Detoxification Of Chemical Warfare Agents Dane B. Rinehart, Le Wang, J. M. Palomba, Seth M. Cohen

Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are coordination networks consisting of organic ligands linked to inorganic metal nodes. MOFs can be modified with different organic and inorganic units to alter the overall geometry, pore size, functionality, and stability. Recently, Farha et. al. have shown that MOFs can be used as catalysts for the detoxification of chemical warfare agents.1 We extend this study by testing a vast array of MOFs on their ability to catalyze the detoxification of chemical warfare agents. High-throughput screening of a chemical warfare agent analogue hydrolysis was studied by various waterstable MOFs. The results of this screen will inform the synthesis of new MOF materials with components that optimize the stabilitity and catalytic abilities of the MOF. In the future, these MOFs would be candidates for those used in fabrics and gas masks to help protect soldiers from chemical weapons.

Ref: 1.

Y. Liu, S-Y, Moon, J. T. Hupp, and O. K. Farha. ACS Nano, 2015, 12358-12364.

Panel 8 Earl Warren Room

Roberts, Lauren. University of San Diego (USD) McNair Scholars Program Mentored by Jane Friedman

" Just The Place For A Snark!"

This research subject begins with the Four Color Conjecture which dates back to 1852 and has been the focus of research for many mathematicians. The Four Color Conjecture is a graph theory problem that proposes that every map can be colored using only four colors with no two of the same colors adjacent. The quest for a counterexample to the conjecture is what lead to the definition of the snark graph; and although the conjecture was finally proven in 1976, research into snark graphs concerning their properties has remained active. A snark is defined as a 3-regular, bridgeless graph, that is cyclically 4edge connected, in which the smallest cycle length (girth) is at least 5, and is not 3-edge colorable. This project further explores what is known and unknown about snarks by using their history and by analyzing their properties using graph theory. Aside from their simple definition, snark graphs are an important focus of research because their properties and structure are still widely unknown. Snarks are also encountered in other important and difficult problems in graph theory.

Panel 23 East Ballroom

Rodea, Uriel. California State University San Marcos (CSUSM) Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Karin Sandstrom

Measuring Properties Of Molecular Clouds In The Large Magellanic Cloud Using Supercam

Molecular clouds are dense regions of gas and dust where new stars are forming. The general picture of molecular clouds is that they are gravitationally bound objects that are supported against collapse by turbulence. When we observe the molecular clouds in a galaxy, they should be in a range of states of evolution - some have not formed stars yet, others are in the middle of doing it, some are being dispersed. We are using the map to measure the properties of the clouds and to find trends with the evolutionary state of the cloud. Supercam is a new instrument built by University of Arizona that observes rotational emission lines of the carbon monoxide molecule. We actually canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t directly observe molecular hydrogen, so we have to use tracers like CO and its isotopes to learn where all the molecular gas is. With the results in the analysis we will be able to make new conclusions for the stages of star formation and its rate, and whether its a linear relationship to the size and density of the cloud itself.

Panel 13 Student Leadership Chambers

Rodrigues, Isabela. Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Adam Burgasser

Thinking About Thinking: Preliminary Analysis Of Metacognitive Reflections In A College Physics Course.

Students'

Understanding what students struggle with in introductory physics course material and teaching strategies requires understanding how they think about physics. This is difficult to capture with standardized concept inventories, but can be probed through student metacognition. In this study I analyse weekly metacognition reports by students on the prompt: How did this week's learning go for you. The reports were taken in both Interactive Lecture and Cooperative Problem-Solving formats. Using tools in the web-based software package, Voyant, I performed word frequency analysis and examined how key terms changed over the course formats. I also examined the infusion of core physics terms (scientific language) infused over time and teaching condition and compare student responses between the Interactive Lecture and the Cooperative Problem-Solving formats.

Panel 36 SSC 300

Rodriguez, Marc-Anthony. Cornell University Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) SURF Mentored by Adam Engler

Effect Of Forskoin And Nitric Oxide On The Expression Of Vinculin In In Vitro Drosophila Melanogaster Derived Embryonic Cell Lines

The risk for heart failure is increased with age. However, despite the decreasing renewal capacity of cardiomyocytes with age, cardiac remodeling is not always maladaptive. We have previously found that the expression of vinculin, which is increased with age in the myocardium, acts to preserve cardiac function. In Drosophila Melanogaster, we have found that the overexpression of vinculin improved cardiac contractility and increased life span by 150%. The overall aim of this study is to identify a drug that would induce an overexpression of vinculin. Using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software, we have found a network of several potential upstream regulators of vinculin to be screened in vitro. By performing western blots, we have screened two of the molecules implicated, forskolin and a nitric oxide donor, in S2 and S2R+ cell lines, which are derived from Drosophila Melanogaster embryos. These in vitro screens will be valuable for quickly narrowing down a larger list of drugs to later be tested in fruitflies to fully observe their effects on cardiac function and longevity.

Panel 13 Student Leadership Chambers

Rogers, Tiasha. University of San Diego (USD) University of San Diego McNair Scholars Program Mentored by Thomas Reifer

Race, Space & Education’S Place: Education Or Incarceration

Juvenile delinquency is critically mediated by the intersection of race, space and education’s place. This paper explores the centrality of race, space and education’s central place in creating/reproducing juvenile delinquency, or fostering agency-laden education in areas of spatially and racially

concentrated neighborhood disadvantage. My main focus is the extent to which education creates/reproduces juvenile delinquency or fosters agency among young people. My goals is to explore how juvenile delinquency can be decreased through improving educational systems in these communities. To this end, I explore the literature on juvenile delinquency, questions of agency and social struggles over education.

Panel 10 Revelle College Room

Rohrer, Jacqueline. UC San Diego, Thurgood Marshall College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Zoran Radic

Expression Of Codon-Optimized Human Acetylcholinesterase For Structural Studies Under Low Gravity Conditions And Its Kinetic Characterization.

Codon-optimized human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) DNA construct will be used to express large hAChE amounts in mammalian HEK cells. hAChE will be affinity purified and its catalytic properties characterized. Goal is to purify 10 to 100 mg hAChE for crystallization tests. Pending suitable crystal growth, it may be sent to the International Space Station to promote formation of large crystals under low gravity. Those are needed for room temperature X-ray crystallography as well as neutron diffraction studies. A combination of structural information and information from solution studies will be used to aid development of new oxime antidotes against organophosphate (OP) poisoning.

Panel 22 Green Room

Rojo, Zandra. UC San Diego, John Muir College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Andrea Tao

The Quantification Of Polyethylene Glycol On Silver Nanoparticles By Thermogravimetric Analysis For Protein Corona Characterization

This work uses thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to characterize the interface between inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) and biological environments.

Specifically, the formation of protein coronas in vivo is dependent on the ligand density at the NP surface. The test system is composed of 30 nm Ag NPs coated with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of homogeneous and heterogeneous Polyethylene Glycol (PEG). PEG is chosen because of its steric stabilizing, protein repellent, and biocompatible characteristics. Inorganic NPs with SAMs provide control and tunability over the NP surface chemistry.

Heterogeneous SAMs formed through various ratios of 16mercaptohexadecanoic acid (MHDA) and PEG will allow for further reproducible studies of the effect of surface heterogeneity on NP-protein corona formation. TGA and electron microscopy will be used for the quantification of PEG density on the NP surface to explain differences in serum protein adsorption observed in these NPs in cell culture medium. The composition of the ligand density dependent protein corona affects a nanoparticleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s material properties, biological functions, and the bodyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s immunological response; demonstrating the importance of quantifying the nanoparticle surface.

Panel 27 Red Shoe Room

Rosenblatt, Hannah. UC San Diego, John Muir College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Amro Hamdoun

Through The Looking Glass: Exploring Uses Of The Crispr/Cas9 Gene Editing System In Sea Urchin

With constantly expanding gene-editing technologies, developmental and cell biologists now have the capacity to explore and alter biological processes with remarkable ease and precision. One recent technology, the CRISPR/Cas9 system, offers an elegantly simple way to cut double-stranded DNA at any spot in an organismâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s genome. However, its full range of potential uses in research is still being determined.

This work aims at optimizing CRISPR for gene editing in sea urchin, a key developmental model organism. gRNA constructs, used by the Cas9 protein to target genomic locations, were tested in vitro and in vivo in S. purpuratus embryos for their ability to locate and cleave DNA. Edits are being confirmed through phenotyping and sequencing of targeted genes.

CRISPR in urchin can be used to answer an array of developmental questions.

By directly change the DNA of an organism, rather than relying on interference of mRNA or protein, CRISPR has the potential to produce more complete and widespread knockouts. This would provide an easy and in-depth way to more accurately trace developmental phenotypes or events back to the genes involved.

Panel 20 SSC 554

Rueda, Jose. UC San Diego, Revelle College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Robert Sah

Biochemical Regulation Of Prg4 In Bovine Articular Cartilage Explant And Monolayer Culture [Abstract redacted owing to proprietary information.]

Panel 16 SSC 300

Ruedas, Crystal. California State University San Bernardino Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Timothy Brady

Interference In Visual Working Memory

We have two separate visual memory systems: working memory (VWM) and long-term memory (VLTM). VWM has limited capacity and is important for information that one is actively working with and updating as they perform a task. VLTM is for information that is stored and then retrieved when it is needed and it is not updated as you do a task. Performance on VWM tasks is affected by proactive interference: items from the previous trial affect and intrude the current trial. Here we examine whether the interference seen in VWM tasks results from information stored in VWM or in VTLM. Subjects were shown colored circles and were instructed to remember the colors.

Before testing, the colored objects moved around the screen, which should update their VWM representation but not their VLTM representation. We

predict proactive interference does not come from the updated locations but instead comes from the original location, suggesting it originates in VLTM, not VWM. Understanding the distinction between VWM and VLTM will give us information about how a person perceives situations.

Panel 42 Ballroom A

Ruiz, Javier. University of California Santa Cruz Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Sonia Martínez

Formation Control For Multi-Robot Swarms

Efforts have been made to develop robots that can be controlled remotely to navigate areas that may be dangerous or difficult to traverse for humans.

