2010 Student Research Symposium Booklet

3rd Annual

Undergraduate Research

SYMPOSIUM April 2, 2010

www.uafortsmith.edu/symposium

University of Arkansas - Fort Smith

Contents Geetings!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I AM ONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 T. pyixidus: Effects of a Gamma Ray Burst on Earth’s Stratosphere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Synthesis and Photodeconjugation of α-β Unsaturated Esters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 A Model of a Future Large-Scale Ultraplinian Event in Yellowstone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 An Analysis of the Ramifications of Future Small Scale Nuclear Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 The Smart Grid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Lie Algebraic Properties of Vertex Algebras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 True Grit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Can We Improve the Time it Takes to Render Assignments in the Graphics Department Classroom?. . . . . . . . . . 11 Parking at UA Fort Smith: A Student Learning Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Spit For A Cure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 “FORTify” Fort Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Healing Catcher: An Oral History of Murder and Racism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Strategies to Motivate the Reluctant Learner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 The Real Truth of the Anime Industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Type as Art. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 A DNA-Based Assay Identifying Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis Presence in Northwest Arkansas Frog Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Launchpad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Juku Athletics and Tutoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 A Brief History of Animation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Class Clowns: Descriptions, Behaviors, Causes, and Strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 What literacy strategies can be used in the middle-school (grades 5-8) science class to improve early adolescents’ comprehension?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 What is Your Cultural I.Q. ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Undergraduate Research Symposium

Ars Poetica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Mahdists, Mandinka, and the Islamic Response to Colonialism in Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Antiretroviral Therapy in Patients with HIV and the Progression to AIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 The Art of Traveling a Theatre Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Music in the Wild: The Field Recordings of John and Alan Lomax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Get the Green on the Dental Vaccine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 SQL Injection Prevention Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Integral Theory: a New Approach to Poetry Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Projection of Ozone Concentrations and Holes as a Model for the year 2110 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Does a Home Geothermal Energy System Pay for itself?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Streaming Media for UA Fort Smith Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 What literacy strategies can be implemented beneficially for ELL students in a mathematics classroom?. . . . . . . . . 38 Synthesis of Natural Products: Sesquiterpene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Petticoats and Six Shooters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 The Unwinding of a River: An Oral History of the Eubanks Family and the Arkansas River in West Central Arkansas. 41 Synthesis of N-confused Tetraphenyl Porphyrin and the Insertion of the Transition Metal Cobalt (II). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Controller Area Network (CAN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 The Greed of a Belgium King . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Get on the Jane Train . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Theobromine and Its Effects on Enamel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 The Process of Converting the Rock School House to a Boys and Girls Club. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 The Social Credit System and Efficiency in the Conveyance of Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 For Whom the Belle Tolls: The Transformation of the South in Gone With the Wind and A Streetcar Named Desire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Exploring Cinematographic Techniques in The Truman Show. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Caries Detection Utilizing Laser Fluorescence – Advancements in Sealant Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

University of Arkansas - Fort Smith

Anxiety and Elective Cesarean Sections among American Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Negritude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Ugly Beauty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 What is the effect of attention deficit disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on multiple task assignment completion rates in the classroom? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Bridging the Gap in Communication: Encouraging Foreign Language Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Passive Mobile Wireless Field Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Edwardian Compatibilistic Free Will and Morality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 The Path to Survival – Guatemalan Emigration - A Familial Oral History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Understanding My Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Anne Spencer: Romantic Writer of the 20th Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Quality of Place: The Mary Tinnin Jaye Gallery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Comparison Study of the Two Mechanisms of DNA Repair in UV Irradiated E. coli. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 What Does Cinderella Think? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 The Old and New Features of Lake Fort Smith State Park. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Asexuality: It’s Not Just For Amoebas Anymore. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Connectiveness of Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 What Would Be Required To Convert A 1940s Barracks Into Classrooms That Meet University of Arkansas - Fort Smith Architectural Standards?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Who Hung the Moon for Jane? Conflicting Spiritualities in Jane Eyre. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Communicating in Color. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Undergraduate Research Symposium

Greetings!

The University of Arkansas - Fort Smith proudly welcomes you to the Third Annual Undergraduate Research Symposium. Our faculty and staff are committed to fostering an environment that promotes not only learning but also enlightenment.

As you will see in today’s presentations, our students have accepted the challenge, explored unique areas of research, and synthesized their results in the form of lectures, studio art, demonstrations, posters, and performances.

These presentations represent the academic diversity of UA Fort Smith’s programs and the intellectual excellence of our students. On their behalf, I would like to thank you for your participation and invite you to engage the presenters in the question-and-answer sessions throughout the afternoon.

Your active involvement ensures that the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith remains a dynamic learning community.

Dr. Ray Wallace Provost and Senior Vice Chancellor

1

University of Arkansas - Fort Smith I AM ONE Cassandra Arnhart, Rebecca Imes I AM ONE is the slogan for Lion Community Outreach Day or LCOD. LCOD is an event sponsored by the Student Activities Office that encourages students to volunteer around the Fort Smith community.

The slogan is taken from the quote by Helen Keller: “I am only one, but still I am one. I cannot do everything, but still I can do something; and because I cannot do everything, I will not refuse to do something that I can do.” Entering into the poster competition will help raise awareness of the importance of college students volunteering within their community. The poster will not only help inform students on the significance of volunteering, but also give them an opportunity to sign up for LCOD. Cassandra Arnhart is a 2007 graduate from Rogers High School. She will graduate in December 2010 with a bachelor’s degree in rhetoric and writing. She currently works at First United Methodist Church.

Cassandra is involved in the Chancellor’s Leadership Council, is Co-Directing Lion Community Outreach Day, and is a Resident Assistant at the Sebastian Commons. After graduation, she hopes to attend law school at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.

Rebecca Imes graduated from Springdale Har-Ber High School in 2007, and she will graduate from UA Fort Smith in December of 2010 with a degree in rhetoric and writing and an English minor. She is a member of the Chancellor’s Leadership Council, co-director of Lion Community Outreach Day, as well as a part-time employee of the Student Activities Office. After graduation she plans on attending the University of Oklahoma for a master’s degree in public relations.

2

Undergraduate Research Symposium T. pyixidus: Effects of a Gamma Ray Burst on Earth’s Stratosphere Todd Austin, Zachary Martin, Michael Williams T pyxidus, a potential type 1a supernovae star 3260 light years from Earth, is believed to be able to form a gamma ray burst that will be directed into the vicinity of our solar system. Direct effects on planet Earth’s environmental systems are possible. Gamma ray bursts are the product of a variety of cosmological events a type 1a supernova such as T pyxidus will undergo at some time in the cosmologically near term. Gamma rays possess the per-photon energy to split atmospheric oxygen and nitrogen molecules, permitting the large scale formation of NO radicals in the upper atmosphere; these promote the destruction of stratospheric ozone. The model produced in this study assumes that Earth’s atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen are the only elements of Earth’s ecosystem directly affected by the gamma ray burst, using an energy-based approach. Since oxygen and nitrogen collectively represent 99% of Earth’s atmosphere, direct effects on other elements of the system are not being considered.

The model calculates the angle which would be required for the gamma ray burst to allow for Earth to receive the full extent of gamma energy released. The model accounts for a standard minimum range, two degrees, and shows the amount of NO formed in parts per million. The model accounts for a mid range and maximum range, ten degrees and twenty degrees, and calculates the amount of NO able to be formed in parts per million.

Todd Austin graduated from Pocola High School in 2006. He is currently in pursuit of a bachelor’s degree in chemistry. He plans to further his education at UA Fayetteville. His research experience includes the collection and molecular identification of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. His current research entails the synthesis of a-β vinylic esters and photolysis of the product to form a b-g vinylic esters. He is also currently producing a mathematical model to determine the effects on Earth’s stratospheric nitrogen and oxygen produced by a believed type 1a supernovae star if it were to produce a cosmological event known as a gamma ray burst.

Zachary Martin is a senior, majoring in both biology and chemistry, with research interests in inorganic chemistry and genetics. He is also an N.C.O. at the 188th Air National Guard Fighter Wing. Zachary is planning to continue his education at graduate school this fall, where he hopes to earn a Ph.D. and explore the world of molecular genetics.

Michael Williams graduated from Hackett High School in 2006. He is currently in pursuit of a bachelor’s degree in chemistry. Upon receiving his degree, he plans to apply his education with the United States Armed Forces in pursuit of being an officer. His hobbies consist of wake boarding, hunting, and other outdoor recreational activities. His current research also includes producing a mathematical model to determine the effects on Earth’s stratospheric nitrogen and oxygen produced by a believed type 1a supernovae star if it were to produce a cosmological event known as a gamma ray burst.

3

University of Arkansas - Fort Smith Synthesis and Photodeconjugation of α-β Unsaturated Esters Todd Austin, Deidre Monts The Ireland-Claisen Rearrangement is a powerful reaction which converts conjugated α-β unsaturated esters into carboxylic acids. The Ireland-Claisen Rearrangement has numerous applications, including the synthesis of several natural products that have shown interesting biological activities. However, the Ireland-Claisen Rearrangement is limited to situations that can tolerate harsh reaction conditions.

