Geo-hazard Mapping of the Province of Pampanga: A Reference for Disaster Preparedness Panorama

Irish Jaime, MPA, Jennifer Panhugban, MPA, Justin Bryan Tabora, MPA Abel C. Pineda, DBA

ABSTRACT

In the aspect of disaster preparedness and awareness, knowledge of the geographical location of an area plays a gigantic role in the determination of its vulnerability and susceptibility to a particular natural disaster. Few local studies provide emphasis to such kind of factor. Thus, this paper aims to comprehend the geographical aspects of the Province of Pampanga and describes the disaster preparedness panorama of the province via examining situational reports and geographical maps which identify threats pose to the residents of Pampanga.

A retrospective descriptive geographic research design was used in this article where the data originated from the office of the Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office (PDRRMO) – Pampanga were carefully analysed with articulation with experts. It provided vital geographical information from the two (2) cities and nineteen (19) municipalities of the province.

It has been uncovered that out of the 2,340,355 Pampangueños as of 2010, 39% of them inhabited the areas that are extremely susceptible to flooding. Moreover, it was found out that the Municipality of Arayat is extremely vulnerable to landslide due to its close proximity to Mt. Arayat. Furthermore, the Municipalities of Floridablanca, Porac and Mabalacat registered low to very high susceptibility to landslide due to hilly and mountainous terrains. However, some barangays from the Municipalities of Masantol, Lubao, Sasmuan and Macabebe are categorized as coastal municipalities of the province which are vulnerable and prone to storm surges.

The paper recommends the intensive and massive information dissemination to each and every single Kapampangan regarding the geographic structure of these areas to ensure disaster preparedness and to diminish casualties from natural calamities which may strike in the future.

Keywords: Global warming, natural calamity, disater preparedness, geographical attributes

INTRODUCTION Earth, the third planet in the solar system which is full of unimaginable and bounty of creations that serves as a sanctuary for the millions and billions of humans. This planet that we all call home had suffered and witnessed all the vast changes that had gone for the past centuries, changes that brought an inconceivable impact to human lives as well.

According to Elahi(2015), scientists found out that the planet Earth’s temperature was increasingly high unlike before. Likewise, they even came up withthe prediction that the Earth’s temperature will escalate by two to six degrees Celsius in the end of the 21st century if inappropriate counter measures will not be taken into matter. One cannot deny the fact that this was triggered by deforestation, release of greenhouse gases, burning of fossil fuels, the industrial revolution(Elahi, 2015) and many more irresponsible human acts that paves the way to global warming.

Global warming is a phenomenon which involves the increase in temperature of the planet Earth’s climate system (Elahi, 2015) where the principal effects would be the melting of icebergs in Antarctica which roots upsurge in sea level and frequent typhoons and storms accompanied by flooding(Aizebeokhai, 2009; Elahi, 2015).

Countries around the globe are now withstanding the implications of global warming and like any of the other developing countries, the Philippines is among the nations susceptible to the impacts of such phenomenon due to its restricted resources(Jose & Cruz, 1999) most essentially its location.

The Philippines, a country known for its opulent culture and traditions brought about by its geographical diversity, consists of seven thousand six hundred forty one islands surrounded by various bodies of water as well as being situated in the Pacific Ring of Fire and typhoon belt in the Pacific Ocean. With this kind of location, the Philippines is one of the countries known to be affected by different natural calamities such as earthquakes, typhoons, volcanic eruptions, flooding and droughts(Bollettino, Alcayna, Enriquez, & Vinck, 2018). Among the mentioned natural disasters, typhoon is usually the kind of phenomenon that usually brings destruction to the lives and properties of Filipinos with an average of twenty typhoons per year visiting the country.