These robots can have a wide range of capabilities, from exploring unknown areas to providing emergency services in disaster situations. However, in many cases, controlling a group of these robots requires the effort of an entire team of people. To address this issue, we propose a method for a single person to easily control a swarm of robotic agents and easily move them into a desired formation. Each agent can sense its relative positi.on to other agents in the swarm. We use this information as the basis to automate formation control using stress optimization, the Jacobi overrelaxation algorithm, and the generation of transition formations. This would allow the person controlling the formation to only need to provide the swarm with a goal formation and not need to worry about moving individual agents Panel 39 SSC 450

Ruiz, Jessica. University of San Diego (USD) McNair Scholars Program Mentored by Stephen Pearlberg

Predicting Consultation And Other Health Outcomes Among Veterans Who Have Experienced Military Sexual Trauma

As part of the Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom Care Management clinical program, veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan must complete a series of self-report assessments concerning mental and physical health when enrolling in the VA system. This retrospective study will analyze self-reported scores of veterans who enrolled in the VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS) from March 2012 to December 2013. Current research focuses on those who screened positive for military sexual trauma (MST), described as “sexual assault or repeated, threatening sexual harassment” during one’s military service (Veterans Administration, 2015.). We aim to identify factors that predict whether or not a person who screens positive (MST+) will receive a subsequent psychological consultation. Our analysis will consider scored health questionnaires, clinician referrals and notes from chart reviews performed 6 months after intake. We hope to identify expected outcomes for veterans who screen MST+, particularly those who do not request consults. In understanding this, eventually, we can help encourage more positive outcomes for veterans who report MST.

Panel 20 SSC 554

Ruiz Bello, Edgar. Universidad de Guanajuato Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Shyni Varghese

A Novel Method For Engineering Microcavities Within Flexible And Transplantable Tissue Engineered Scaffold

The use of cells and biomaterials as cellular therapies for diseases has remained an integral objective for tissue engineering. With the emergence of 3D printing technology within the field of tissue engineering, the possibility to transplant more physiologically relevant structures have created exciting opportunities for translational medicine. Although simple devices with the capacity to hold specific organ cells within its structure exists, more complex scaffolds containing structures that resemble vasculature that also can be subject to surgical anastomosis have recently emerged. Our lab has previously created perfused three dimensional cellular constructs within microfluidics devices. To translate this technology towards clinical use, we have developed a cytocompatible organ-on-chip device that is flexible, cost-effective, and suitable for transplantation. To further validate its toxicity and efficacy in vivo, we will implant our device containing cells into an animal model and assess adverse host reactions as well as the functionality of transplanted cells as a function of time. Such studies could provide invaluable findings that can facilitate reinstating functionality of dysfunctional organs.

Panel 14 Governance Chambers

Rutledge, Lee. University of Michigan Ann Arbor Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Todd Coleman

Residual Limb Monitoring Project

Residual Limb Monitoring Project Justin Tantiongloc, Daril Brown, Mathys Lemos, Grayson Rice, Lee Rutledge, Todd Coleman University of Michigan, University of California, San Diego leerut@umich.edu Amputee patients experience medical complications such as pressure ulcers when their residual limbs are exposed to excessive heat or pressure. In recent years, advances have been made in the development of flexible, wearable sensors capable of sensing physiological signals, including body temperature and pressure exerted onto a personâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s skin. These sensors can communicate this data using near-field communication (NFC). We leverage this technology to help doctors monitor their patientsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; residual limbs by connecting the wearable patch to a smartphone. This is achieved by using an NFC reader that is connected to an Intel Edison Board, which is a small computer-on-module which suits it well as a development system for our wearable technology. This Intel Edison board can communicate over Bluetooth, which is the communication method we will use to connect to the smartphone. We have are pushing forward the Bluetooth communication method and the developing smartphone application.

Panel 4 Ballroom A

Saiag, Valerie. UC San Diego, Thurgood Marshall College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Christine Hunefeldt

Expressions Of Art In The Andes And Amazonia

My research includes an understanding of how Andean and Amazonian expressions of art influenced each other over the course of several centuries, beginning with the writings and drawings of indigenous chronicler Guaman Poma de Ayala at the turn of the 17th century. How did such expressions of art mold a self-image of indigenous peoples across a vast geography? How did and does continuity and change in drawings, ceramics, textiles affect and express social relations and hierarchies? From these experiences, how do we account for 'art' as an expression of human cognition in its representational forms?

Panel 35 Governance Chambers

Salazar, Sergio. San Diego City College Pharmacology SURF Mentored by Michael Burkart

Understanding Polyketide Biosynthesis In Streptomyces

Polyketides are secondary metabolites produced by bacteria and fungi. Some of these metabolites have found to be historically useful as medicines. These compounds are produced by a group of enzymes called polyketide synthases (PKS). Streptomyces platensis and 1487 have been shown to produce biologically active polyketide natural products. However, the biosynthesis of the polyketides from these two organisms is not fully understood. The focus of this project is to understand how particular PKS proteins from S. platensis and 1487 perform the chemical reactions associated with them. In order to understand the biosynthesis, we set out to identify the biosynthetic gene cluster and proteins associated with polyketides produced by these two organisms. As a complement, we also present our efforts towards the synthesis of small-molecule probes that may be used to identify proteins and characterize protein-protein interactions involved in the biosynthesis of these polyketides.

Panel 43 Forum

Salinas, Carolina. San Diego City College Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Tse Ng Nga

Near-Infrared Photodetectors, Based On Low Cost Flexible Organic Semiconductors

This project investigates the efficiency of organic photodetectors that use narrow bandgap conjugated polymers. Photodetectors made with organic polymers allow simpler solution processing than those made with inorganic semiconductors, hence lowering cost and enabling new form factor on flexible substrates. The goal of this summer project is to determine the factors that limit the performance of organic photodetectors in order to improve future materials and devices. The characterization and procedure includes measurement of the current density-voltage characteristics and the external quantum efficiencies (EQE) of photodetectors. Photocurrent versus light

source is measured and from this data, the responsivity, EQE, and detectivity are calculated. The organic photodetectors we have fabricated show up to 5% EQE at 900 nanometers, which is demonstrated to measure human heart pulse rate at a finger tip.

Panel 24 Muir Room

Sanchez, Delia. California State University San Marcos (CSUSM) Mentored by Kimberly D'Anna-Hernandez

The Role Of Maternal Acculturation Status And Cultural Values On Programming Of Infant Temperament

Infant temperament is associated with long-term child outcomes and may be programmed by prenatal maternal stress. Mexican-American children are at risk for temperament issues as pregnant mothers of Mexican descent experience high levels of sociocultural stressors, i.e. acculturation. High acculturation, adjusting to values and customs of host culture, in pregnant women is associated with adverse mother/child outcomes, while adhering to Mexican cultural values is protective. However, the role of prenatal exposure to sociocultural stressors on infant temperament is not known. It was predicted that prenatal maternal acculturation would be associated with negative temperament that would be buffered by Mexican cultural values.

Pregnant women of Mexican descent (n=120) completed questionnaires regarding their cultural values, acculturation status, and infantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s temperament on 3 subscales (negative affect, surgency, and effortful control). Acculturation was associated with less negative affect only. Less acculturation and identification with gender roles (Mexican value) and competition and personal achievement (Anglo value) were associated with high negative affect.

Acculturated women who identified with Anglo values had more positive infant temperament outcomes suggesting culture plays a role in temperament programming.

Panel 19 SSC 450

Sandoval, Sara. UC San Diego, Revelle College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by David Holway

Interacting Impacts Of Drought And Habitat Fragmentation On San Diego' S Native Bees

Thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s been a massive decline in pollinators, bees especially, across the globe.

They play an important role in our ecosystems; over 85% of flowering plant species rely on animal pollination services. Native bees are among the most important pollinators, and populations are not only threatened by human impact or pathogens, but other factors like climate change and habitat fragmentation. This study focuses on the significance of extreme drought and habitat fragmentation as interacting elements. Collecting native bees, using permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA), and using a linear mixed-effects model allowed us to identify differences in bee assemblage composition between reserves and fragments and between pre-drought and post-drought years. A subset of 29 common bee species was chosen and 13 of these bee species exhibited effects of drought and/or habitat fragmentation. A

long-term study is needed to understand the effects of drought and fragmentation in this ecosystem.

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Sandoval Gomez, Gerardo. Imperial Valley College Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Juan Ybarra

Processing Soluble Extracellular Matrix With Greater Yield And Practicality

The number one cause of death in the Western World continues to be cardiovascular disease(CVD). A large portion of the deaths associated with CVD are attributed to heart failure following a myocardial infraction(MI); because of this, research into methods to treat post-MI hearts is of the upmost importance. Injectable decellularized cardiac extracellular matrix(CECM) is a naturally derived material from porcine heart tissue that forms a hydrogel when injected in vivo. Animal studies have shown that CECM injected to the damaged area after a MI reduces negative remodeling and increases cardiac function; however, injection can only occur after the heart stabilizes. During this waiting period additional myocardial cell death occurs. Soluble ECM(SECM) can be administered at an earlier time through intracoronary infusion; however, the current process to produce SECM produces little yield.

This study will focus on maximizing SEMC yield while maintaining its practical use for clinicians.

Panel 27 Red Shoe Room

Santana, Francisco. UC San Diego, Eleanor Roosevelt College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by William McGinnis

Live Imaging Of Wound Response Genes Using Ms2 Loop Insertion

The epidermis is the outermost protective layer in mammals and invertebrates, like D. melanogaster. Although they are structurally different, both share evolutionary conserved genes controlling epidermal development and its regeneration after wounding. My project is to develop a protocol to determine the spatial-temporal regulation of different wound response genes in real-time under confocal microscopy. To accomplish this, we will insert the MS2 loop sequences into the endogenous locus of wound-induced genes by using the CRISPR/cas9 system, a genetic editing tool found in prokaryotes.

The MS2 loops are 24 tandem repeats of RNA hairpins, which will be expressed within the messenger RNA. These loops act as binding sites for the MCP-GFP, the MS2 Coat Protein fused to GFP. After obtaining transformed flies, they are crossed with flies containing an epidermal driver gene allowing for the expression of MCP-GFP in the embryonic epidermis. Upon embryonic wounding, the expression of wound genes will be analyzed under confocal microscopy. We will thereby be able to study the kinetics of the expression patterns of wound-induced genes as well as discover new wound response control pathways.