Given this limitation, the purpose of this research is to develop a methodology in which conjugated α-β unsaturated esters undergo an Ireland-Claisen Rearrangement. Theoretically, an Ireland-Claisen Rearrangement may be induced by a photochemical deconjugated reaction with a mercury lamp that produces ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 254 nm. Initially, a α-β unsaturated esters was synthesized and fully characterized with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. The ester was subsequently irradiated with 254nm ultraviolet light for a few hours to deconjugate the a-b-unsaturated ester, forming a b-g-unsaturated ester, which is similar to the key intermediate in the Ireland-Claisen Rearrangement. It is our hypothesis that this intermediate will spontaneously rearrange, forming the desired carboxylic acid. Currently, efforts are aimed at further enhancing the understanding and the usefulness of photochemically induced Ireland-Claisen Rearrangement. This will be accomplished by modifying the reactions conditions and testing a series of chemically different a-b-unsaturated esters.

Todd Austin graduated from Pocola High School in 2006. He is currently in pursuit of a bachelor’s degree in chemistry. He plans to further his education at UA Fayetteville. His research experience includes the collection and molecular identification of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. His current research entails the synthesis of a-β vinylic esters and photolysis of the product to form a b-g vinylic esters. He is also currently producing a mathematical model to determine the effects on Earth’s stratospheric nitrogen and oxygen produced by a believed type 1a supernovae star if it were to produce a cosmological event known as a gamma ray burst.

Deidre Monts graduated from Van Buren High School. While completing high school, she was concurrently enrolled in night-time college classes. She is currently pursuing dual bachelor’s degrees in chemistry and biology. After obtaining her degrees in May 2010, she hopes to attend graduate school in order to obtain Ph.D. and Pharm.D. degrees. After completing her doctorates, she aspires to become a pharmaceutical researcher.

4

Undergraduate Research Symposium A Model of a Future Large-Scale Ultraplinian Event in Yellowstone Josh Baker, Megan Kuhl, Deidre Monts The Yellowstone caldera in Wyoming has a 15,000-cubic-kilometer, oblong-shaped magma chamber; if released, this could constitute a VEI 8 “ultraplinian” eruption with a significant impact on global climate. Several previous VEI 8 eruptions from this site have been established, with the most recent full eruption being the Lava Creek eruption, nearly 640,000 years ago. This event ejected approximately 1000 cubic kilometers of ash into the atmosphere. Yellowstone contains rhyolitic magma, which is rich in silicon dioxide (SiO2). During most eruptions, sulfur dioxide gas (SO2) is given off as well.

However, the Yellowstone hydrothermal system acts as a buffer that absorbs and neutralizes acid gases, forming hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas and soluble sodium chloride (NaCl). Eruptions of Mount Kilauea in Hawaii and the Lake Toba caldera in Sumatra were studied to calibrate the parameters used in the Yellowstone eruption model. Although Kilauea Volcano is not a capable of VEI 8 eruptions, it was taken into consideration because of the similarity of the gas composition to that present in the Yellowstone caldera. The Lake Toba eruption was considered due to the massive amount of material ejected in its three plinian events. The objective of this project is to create a model of both immediate and long-term environmental and atmospheric effects caused by a possible future Yellowstone caldera VEI 8 eruption.

Josh Baker is a graduate of Southside High School in Fort Smith. He is a chemistry major at the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith. He aspires to enter graduate school and earn a degree in environmental chemistry. Josh hopes one day to create environmentally safe chemicals that are more effective than harmful chemicals. He enjoys research in chemistry that affects nature and why it has that effect. Josh also enjoys using instruments to determine the structure of unknown compounds. He loves the outdoors and wants to protect them for future generations.

Megan Kuhl is a graduate of Greenwood High School. She is currently in her senior year at the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith, pursing a bachelor’s degree in chemistry, with a minor in biology.

Upon receiving her bachelor’s degree, she plans to attend medical school, where she would like to pursue her dream of becoming a pediatrician. She would like to work at a major children’s hospital, where she can help children who require special attention. She enjoys working with children and is excited for the day that she can be a part of their lives.

Deidre Monts graduated from Van Buren High School. While completing high school, she was concurrently enrolled in night-time college classes. She is currently pursuing dual bachelor’s degrees in chemistry and biology. After obtaining her degrees in May 2010, she hopes to attend graduate school in order to obtain Ph.D. and Pharm.D. degrees. After completing her doctorates, she aspires to become a pharmaceutical researcher.

5

University of Arkansas - Fort Smith An Analysis of the Ramifications of Future Small Scale Nuclear Use Maurie Balch, Christy Bantong, Thiet Ho, Jenny Phomakay, Emily F. Proffitt, John Putman, Ngoc Tran Only two nuclear explosives have been discharged in anger since their development, both occurring at the end of World War II. During the following Cold War years, the potency of devices increased dramatically, peaking in the late 1960s with the large-scale deployment of thermonuclear explosives.

While cuts in both the number and yield of devices have since been implemented by the nuclear superpowers, the development of small nuclear devices by powers such as North Korea, India, and Pakistan has been a recent trend. For the sake of both device design testing and structural damage assessment, around 2,000 nuclear weapons have been detonated since 1945. These caused damage to structures at distances dependent upon the device yield. However, during the Cold War years, the focus of studies was on the large-scale use of massive devices, whereas in the 21st century the trends tend to indicate proliferation of small yield designs by developing countries. In this study, mathematical models were constructed to calculate the results of situations involving small-scale future nuclear use.

Health, environmental, and economic effects were studied. The results of detonations including loworder fission with thermal cracking (“fizzles”) and radiological dispersive devices (“dirty bombs”) were predicted by the models. The effects modeled were then scaled to the damage done at the World Trade Center and other recent disasters for purposes of helping estimate the level of humanitarian response required.

Maurie Balch is from Lavaca, Arkansas, and graduated in 2006. She is a senior at the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith. She is pursuing a degree in chemistry with a minor in biology. She is a member of the Biology Club and the Student Pre-Medical Association. Her plans are to attend medical school.

Christy Bantong is from Fort Smith, Arkansas and graduated with honors from Union Christian Academy in 2007. She is aspiring to enter the pharmaceutical field and is currently a junior attending the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith, pursuing a degree in chemistry. Her research is in the field of nuclear explosives and the analysis of the damage caused from the explosives.

Thiet Ho graduated from Van Buren High School in 2007. She is currently in her junior year at the University of Arkansas at Fort Smith and pursuing a bachelor’s degree in chemistry. She aspires to enter pharmaceutical field and hopes to attend pharmacy school. Her research interests include ozone layers concentration and the effects of nuclear use.

Jenny Phomakay graduated with Honors from Alma High School in 2006 and is currently attending the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith, majoring in chemical engineering. Her future aspirations include working with biotechnology, more specifically nanomaterials for medical use. She is currently involved in the Gamma Phi Beta Sorority, the Pre-Med Association, and several other organizations on campus.

In 2007, Emily Proffitt became valedictorian of the last graduating class of Pleasant View Schools.

6

Undergraduate Research Symposium After attending three semesters at John Brown University, she transferred to the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith, where she continues to pursue a degree in chemistry. After earning a bachelor’s degree, Emily intends to attend a college of pharmacy to earn a Ph.D. in pharmaceuticals. Her interests are in nanotechnology and the effects of radiation on the environment.

John Putman graduated wth honors from Northside High School in 2006. He is currently a senior at the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith, where he is majoring in biology with a minor in chemistry. He plans to attend medical school at the University of Arkansas Medical Sciences, where he will pursue the career of a pediatrician. He is currently a member of Kappa Alpha, the Pre-Med Association, and the Biology club.

Ngoc Tran graduated from Van Buren Senior High School in 2007. She is currently a junior. She aspires to enter to the pharmaceutical fileld after graduation and is currently pursuing a degree in chemistry.

Her research interests include ozone concentrations and the effects of nuclear explosions.

7

University of Arkansas - Fort Smith The Smart Grid Timothy Beagle Major and independent auto makers alike are expending great effort and monetary resources to develop their brand of all-electric vehicle or plug-in hybrid. Other companies are preparing to deploy networks of charging stations to accommodate owners. But is the existing electrical grid ready? Experts envision a new, ground-up national power grid based on digital technology. This smart grid will be capable of responding to demand in real-time. Renewable sources will be connected via new transmission lines.

However, it will take an act of Congress to implement.

Tim Beagle is a resident of Van Buren, Arkansas and a graduate of Van Buren High School. He aspires to enter the civil engineering field and, later on, the education field. He is currently pursuing a CADD degree in GIS/GPS mapping and a technical certificate in architectural CADD. His research interests include 3D and terrain mapping, virtual reality, alternate energy sources, historical locations, and architecture. He will graduate in May 2010 and plans to continue his education by pursuing a degree in computer animation with a minor in IT database. Tim’s hobbies include spending time with family, Freemasonry, photography, travel, and reading.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium Lie Algebraic Properties of Vertex Algebras Eric Bickerton Vertex algebras arose from studies performed by string theorists, conformal field theorists, and quantum field theorists in an attempt to describe the basic interactions of quantum particles. It is a complex mathematical object and not many properties are known about it. Lie algebras are mathematical objects whose properties are very well known. The goal of the research project is to discover new Lie algebraic properties of vertex algebras so that we can better understand the physics of quantum particles. In this poster, we discuss some Lie algebraic properties of vertex algebras that we have found. Although the motivation for this project is theoretical, the majority consists of computational work manipulating axioms and equations to satisfy the criteria for Lie algebras. Each failed attempt brings us closer to establishing patterns that could help provide insight to the general case.