Countless regions and areas in the Philippines have been annihilated by this natural catastrophe. One of which is the Central Luzon, a region known as the rice granary (“Region 3 - Central Luzon,” n.d.) capital of the Philippines for its rich farmlands. This land area is also known to have its active and extinct volcanoes as well as some of its provinces being situated in the Marikina Valley Fault also referred to as the Valley Fault System. . No one will ever forget the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption which was considered as one of the largest volcanic eruption(Newhall, Hendley, & Stauffer, 1997)and had claimed thousands of lives not to mention the vast number of devastation to enormous assets. Likewise, numerous families have been affected by several typhoons like Ompong, Domeng, and Rosita which shattered the lives, assets, and livelihood of the people inhabiting these regions. Moreover, one of the provinces in this region which had

been affected by mostly of these natural phenomena is the Province of Pampanga.

In the year 1571 when the Spaniards came for their purpose of colonization, the province’s name was coined from the native word “pampang” which is “riverbank” in English because of the inhabitants who lives near the small and diverse rivers that bounds the flat land masses of the province that leads to the prominent Pampanga River(“Enhanced Local Climate Change Action Plan for the Province of Pampanga CY 2018 - 2028, 2018). The province became well-known for its vital contribution to the Philippine history for it is one of the provinces found in the eight rays of the sun embellished in the Philippine flag signifying the valour and patriotism of the Pampangueños who stood and fought against its colonizers.

Needless to say, one cannot question the bravery, leadership and intellect of Pampangueuños because amidst all the historical trials they have been through, they were able to wrestled their way for independence and have their rightful spot in the history who until now are combating for their lives not because of conquerors but of the natural disasters experienced by the occupants.

The Province of Pampanga had suffered from the violent winds that wrecked countless homes and raging waters that drowned innocent lives. Hence, people kept on bouncing back to whatever tragedy that struck them. With every disaster comes the lesson to feasibly lessen the harm it may bring in the future. The province has been initiating preparedness following the four thematic areas namely; a) Disaster Prevention and Mitigation–“Avoid hazards and mitigate their potential impacts by reducing vulnerabilities and exposure and enhancing capacities of communities”(Office of Civil Defense, 2011, p. 2). b) Disaster Preparedness–“Establish and strengthen capacities of communities to anticipate, cope and recover from the negative impacts of emergency occurrences and disaster”(Office of Civil Defense, 2011, p. 2). c) Disaster Response–“Provide life preservation and meet the basic subsistence needs of affected population based on acceptable standards during or immediately after a disaster”(Office of Civil Defense, 2011, p. 2). d) Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery–“Restore and improve facilities, livelihood and living conditions and organizational capacities of affected communities, and reduced disaster risks in accordance with the “building back better” principle”(Office of Civil Defense, 2011, p. 2).

Victoria (2000) asserted that regardless of the natural disaster’s characteristics, be it strong or weak, has an extensive or narrow coverage area, the residents of that zone will primarily suffer the implications of such phenomenon resulting for them to safeguard themselves and confront any troubles that they may encounter on their own until the assistance from the government reach their homes.

Meanwhile, in the research of Escuadra and Anaya(n.d.) for the incident when Typhoon Sendong ravaged Iligan communities wherein 17, 709 families were hit and had claimed 652 lives while 808 persons were nowhere to be found, an incident where enormous grumbles were raised for the incompetency of its local government unit (LGU) in confronting the effects of Typhoon Sendong. Both ideas represent only one aim, safety of the entire community thru the active and proficient involvement of both the people and government.

According to Bollettino et al. (2018), almost 47 percent of Filipino respondents from the research they orchestrated did not do any form of natural disaster preparedness for the preceding five years and most of the Filipinos felt that they were indeed responsible for their own welfare in the presence of natural calamities.

Today, only few studies pay attention in scrutinizing the geographical aspects of a particular area and how does it influences its localities in the event of a natural calamity. Majority of studies dig deep via grasping the thoughts and responses of people together with its government through conducting diverse and random surveys. Thus, this article endeavours to use geographical maps and situational reports to determine the imminent impacts of natural disasters in the Province of Pampanga.

The purpose of this article is to ascertain how the geographical attributes of the province affect the residents of its cities and municipalities in the occurrence of natural calamities and its possible implications to the disaster preparedness and awareness of the people in the Province of Pampanga.