Panel 35 Governance Chambers

Sareban, Elaheh. San Diego Mesa College 4Cs@UCSD REU Mentored by Michael Burkart

Using Cross-Linking Method To Study Protein-Protein Interaction In Fatty Acid Synthesis Byelaheh Sareban, Eunice Kim, Jeffrey T Mindrebo And Michael Burkart

Natural products have been one of the best sources of antibiotics and anticancer drugs, which are produced as secondary metabolites by plants and microorganisms. Natural product biosynthetic pathways include fatty acid synthases, polyketide synthases, and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases. The Burkart lab utilizes a variety of biochemical/chemical biology techniques to study the reactivity, structure, and function of natural product biosynthetic enzymes. The lab develops probes that crosslink the acyl carrier protein (ACP) with its partner proteins in order to study the underlying protein-protein interactions responsible for natural product biosynthesis. This particular project seeks to study protein-protein interactions between ACP-FabI (Enoyl reductase) and ACP-FabF (ketosynthase II), two key enzymes from fatty acid synthesis. We will present the set of optimized cross-linking conditions which have allowed for pure samples and ultimately, crystallographic screening and structural elucidation using X-ray crystallography.

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Schmidt, Emily. UC San Diego, Earl Warren College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Stephen Mayfield

Sustainable Alternatives Through Algal Bio-Manufacturing

With the advent of industrial farming techniques that require large energy use, and the more recent use of corn ethanol as a gasoline additive, food and fuel prices have become closely linked. The days of cheap crude oil are behind us, which has daunting implications for prices of food in the 21st century.

Algae has the potential to impact both energy and food, and may contribute to supporting a growing global population. Engineering and molecular biology research is the key to making algae-based alternatives a scalable and viable source for rising food and fuel needs.

Algae can cheaply and efficiently produce biofuels, bio-products, and even pharmaceuticals, and yields could greatly benefit from genetic modification and breeding. Using molecular genetics coupled with the same principles of plant breeding weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve employed for the last 100 years, algae has the potential to be a replacement to fossil fuels, and can increase food production in a new and sustainable way. Genetic modifications and breeding of algae could have an enormous impact on our ability to provide food and fuel in the coming decades.

Panel 2 Muir Room

Sevilla, Melinda. University of San Diego (USD) McNair Scholars Program Mentored by Kristin Moran

Stereotyping Of Characters On Latino-Based Television Programs

Only 5.8% of speaking characters in television are Latino, signaling an 11% discrepancy to the 55 million Latinos accounted for in the US, with characters being frequently one­-dimensional and created with stereotypes. Characters are leaving the audience with few Latino characters with which to identify.

Since it has been found that race/ethnicity impacts how characters are portrayed on television (Mastro, 2012), the scope of this research explores and analyzes the frequency of Latino stereotypes, the depiction of Latino characters over time, and the references to Latino social justice issues in Latino-themed television programs. This content analysis is being conducted through the use of codebooks analyzing selected Latino-themed television programs, airing from 2006- 2016. Codesheets define the stereotypes that are hypothesized to be most prominent. These findings will be beneficial because as such a large demographic, Latino viewers deserve an accurate and inoffensive representation on television. Knowing the frequency of stereotypes in television will bring awareness to the public, implementing pressure on production companies to improve representation.

Panel 26 Bear Room

Sewell, Mollie. North Carolina A&T State University Bioengineering REU Mentored by Michael Sailor

Luminescent Porous Silicon As Single Particle Ratiometric Probes

Monitoring raw emission intensity during diagnostic medical imaging can be misleading due to factors such as concentration of fluorophore or angle of excitation light. Using ratiometric imaging can reduce many factors as two or more unique emission wavelengths are collected. These wavelengths are the contrasted to provide a ratio that provides more information than collecting raw intensity. Luminescent porous silicon nanoparticles (LPSiNPs) provide the necessary multiple light-emitting domains in a single nanoparticle. Studies have shown that low energy emissions from LPSiNP have long excited state lifetimes (~100 Âľs), compared to high energy emissions (~5 Âľs). If the kinetics of electron transfer from LPSiNPs to quenching molecules is sufficiently slow, then emissions with longer lifetimes should reflect quenching more strongly than those with shorter lifetimes. We have characterized the behavior of kinetically fast electron-acceptors, viologens, to compare to kinetically slow electron-acceptors, quinones, to see their proficiency in quenching LPSi. Peak shifts on LPSi emission spectra will be characterized to test the hypothesis.

This data gives unique information on LPSiNP, and can be applied to medical field for diagnostic imaging.

Panel 1 East Ballroom

Shippee, Guillaume. University of California Berkeley Mentored by Adam Burgasser

Measuring The Motions Of Low Mass Stars In The Galaxy

The recent development of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS), and Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) astronomical surveys has made vast and incomprehensible amounts of astronomical imaging data available to the public. However, an inherent problem is that imaging data alone cannot differentiate between distant galaxies, dwarfs, and other astronomical objects. One way to differentiate objects is to measure their tangential motion on the sky, termed "proper motion." Stars that are closer to us generally appear to be moving quicker than objects that are far away from us, therefore, proper motion can be used to differentiate nearby stars from distant astronomical objects. Our project involves selecting potential objects from the SDSS, 2MASS, and WISE surveys, computing their proper motions, and then performing quality cuts to produce a high-fidelity catalog of objects. We present a catalog of over 10,000 objects with significant proper motion values. This catalog will provide an indispensable and valuable resource for astrophysicists focusing on low-mass stars and brown dwarfs.

Panel 23 East Ballroom

Shtayfman, Rebekah. Cuyamaca College Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Kaixuan Ni

Analyzing The Sensitivity Of Xenon1T, The Dark Matter Detector

While dark matter has not been directly detected, we are able to observe the gravitational effects of it on certain galaxies that remain intact despite rotating at high velocities. Dark matter accounts for about 26% of the observable universe, making it five times as abundant as baryonic (or â&#x20AC;&#x153;normalâ&#x20AC;?) matter.

The detector, XENON1T, is located in the underground facility known as the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy. XENON1T will be specifically looking for interactions that produce a nuclear recoil in which a particle bounces off of the nuclei of the xenon atoms. The nuclear recoils in liquid xenon produce both scintillation (photon emitting) and ionization (electron emitting) signals. The main role of this summer research pertains to using ROOT to analyze the data from the Geant4 simulation software. We are able to analyze the light collection efficiency (LCE) of XENON1T which will determine the sensitivity of the detector. The LCE of XENON1T is critical to the sensitivity of the dark matter search in order to discriminate between WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particle) interactions and background noise.

Panel 27 Red Shoe Room

Sidders, Ashelyn. University of Central Florida Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Elizabeth Winzeler

Committing To Being Different: The Role Of Pfnfyb In Plasmodium Falciparum Gametogenesis

Despite decades of research and global health initiatives to eradicate Malaria, the disease remains a global health crisis with over 200 million new cases, and nearly 450 thousand deaths in 2015. Thus to combat this disease we need rethink the current antimalarial standards in place, as they currently don’t target the transmissible gametocyte stage of Plasmodium falciparum - the causative agent of Malaria – in turn continuing the spread of the disease. To aid in these efforts, our lab is working towards understanding on the genomic level, what causes P. falciparum to enter gametogenesis.

Through directed evolution, we’ve obtained a parasite line lacking the ability to produce gametocytes – the only variation being a single nucleotide variation (SNV) in the transcription factor, PfNFYB. To further confirm that this SNV is responsible for the altered phenotype, we’ve engineered additional parasite lines through CRISPR-Cas9 mediated mutagenesis. Ultimately, the goal of this project is to utilize these parasite lines to illustrate the role of the PfNFYB in gametogenesis through the comparative analysis of transcript expression between the parental and mutant lines.

Panel 34 Student Leadership Chambers

Sidhom, Morgana. UC San Diego, Revelle College Mentored by Zoran Radič

Low Gravity Crystallization Of And Determination Of Catalytic Properties Of Human Acetylcholinesterase Through Organophosphate Poisoning

Codon-optimized human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) DNA construct will be used to express large hAChE amounts in mammalian HEK cells. hAChE will be purified based on its affinities and will have its catalytic properties characterized. The goal is to purify 10 to 100 mg hAChE for crystallization tests. Pending suitable crystal growth, it may be sent to the International Space Station to promote formation of large crystals under low gravity. Those are needed for room temperature X-ray crystallography as well as neutron diffraction studies. A combination of structural information and data from solution studies will be used to inform the development of new oxime antidotes against organophosphate (OP) poisoning.

Panel 18 SSC 400

Sigurdson, Jon. UC San Diego, Eleanor Roosevelt College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Robina Shaheen

Oxygen Triple Isotopes Of Nitrate To Identify Long Range Transport Of Pollutants To Himalayan Snowpack

The snowpack in the Himalayan mountain range provides water for almost 3 billion people, however the melting rate has increased due to transport and deposition of pollutants. Stable isotopes can be used to identify the sources and transportation of pollutants. I am using oxygen triple isotopes of nitrates to identify long range transport of pollutants to this region, as both ozone and NOX (NO + NO2) are produced in polluted environments. Ozone is a strong natural oxidant, consistently enriched in heavy isotopes (&#120517;18O = 70-100%; &#120517;17O = 90-130%), which it transfers to other oxygen carrying molecules such as nitrate and sulfate.

Oxygen triple isotopes of nitrate serve as a photochemical clock for the pollutants as they travel from source to sink regions. The snow samples were taken at multiple locations on the himalayan plateau and during all four seasons to minimize microclimate effects. The resulting information will be utilized by countries dependent on the Himalayan water table to determine pollution policy and water allocation as the current climate change further depletes snow reserves.

Panel 38 SSC 400

Smith, Sydni Caet. Oklahoma State University Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS); HHMI EXROP Program Mentored by Susan Golden

Revealing And Reversing The Essentiality Of The Circadian Clock Protein Kaia Under Natural Light-Dark Cycling Conditions In Synechococcus Elongatus

The circadian clock functions to regulate gene transcription in concordance with natural cycles of day and night. The cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus is a widely used model to study this process due to its genetic malleability, ease of growth, and relatively small genome. S. elongatus has the potential to be used for large-scale production of industrial chemicals and biofuels. This will likely require outdoor growth; thus, understanding circadian regulation under light-dark cycling conditions is essential. The circadian clock core is composed of three proteinsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC. Recent studies show that knocking out KaiA in S. elongatus results in significant growth reduction in light-dark conditions. Additionally, darkphase genes induced by RpaA, the transcriptional activator connected to the clock, are not expressed and levels of active phosphorylated RpaA are low. We hypothesize that knocking out CikA, the main phosphatase of RpaA, will rescue the dark sensitivity in the KaiA mutant. To test this, we are measuring growth, circadian rhythms, and protein phosphorylation in a KaiACikA double knockout strain compared to that of wild type in natural light-dark and continuous light conditions.