Eric Bickerton is a senior mathematics major with a concentration in IT programming, graduating in May 2010. He is a recipient of both the NSF STEM Scholarship and the Arkansas Space Grant, which funded his research in Lie and vertex algebras. Eric is the president of the UA Fort Smith Math Club and has recently attended and participated in the MAA/AMA National Joint Mathematics Meeting in San Francisco. He plans to attend graduate school in the fall to pursue a Ph.D. in mathematics. He enjoys completing crossword puzzles, playing guitar, and cooking, but he is not very skilled in any of these areas.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith True Grit Ramie Bise Despite the stereotypical view of the American West as rough and uncouth, texts like Charles Portis’s True Grit depict the period as being one of close family ties. In my poster project, I tie together both the theme of family and True Grit. My focus is primarily on my mother, who displays her passion for the American West through her involvement with the True Grit Single Action Shooters Society. My mother is lured to the shooting society True Grit because her father had “true grit.” True grit runs through my family’s veins and has made us the tight- knit family and independent individuals we are today.

Specifically, I use photos of my grandfather, my great grandmother, and my mother because I feel my mother gets her “true grit” from my grandfather, and he from my great grandmother. My presentation exhibits my great grandmother in her garden, where she grew grapes and berries for homemade wines, even after she retired from the art of making moonshine, a typical practice of the American West.

Photos of my grandfather represent a typical “cowboy,” as he proudly sits mounted on his not always so trustworthy horse, Buckshot. Another photo has captured my grandfather proudly displaying a couple of his shotguns, as any American cowboy would do. Photos of my mother in western garb display her interpretation of the American West. My presentation is an intimate reflection of my family, and my interpretation of the American West.

Ramie is a graduate from Greenwood High School class of ‘94, and is in her sophomore year at the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith. She is pursuing a degree in nursing after the diagnosis of her daughter’s ovarian cancer two years ago. She currently lives in Roland with her husband, David, and her eleven-year-old daughter, Bailee. Her primary interests are family and school, but when she’s not busy, she loves to cross stitch. After she completes her degree, Ramie wishes to provide compassionate healthcare to her community.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium Can We Improve the Time it Takes to Render Assignments in the Graphics Department Classroom?

Chasity Black, Carolyn Cloud, Steve Lawhon, Matthew Long The Graphics Department creates images using 3D animation software called 3DS Max. The creation process requires rendering, a method to create computer-generated play-back video or true-life photo images. Some students experience difficulties completing assignments due to the lengthy rendering process involved. Student renderings occasionally overlap class periods. This leads to cancellation of the rendering process in-progress by the arriving class. To identify a solution that will increase efficiency of the rendering process, we chose experimentation as our method of research. We have constructed a test lab that closely matches the student’s environment. With this test lab we can manipulate variables (computer subsystems) in an attempt to maximize performance. The subsystems of the computer to address include processor, memory, hard drives, and network configuration. This experimental data, along with our literature research, will help to formulate a solution to enhance performance. The goal is to provide a viable, cost-effective solution to accelerate the rendering process.

This research should help improve student learning by reducing frustrations associated with the current rendering processes.

Chasity Black is a graduate of Lavaca High School. She is currently seeking her bachelor’s degree in information technology, networking. The goals are to increase her knowledge in the technology field to help with future career opportunities. She is the mother of three children and has been happily married for 13 years. She is currently a full-time student and will be graduating this spring. Through her years studying she has made many friends and has helped underclassman when possible.

Carolyn Cloud graduated from Oden High School. She is seeking a bachelor’s degree in information technology, networking. Her goals are to increase her knowledge base and worth as an employee, and to further her career with Experian. She is married and the mother of four college students attending the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith. Currently she works full-time and attends school-full time while looking forward to graduating this spring. The support of family and friends has been vital along the way. Carolyn enjoys encouraging others to return to higher education, always looking for opportunities to assist fellow students to succeed whenever possible.

Steve Lawhon graduated from Mountainburg High School. He seeks a bachelor’s degree in information technology, networking. His goals are to increase his knowledge base and his worth as an employee, and to further his career at Baldor Electric. He is the father of three children and has been happily married for 20 years. Currently working full-time and attending school full-time, Steve looks forward to graduating this spring. Along the way, he has made many friends in his field of study and looks to help fellow students succeed whenever possible.

Matt Long graduated from Castro Valley High School in California in 2005. He seeks a bachelor’s degree in information technology, networking. His career goal is to find a good job in the IT field, specifically in networking. Matt enjoys working with computers for almost any task, including computer repair, malware removal, and testing.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith Parking at UA Fort Smith: A Student Learning Project Tristan Bobbitt Parking is the bane of all college campuses, but just how bad is it? To help answer that question, a mathematical model was developed to predict the number of cars on campus, based on several factors.

Variables that went into the model included weather conditions, such as temperature and precipitation, enrollment numbers, day of the week, time of the day, and week of the semester. Data were collected over the course of seven weeks through various methods ranging from pulling information from the University’s website to going outside and manually counting cars in the parking lot. Data were then distilled and analyzed using regression analysis. The analysis showed that we could accurately predict the number of cars with an adjusted r-squared of .67. Students in an upper-level database course worked together in small teams to find solutions to the issues of gathering data from a variety sources. Team projects included building a database to store the data, building a custom web interface for data entry, providing user-friendly tools to increase efficiency and accuracy while counting cars, creating a table of meaningful enrollment numbers that correspond to the observation periods, and finally compiling and cleansing the data. On this project, students learned project-management skills, statistical techniques, and the challenges that arise in pulling data from disparate sources.

Tristan graduated from Greenwood High School. He is currently pursuing a degree in accounting with minors in music and database technology. After graduation, he plans to obtain a master’s degree in information systems. His career aspirations are to become a systems analyst and work his way up the corporate ladder. He enjoys working at the intersection of business, people, and technology. His research interests include applications of statistical techniques in data mining. In his spare time he enjoys playing the trombone and being outdoors. He recently returned from a ten-day concert tour in Hungary with his church’s praise and worship team.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium Spit For A Cure Jillian Bowden, Jill Farmer, Kathryn Holcomb, Kara Stewart Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death in women in the United States. Mammograms are the gold standard for breast cancer detection; however, there is a new process that could involve the dental community. Salivary testing for proteins linked to breast cancer is a new form of detecting this disease in early stages. To conduct this test, a saliva sample is collected and analyzed to determine the person’s current level of specific proteins that may be linked to breast cancer. Current research is focusing on evaluating the protein c-erbB-2, as a biomarker that is elevated in patients with breast cancer and can be detected in saliva. Out of 130 proteins found in the saliva, patients with breast tumors had fortynine proteins that differed from the control group of healthy patients. Salivary testing can differentiate between malignant and benign tumors, evaluate the success of treatment, and can be a useful, noninvasive way to assess a patient in remission. Dentistry is quickly evolving and encouraging patients to associate oral health with general health. As a health care provider it is necessary to be an advocate of early detection of disease. It is necessary to bring this new procedure to the dental community to ensure a high quality of life for all patients. This new procedure is a simple, non-invasive way to detect breast cancer earlier and save a life.

Jillian Bowden was born in Muskogee Oklahoma. She graduated high school in 2006 and was captain of her cheerleading squad, homecoming queen, and a member of the Who’s Who among the 2006 senior class. She attended Northestern State University from August 2006 to December 2007 and Connors State from January 2008 to May 2008. She was accepted into the Univeristy of Arkansas – Fort Smith’s dental hyigne program in June of 2008. She is now pursuing a career in dental hygiene and anticipates graduating in May. Jill Farmer is a 2006 graduate of Crossett High School. She graduated as an honor student, was a member of the National Honor Society, was editor of the 2006 Termite, was chosen to attend Girls’ State, and was captain of her cheerleading squad. She has attended the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith since the fall of 2006, with aspirations of becoming a dental hygienist. She was accepted into the dental hygiene program in June of 2008, and she looks forward to a bright and exciting career in dental hygiene.

Kathryn Holcomb graduated as Valedictorian of the class of 2007 from Mountainburg High School.

She is pursuing an associate degree in dental hygiene, along with a bachelor’s degree in organizational leadership. She enjoys competing in scholarship pageants and is the reigning Miss Western Arkansas.

This summer, Kathryn will be competing in the Miss Arkansas Pageant. Aside from competing in scholarship pageants, Kathryn enjoys boating activities, camping, and photography. Upon graduation, Kathryn plans to work in the dental field, promoting oral and overall healthcare.

Kara Stewart graduated with honors from Muldrow High School in 2006. She is now pursuing a degree in dental hygiene and will graduate in May 2010. Kara is a member of honor society Alpha Lambda Delta and a student participant in the American Dental Hygienist Association. Kara anticipates a great career in dental hygiene and is looking forward to being able to practice full-time.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith “FORTify” Fort Smith Kyle Brodie, Brenden Dahle, Chelsea Eichler, Kyle Hale, Aaron Ray For years, Fort Smith has been losing new graduates to surrounding areas. In our conducted survey in 2010, many Fort Smith students said that they plan to leave the area for work or further schooling. Many mentioned “the lack of entertainment” and little opportunity in their specialized fields. The city has suffered both socially and economically by lacking fresh ideas and new business from a young crowd who, as of now, have little incentive to come or stay in the area.

“FORTify” is a campaign designed to help portray Fort Smith as a “cool” place to live. Our solution is to use innovative design techniques along with humorous media to attract our target audience. We have highlighted specific categories, such as restaurants, parks and recreation, and education, while voicing our ideas with fictitious characters that humorously experience all that Fort Smith has to offer. www.FortifyFortSmith.com features videos and information that we like to call “the Experience.” The audience will view videos and experience an interactive website that sheds new light on the life of Fort Smith. We feel the project will bring business to the local economy and encourage young talent to stay in the area after graduation.