This article also aims to describe the disaster panorama of the Province of Pampanga based on situational reports and geographical maps by analysing the geographical location of the province and the threats it may pose to the residents. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following objectives: (1) to describe how the geographical location of Pampanga can cause hazard to the residents during disasters; (2) to identify the threats and impacts of geographical hazards affecting the locality; (3) to identify the number of affected indigent residents based on their geographical location.

The scope of the article is to discern the possible imminent impact of disaster in the Province of Pampanga and to describe the effects of its geographic structure to the Kapampangan populace inhabiting the province. Likewise, the research will give emphasis to the primary natural catastrophes that pose threats in the province which includes flooding, landslide, storm surge and earthquake. The data in this study were from the year two thousand eighteen (2018) thus, the article will be delimited to the information that was provided during the aforementioned year. However, some of the figures or data obtained were derived from the preceding years. Nonetheless, according to the designated geologist of the Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office (PDRRMO) – Pampanga as a province did not bump into any major catastrophe in the year two thousand seventeen (2017). Any change of information that may be incurred after 2018 is not part of the data in the study.

Results and findings from this research may be beneficial to the Pampangueños in order to broaden their geographic information about the area were they reside, so as to be able to make necessary precautions before the occurrence of any natural phenomena in their zone. Due to the variations in landforms, this article will, as well, be able to aid the Province of Pampanga to boost the capabilities of its people to combat and alleviate the anticipated effects of calamities might affect them. Similarly, the researchers whose professions are mostly public servants could as well become an instrument in propagating valuable information to Pampangueños .

METHOD A retrospective descriptive geographical research design was used in this article. Through the incident reports submitted by the City/Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office (C/MDRRMO) to its Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office (PDRRMO) – Pampanga, data were analysed according to experts’ opinion.

The data were gathered by the Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office (PDRRMO) – Pampanga in the two (2) cities and nineteen (19) municipalities of the province via incident reports that were timely reported by the Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office (BDRRMO) to their City/Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office (C/MDRRMO)immediately during and after the occurrence of the disaster in the area through their two-way ICOM radio that served as one of their reliable and effective means to communicate even in the absence of electricity, internet and phone signal.

Maps from various government agencies like the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB), Department of Science and Technology (DOST) as well as the inputs from the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) and Provincial Planning and Development Office (PPDO) – Pampanga were utilized in analysing the geography of the Province of Pampanga as well as the basis for the PDRRMO’s planning and operations (“Gawad Kalasag 2018 Pampanga,” 2018). The data for these maps were gathered via fieldwork activities of the MGB, DOST and PAGASA that were further disseminated to the concerned areas for their perusaland as an ideal tool in their planning activities.

PDRRMO – Pampanga uses freeware software known as the Geographic Information System (GIS) a computer-based instrument(“What is Geographic Information Systems (GIS)?,” 2019)that is exploited to bring up-to-date, improved information. They also modify maps to produce pertinent information to identify the areas prone to typhoons, landslides, storm surge, and earthquakes in the province(“Gawad Kalasag 2018 Pampanga,” 2018). In addition, the data for this research were obtained by requesting permission from the governor of the province as well as from the PDRRMO – Pampanga to provide the researchers the data and information that will be vital in putting together this research.

With utmost gratitude to PDRRMO – Pampanga, the researchers were able to understand and analyse the maps furnished through personal interview and consultation meetings with geologists of the said office.

FINDINGS Table 1: “Summary of high-risk barangays per LGU, vis-à-vis flooding, landslide and storm surge” (“Gawad Kalasag 2018 Pampanga,” 2018, p. 11).

Table 1 classifies the number of barangays affected by flooding, landslide and storm surge in various cities and municipalities in the Province of Pampanga. The statistics were gathered via various field validations and surveys with respect to the existing data from the National Statistics (“Gawad Kalasag 2018 Pampanga,” 2018, p. 11).