Panel 31 Revelle College Room

Spadafora, Victoria. The Pennsylvania State University Pharmacology SURF Mentored by Paul Insel

Can We Treat The Untreatable? A Novel Orphan Gpcr Is Highly UpRegulated And May Be Biologically Important In Pancreatic Cancer Cells

Pancreatic cancer, the third most lethal cancer type in the USA, causes ~ 40,000 deaths per year and has 5-year survival rates of <6%, in part because of the lack of effective therapies. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest set of cell surface receptors, are frequently used drug targets. We have found that GPRC5A, an orphan GPCR, is highly up-regulated in pancreatic cancer cells and tissue, as verified by assays of mRNA and protein expression, including immunofluorescence. We are using siRNA knockdown in pancreatic cancer cells to explore effects of GPRC5A on cell functions, including cyclic AMP accumulation, cell proliferation and viability, and killing of the cells by cytotoxic agents used in cancer therapy. GPRC5A signaling is being further studied by overexpressing it in cancer cell lines and by immunoprecipitation techniques, so as to define proteins that interact and contribute to the function of GPRC5A in pancreatic cancer cells. GPRC5A thus appears to be a novel marker and potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, a cancer in desperate need of new therapies.

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Spencer, Tara. Howard University Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Justin Meyer

How Necessary Is The Presence Of The Un-Evolved And Resistant Host Escherichia Coli For The Evolution Of Its Bacteriophage, Λ?

Previous research on the bacteriophage λ and its host Escherichia coli prove their coevolution in the laboratory. E. coli evolves a mutation that downregulates λ’s receptor LamB, thereby conferring defense against viral infection. Subsequently, λ mutates in order to exploit a novel receptor, OmpF. We hypothesise that λ’s evolution does not depend solely on the downregulation of LamB. To test this, we repeat the initial experiment with slight modification to the host cells. One treatment allows E. coli and λ to coevolve. In another, λ infects E. coli that is prevented from evolving resistance. A third treatment provides λ with only LamB repression mutants. The fourth treatment mimicks the sequence of coevolution by exposing λ to unevolved E. coli for five days, and then to LamB repression mutants for 17 more days. We expect OmpF+ λ to evolve only in the first and fourth treatment, indicating that λ requires exposure to an unevolved and then a resistant host. These results would suggest that coevolution is critical for the evolution of viral key innovations, including the emergence of new diseases.

Panel 3 Dance Studio

Stevens-Phillips, Antoine. UC San Diego, Thurgood Marshall College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Laramie Smith

Safe Spaces As A Pathway To Peer Navigation Among Hiv-Positive Women In San Diego

Introduction: The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports only 40% of people diagnosed with HIV are retained in HIV care. Through Christie’s Place, safe spaces are provided for HIV-positive women such an annual Women’s Retreat and support groups. Their CHANGE for Women Program employs Peer Navigators (PNs) who help other women better negotiate their HIV care. We sought to explore the role of safe spaces as a pathway to becoming a PN. Methods: In 2014, we conducted a mixed methods pilot study among 3 Peer Navigators, using a narrative analysis to compare and contrast arches of each women’s story to identify common pathways that lead them to their roles as PNs. Results: Demographics were female, ethnically diverse, ages 23-58 (mean age of 47), and heterosexual. Each PN reported accessing safe spaces (e.g. the annual Women’s Retreat) reshaped their self-concept as a women living with HIV. Conclusion: Future research might analyze results of two or more Christie’s Place Women’s Retreat within a year, and compare the findings to its current practice of having one retreat per year.

Panel 19 SSC 450

Stuart, Elizabeth. Howard University Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Justin Meyer

The Effect Of Viral Evolutionary History On The Evolution Of Novel Pathways Of Infection

Given the increased threat of emerging diseases, an important question is what allows some strains of viruses to shift to new hosts. It has been hypothesized that some viruses have genomes that allow them to more easily acquire the mutations necessary for host shifts. We hypothesized that past evolution may shape this property of genomes (evolvability), in particular, if a virus had recently undergone host shifts, then it may retain a genetic memory of the past and more easily regain the ability to shift backwards. To test this we studied bacteriophage λ’s evolution to infect though a novel receptor, OmpF. We cultured wildtype λ and three strains that were previously evolved to exploit OmpF, and then evolved to loose activity on OmpF. Past evolutionary history was found to impact the phages’ ability to evolve OmpF exploitation. The phages with genomic history of exploiting OmpF evolved to exploit it within 3 days, while the phage without such history did not evolve the innovation. This shows that a virus’s genome and previous evolution are important for predicting its future evolution.

Panel 36 SSC 300

Suastegui Olivares, Denisse. University of Southern California Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) SURF Mentored by Asa Gustafsson

Mcl-1 And Cell Survival In The Heart

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. Mitochondria are important for heart function because they provide the energy necessary for the heart to contract. Myeloid Cell Leukemia (MCL-1) is an anti-apoptotic protein found in the mitochondria and it is upregulated in various cancer cells.

MCL-1 is also highly expressed in the heart, but its functional role has not been well studied. Recently, we reported that deletion of MCL-1 in myocytes leads to heart failure and early mortality. Surprisingly, MCL-1 deletion does not result in apoptotic cell death, but rather cells show signs of mitochondrial deterioration and necrotic cell death. This suggests that in addition to its antiapoptotic role, MCL-1 has unidentified roles in maintaining mitochondrial function in cardiac myocytes. MCL-1 exists in two distinct locations in myocytes: one version is localized to the outer mitochondrial membrane (MCL-1OM) and a shorter cleaved version exists in the mitochondrial matrix (MCL-1Matrix). Our data suggests that these two versions perform distinct functions in regulating mitochondrial morphology and survival.

Panel 14 Governance Chambers

Sullivan, Ethan. Louisiana Tech University San Diego Nanotechnology Infrastructure (SDNI) REU Mentored by Sheng Xu

Circuit Design And Mechanical Stretchability Testing Of Stretchable And Wearable Electronics For Energy Harvesting And Storage Devices

Power supplies, as vital components in wearable electronics, must be light, flexible, and possess high power capacity in order to accommodate integration with the soft, low-modulus mechanics at the system level. Biocompatibility is another requirement given that these systems will contact the human body while in application. The island-bridge microstructure is a widely used layout for stretchable and wearable electronics, owing to its large stretchability, high robustness, and low cost. In this study, copper island-bridge layouts were designed and fabricated by integrating serpentine interconnections with commercial coin cells and the stretchable silicone elastomer Eco-Flex. The aim of this study is to determine the layout design with the largest stretchability and highest reliability. Therefore, different diameters of the islands, thicknesses of the interconnections, spacing intervals, and thicknesses of copper layers in the stretchable devices were investigated. Then, electrical measurement, including open voltage tests, and mechanical reliability tests, such as uniaxial and biaxial strain capability test, were both conducted.

Panel 23 East Ballroom

Tallis, Melisa. UC San Diego, Sixth College Frontiers of Innovation Scholars Program (FISP) Mentored by Adam Burgasser

Sound Planetarium

Imagine entering a dark room, the walls and ceiling lined with speakers and plenty of space to stand or sit by yourself or in a small group. Instead of

watching the stars reveal themselves on the ceiling of a planetarium, we hear localized sounds coming from every direction, spatialized in a full sphere around the body—this is our Sound Planetarium. For this project, we use data sonification techniques to translate existing astronomical data from the bright star catalogue into spatialized sounds. The Sound Planetarium is an audio laboratory, with the ability to modulate different samples to match the physical qualities of stars (ex. spectral type, spectral class, brightness, and color) to physical qualities of sound (ex. timbre, rhythm, volume, and frequency). In addition to experimenting with the sound qualities, we also adjust their locations according to the Earth’s rotation. Bridging the disciplines of live performance, audio installation, data sonification, and Astrophysics, our trans-sensory artwork is designed to live in between experimental art practice and scientific inquiry.

Panel 11 Sixth College Room

Tao, Emily. UC San Diego, John Muir College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Douglas Nitz

Encoding Of Analogous Path Segments In Subiculum And Ca1 Of Hippocampus

Navigation in the brain is a complex process in which the hippocampus, associated with spatial cognition and episodic memory, plays a critical role. Of particular interest is the subiculum subregion, where we recorded spiking and local field potential activity of rats as they performed a spatial navigation task on a symmetrical maze composed of straightaways and 90-degree turns. We identified a type of subiculum neuron that fires action potentials when the rat moves through analogous subregions of paths that are spatially separate and associated with different action and head orientation sequences. That is, subiculum neurons encode spatial features common to multiple paths such as the ‘second leg’ or the ‘final turn,’ a type of activity unique to the subiculum.

By generating correlation matrices that measure similarities between activity patterns for all path positions, we quantified the differences between subiculum and its main input region CA1, known to contain ‘place cells’ that fire in individually distinct areas of an environment. Results reveal a critical transformation in the form that spatial information is encoded by these two hippocampal output subregions.

Panel 23 East Ballroom

Tapia, Amauri. California State University Dominguez Hills Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Brooke Simmons

The Stability Of Barred Disk Galaxies Over The Last 8 Billion Years

A recently released model of interacting disk galaxies provides a hypothesis for the origins of off center bars in disks. No systematic search for offset bars in the early universe has yet been undertaken. The Galaxy Zoo project has produced data regarding the large-scale bars of many galaxies. Using this data alongside images collected by the Hubble Space Telescope and other sources, we have examined 5190 galaxies for signatures of off-centered bars. Less than 5 percent of the sample shows clear signs of an offset bar. We describe their overall properties of this sub-sample and compare the properties of galaxies

with offset bars to those with centered bars. We assess the feasibility of the proposed model and place these galaxies in the context of the overall evolution of galaxies.