Kyle Brodie graduated from Van Buren High School in 2006. He began his college career as a graphic design major and is about to graduate with his bachelor’s degree. In 2008, he completed a summer intensive course at Parsons the New School for Design. He is currently employed at Baldor Electric Company as a graphic designer.

Brenden Dahle is a 24-year-old senior at the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith, about to receive his bachelor’s degree in graphic design. Aside from design, he also has a strong interest in the performing arts, film, and music. Performing has always been a passion for Brenden, specifically acting, and he has appeared in multiple plays locally at the Fort Smith Little Theatre. Brenden currently works as a designer for Kim Singer Photography of Fort Smith and Major League Gaming, a company based in New York.

Chelsea Eichler graduated from Edmond Memorial High School in 2006. She aspires to have a career in the advertising business and is currently pursuing a bachelor degree in graphic design. Her group project’s primary audience is graduating seniors looking to start their careers. The group is attempting to persuade these students to stay in the Fort Smith area after graduation. Research included affects of young people leaving cities, current design trends, storyboarding, and web design.

Kyle Hale is a senior in the graphic design program at UA Fort Smith. He likes fast music and slow cars. When he was a kid he wanted to own a dinosaur—a velociraptor, to be precise. His father invented either the proton pack or the ball-point pen; he’s not sure. On the weekends, he likes to go to school.

His research interests include reading, writing, and sharing highly classified personal information about strangers for monetary gain.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium Aaron Ray graduated from Southside High School in 2006. He works at the most wonderful advertising agency in the world, Rightmind Advertising. During the research of this project, Aaron studied the current styles and designs that are most popular in this current date. Since his group’s primary audience are graduating college students, Aaron researched the trends of graphic design that appeal more to a younger audience. In the creative process of designing his Fort Knight costume, Aaron researched several superhero costumes and combined various styles to construct his own inique interpretation of the Fort Knight.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith Healing Catcher: An Oral History of Murder and Racism Moira Bryant On Friday December 28, 1923, Effie Mitchell Latimer, a white woman, was brutally murdered in Catcher, Arkansas, a small community five miles southeast of Van Buren. Within 24 hours of her murder, three black men, Will Bettis, Spurgeon Ruck, and 14-year-old Johnny Clay were arrested for her murder. Following the arrests, rioting began in Catcher. Cemeteries were desecrated, houses were burned, and Spurgeon Ruck’s father was shot and killed. Eleven other black men were arrested for night riding. By Saturday evening, a complete exodus of all the blacks in Catcher began; however, the horror did not end there.

One week after the murder, Bettis and Ruck were tried for the rape and murder of Effie Latimer.

Between both juries, a total of twenty-one minutes was used to seal their fates. Both were sentenced to die in the electric chair. On June 27, 1924, the two men were put to death. Clay was sentenced to hard labor for the rest of his natural life. Four years later, he was found dead from “exposure.” Because of a “kangaroo court,” five people never received justice. To this day, the injustices are still alive. No African-American will set foot in Catcher, Arkansas.

Moira Bryant graduated from the University of Arkansas – Fort Smith on December 17, 2009. During her final semester, she began work on researching the Catcher incident. Currently, she is working on compiling a book on the subject for publication. Her career goal is to become a published writer.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium Strategies to Motivate the Reluctant Learner Christina Bull Educational research suggests that middle-school students must be motivated to want to learn. For some students this comes naturally, but for others it does not. Students must develop life-long skills for learning and find ways to change their mindsets if they are to be academically successful. There are numerous reasons why some young adolescents no longer give school their best efforts, but if teachers ignore the reluctant and unmotivated learners, the consequences can be drastic. School environments offer the first chance for many students to succeed, and if time spent in classrooms during early adolescence is viewed as unworthy of investing energy, this negative attitude may be carried into adult life. If a reluctant learner is motivated, the student will come to value hard work and success, which is a life-long principle that can be applied to all aspects of life in and out of school. This study examines various learning strategies that can be applied to motivate reluctant learners across the content areas.

Several case studies are examined, and specific examples of classroom applications are analyzed.

Research suggests that when conditions surrounding the reluctant learner are addressed, and specific practices that support high performance are implemented, school is viewed with optimism, middle-level students are engaged, attitudes change, and self-motivation improves.

Christina Bull graduated from Poteau High School. She then attended Carl Albert State College and received an associate degree in business administration. She had always wanted to be a teacher but felt that she should pursue a degree that would help her quickly get a job and support her young son. After graduation she worked for the district attorney of LeFlore County, and although this was an amazing job, the desire to teach never left her. After working for ten years, she faced her fears, went back to college, and is working toward a degree in middle-level language arts and social studies.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith The Real Truth of the Anime Industry Adrianna Carter Anime has forever changed the industry in Japan as well as here in the United States. People all over the world now recognize the new genre of “cartoons” by simply looking at the art style. But what most people don’t know is exactly how large and profitable this industry is. Anime in Japan has branched off into lines of clothing, television commercials, toys, video games, jewelry, music, and so much more.

Equally in the United States, anime has become its own culture, with conventions and local clubs being dedicated to it, industries licensing and distributing anime for the English-speaking audience, and video games being imported and translated. Even now, you can simply go online and buy anime-related items that are exclusively from Japan. America has fully embraced anime and there are no signs of letting go.

Popular series like Pokémon originated as anime (or manga) and made countries go crazy over their video games, movies, and of course, anime. Thus hundreds of jobs are created and money is pouring in, while fans continue to understand and appreciate the anime culture even further.

Adrianna Carter graduated from Van Buren High School in 2007. After discovering her love of art in junior high, she decided to pursue a graphic design degree once enrolling at the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith. Anime played a huge role in deciding her major, as she wanted to prove that you can have a job you love and actually get paid for it. She intends to enter the anime industry after graduation.

Adrianna loves traveling to conventions and is also the president of the newly formed Japan Club at the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium Type as Art Kristen Catlett, Bobby Rogne, Jennifer Shea, Kevin M. Smith Letterforms and written text have been incorporated into fine art since the days of early writing systems.

The whole of art history reveals a tradition of decorative and utilitarian letterforms as both content and subject matter, with instances where the subjective and objective are often indiscernible. Artists and designers use text to deliver information, and illustrate emotions and concepts. Typographical concerns are usually addressed, but are at times intentionally conflated for artistic intent. Contemporary art combines the most traditional and historic typographical forms with the most cutting-edge technology and abstract methods. Kevin Smith creates work composed of pages from magazines, based on color or tonal quality, and not subject matter, and layers the pieces with markers, charcoal, waterbased paint or spray-paint stencils onto it. The subject and content results from juxtaposing images and text. Bobby Rogne’s Kinetic Typography project addresses new considerations for typography.

Sequential, animated design lends itself to unique issues of readability, kinetic composition, audience/ marketability, and technology-driven media. Kristen Catlett has been using letterpress in the Book Arts class, using traditional lead-based movable type. Letterpress allows the designer to incorporate tactile methods and materials that digital technologies cannot replicate: embossed type, textured papers and handmade bindings. Letterpress printing also has its own specific design issues: limited lead fonts, press limitations, and mechanics of hand-printing. Jennifer Shea’s sculpture from the 3-D Design course takes the functionality out of letterforms, translating shape and line into volume and mass. Readability is the new form’s least concern, in favor of the sculptural quality of the letterforms themselves. Gravity is seen as both a gift and curse.

Kristen Catlett is a sophomore, working toward her graphic design major and studio art minor. She currently resides in Booneville. Even as a child, she has always been involved in art of some form and drew inspiration from nature, world history and the classic artists of the past. Recently, she interned at Rightmind Advertising as a graphic designer and gained first-hand experience in typographic design. To her, good design grabs a person’s attention, whether that is complex or clean; good design is felt.

Bobby Rogne graduated from Southside High School in 2006. He is currently enrolled in the Graphic Design program at the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith. He is working in the design field at a local advertising agency called Rightmind Advertising, Inc. Jennifer Shea is pursuing a bachelor’s degree in studio art, after which she intends to earn a master’s degree. Her research and interests includes photography, 3D design, painting and mixed media. She was inspired by her high school art teacher Kay Moss. Jennifer also works for Osborn Insurance Agency in Greenwood and spends as much time as she can with her three-year-old daughter, Riley.

Kevin Smith first became interested in art at a young age and has yet to lose that interest. Kevin graduated in 2005 from Van Buren High School and has been attending UA Fort Smith full time since.

He expects to graduate this May with a bachelor’s degree in studio art. He exhibits work regularly and plans to pursue a life as a professional artist upon graduation.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith A DNA-Based Assay Identifying Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis Presence in Northwest Arkansas Frog Populations Chris Cooper, Zachary N. Martin Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is a highly infectious and potentially fatal disease affecting amphibian species worldwide. The potential lethality and spread of this pathogen has been suggested as a major contributing factor in recent global declines in frog populations. The detection process for the infection of frogs is very limited, in which the typical methods for detection by skin analysis are late-stage, unreliable, and problematic. Using a protocol involving polymerase chain reaction amplification of B. dendrobatidis specific DNA fragments, it is possible to detect very minute amounts of B. dendrobatidis DNA, down to 10 pg. In an attempt to verify the presence of this dangerous species in frog populations of Northwest Arkansas, surrounding the Fort Smith region, various samples were taken from frogs and water reservoirs. These samples were cultured for optimal fungal growth and followed by DNA-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification. The results were then compared to a positive control. The experiment is ongoing, and the results are forthcoming.