The aforementioned information enables the province to easily point out and determine the barangays affected by any natural phenomena that may warrant attention and preparedness in order to lessen the casualties that may be incurred. Moreover, several maps from the MGB, DOST and PAGASA were used to analyse the geographical features of the Province of Pampanga and was further enhanced and explained by the geologists from PDRRMO – Pampanga, utilizing the GIS software by identifying the areas in the Province of Pampanga that are susceptible to natural disasters.

Figure 1: Flood Hazard Map

The areas in red represents the zones that are highly susceptible to flooding that may reach a height of one to two meters for more than 3 days; the orange areas denote the sectors in the province that are moderately vulnerable to flooding that may reach a height of 0.5-1 meter for one to three days while the yellow parts in the map symbolizes the areas with low flood susceptibility that might likely experience floods below 0.5 meters in height for less than one day (“Gawad Kalasag 2018 Pampanga,” 2018).

Table 2: Summary of families per LGU affected by flooding (“Gawad Kalasag 2018 Pampanga,” 2018)

Table 2 represents the number of families affected by flooding where majority originated from LGUs which are either coastal or low-lying areas nearby river or tributaries.

Figure 2: Landslide Risk Map

The landslide risk map depicts possible precipitous sloping topographies (“Gawad Kalasag 2018 Pampanga,” 2018) in the province of Pampanga. Residents who may experience landslides includes the zones being occupied by the residents in the Municipality of Arayat where the dormant Mount Arayat is situated. The Municipalities of Magalang, Mabalacat, Porac and Floridablanca where all of which possess one resemblance to each other, landmasses which are relatively elevated as compared to the remaining sections of the province.

Figure 3: Storm Surge Risk Map

Aside from the flooding that may cause damage, another phenomenon known as storm surge may as well seed destruction to some parts of the province. As seen from the maps obtained from PDRRMO – Pampanga, following are the four municipalities located among the coastal areas namely; Lubao, Macabebe, Masantol and Sasmuan (“Enhanced Local Climate Change Action Plan for the Province of Pampanga CY 2018 - 2028,” 2018).

Table 3: Breakdown of population affected by storm surge

Table 3 describes the Kapampangan populace who are predominantly struck by storm surge in the province, from which all the identified coastal barangays of each LGUs are geographically situated along the coastline.

Figure 4: Actiive Fault Lines near the Province of Pampanga

As perceived from the map, the Province of Pampanga does not have any active fault lines rather the provinces near its vicinity have the prominent earthquake fault lines such as the province of Zambales, Nueva Ecija, Bulacan and Metro Manila. According to the geologist of PDDRMO – Pampanga, even though Pampanga does not have any active fault lines, it may still experience impacts coming from its neighboring provinces because majority of its landforms are soft sediments.

Soft sediment, a geological term which refers to a land formation whose composition has high water content (Klein & Santamarina, 2005); thus, making an area having such characteristic to be easily affected of any earthquake’s impact.

DISCUSSION The flood hazard map represents the Province of Pampanga in terms of the level of susceptibility to flooding. Pampanga, being a low-lying province in topography, is relatively susceptible to flood due to its lower elevation. The map depicts that the Municipalities of Candaba, San Luis, San Simon and Apalit presupposes moderate to high level of susceptibility due to their location adjacent to the Pampanga River. Concomitantly, the Southern parts of the province- the Municipalities of Macabebe, Masantol, Minalin and Sasmuan(“Gawad Kalasag 2018 Pampanga,” 2018) also have moderate to high level of flood susceptibility due to their location near the pacific side of the province as identified and categorized ascoastal areas. While some parts of Floridablanca, Porac and Mabalacat have a mixture of low to moderate level of susceptibility due to their higher elevation in close proximity to mountain ranges. As divulged in the Enhanced Local Climate Change Action Plan for the Province of Pampanga CY 2018 – 2028 (2018), there is a correlation on the risk level and proximity of the area to the flooding tributaries and the areas where water accumulates during rainy season.