Panel 31 Revelle College Room

Tenorio, Rick. San Diego City College Pharmacology SURF Mentored by Pascal Gagneux

Heparan Sulfate In The Endometrium

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological cancer in the US. Current screening is limited to invasive methods and thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s an urgent need to find less invasive diagnostic markers. Heparan sulfate (HS) has been implicated in various cancers. Little is known about their role in endometrial cancer. HS is a long-unbranched glycosaminoglycan attached to a core protein. The interaction of particular ligands to HS chains is dictated by modifications on the chains. Motivated by the lack of information on HS and endometrial cancer, I investigated the expression levels of HS core proteins and modification-enzymes in two endometrial cancer cell lines. By qPCR analysis I have determined that there is differential expression of HS core proteins and modification-enzymes in the two cell lines. I am currently investigating whether these candidate genes are sensitive to estrogen treatment. In parallel I am performing bioinformatics analysis of these genes to identify estrogen response elements and/or estrogen sensitivity transcription factor binding sites in their promoters. This preliminary analysis may aid in the discovery of better diagnostic markers and less invasive screenings of endometrial cancers.

Panel 24 Muir Room

Thrift, Briana. UC San Diego, Sixth College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Jose Suarez

Nuts And Olestra For Persistent Organic Pollutant Reduction (No-Pops) Trial: A Pilot Investigation

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) include some of the most well known toxic environmental contaminants, such as PCBs, flame-retardants, and dioxins, with very long half-lives. POPs have been found to be endocrine disrupters, associated with diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and neurological disorders. The objective of the NO-POPs trial is to conduct a 6month randomization trial to examine whether the oil in nuts, vegetable oil, or olestra (a fat substitute) can help people excrete pollutant chemicals from their blood stream into their fecal. This study has three treatment arms: A) Mixture of walnuts and almonds (1 cup), B) Vegetable Oil: regular Pringle crisps (29 crisps), and C) Olestra: fat free Pringle crisps (29 crisps). The participants are asked to consume their assigned diet daily for 6 months while we aim to measure the concentration of 24 POPs in feces after 4 days and in blood after 6 months of treatment . The level of pesticides will be measured to test the hypothesis that the oil in nuts, vegetable oil, or olestra helps excrete the pesticides from participantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; bloodstream into their stool.

Panel 5 Bear Room

Tian, Katherine. UC San Diego, John Muir College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Kellie Breen Church

Effects Of Corticosterone On Ovarian Cyclicity In The Absence Of Glucocorticoid Receptors In Kisspeptin Neurons

Stress inhibits fertility and successful reproduction in males and females. The release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal glands is known for its maintenance of glucose levels in blood and its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive functions. However, our lab has shown that in high levels, the stress hormone corticosterone, a glucocorticoid, also inhibits ovarian cyclicity. We postulate that this is caused by the glucocorticoidâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s interference of the preovulatory events leading up to the estradiol-induced LH surge in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Although this phenomenon has been observed, there is still uncertainty on how and where corticosterone, acting through glucocorticoid receptors (GR), blocks the pathway to the LH surge. In order to further investigate this mechanism, we will use adult control female mice and mice lacking GR in kisspeptin neurons (Kiss-GR knockout).

We will test whether the absence of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) on kisspeptin neurons reverses or prevents the disruptive effects of stress levels of corticosterone on ovarian cyclicity and the estradiol-induced LH surge.

Panel 33 Marshall College Room

Toma, Clara. UC San Diego, Revelle College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Ananda Goldrath

Investigating The Role Of Brd4 In Regulating Cd8 T Cell Exhaustion

During chronic viral infections, such as HIV and hepatitis, the immune system is often incapable of eradicating the virus. CD8 T lymphocytes play an indispensable role in the immune response against viral infections. However, during chronic infections, CD8 T cells become functionally exhausted, characterized by an inability to kill infected cells, thus contributing to chronicity. Elevated expression of the inhibitory protein, programmed cell death 1 (PD1), is a prominent feature of CD8 T cell exhaustion and drives CD8 T cell dysfunction. Clinically, blockade of PD1 signaling restores CD8 T cell function and improves viral clearance. Preliminary studies in our lab indicate that the chromatin modifier bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) may repress PD1 expression. We hypothesize that knockdown of BRD4 will result in the subsequent upregulation of PD1 during chronic viral infections, exacerbating CD8 T cell exhaustion and perpetuating viral persistence. The goal of this research is to investigate the role of BRD4 in controlling PD1 expression and CD8 T cell exhaustion. Greater understanding of the regulatory networks controlling PD1 expression will ultimately yield improved immunotherapies to treat chronic viral infections.

Panel 11 Sixth College Room

Tongprasearth, Kanyanat. UC San Diego, Earl Warren College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Douglas Nitz

Subiculum Axis-Tuned Neurons Exhibit Theta Phase Precession

The hippocampus plays a major role in spatial cognition and episodic memory.

The subiculum sub-region of the hippocampus forms one of its two major output channels and appears to exhibit complex spatial information encoding.

We recorded action potentials and local field potentials (LFPs) of rats as they performed a spatial-navigation task, traversing multiple routes composed of straightaways and 90 degree turns.

The analysis of subicular activity has revealed a novel type of spatial encoding termed axis-tuning. Axis-tuned neurons exhibit high action potential firing when the animal is traveling in either of two directions approximately 180 degrees apart. Such firing creates firing fields of different lengths across straightaway path sections. Further analysis revealed evidence for ‘phase precession’, a unique pattern of alignment between axis-tuned neural firing and hippocampal LFPs. Here, the animal’s progression into a firing field yields alignment of action potentials to progressively earlier phases of the LFP thetafrequency (~8Hz) oscillations. Taken as a whole, phase precession in subiculum reveals a sequential ordering of neural firing for spatially sequential firing fields, indicating a mechanism for learning spatial relationships.

Panel 13 Student Leadership Chambers

Torres, Brenda. UC San Diego, John Muir College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Luz Chung

Creating Resilience: Understanding The Role Of Educators And Community Advocates

Low-income and students of color are likely to become vulnerable to the school-to-prison pipeline, a system that funnels at-risk youth away from the school system and into the juvenile justice system. Previous studies demonstrate the importance of at-risk youth having the support of quality educators and community members. However, there is a lack of research that adequately details the role of educators and community members, their experiences, motivations, and challenges. Thus, in order to bridge this gap of knowledge, the purpose of this study is to study the role of individuals who work with at-risk youth and the way in which they navigate and make sense of that role. Thus, this in-depth interview study focuses on the philosophies and practices of educators and community advocates who a) seek ways to support at-risk youth academically and emotionally, b) create programs that foster resiliency and a positive self-identity among youth, and c) work with community partnerships to meet their goals. This study will serve as a foundation towards creating educational and social policies that positively impact the lives of at-risk youth.

Panel 38 SSC 400

Tran, Meryssa. UC San Diego, Thurgood Marshall College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Michael Burkart

Revealing Substrate Sequestration Of The Chlamydomonas Reindhardtii Acyl Carrier Protein Using Solvatochromic Fluorophores

In plant and bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis, substrate sequestration is known to protect vulnerable intermediates from the cellular environment. Although this has been demonstrated in E. coli acyl carrier protein (ACP), the structure and nature of this phenomenon has yet to be investigated in other organisms such as microalgae. In combination of elucidating the structure of apo-ACP in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrACP), docking studies will reveal an appropriate pantetheine probe derivative that fluoresces differently based on whether the substrate is sequestered or exposed to solvent. A change in fluorescence upon adding a protein structural denaturant to the CrACP suggests exposure of the probe to the aqueous environment, confirming the nature of the CrACP's hydrophobic core and demonstrating a rapid means to study the interactions of the ACP with biosynthetic partners.

Panel 40 SSC 554

Tran, Vivien. UC San Diego, Sixth College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Adam Engler

Understanding Multi-Allelic Heterozygous Variant Contributions To Cardiomyopathy Using Ipscs

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a multivariate disease with poorly understood mechanisms. We have identified a family with a high incidence of DCM, which is associated with heterozygous variants in Îą-tropomyosin (TPM1) and vinculin (VCL). To understand the disease mechanism, we have generated induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSCCMs) from the family carrying the variants and modeled the variants using CRISPR in human embryonic stem cell-derived CMs (hESC-CMs). Family members carrying both variants present with DCM but family members with only one variant are healthy. Thus, we hypothesized that hiPSC-CMs carrying the two unrelated variants will exhibit abnormal functional properties, but hiPSC-CMs carrying single variants will have less severe abnormalities that summate when expressed in combination. Affected cardiomyocytes had morphological and cytoskeletal abnormalities relative to non-carriers, leading to significant decreases in contractile strength and more irregular contraction timing. The affected cardiomyocytes also exhibited decreased sodium and potassium channel expression along with slowed action potential kinetics.

Given the lack of disease in single variant carriers, these data can provide insight into how two dissimilar but co-segregating variants can result in disease.

Panel 34 Student Leadership Chambers

Tran, Sirena. University of San Diego (USD) McNair Scholars Program Mentored by John Ellis Bell

The Effects Of Nucleotides On The Conformational Flexibility And Stability Of Glutamate Dehydrogenase

Glutamate Dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of glutamate using NAD(P) + (H),and is allosterically regulated by various nucleotides (ADP , GTP, NADH) as well as showing cofactor cooperativity. We hypothesize that changes in stability/flexibility correlate with inhibition and activation. To explore the allosteric mode for GDHl we have used Fluorescence based Thermal Shift Assays, Circular Dichroism, Thermal melts and Limited Proteolysis) to explore the stability (global and localized) of the protein in the presence or absence of various combinations of nucleotides. CD and Tm studies indicate the overall structure of the protein is not changed by pH but stability changes dramatically over the pH range 6-8.5 (pKa of 7.4). Below the pKa FbTSA ADP and NADH binding to its regulatory site stabilize the protein significantly while NAD(P)H binding to the active site, or GTP binding destabilize the protein. Glutamate has little effect. At pH 8 ADP and GTP have similar effects, while NADH and NADPH destabilize.

Localized regions of the protein responsible for these effects are being mapped using limited proteolysis and tandem mass spectrometry.