Chris Cooper is a 2000 graduate of Booneville High School. He is currently a junior, pursuing a degree in biology. After completing his bachelor’s degree, he plans to continue on to graduate school. He later hopes to work in the areas of field biology and conservation.

Zachary Martin is a senior, majoring in both biology and chemistry, with research interests in inorganic chemistry and genetics. He is also an N.C.O. at the 188th Air National Guard Fighter Wing. Zachary is planning to continue his education at graduate school this fall, where he hopes to earn a Ph.D. and explore the world of molecular genetics.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium Launchpad Maxx Crawford, Jacob Dickens, Lisa M. Guernsey , Josh Harrell, Jill Powell With unemployment percentages on the rise and the number of unemployed workers in Arkansas exceeding 100,000, the media often broadcasts a pessimistic outlook on our current economic climate.

While nearly every news source is quick to report on job layoffs, no outlet currently exists for communicating the thousands of local job openings and entrepreneurial opportunities. Our mission is to provide a hub of information for job seekers and entrepreneurs in the River Valley area. Launchpad will show how strategic graphic design can educate and motivate job seekers, as well as providing employers with a venue for directly reaching out to potential employees. Launchpad exercises a threepronged marketing campaign to drive traffic to Launchpad’s website: 1) utilizing print advertising, 2) web banners posted on other sites, and 3) word-of-mouth marketing techniques. Through highly targeted surveys, we will continually gather information that will enable us to better formulate strategies to a) develop better employees, b) connect these employees with potential employers, and c) communicate information gathered from successful entrepreneurs. With the aforementioned advertising strategies in motion, we hope to inject confidence and optimism into the River Valley job market.

Maxx graduated from Mena High School in 2006. He is currently pursuing a degree in Graphic Design.

His research interests include typography effectiveness in advertising and social marketing.

Josh graduated from Alma High School in 2005. He is currently pursuing a degree in Graphic Design.

His research interests include social marketing and graphic design trends in advertising. Josh plans to graduate with his Bachelors degree in December.

Jacob graduated from Van Buren High School in 2006. He aspires to enter the graphic design field as a web designer. Some of his hobbies include rock climbing, web design, & video games. He is co-owner of Broken Bike Studios LLC, which specializes in videography, photography & graphic design. Jacob plans to graduate in 2010 with his Bachelors degree in Graphic Design.

Since graduating Northside High School in 2006, Lisa Marie has been swimming in a pool of graphic design and studio art at UA Fort Smith. Her passion is to utilize her creative, technical, and people skills as a graphic designer. Accomplishments include winning a national competition for SkillsUSA in Advertising Design; freelancing; winning a gold Addy Award for package design, and interning.

Jill Powell graduated from Waldron High School in 2006. She strives to become a Graphic Designer and is currently pursuing a bachelor’s degree in Graphic Design. Her research interests include many things that include the arts such as abstract, designs, digital graphics, paintings, etc. Also, Jill enjoys social marketing to keep up to date with current publications, communication skills, advertising, etc. Jill feels like without exploring both of these fields she will not grow to be the best Graphic Designer she is able to be.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith Juku Athletics and Tutoring Patricia Del Rio, Weston Dorn, Craig Fox, Heather Friberg, Dora N. Onofre The goal of this project is to create the branding for a fictional community afterschool program that would feature everything from one-on-one tutoring to a jungle gym. Our program would be titled “Juku Athletics and Tutoring,” and would be housed in a donated empty building in a safe and convenient location. We spent a lot of time researching what other afterschool programs offer. What we discovered was that many programs perform only tutoring or only athletics. We decided that the two should come together. Our reasoning behind this is that many children may be resistant to being tutored because it carries a negative connotation that they aren’t smart. We propose to offer different forms of tutoring, including activities and games to make learning fun. Juku would allow for parents to feel better, knowing their children will be in a safe environment after school, learning and interacting while having fun. Our group’s focus will be the marketing and branding for this fictitious organization. We want to create an image that will appeal to all ages because we hope to appeal both to parents and to their children.

Patricia graduated from Northside High School in May 2005. She is currently enrolled as a part-time student, working on obtaining an associate degree in graphic design. Her plans include taking a year off after graduation and saving enough money to get her master’s degree in order to become an art teacher.

Once she’s a teacher, her plans include animation work and freelance graphic design work.

Weston graduated from Van Buren High School in 2006. He has a passion for web design and is due to graduate with a bachelor’s degree in graphic design this spring. His interest include science fiction and fantasy movies. Some of Weston’s heroes include Albus Dumbledore, Thomas Jefferson, and Jesus Christ, all of whom exhibit values that he admires, such as compassion, honesty, and love. Most of all, Weston enjoys spending time with his friends and loved ones.

Craig graduated from Subiaco Academy in 2006. He received his associate degree in graphic design in 2008 and is expected to receive his bachelor’s degree in May. After graduating, Craig hopes to find a job in and do freelance work in web and graphic design. He would like to move out of the state and experience life in other parts of the country. His hobbies are playing games, working with computers, and watching movies.

Heather graduated from Greenwood High School . She is a senior who is currently pursuing a degree in graphic design. After graduation, she plans to re locate to the West Coast and get a job in her field.

Some of her hobbies include books, computers, arts and crafts, and spending time with good friends and awesome family. Art has always been a passion of hers, so being a graphic designer is something she has always aspired to do as a career. Graphic design makes her happy and excited about her future.

Dora Onofre graduated from Northside High School in 2005. She has obtained an associate degree in graphic design and is currently pursuing her bachelor’s degree as a part-time student. She is also a fulltime employee of Consolidated Printing, working as a pre-press compositor. Her interests are to obtain the skills necessary to further her ambitions and knowledge.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium A Brief History of Animation Kristine Dickson, Anngelica Parent This is a case study of the history of animation. This paper will discuss the origins of 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional animation, explain the methods used to create it in the past and in the present, and discuss the contemporary uses animation has in a vast variety of industries. This paper will also answer the question of animation’s influence on society’s expectations of entertainment today and the outlook for a future in the business in terms of use, realism, and technology.

Born to Paul and Jin Dickson in Cocoa Beach, Florida, Kristine Dickson has since grown up in multiple places, moving to where her father’s job took the family. While she lived in Fayetteville, she worked at the craft store Hobby Lobby and learned to pay close attention to detail when it came to people -their expressions, posture, gestures, tone of voice, breathing patters, etc. Though she admitted it sounds strange and maybe a little rude, Kristine firmly believes that watching these details in people simply assists her on the path toward becoming an animator, creating and bringing things to life.

Anngelica Parent is currently in her second year at the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith. Her concentration on 3D computer animation revolves around film and filmmaking as her hobby. Due to the rise in popularity of animated films, she has taken an interest in combining her hobby with her education in CADD digital design. She has freelanced and had internships in filmmaking and hopes to find animation internships for the summer. She along with two friends has started the Student Animators Organization on the campus in hopes of garnering interest in animation throughout the area.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith Class Clowns: Descriptions, Behaviors, Causes, and Strategies Marlene Dorrough The class clown provides entertainment for the entire classroom; nonetheless, this disruptive student can also be problematic in a teacher’s effort to create an environment conducive to learning. This research describes behaviors and causes for classroom clowning and makes suggestions regarding classroom management strategies that will reduce class disruptions, creating a more efficient and effective learning environment. Actual classroom situations and resolutions, both in observation and current research, were examined for success. The primary reason for classroom humor is to gain attention, and there are a number of strategies that are effective in managing this misbehavior, such as one-on-one communication and classroom communication, non-verbal signals, and the providing of positive outlets for comical behavior. It is necessary for teachers to understand possible causes for the behavior before interventions can be utilized. Managing classroom humor is challenging, but possessing knowledge of workable solutions based on the origins of the problem is important for teacher success in individual applications.

Limitations of an earlier study included few interviews with teachers and administration, and new primary sources indicated in recent dialogues that signals were most effective in assisting students in self-regulating off task, class clown-related behaviors. Conclusions from this study may be used in actual classroom settings, providing potential value for continued practitioner research.

Marlene is a graduate of Mansfield High School. She is a lifelong resident of the Mansfield area, where she currently lives with her husband, Doug. She has two sons and three daughters, one daughter-inlaw, one son-in-law, and a two-year-old grandson, whom she adores. She will pursue a master’s degree in education upon graduating in May 2011. Her professional goal is to teach secondary social studies, eventually progressing to the college level of education. Her philosophy in life is that it is never too late to start.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium What literacy strategies can be used in the middle-school (grades 5-8) science class to improve early adolescents’ comprehension?

Emily Durant Teachers and educational researchers frequently advocate the importance of students learning science to contextualize practical applications in their daily lives, but with the current emphasis on high-stakes testing, it is essential that early adolescents understand, apply, and accurately express what they have learned in the classroom. By using multiple literacy strategies in the classroom, teachers will ensure that they are teaching students to use reading strategies that fit the needs of diverse learners so that they can fully comprehend the subject matter. Science can be an intimidating subject for some students, especially those students who struggle with reading. Literacy strategies such as Word Study, DR-TA (Directed Reading - Thinking Activity), REAP (Read, Encode, Annotate, and Ponder), and QARs (Question –Answer Relationships) can assist middle-school students not only in reading their texts but also by enhancing their abilities to comprehend the content. Incorporating these strategies in the science classroom will not only lead to better comprehension and retention of subject matter, but it will also heighten students’ self-esteem and self-efficacy. Using a variety of literacy strategies provides students with multiple opportunities to interact with scientific concepts and information; subsequently, the chances of retention are increased.