One of the prominent tributaries in the Province of Pampanga which is known to be the second prevalent river in Luzon that journeys across the Provinces of Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga and Tarlac is the Pampanga River. It serves as the catch basin for the four specified provinces and extreme flooding of this waterway can raze and drown the entire Province of Pampanga as well as the areas nearby the province (Malaguit, Makahiya, & De Lara, 2017).

Furthermore, it has been uncovered that out of the 2,340,355 Pampangueños as of 2010, 39% of them inhabit the areas that are extremely susceptible to flooding (“Gawad Kalasag 2018 Pampanga,” 2018).

The Municipality of Sasmuan which has approximately 52,001 occupants and ranked as the 14th municipality in terms of its population size in the province has an entire population prone to flooding and storm surge most specifically the barangays of Sebitanan, Batang 1st, Batang 2nd, Malusac and Mabuanbuan (“Gawad Kalasag 2018 Pampanga,” 2018). The Municipalities of Lubao, Macabebe, Apalit and Candaba are among the areas in the province which are also highly disposed to flooding.

Meanwhile, two of its cities, City of San Fernando and Mabalacat City have a mixture of low to high flood susceptibility due to active creeks and their natural position adjacent to river channels. Also, between these two, the City of San Fernando known as the center of economic development in the province is at risk and known to be one of the cities extremely exposed to flooding (“Gawad Kalasag 2018 Pampanga,” 2018). It poses threats to the existing and incoming commercial investments of Pampanga. Thus, engineering interventions have been established to mitigate possible threats and actual damages of property during flooding.

The province’s progress is also at jeopardy because majority of its indispensable components which comprise its population, industrialized and agricultural regions are all primarily exposed to the aftermaths (“Gawad Kalasag 2018 Pampanga,” 2018)

of any natural calamity that calamity that may come upon the Province of Pampanga.

Furthermore, the agricultural component of the province which is about 78,136.20 hectares, wherein half of this accounts to the areas that is as well classified as greatly proned to flooding (“Gawad Kalasag 2018 Pampanga,” 2018); thus, affecting the prime source of livelihood and income opportunities of the people in the Province of Pampanga.

The landslide risk map depicts the land area of Pampanga in terms of its vulnerability to landslides. Generally, landslides occur and affect areas on higher elevation (upland) and those areas that have a steep – slope terrain.

It shows that Pampanga has land areas and terrains that are classified as elevated with mild to steeply sloping. From the map’s representation, it shows that the Municipality of Arayat has low to high vulnerability to landslide depending on the area of elevation, steepness and proximity to Mt. Arayat, a mountain found in the province which possesses an altitude of 1,026 meters (Japan International Cooperation Agency; CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd.; Nippon Koei Co., 2011). Additionally, the types of soil particularly the sandy clay loam maybe one of the tributary reasons of its vulnerability to landslide. As asserted byKitutu, Muwanga, Poesen and Deckers(2009)in their study, landslide occurrences could be due to the type of soil and its characteristic particularly sandy clay loam type of soil has a lighter material and gives swift flow causing the collection of water thus creating hydrostatic pressure in the soil affecting its stability.

Likewise, there is noticeably increased in elevation in the Western parts of the province caused by adjacent mountain ranges of Zambales and Tarlac while the Municipalities of Floridablanca, Porac and Mabalacat have low to very high susceptibility to landslide due to hilly and mountainous terrains.It depicts that level of susceptibility has a direct relation on the type of area which depends on the degree of steepness and elevation of the locality.

According to Jayasinghe, Wijekoon and Gunatilake(2017)ascribed from DeGraff and Romesburg(1980); Marston, Miller and Devkota (1998), some of the vital and natural elements that cause landslides are the slope aspect, angle, and elevation of the location. In addition, as defined in their study: “slope aspect is the point of location which has the steepest downslope direction” (p. 27). Moreover, it has been unveiled that the elevation of a landmass contributes a significant factor in the occurrence of landslide in mountain or hilly sections of an area.

In relation to the study of Forbes and Broadhead(2013), deforestation and logging of trees in elevated areas most particularly of mountains which are often transformed to various roads and industrial constructions also escalate the risks of landslide because the features of trees most essentially its roots, hold and shrink the water content of soil. Trees found in any landform, be it elevated or not, serves as an aid as well as a key factor in the slope protection of a landmass; thus, restricting the probable event of landslide.