Panel 23 East Ballroom

Tsan, Tran. University of California Los Angeles Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Shelley Wright

Exploring Thirty Meter Telescope Capabilities Through Simulations Of Distant, Young Galaxies

The Infrared Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) consists of a near-infrared (0.842.4μm) integral field spectrograph (IFS) and an imaging camera. An IFS is an astronomical instrument that collects spectra across a region of the sky and generates a three-dimensional data cube (x, y, wavelength). IRIS is designed to operate behind an advanced adaptive optics (AO) system that reduces the blurring caused by Earth’s atmosphere for the Thirty-Meter Telescope (TMT). TMT will be one of the largest optical ground-based telescopes ever built, three times the current telescopes' diameter. With TMT's high angular resolution, IRIS will be able to image distant galaxies from 7-13 billion years ago at unprecedented resolution. This will broaden our understanding of how galaxies form and evolve through cosmic time. We present IFS simulations of distant galaxies and explore scientific capabilities of IRIS on TMT. For these simulations, we utilize Hubble Space Telescope’s high-resolution galaxy images and template galaxy spectra from stellar population synthesis modeling code. We will investigate IRIS capabilities for resolving distant galaxy’s morphologies, velocity profile, and spectral components from stellar and star forming regions.

Panel 22 Green Room

Tunchez, Alex. UC San Diego, John Muir College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Nathan Delson

Tangible Media Display For The Envision Maker Studio

An LED display is mounted on the highest window of the UCSD EnVision Maker Studio for passerby to see. One objective is to use the LED display as a tool to convey the availability of 3D printers, and another is to provoke passerby curiosity and communicate activity in the UCSD EnVision Maker Studio. The interactive display electronically monitors how many 3D printers are in use and changes its physical representation accordingly to accomplish both objectives. Influenced by concepts of Calm Technology and Tangible Media, the LED display project is a useful tool that remains in the periphery of the user, yet engages an audience unfamiliar with its purpose. Mark Weiser’s idea that technology should remain invisible while catering to the needs of the user is known as Calm Technology. On the opposing end, Hiroshi Ishii’s Tangible Media hopes to make technology personally engaging by allowing physical interaction with corresponding digital information. The LED display hopes to find the most effective way to deliver information and build community by combining calm and interactive technology.

Panel 14 Governance Chambers

Valderrama, Jose. University of Central Florida Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Jun Zhang

Design And Performance Characteristics Of Super-Coiled Polymer Bundle Actuators

In recent years, exoskeletons have been used for physical rehabilitation in order to augment and replace the physical performance of impaired users.

Furthermore, metabolic energy costs during walking can be reduced by the power input from lower limb exoskeletons decreasing physical demands.

Despite its potential impact, current exoskeleton research faces challenges concerning the design material’s rigidity and weight, which create expensive materials costs and impractical loads on the user that prohibit a natural gait.

Super-coiled polymer (SCP) actuators have previously been proposed as a principle material for exoskeleton actuators due to their ability to contract and expand, high dynamic range and extremely low material costs. This project aims to study the optimal bundling design of SCP actuators entwined in a woven sequence. The resulting bundled SCP actuators are subjected to load tests while the force output is measured to validate mechanical power. This promising bundling design provides mechanical advantage, stability and durability, making SCP bundles a potentially viable artificial muscle.

Panel 1 East Ballroom

Van Linge, Russell. Palomar College Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Adam Burgasser

Tuning Into Brown Dwarfs: Long-Term Radio Monitoring Of Two Very Low-Mass Dwarfs

The lowest mass stars and brown dwarfs ("stars" incapable of hydrogen fusion) have low surface temperatures (T < 3000 K) and weak or absent optical and X-ray signatures of magnetic activity. As such, the discovery that roughly 10% of these objects are radio emitters was initially unexpected, and ongoing observations demonstrate a broad range of emission characteristics and timedependent behavior. The origin of this low-energy magnetic emission is as yet poorly understood, and little data exists on long-term variations in radio emission. I report the results of long-term radio monitoring of two magnetically-active very low mass dwarfs, 2MASS 1314+1320 and 2MASS 1315-2649, using the Very Large Array. Our goal is to identify any variability or periodicity in emission behavior which could be indicative of magnetic cycles similar to the Sun. These observations provide us a better understanding of the origin of this remarkable emission in the lowest mass stars and brown dwarfs.

Panel 26 Bear Room

Varnau, Grant. San Diego State University (SDSU) Vanderbilt University Mentored by Richard Haglund

Optical Characterization Of The Mm State In Vanadium Dioxide Thin Films From Second Harmonic Generation

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) is known for a semiconductor-to-metal transition (SMT) often associated with a structural phase transition (SPT) from a noncentrosymmetric monoclinic structure (M1) to centrosymmetric tetragonal/rutile phase (R). A metallic monoclinic (mM) phase observed when the SMT occurs without the SPT opens questions about the electron-electron correlations in this canonical phase-change material. We probed the M1-to-R transition by measuring the second-harmonic generation (400nm) from epitaxial VO2 thin films excited with 15 fs pulses from a Ti:sapphire laser (800nm). These measurements will serve as a sensitive probe to the change in symmetry in the M1-mM and M1-R phase transitions of VO2. Furthermore, comparisons of the symmetries in the optically- and thermally-induced transient mM phases will elucidate the relationship between these two observed mM phases. By generating new insights into the electron-electron correlations of VO2 and the dynamical evolution of the mM and R phases, this information will drive ultrafast switching applications in fields such as optical detection, telecommunications, and nanophotonics.

Panel 21 SSC 554A

Veale, Sarina. North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Bioengineering REU Mentored by Robert Sah

The Effects Of Simulated Walking Regime On Chondrocyte Death Patterns And Gene Expression

Stress responses of superficial zone (SZ) chondrocytes is modulated by the mechanical environment. However, mechanisms of cellular response to unidirectional shear induced mechanical injury remains unclear. This experiment aims to determine the effects of loading on SZ chondrocyte viability, proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) secretions, nitric oxide (NO) release and associated gene expressions.

Bovine articular cartilage is explanted, pre-cultured, then distributed to mechanical treatments of (1) Free swelling-FS (2) walking motion-WM combining compression and shear strain, (3) compressive injury-CI. Following treatment, cell viability is quantified via live/dead assay. PRG4 secretion and NO release were quantified from conditioned media by ELISA and Greiss assay respectively. Gene expressions of PRG4, Caspase-3, and FOXO-3 were examined and normalized with RPS18.

SZ cell death was homogeneous in FS (low) and CI (high), but inhomogeneous in WM with higher death in trailing versus leading edge. PRG4 secretion was upregulated in WM while downregulated in CI relative to FS. NO response is inconclusive. Gene expression levels fluctuated with differences in primers.

Concluding that high amplitude unidirectional shear induces cell death and apoptosis associated with oxidative stress signaling.

Panel 15 Forum

Vela, Viviana. UC San Diego, Sixth College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Gilberto Mosqueda

Effectiveness Of Rubber Bumpers As A Mitigation Measure For Pounding In Base Isolated Structures

Seismic isolation is one of the most widely implemented earthquake protection systems. Seismic isolation bearings introduce a flexible level between the structure and its foundation, reducing the energy transmitted to the building during earthquakes. For seismic isolation, a moat and retaining wall are required around the building to allow for relative displacement. In a large earthquake, the structure can pound against the moat wall, amplifying the structural response and the potential for damage. The objectives of this research are to investigate the effectiveness of rubber bumpers as a mitigation measure to reduce the seismic response due to pounding and develop a numerical model of an isolated structure that considers pounding on rubber bumpers. Data from tests on the mechanical behavior of the bumpers will be used in combination with an existing impact model to develop the numerical models. The model will be validated with shake table tests of isolated buildings pounding on moat walls with rubber bumpers. This research will contribute to the development of new methods to mitigate damage to structures in extreme earthquakes.

Panel 21 SSC 554A

Victorine, Grace. UC San Diego, Revelle College San Diego Nanotechnology Infrastructure (SDNI) REU Mentored by Shaochen Chen

3D Printing Of Microscale Biomimetic Hepatic Vasculature

The construction and cell seeding of organ-mimicking hepatic scaffolds is critical for the advancement of drug screening and disease analysis. Cellular seeding of hiPSC donor cells can presently be accomplished given adequate scaffolds. However, the current limit for these tissues is 200 microns due to the inability of cells to communicate and transmit nutrients beyond this distance.

We designed and 3D-printed hepatic-mimicking cellular scaffolds with a perfusable fluidic network in order to allow for the flow of nutrients beyond the previous 200-micron limit. This would permit the creation of biomimetic in vitro tissue models that can aid in drug screening. The models would mimic native tissue environments and allow for a more accurate assessment of how drugs affect the human body as opposed to animal bodies. This technology has the potential to save lives and replace animal testing.

Panel 4 Ballroom A

Villavicencio, Sedna. University of California Los Angeles Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Ross Frank

Decolonizing The Museum Of Man: A History Of Museums, Anthropology And Racism Of American Indians

The development of the discipline of anthropology in the United States was founded on inherent racism and the colonialization of American Indians. As an emerging discipline in the 19th century, anthropologists began to collect, curate, and purchase stolen artifacts to fill up new museums. The link between the development of anthropology, the growth of museums and the development of the U.S nation state cannot be ignored. This paper will provide the background of museums, anthropology and American Indians in the colonial context. I argue that museums were created as colonizing institutions of knowledge to further subjugate colonized peoples. I further argue that as Indigenous peoples, we are the gatekeepers of our cultures and must have an active role in deciding how it is being represented. This paper aims to explain how the Museum of Man in San Diego is currently creating a plan to decolonize their museumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Indigenous collections. Decolonizing museums is imperative for tribal nation building, healing, self-determination and cultural sovereignty.

Panel 9 ERC Room

Villegas, Ciera. University of San Diego (USD) McNair Scholars Program Mentored by Jennifer Prairie

Rate Of Marine Snow Aggregate Formation: Effect Of Phytoplankton Growth Phase

Understanding the formation of marine snow aggregates provides insight into the carbon cycle and the biological pump. Aggregates form in the surface ocean from phytoplankton and often dominate the flux of carbon to greater depths. Previous studies suggest that aggregate formation rate depends upon size and concentration of the particles, the probability that they will stick together, species composition, physiological state of phytoplankton, and presence of TEP (transparent exopolymer particles). The objective for this study is to determine how the formation rate of marine snow is affected by the growth phase of phytoplankton from which they are formed.

Cultures of the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii were stopped at three separate phytoplankton growth phases. For each culture, a rotating cylindrical tank was used to induce aggregate formation. Cell counts were conducted every twenty minutes to quantify how particle size and concentration changed vs. time. Preliminary results showed little increase in particle size and a decrease in particle concentration indicating aggregate formation. In future experiments, a Beckman Coulter Counter will be used to quantify more particles per time point.