Emily graduated from Van Buren High School in 2007. She is a student in the College of Education, pursuing a degree in middle childhood education with an emphasis in math and science. She aspires to enter the teaching profession upon graduation. Her research interests include literacy strategies in the science classroom.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith What is Your Cultural I.Q. ?

Emma Easley, Eva A. Mendoza While technological and scientific advances are occurring rapidly in dentistry, emphasis on understanding the impact of the changing demographics remains a significant problem. The current trend in the United States with regard to ethnic and social disparities creates the need for healthcare professionals to integrate cultural awareness into all aspects of practice. The development of cultural awareness extends into educational institutions as well as research and public health practices. Current research points to developing specific course content in the curriculum as well as extramural outreach programs for students in all health-related fields, including dentistry. Professional organizations emphasize the need for continuing education that focuses on developing cultural competence to provide ethical and optimal oral healthcare. This presentation focuses on exploring curriculums that address the development of cultural competence in educational institutions and how changes are being made in public health practices to provide culturally sensitive care. Since current population demographics reveal an increasingly multicultural society, dental professionals must be prepared to practice in a culturally sensitive and appropriate manner if they expect to deliver optimal oral health care to all patients. Cultivating the cultural competence of dental professionals is the responsibility of the research community, educators, students, practicing healthcare professionals, and professional organizations.

Emma Easley graduated from Rogers High School in 2006 and plans to become a registered, ethical, and involved dental hygienist. In order to accomplish this goal, she attends school at the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith and plans to graduate with an associate degree in dental hygiene. Upon completion of this academic goal, she will be able to efficiently provide instruction and therapeutic services in the prevention of oral diseases and to serve as a consumer advocate for oral healthcare.

Eva Mendoza graduated from Rogers High School. She plans to graduate in May of 2010 . She will earn an associate of applied science in dental hygiene. During her course of study, she developed the skills necessary to perform one of the many roles of the dental hygienist profession, which is researcher.

By continuing to research the latest technological advances in dentistry she will be able to promote life-long learning. Upon graduating from UA Fort Smith she plans to relocate to the Northwest Arkanas area, where she will continue to pursue her goals as a dental hygienist.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium Ars Poetica Ashley Ann Eubanks Ars poetica is Latin for the “art of poetry.” It has been used throughout the history of poetry as a recurring title for poems by various poets who wish to discuss their own idea of the art of poetry.

Before exploring the perspective of Modernist poets’ on ars poetica, this essay will discuss the history of the ars poetica tradition, which dates back to ancient times. This essay will discuss the ars poetica of Aristotle, Horace, Alexander Pope, and Lord Byron before discussing these Modernists: MacLeish, Milosz, Wilner, St. John, Alexander, Levin, and Butts. By reading the ars poetica of traditionalists and modernists, a poet can come to understand the evolution and continuity of poetry in general, but more specifically of the art thereof.

Ashley Eubanks is a senior at the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith. She is earning a double major in English and rhetoric and writing, with a creative writing minor. She is a member of Sigma Tau Delta and will be graduating in May 2010. Ashley plans to continue on to a graduate program. Her eventual goal is to become a college professor.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith Mahdists, Mandinka, and the Islamic Response to Colonialism in Africa Benjamin J. Evans The purpose of this paper is to explore the nature of resistance to European colonialism by African Muslims, in particular the two most notable examples of such resistance: The Mahdists under Muhammed Ahmed, and the Mandinka under Samori Toure. Both of these groups, though failing to remain triumphant in the long run, provided an intense Islamic-rooted resistance to the encroaching European powers. By critically comparing and contrasting these two movements, studying how they were organized, and to what extent they resisted European rule, we can hopefully have a better understanding of the nature of Islamic reaction to the takeover of the African continent by Europeans, as well as the reasons for their ultimate failure.

Benjamin is a graduate of Booneville High School. Ben enjoys playing music, traveling, and writing.

He is currently studying history at UA Fort Smith and is considering pursuing a master’s degree in African or Native American studies. He enjoys the wilderness and hopes to one day work for a national park. Barring that, he believes he might enjoy teaching at the collegiate level. Benjamin would not mind one bit living in southern Utah, whose canyons and solitude beckon him. His favorite color is caput mortuum.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium Antiretroviral Therapy in Patients with HIV and the Progression to AIDS Brigid Godbold The purpose of this study is to explore the use of various combination antiretroviral therapies (cARTs) in patients with HIV and their progression to AIDS status. There are numerous varieties of cART regimens prescribed to AIDS patients, and research has shown that the side effects of cARTs lead many patients to discontinue therapy, but different combinations that optimize patient comfort and still slow the progression of HIV to AIDS have not been thoroughly explored. Research Question: Is there a significant difference in the type of antiretroviral therapy used and the progression of HIV to AIDS? Methods: (a) Sample: A total of 150 men and women recently (within the past three months) diagnosed with HIV will be invited to participate. (b) Design: This study will use a longitudinal prospective cohort study design. (c) Procedure: Private practice providers and government funded clinics known for providing HIV care will be recruited via email and telephone calls. (d) Instrument: A revision of the Antiretroviral Medication Attitude Scale (AMAS) will be used to rate the combination antiretroviral therapy regimen, both by the patient and the physician. (e) Data analysis: Descriptive statistics will be used to describe population characteristics of concern. Significances: This study will allow the researchers to observe the beneficial physiologic reactions and adverse side effects that each patient experiences due to his/her cART regimen. Research has shown that patients on cARTs that have minimal adverse reactions are more likely to comply with the complicated drug regimens.

Brigid Godbold graduated from Russellville High School in 2006. She is currently working on obtaining her BSN degree and desires to participate in medical mission work directed toward those affected with AIDS in Africa. In the meantime, she hopes to experience every area and specialty of nursing and to work with co-workers and patients in all states and continents. Her research interests include all aspects of AIDS treatment and nursing care, nursing care in third-world countries, as well as research aimed towards cutting-edge medical technology.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith The Art of Traveling a Theatre Production Richard Gunselman Laypersons take for granted the amount of time and effort that it takes to develop, design, and build a theatrical production with the intent of taking the show on the road to different performance venues.

Every year, UA Fort Smith’s theatre department travels to participate in the Arkansas State Festival as part of the Kennedy Center American College Theatre Festival. To prepare for travel, proper planning is crucial to the success of the show. When traveling to different locations, the technical director must consider the differences and nuances of each venue. Each theatre venue is different in regards to the style, layout, and construction of the theatre and the types of equipment available to each of the technical areas. The technical areas needing special attention are set design, lighting design, and sound design. In this presentation, I will discuss our experiences, this past fall and spring, as we journeyed to two completely different venues. I will also discuss the process, some of the challenges, and how the challenges were overcome to provide a spectacular show with every performance.

Richard Gunselman is a junior theatre major from Fort Smith, Arkansas. He is a graduate of Southside and began his studies at UA Fort Smith in the fall of 2004 as a music major. Richard will graduate from UA Fort Smith in the spring of 2011 with a bachelor’s degree in theatre (emphasis in acting and directing) and a minor in music. Upon graduation, he is considering going to graduate school and pursuing an MFA in theatre, a terminal degree in the theatre field. Richard has been involved with Theatre@UA Fort Smith since the fall of 2004.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium Music in the Wild: The Field Recordings of John and Alan Lomax Joe Hamilton This documentary film examines archival recordings made by John and Alan Lomax in the 1930s and 1940s. These recordings, compiled under the auspices of the Library of Congress, documented American folk and blues music. The quest for this music led the Lomaxes to penitentiaries, plantations, and backwoods throughout the South; Jim Crow laws, social mores, and disease made their mission difficult and occasionally dangerous. It will be shown that the Lomaxes found not only indigenous American music in their travels but that they also discovered musicians who remain influential to this day. Utilizing recordings and photographs from the Library of Congress collection, as well as archival motion picture footage, this documentary contends that John and Alan Lomax preserved vital cultural information and that their discoveries forever altered the musical landscape.

Joe Hamilton is a recent graduate of the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith’s Historical Interpretation program. A professional musician for over 25 years, he is a member of the acoustic trio Blue Fiddle, which is on the Arkansas Arts Council “Arts on Tour” roster of artists. He is currently working with Second Street Live! as Community Outreach Coordinator in an effort to bring professional touring musicians into local classrooms. Joe and his wife Tammy have an 18-month-old son, Dashiell, and live in Mountainburg.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith Get the Green on the Dental Vaccine Tina Halderman, Melissa King, Ashley Lensing, J. Lynnett Lott Dental caries is the number-one childhood disease. Statistics obtained from the Center for Disease Control show that 41 percent of children ranging from ages two to eleven had dental caries in primary teeth. Streptococcus mutans is the major bacterial cause of dental decay. Fluoride has been the primary source of prevention for dental caries for over sixty years. Current research is seeking to find methods to control the destructive action of Streptococcus mutans. New studies are targeting the development of a vaccine for caries. This vaccine focuses on the glucosyltransferase (GTF) enzymes and the adhesion ability produced by Streptococcus mutans, which is the key factor in demineralization of enamel. Induction of the salivary IG antibody to the GTF enzymes disrupts Streptococcus mutans from accumulating on hard surfaces such as enamel. It has been proven that enzyme GTF is repressed by the salivary IG antibody. Deterring colonization of Streptococcus mutans reduces the formation of biofilm.

By stimulating immunity to the enzyme, the vaccine makes it impossible for the decay-producing microorganisms to cling to the teeth. Various modes of delivery include oral, intranasal, tonsilar, rectal, and minor salivary glands. The vaccine works by primary response and would likely require a booster.