Aside from floodings and landslide, the Province of Pampanga is also susceptible to storm surges. As indicated in the storm surge risk map, the purple tag are the Municipalities of

Masantol, Lubao, Sasmuan and Macabebe which are categorized as coastal municipalities of the province situated near the bay. Exposure from storm surges is brought by their location near the pacific area of the country and naturally, coastal municipalities will have the highest storm surge susceptibilities. In the study ofHerrero, Eco, Lagamay, Van Wyk De Vries(2015), Pampanga is included on the top 30 provinces and cities in the Philippines which is prone to storm surges.

Even though the Province of Pampanga neither have any nor directly lies in an active earthquake fault line, the aftereffects of the earthquake from its adjacent neighboring provinces may still cause damage to the areas in the province such as the Province of Zambales, Nueva Ecija, Bulacan and Metro Manila. Nonetheless, with the aim of saving lives, the PDRRMO – Pampanga has prepared an action plan in case such phenomena suddenly occurs. The triad in the maps represents the command post of the Province of Pampanga which is composed of the diverse local concerned government agencies to act and provide essential assistance to the residents of the province such as the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), Office of the Civil Defence (OCD), Department of Health (DOH), Provincial Social Welfare Development Office (PSWDO) – Pampanga and PDDRMO – Pampanga (Office of Civil Defense, 2011). CONCLUSION The Province of Pampanga is considered as the future gateway of Central Luzon for its immense contributions to its region. Even though the province possesses such stunning characteristics, it has flaws that threatens majority of its population due to its geographical attributes that whenever a natural calamity strikes the province may lead to unthinkable peril.

The findings in this study may not surprise many Kapampangans but the data provided herein could be, as well, a vital source to alleviate the possible complications arising from natural calamity whether it is an earthquake, typhoon, storm surge or any natural disaster.

It has been unveiled that the Province of Pampanga is really prone to natural calamities most specifically to flooding, storm surge, landslide and the after effects of earthquake that may transpire from the nearby provinces. The effects of such natural calamity are incalculable but this would surely ruin primarily the environment, industrialized and agricultural sectors of the Pampanga together with its inhabitants. RECOMMENDATIONS Natural calamities nowadays are inevitable phenomena that no one can evade but the people have the capacity to choose how they will react and response to the irrepressible after effects of these disasters given the right information and awareness.

The Province of Pampanga had devised enormous counter measures to help build the awareness of the Pampangueños in case disaster occurs and have established tactics to mitigate the impact. Hence, with these efforts, the article recommends the intensive and massive information dissemination to each and every single Kapampangan, if possible to conduct a house

to house information campaign and employ the most powerful tool in today’s era which is the Internet- utilizing diverse social media platforms in order to nurture their knowledge and awareness about the geographic structure of the areas they inhabit and to likewise enlighten them of the projects, activities and programs they could avail in the aftermath of any calamity. On the lighter side, it will be more beneficial if all people of Pampanga would be aware and be prepared for their own safety since the province cannot easily monitor every single person’s safety for any disaster striking in the Province of Pampanga.

Furthermore, the following measures are being proposed to mitigate the impact of natural disasters and aid the Kapampangan populace in the process. These are: the creation of a disaster hotline number that would become an active and responsive number to address all the pleas of Pampangueños before, during, and after a natural disaster; create a reforestation and planting of trees and mangroves project together with the Department of Environmental and Natural Resources (DENR) – Region III and other partner agencies that would vigorously promote the vital importance of trees and mangroves that will alleviate the impact of flooding, storm surge and most specifically, landslide; assure that the zones in the province which has drainage system are not jam-packed with garbage that hinders the course of water which might as well cause flooding and devised desiltation projects.

All of the aforementioned efforts and measures may not stop any natural disaster from happening but these might, at least, lessen the impact and help save lives in the process.

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