Panel 23 East Ballroom

Waizoba, Umaru. Morehouse College Mentored by Brian Keating

Supernova Analysis To Test The Speed Of Light

Physics is governed by many laws that have always guided us to a better understanding of the universe, especially with a number of powerful parameters that are known to be constant in many situations or locations, examples being the speed of light and gravity. The major purpose of the project is to test the validity of the speed of light, and that is to say, whether it has a constant value or not. To do this, analysis of supernova (stars that have exploded, and are by far regarded as the brightest known particles in the universe) is to be used as a guide, since they tell us much about the universe.

Basically, a polarimeter is to be used to analyze the brightness of the supernovaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s light and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s components (as a result of the polarization) especially at peaks, to assess if one component will lag behind the other (the light curves). Basically the fundamental tools being used are the supernovae, the known value of the speed of light, polarimeter and the telescopes.

Panel 36 SSC 300

Waller, Lauren. UC San Diego, Revelle College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Stephan Lange

Biomechanical Strain Sensors And Signaling Pathways

Activation of biomechanical strain-sensors located in cardiac muscles triggers specific intracellular signaling pathways, modulating muscle growth.

Mutations of these biomechanical strain signaling components are believed to be involved in the formation of muscle cardiomyopathies. The aim of this project is to further investigate a recently discovered link between a biomechanical strain sensor and intracellular signaling proteins that lead to dilated cardiomyopathy. We hope to uncover the significance of signaling pathway components recently uncovered using a proteomics screen, providing insight into the fundamental principles of muscle cell biology, strain sensing, and stretch signaling.

Panel 8 Earl Warren Room

Wang, Jue. UC San Diego, Eleanor Roosevelt College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by David Meyer

Simulation Of The Bootstrap Mechanism In Regression Models

This project focuses on exploring how the power of the linear regression test of slope is affected by the choice of residuals in bootstrap-based procedures under different situations. There are two choices for residuals: the restricted one, which is derived from the null hypothesis and the unrestricted one deriving from the alternative hypothesis. The power of non-pivotal hypothesis tests on both restricted and unrestricted residuals bootstrapping mechanism will be investigated using simulations under both the null and the alternative with different sample sizes and measurement error variances. The anticipated simulation result is that the rejection frequency curves of tests with the nonpivotal statistic are similar under both restricted and unrestricted residuals.

Thus the restricted and unrestricted residual will not affect test power using the non-pivotal statistic.

Panel 11 Sixth College Room

Warren, Nora. San Diego City College Mentored by Amanda Roberts

Gotta Watch ' Em All: Mouse Behavioral Assessment

The Mouse Behavioral Assessment Core at The Scripps Research Institute is focused on studying the various behaviors of mice with a variety of genetics and supplying these services to neuroscientists in the La Jolla, CA area. The lab uses many different assays to asses many possible behaviors, which may be useful to neuroscientists wanting to determine diseases or conditions these behaviors may be based upon. Such tests include social interaction tests which can assess autism and social recognition, spatial learning test which can assess learning and memory and therefore neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s disease, motor performance which can assess coordination and learning at fixed and increasing speeds. The lab is working to further the understanding of mouse behavior and therefore conditions that can be associated with them in the hope that this understanding can be translated to humans.

Panel 18 SSC 400

Watt, Jordan. San Diego Mesa College 4Cs@UCSD REU Mentored by Kimberly Prather

Atmospheric Aging Of Sea-Spray Aerosols And Its Effect On Cloud Formation

Despite the increasing importance of global climate change, there is still much unknown regarding the natural processes that govern the climate. In the past five years, new techniques have been developed that allow the laboratory generation and characterization of freshly emitted sea-spray aerosols (SSA).

However, the aging process in the atmosphere may significantly modify nascent SSA chemical compositions and their climate relevant properties. To investigate this potentially important effect, an ongoing study has begun to probe into the aging process of SSA in a controlled laboratory environment.

Marine aerosol reference tanks (MARTs) filled with seawater were used to generate nascent SSA, which were introduced into a smog chamber with a controlled amount of atmospheric oxidants present. SSA were oxidized in the chamber, and their size distribution, chemical compositions, and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity were analyzed before and after aging, using scanning mobility particle sizing, aerosol mass spectrometry, and a CCN counter.

Panel 15 Forum

Williams, Apsara. Howard University Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by jan Kleissl

Characterizing The Transmissivity Properties Of The Optical Components Of A Sky Imager.

Currently, the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy comes primarily from the use of non-renewable resources. Solar energy has recently emerged as a potential alternative renewable resource. Although harnessing solar energy has many benefits, it currently lacks the reliability necessary for widespread use due to its variation with geographic location and time. Understanding and eventually being able to predict these variations will be essential for the efficient integration of solar energy into the energy grid on a large scale. The purpose of this project is to characterize the transmissivity properties of the optics of a solar forecasting device known as a sky imager. The various filters include neutral density, green, and infra-red filters. The sky imager is used to forecast available solar resources to better prepare for variations in solar energy. A Spectroradiometer was used to measure irradiance values at various wavelengths of the solar spectrum with and without the filters. The results from this project can be used to better interpret the data from the sky imager as well as be used in the design of future iterations of the sky imager.

Panel 15 Forum

Winters, Maria. UC San Diego, John Muir College California Louis Stokes Alliance for Minority Participation (CAMP) Mentored by John Crimaldi

The Hydrodynamics Of Cyclic Inhalant-Exhalant Flows

Inhalant flows feature fluid being drawn into an orifice from an almost infinite source; it can also be exhaled, as in a jet for example. If these flows are combined into a cycle of inhaling and exhaling, it becomes a coupled inhalantexhalant flow. Substantial research regarding inhalant flows developing into a pipe and exhalant flows in the form of jets exists in the literature. However, considerable quantitative information is lacking about the fundamental hydrodynamics of the coupled inhalant-exhalant flow system. The aim of this work is to experimentally describe the characteristics of this flow and determine if varying the inhalation time to exhalation time ratio of a fluid through a pipe will affect the refiltration ratio of the fluid. A voltage signal created in LabVIEW varies the inhalation and exhalation times of two pumps connected to a pipe in a tank. The velocity fields of the flow will then be quantitatively analyzed using particle image velocimetry. This coupled inhalant-exhalant flow is prevalent across multiple disciplines and applications which includes aerospace and hydraulic engineering systems, oceanography, and medicine.

Panel 40 SSC 554

Wong, Kirsten. UC San Diego, Revelle College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Adam Engler

Risk Allele At 9P21 Uniquely Regulates Connexins To Induce Arrhythmic Phenotypes In Patient-Derived Ipscs

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 9p21 region have been associated with increased risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI). SNPs are also implicated with cardiac death after acute coronary syndrome as well as sudden arrhythmic cardiac death, suggesting that 9p21 affects cardiomyocyte (CM) function. However, little is known about a cardiac phenotype as studies have largely focused on 9p21 effect on CAD and MI rather than patient outcomes after MI. Using induced pluripotent stem cells that are homozygous carriers for 9p21 SNPs (R/R) or non-carriers (N/N), we assessed CM function when cultured on hydrogels that mimic fibrotic stiffening associated with disease post-heart attack, i.e. â&#x20AC;&#x153;heart attack-in-a-dishâ&#x20AC;? stiffening from 10 kiloPascals (kPa) to 50 kPa. Though all CMs contracted synchronously on 10 kPa hydrogels, after dynamic stiffening, only R/R CMs contract asynchronously. Furthermore, R/R CMs had reduced gap junction assembly after stiffening. Deletion of 9p21 SNPs from a R/R line restored synchronous contractility and organized connexin 43 junctions after stiffening, suggesting that 9p21 represses connexin transcription only when the niche is stiffened as in disease.

Panel 33 Marshall College Room

Wong, Stephanie. UC San Diego, John Muir College Undergraduate Research Scholarship (URS) Mentored by Maripat Corr

Identification Of Innate Immune Modulators Of Arthritis Pain In A Mouse Model

Autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis are regulated by both adaptive and innate immune systems. We previously described the persistence of mechanical allodynia in male mice after the resolution of swelling in a passive serum transfer model of arthritis. This persistent allodynia had pharmocological features of neuropathic pain in that it was responsive to gabapentin, but not non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or TNF blockade.

We found that Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 regulated the onset of this allodynia.

In my project, I aimed to evaluate the role of other TLRs that are associated with type I interferon secretion in arthritic pain and the differences of pain and swelling between male and female mice. Using the K/BxN serum transfer model of murine arthritis, male and female mice of each strain were tested and compared. Wild-type female mice can resolve their pain, whereas male mice cannot. Female mice deficient in TLR 3 and TRIF have persistent pain similar to males, however mice deficient in TLR7 have little pain that resolves in both male and female mice.

Panel 22 Green Room

Wood, Steven. Temple University San Diego Nanotechnology Infrastructure (SDNI) REU Mentored by Marin

Studying Chemical Self Assembly in situ with Microfabricated Liquid Cells

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) exposes the fundamental properties of materials with sub-nanometer precision, but sample preparation and its associated restrictions, to allow the transmission of electrons through the target, limit the current capabilities of TEM to static images with very delicate samples. Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy (LCTEM) solves these issues using microfabricated grids to enclose the fluids of interest.

The current methods for chemical self assembly in situ observation, using LCTEM, lacks precise control resulting in unreliable experiments. To overcome these challenges we use standard top-down lithography techniques to fabricate liquid cells compatible with the Hummingbird Scientific Liquid Flow TEM Holder.

The Hummingbird holder allows precise control of multiple liquid flows within the same TEM cell allowing a unique perspective for chemical self assembly. Using the fabricated cells we were able to observe the assembly of various nanoparticles providing new insight into nanoparticle dynamics. This new device presents an inexpensive and effective method for multiple flow TEM chemical, physical, and biological in situ studies.