The impact that a caries vaccine would have on a global spectrum could profoundly change the way we view prevention.

Tina Halderman is from Springdale, Arkansas. She aspires to enter the medical field in the spring of 2010. She is currently pursuing an associate in applied science degree in dental hygiene. She is extremely excited about her upcoming graduation day and looks forward to serving the community as a hygienist. She is hoping to work part-time in a private practice as well as do some volunteer work in her community. Her interests include spending time with her family, reading, swimming, and going to movies.

Melissa King is from Mountain Home, Arkansas. She aspires to enter the medical field in the summer of 2010 and is currently pursuing an associate of applied science degree in dental hygiene. Upon graduation, her plans are to return to the Mountain Home area and seek full-time employment in a private practice. She plans to serve her community as a hygienist, educator, and volunteer. Her interests include going to Razorback games, camping, and spending time with family and friends.

Ashley Lensing resides in Greenwood, Arkansas. She aspires to enter the medical field in the spring of 2010. She is currently pursuing an associate degree in dental hygiene and has plans to attain a bachelor’s degree. She is an advocator of oral-health education and is extremely excited to graduate in May. She looks forward to working full-time in her hometown area and volunteering; she hopes to attend mission trips in her future. Her interests are spending time with her family and friends, traveling, and being outdoors.

Lynnett Lott entered the dental hygiene program in August of 2008. She will graduate in May 2010 with an associate degree. She hopes to work full-time in a dental office and do continued community service within the Fort Smith and surrounding areas, promoting oral health. She plans to be a positive role model within the community. Her interests include spending time with her husband and three children, reading books, playing softball at Ben Geren, and traveling.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium SQL Injection Prevention Techniques Nathan Helton Last year, millions received a new credit card as a routine security procedure from credit card issuers.

This routine security procedure was the result of the actions of one man, Albert Gonzalez, who singlehandedly stole 130 million credit card numbers. Gonzalez accomplished this by exploiting a simple flaw in the programming of online applications. This attack was considered to be the biggest case of identity theft in American history as of August 2009, according to the British Broadcasting Company (BBC) news. Gonzalez utilized Structured Query Language (SQL) Injection to gain access to these credit cards. This paper focuses on one way Albert Gonzalez could have accomplished this, and also the preventative measures people should take to safeguard against this type of attack. SQL is a programming language designed for managing data in a relational database management systems (RDBMS). The use of SQL is in virtually every online application, and it offers the highest visibility for hackers. The research conducted will explain the different aspects of SQL Injection, such as how it is used and why it is harmful to everybody in the online world we live in today. The paper concludes with possible techniques of defensive strategies to overcome this type of attack.

Nathan Helton graduated from Charleston High school in 2005. He aspires to enter the computer science field and is currently pursuing a bachelor’s degree in computer programming, with an expected graduation date of May 2010. He hopes to continue his education to receive a master’s degree in the computer science field at the University of Tulsa. His research interest include the areas of security and artificial intelligence.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith Integral Theory: a New Approach to Poetry Analysis Cara Hewett Ken Wilber’s integral theory of consciousness, specifically his AQAL quadrants, breaks down levels of consciousness and can be used as a guide for poetry analysis to further examine the meaning and purpose of the poet. This quadrant system is one that allows examination in four respects: exterior of the individual, interior of the individual, exterior of the collective, and interior of the collective. This quadrant system can be used to analyze John Beecher’s “We Are the Americans” and Robert Frost’s “The Gift Outright.” These two poems are analyzed using the quadrant system to illuminate linguistics as an indicator of American consciousness.

Cara Hewett is currently pursuing an English degree with teacher licensure. Hewett graduated from the University of Memphis with a bachelor’s degree in English in 1996 and from Southside High School in 1991.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium Projection of Ozone Concentrations and Holes as a Model for the year 2110 Thiet Ho, Ngoc Tran Stratospheric ozone protects the surface of Earth from high energy UV light, but it can be depleted by free radical catalysts such as NO, N2O, OH, Cl and Br. The concentration of radicalized Br and Cl increases annually due to the anthropogenic release of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and Bromofluorocarbons (BFCs). Both anthropogenic and natural processes generate SO2 that forms sulfate aerosols, which in turn release free radical catalysts from inactive states. This is a key step in the formation of the annual spring Antarctic ozone hole. Currently, anthropogenic sources release around 20 millions tons of SO2 annually, while natural sources are significant but variable in nature. The eruption of Mount Pinatubo of 1991 alone emitted 17 million tons of SO2 into the atmosphere; much of this entered the stratosphere due to the plinian nature of the eruption. In 2009, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) study indicates that N2O was the largest of the direct Ozone Depletion Substances (ODS). Using data collected from recognized sources, a mathematical model was constructed to predict the amount of ozone concentration levels and the size and scope of Antarctic ozone holes for the year 2110. The goal of the model was to effect a comparison to the ODS Act of 1998 policy models, and determine the advantages and disadvantages of each model.

Thiet Ho graduated from Van Buren High School in 2007. She is currently in her junior year at the University of Arkansas at Fort Smith and pursuing a bachelor’s degree in chemistry. She aspires to enter pharmaceutical field and hopes to attend pharmacy school. Her research interests include ozone layers concentration and the effects of nuclear use.

Ngoc Tran graduated from Van Buren Senior High School in 2007. She is currently a junior. She aspires to enter to the pharmaceutical fileld after graduation and is currently pursuing a degree in chemistry.

Her research interests include ozone concentrations and the effects of nuclear explosions.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith Does a Home Geothermal Energy System Pay for itself?

Michael David Jones This is a case study using secondary sources to determine if a new-home-construction geothermal energy system will pay for itself, considering the initial startup costs and maintenance compared to a standard air-source heat pump. The study also focuses on the pros and cons of a home geothermal energy system and gives a brief description of the system.

Michael David Jones is a lifetime resident of Fort Smith, Arkansas. He graduated Southside High School in 2002. He is completing his CADD architecture degree in 2010. Michael has waited tables for seven years and is ready to give himself the opportunity to move on to a different career. He works at Market Place Grill while attending school, but upon graduation he plans on finding a job in the Fort Smith area using his degree.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium Streaming Media for UA Fort Smith Technology Austin Kelly, Chris Tedder, Thomas Tedder With media consumption through the internet growing rapidly, the University of Arkansas – Fort Smith wants the capability to provide its student body with more instant educational and recreational multimedia. Instructors in the Information Technology, Graphic Design, and CADD programs want the capability to create videos that capture their actions on their computer screens, or screencasts, to show or demonstrate a lesson in a software program. Organizational events such as the BEST robotics competitions are currently not able to be streamed live to its internet audience. Our project aims to create a solution that will solve both of these issues for instructors and organizations that hold live events such as BEST robotics. For instructors, we will show how our custom software makes it easy to upload videos and share video content with students. For BEST robotics competitions, we will use IP cameras to stream event footage live to multiple viewers on the internet. With our presentation at the Symposium, we will visually explain exactly what streaming media is, what the difference between On Demand and Live streams are, and how our project solves these two problems using both.

Austin Kelly graduated from Van Buren High School in 2006, receiving high honors. He pursues an IT networking degree, but soon hopes to be involved in the Fayetteville master’s program of management of information systems. His research interests include keeping up with the latest in tech devices, new medical and military technological advances, and school. His work experiences include operating his business, Kelly Computer Services, Rheem Manufacturing as an IT-coop, and the Greater Fort Smith Regional Chamber of Commerce as an Economic Development Intern.

Although Chris Tedder has lived in Fort Smith most of his life, he graduated from high school in Blytheville, Arkansas, with honors. He enrolled at UA Fort Smith in the summer of 2007 and will graduate with cum laude honors in May of 2010. His interests in the field of IT include programming and security. His more recent interests are in the field of networked camera feeds. Chris plans to pursue a master’s degree after working in the IT field for a few years.

Thomas Tedder spent his childhood in Fort Smith before moving to Blytheville, Arkansas, where he graduated from high school, with honors. Upon graduation, he immediately enlisted in the United States Air Force. He was stationed in Colorado Springs and performed his duties for the military in Cheyenne Mountain (NORAD). After he served his country, he continued working at NORAD for Lockheed Martin as a civilian contractor. After working for Northup Grumman at another military base in New York, he moved back home to Fort Smith to pursue a bachelor’s degree in information technology.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith What literacy strategies can be implemented beneficially for ELL students in a mathematics classroom?

Jordan Klomfas Most middle-school teachers agree that diverse populations receive very little if any targeted instructional focus. Since diversity in the classroom is becoming more and more common, it is important for educators to assure that each student is provided a free and appropriate public education, no matter his or her ethnic background. Recent studies suggest that assisting English Language Learners in applying and comprehending different literacy strategies can be beneficial for them in a mathematics classroom. ELL students frequently struggle to master mathematical concepts and principles. Literacy strategies serve as tools for all students in reading, writing, and speaking in mathematics classes and in expressing what they know and can do with mathematics in the real world. Using literacy strategies helps middle-school students make connections between prior knowledge and experiences and their mathematical readings. Incorporating literacy strategies into everyday mathematics teaching will ensure that English Language Learners are not being overlooked.

Similarly, teaching literacy strategies to ELLs will not only encourage these students to achieve more highly in mathematics, but they will also become more academically prepared in every content area.

Implementing literacy strategies such as learning logs, Venn diagrams, and word associations will assist English Language Learners in understanding mathematical concepts and in applying them successfully in their daily lives.