Panel 12 Marshall College Room

Wu, Emma. UC San Diego, John Muir College Mentored by Lawrence Goldstein

Autophagy Failure And Mitochondria Dysfunction Contribute To Premature Neuronal Death In Niemann Pick Disease Type C1

Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1) is a rare lysosome storage disease that results in neurodegeneration, cognitive impairment, and death. NPC1 is caused by a mutation in the NPC1 gene, and is characterized by the accumulation of cholesterol in lysosomes. Through the use of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines derived from patients carrying NPC1 disease-causing mutations, we found that neurons lacking NPC1 function have cholesterol sequestration in the lysosome, impairing autophagy. This results in accumulation of fragmented and depolarized mitochondria, eventually leading to neuronal death, and regulators of mitochondria fission rescue this fragmented phenotype. With this knowledge, our group developed a novel drug screen for iPSC-derived NPC1 neurons, and screened an NIH repurposing library for drugs that improve mitochondria polarity. We identified two compounds that improve mitochondria polarity and reduce neurodegeneration, thus represent a novel class of potential NPC1 therapies.

We are using CRISPR-based genome editing to engineer isogenic iPSCderived NPC1 knock-out lines to confirm the effectiveness of these compounds in improving the viability of NPC1 neurons. These studies are essential to innovating therapies for this devastating disease.

Panel 17 SSC 350

Yang, Benjamin. UC San Diego, Revelle College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Stephanie Fraley

High-Throughput Universal Digital High-Resolution Melt (U-Dhrm) Platform For Bacterial Identification

Rapid genetic analysis is of great importance for applications in disease diagnosis and pathogen detection. Universal digital high-resolution melt (UdHRM) has been demonstrated as a feasible improvement over broad-based PCR diagnostics for these applications because it enables rapid, sensitive, and specific identification of multiple sequences comprising heterogeneous samples. We propose a novel platform for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis at the point-of-care (POC) using U-dHRM methods. Our device partitions DNA samples into picoliter-scale emulsions for universal amplification, followed by melting curve fingerprinting, identification by Support Vector Machine learning, and enumeration. The platform includes thermoelectric modules, microfluidic technologies, and a control system that produce a stable, linear heat gradient for spatial high-resolution melting with fluorescence imaging.

Our approach enables greater sensitivity and dynamic range than previous UdHRM techniques through its high-throughput design and enables polymicrobial samples to be sensitively and comprehensively analyzed in clinically relevant timeframes. The feasibility of this system will be tested with a mixture of DNA thermal calibrators with well-characterized melting temperatures.

Panel 42 Ballroom A

Yang, Bryan. UC San Diego, Earl Warren College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Jorge Cortes

Quadcopter Control Systems - Sliding Mode Controller With AutoTuning Pid Controller

As the technologies advance, the need for robotics in life increases. However, it is vital to implement effective and efficient control systems for those robots.

For quad-copters, it is essential for them to able to fly to locations precisely and efficiently. With the combination of sliding mode controller and autotuning PID controller, the quad-copters will be able to use advance algorithms to arrive at set locations with minimum offsets, over-shoots, and oscillations.

In addition, the quad-copters will be able to fly to the target location efficiently with minimum power consumption. Auto-Tuning PID controller gives the quad-copter control system the ability to dynamically change the settings of the parameters input for the three different aspects of PID controller to produce satisfactory output while the sliding mode controller controls the motion as well as the response of the quad-copter with a particular sliding function. The advantages of using dynamic control system is that it allows the control systems to adjust its settings in response to second order systems, external disturbances, and uncertainties.

Panel 13 Student Leadership Chambers

Yap, Meghan. UC San Diego, John Muir College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Anita Raj

A Systematic Review Of The Literature: Campus Sexual Assault And Sports Culture [Abstract redacted owing to proprietary information.]

Panel 29 Earl Warren Room

Yidi, Daniella. Southwestern College Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) Mentored by Jared Young

Nicotinic Acetylcholine Blockade Reverses Physostigmine-Induced Immobility In The Forced Swim Test: Relevance To Mechanism(S) Underlying Switching To A Depressed State In Bipolar Disorder

One in three patients with bipolar disorder (BD) attempt suicide. BD is characterized by switches between mania and depression yet the mechanism(s) underlying such switching remain unknown, hence current treatments are non-specific. Switching has been associated with seasonality, whereby sufferers experience mania during long-active photoperiods in Spring/Summer, but depression in short-active photoperiods in Fall/Winter.

Rodents exposed to such photoperiods exhibit neurotransmitter switching in hypothalamic neurons, which may drive mania- and depression-like behaviors.

The hypothesized end-product of a short-active photoperiod is elevated acetylcholine.

Hence, we hypothesized that treatment with the acetycholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine (elevating acetylcholine signaling) would result in depressive-like behavior (increased immobility in the forced swim test), and that treatment with the non-specific nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist mecamylamine would remediate such effects. Indeed, mecamylamine significantly reduced physostigmineinduced immobility, without affecting vehicle-treated mice. These findings indicate a possible role for nAChR signaling in the induction of depressionlike behaviors. Our future studies will determine whether blockade of nAChRs will also remediate a short-active photoperiod-induced increase in immobility.

Such findings would support a role for nAChRs in seasonality-induced depression seen in BD. Panel 19 SSC 450

Zacharias, Briana. UC San Diego, Eleanor Roosevelt College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Kaustuv Roy

Ocean Acidification And Shell Calcification Of Benthic Invertebrates: A Spatial Perspective

Anthropogenic CO2 emission is affecting seawater chemistry and the resulting ocean acidification (OA) is of concern for marine organisms that use carbonate to form an exoskeleton. Marine mollusks are one of the most diverse groups of invertebrates and play an important role in functioning of marine ecosystems. The focus of my research is to understand the effects of OA on shell calcification of marine mollusks. Since sea water at high latitudes has lower carbonate saturation state (and hence higher solubility of calcium carbonate) compared to low latitudes, one prediction is that shells of mollusk species should be thinner at high latitudes compared to the tropics. I will use measurements of shell thickness, normalized to body size, along a latitudinal gradient to test this hypothesis. By providing empirical data on how shell calcification in marine mollusks vary latitudinally, my research will complement more experimental approaches to understanding the biological effects of OA.

Panel 26 Bear Room

Zhou, Chenhui. UC San Diego, John Muir College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Joanna McKittrick

Synthesis And Characterization Of Luminescent Properties For Core– Shell Structural Phosphors For Solid State Lighting

Solid state lighting with a luminescent ceramics activated by light emitting diodes has attracted attention as a highly efficient, long lasting light sources to replace incandescent and fluorescent lighting. The main issue for phosphor development is improving the quantum efficiency. One method to enhance the quantum efficiency is to use a core-shell structure in the phosphors. Core-shell phosphors powder significantly reduces the reflectivity by coating a polymer shell on core phosphors. They can enhance intensity compared to only core phosphors themselves because the reflectivity of UV light between medium is reduced with the shells. The ideal reflectivity index of the shells is ~ 1.5, as the reflectivity index of shells is ideally between that of air (1) and the core material (~2). In this work, core-shell phosphors were prepared through solgel process. Core particles Ba2SiO4:Eu2+ were coated using electrostatic force with polymers. Shell materials investigated were gelatin for polymerization reaction, and UV-curved polymers. Microscopic analysis and luminescent properties will be presented. This work is supported by the National Science Foundation, Ceramics Program Grant DMR-1411192.

Panel 36 SSC 300

Zondlak, Allyse. Adrian College Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) SURF Mentored by Farah Sheikh

The Potential Role Of Cereblon In Desmosomal Biology And Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a cardiomyopathy resulting in frequent ventricular arrhythmias leading to sudden death in young adults. ARVC is termed a “disease of the desmosome”, which are specialized mechanical cell-cell junctions. However, mechanisms of how dysregulation/loss of desmosomal proteins lead to ARVC remain unclear.

We recently identified a novel interaction between desmoplakin (DSP) and cereblon (CRBN). CRBN is thought to function in the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex and regulate large-conductance calcium activated potassium channels, suggesting a role in protein degradation and electrical conduction.

We hypothesize that CRBN plays a role in maintaining desmosomal protein levels (regulating protein degradation) and conduction. We show that CRBN co-localizes with DSP in the adult mouse heart and its expression is significantly decreased in hearts of a mouse model of ARVC. To better understand the role of CRBN in the heart, we generated novel cardiac-specific crbn knockout mice. Molecular (western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy) and electrophysiological analyses (surface ECG) will be performed in this novel model to uncover whether CRBN could be a new molecular regulator of the desmosome and ARVC.

Panel 31 Revelle College Room

Zou, Angela. UC San Diego, Thurgood Marshall College AEP's Summer Research Program (SRP) Mentored by Weg Ongkeko

Electronic Cigarettes Induce Dna Strand Breaks And Cell Death Independently Of Nicotine In Cell Lines

The recent surge in popularity of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) has prompted speculation that e-cig use may emerge as a new risk factor in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We sought to evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of short- and long-term e-cig vapor exposure in normal epithelial and HNSCC cell lines, using a range of e-cig doses and nicotinecontaining and nicotine-free e-cig formulations. Cytotoxicity was assessed using Annexin V flow cytometry, Trypan blue exclusion, and clonogenic assays. Genotoxicity in the form of DNA strand breaks was quantified using neutral comet assay and gamma-H2AX immunostaining. Both nicotine-free and nicotine-containing e-cigarette-exposed cells exhibited significantly reduced cell viability and clonogenic survival, and significantly increased apoptosis, necrosis, comet tail length and accumulation of gamma-H2AX foci.

The implication of e-cig vapor as a cytotoxic and DNA strand break-inducing agent suggests that further assessment of the potential carcinogenicity of ecigarettes is urgently needed.

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ACADEMIC ENRICHMENT PROGRAMS STAFF David Artis, Ph.D. Dean, Undergraduate Research Initiatives, Director, Academic Enrichment Programs (858) 822-4161 • dartis@ucsd.edu ❊ Veronica Bejar Assistant Director, Academic Enrichment Programs/McNair Program (858) 534-8254 • vbejar@ucsd.edu ❊ Jacqueline F. Azize-Brewer, Ph.D. Coordinator, NSF CAMP Science Program (858) 534-8839 • jazize@ucsd.edu ❊ Thomas K. Brown, Ph.D. Coordinator, McNair Program (858) 534-2937 • tkbrown@ucsd.edu ❊ Kirsten Kung, Ph.D. Coordinator, Research Programs (858) 822-3750 • kkung@ucsd.edu ❊ Adele S. Savage, M.A. Coordinator, Health and Medical Professions Preparation Program (858) 534-7579 • asavage@ucsd.edu ❊ Sophia Tsai, Ph.D. Coordinator, Research Scholarships (858) 534-9014 ❊ Charity Kunold Administrative Support (858) 822-0385 • ckunold@ucsd.edu