Jordan Klomfas graduated from Alma High School in 2007. She aspires to become a middle-school math or science teacher and is currently enrolled in the college of education at the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith. Her research interests include middle-school adolescents, mathematical literacy strategies, and ELL students.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium Synthesis of Natural Products: Sesquiterpene Megan Kuhl, Fran Nault Sesquiterpenes are a broad class of large biomolecules that can be found in many plants. Many sesquiterpenes exhibit biological and cytotoxic activity against inflammation, diabetes, and cancer. The chemical constituents of the bark of Machilus wangchiana have been extracted, including a bicyclic sesquiterpene, 2-oxo-guaia-1(5),11(13)- dien-12-oic acid. The synthesis of this sesquiterpene was designed using reactions previously elucidated for similarly structured molecules. The 5-7 membered fused ring core structure will be assembled from two different synthetic approaches. The first of the two approaches is a highly regio- and stereocontrolled [2+2] cycloaddition between the tropylium cation and dicloroketene generating an intermediate that undergoes a ring expansion with diazomethane. Finally, a dehydrochlorination elimination reaction will give the final core structure. The second synthetic procedure includes the olefination of o-methylacetophenone using ethyl (trimethylsilyl) acetate and trifluoroacetic acid to generate a carboxylic acid. The resulting alkene is reduced by Pd/C catalyzed hydrogenation reaction. Conversion of the carboxylic acid to the diazo ketone results in autocyclization to the desired bicyclic core structure when treated with Rh2 (OAc)4 catalyst. The resulting bicyclic core will then be used in the synthesis of the final sesquiterpene. Future research into the addition of side groups onto the core structure and investigation of the biological and cytotoxic activities must still be performed.

Megan Kuhl is a graduate of Greenwood High School. She is currently in her senior year at the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith, pursing a bachelor’s degree in chemistry, with a minor in biology.

Upon receiving her bachelor’s degree, she plans to attend medical school, where she would like to pursue her dream of becoming a pediatrician. She would like to work at a major children’s hospital, where she can help children who require special attention. She enjoys working with children and is excited for the day that she can be a part of their lives.

Fran Nault graduated from Mena High School and is currently in her senior year at the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith. Fran is an active member of the university and is currently holding leadership positions in the biology club and the student pre-medical association. She will be receiving a bachelor’s degree in biology with a minor in chemistry this May. Her interests are leading her to pursue a career in the health sciences after graduation, and she hopes to attend medical school. Her research interests include medicinal chemistry and physiology.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith Petticoats and Six Shooters Rhonda Ladd My poster presentation tells the story of outlaw women in the 1800s. I specifically focus on Belle Starr and how, according to my great aunt, she just rode up to their front porch on her big black horse, wearing only the finest clothing. Starr wore a man’s cowboy hat with a long white feather in it, a long black riding skirt, and a black vest with a white blouse that had ruffles down the front of it, along with fancy riding boots. My great aunt went on to say that Starr was a very unattractive but impressive woman. During my research I’ve found that to be just the case. Most of the outlaw women were very unattractive, but nevertheless, they played an important role in the development of the American West. They did everything from stealing horses, to stagecoach robberies and bank heists, to the selling of stolen goods. Most of the women gave up everything they had for the men they loved. My poster project depicts Belle Starr, Laura Bullion, and Pearl Hart, three key outlaw women. This project suggests that traditional femininity of the 19th century does not have to be just petticoats. It can also be about stuff jars and six shooters.

Rhonda is a graduate of Northside High School. She is a wife, mother and grandmother, and she works full-time for Target. She is pursuing two degrees, one in business and the other in accounting. She enjoys her granddaughters, traveling, reading, gardening, and home canning. Rhonda plans on using her degrees to open her own business and do estate planning.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium The Unwinding of a River: An Oral History of the Eubanks Family and the Arkansas River in West Central Arkansas Tanya Loftin-Gentry Using oral histories to validate or refute historical data is becoming widely accepted as a viable method of research. This project will use the methods of recorded oral histories, library research, and aerial/ ground observations to corroborate or disprove data and geographical information surrounding family stories. The tales that were told included accounts from the childhoods of my aunts, uncles, and mother, describing their way of life. With the Arkansas River nearby to their home place in Cecil, Arkansas, it is understandable that some of the stories surrounded the waterway. These oral histories have now been handed down through four generations. The purpose of this project is to examine, substantiate, and preserve two of these family stories. To do this, I obtained oral histories from descendents of the Eubanks family, as well as other individuals who had similar stories and compared it to data obtained from other sources such as books, journals, diaries and my aerial and ground photos. The result was a piece that took on the form of creative nonfiction with the use of footnotes and appendices to validate/ refute and enhance the work.

Tanya is the mother of two and grandmother of three. She has worked full-time while pursuing a bachelor’s degree in writing and rhetoric. Although she has been introduced to many writing genres during her education, creative nonfiction emerged as her main interest, which fits in well with her secondary concentration of history. She enjoys research surrounding her family and the culture of Native American tribes, primarily the Cherokee. Tanya enjoys travel and photography, which she uses to enhance her writing.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith Synthesis of N-confused Tetraphenyl Porphyrin and the Insertion of the Transition Metal Cobalt (II) Zachary N. Martin Mono- and di-substituted N-confused tetraphenyl porphyrin macrocycles, porphyrin ligands in which one of the pyrrole rings is inverted resulting in an NNNC porphyrin center, were synthesized.

The reaction involved the methanesulfonic acid catalyzed condensation of pyrrole with one of two substituted benzaldehydes, either 2,6-dichlorobenzaldehyde or p-methoxybenzaldehyde. Oxidation of the condensation product to the final aromatic product was carried out using tetrachloro-1,4benzoquinone (TCQ). Spectroscopic data provided evidence for the successful synthesis of both N-confused-tetra (2,6-dichlorophenyl) porphyrin and N-confused-tetra (p-methoxyphenyl) porphyrin.

Following the believed synthesis of these N-confused macrocycles, the insertion of the transition metal cobalt (II) was attempted.

Zachary Martin is a senior, majoring in both biology and chemistry, with research interests in inorganic chemistry and genetics. He is also an N.C.O. at the 188th Air National Guard Fighter Wing. Zachary is planning to continue his education at graduate school this fall, where he hopes to earn a Ph.D. and explore the world of molecular genetics.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium Controller Area Network (CAN) Heath Matlock Controller Area Networks (CANs) are ubiquitous in the automotive industry; all domestically sold vehicles since 2008 possess this technology as mandated by the EPA [1]. This technology has been employed in the design of our electric vehicle for monitoring and controlling the electric drive system [2], battery charging and maintenance, and onboard liquid crystal displays. Updating the root control program to enhance vehicle performance and test maximum driving range before recharging is currently in process. With these improvements, the electric vehicle will be positioned for further research on battery technologies and efficiency enhancements.

[1] R. I. Davis, A. Burns, R. J. Bril, J. J. Lukkien, “Controller Area Network (CAN) schedulability analysis: Refuted, revisited and revised�, Real-Time Systems, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 239-272, April 2007.

[2] Azure Dynamics, http://www.azuredynamics.com/products/force-drive/ TractionMotorswithDigitalMotorControllers.htm.

Heath is a senior electrical engineering student from Roland, OK. His current research interests include Control Area Networks (CANs) and power transmission. After graduation, he plans to work in the utilities industry.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith The Greed of a Belgium King Randy McRoberts

King Leopold II, king of Belgium, under the disguise of humanitarian and the savior of the African people, killed more Africans than all that were killed in World War I. With the help of several key individuals, including Henry Stanley, the famous African explorer, King Leopold was portrayed as someone who was going to bring Africa into the competitive market and free its people from the horrible Arab slave trade. What he did instead was wipe out a generation of African people and exploit the natural resources to make himself rich. King Leopold stole over one billion dollars of resources from Africans and killed over 10 million citizens of Africa, and yet no one knows about this great atrocity, or even cares. King Leopold’s greed for a colony and wealth was backed by the United States of America and the Berlin Conference, and when they heard of the horrors that were going on in Africa, they stood by and did nothing. Why has there been no outrage like that of the Holocaust? Because in the scramble for new lands and colonies, many European powers were doing the same thing, and also because these atrocities were inflicted on black people that no one cared about. To this day there has never been any remorse over the atrocities inflicted on Africans by King Leopold II or the Belgium country.

Randy is seeking a history degree from UA Fort Smith. He has one son, DJ, who is music major at the University. Randy enjoys running and remodeling and is the Safety Director for Arkansas Oklahoma Gas Corporation. Randy wants to teach high school history when he retires from AOG.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium Get on the Jane Train Yolanda Merriman Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë is a widely read novel that has sparked decades of heated debate that are as gripping as the tale itself. Jane is a conundrum of a character who is taking a ride on the fairy tale train. The novel has the basic elements and symbolism acquainted with the popular fairy tales of Brontë’s day. Choices begin for a female early in life and continue her entire life. In between, each woman must make choices that move her back and forth in the feminism vs. conservative roles set forth by societal rules. Jane finds personal happiness in her decisions and finds her happy ending. Many readers have debated the conclusion of the novel, just as they debate the role of women in society today.

Evaluating the role that Jane Eyre plays in the novel with a critical eye toward the fairy tale parallel enables the reader to understand the full importance of the rounded character that Jane presents. The question as to which feministic role Jane fits in life can be more readily determined when paired with the structures and outcomes of common fairy tales that were popular in Brontë’s time and whose moralistic codes have subsisted into our literary circles today. The enduring fairy tale morals allow for an in-depth critique of women’s roles today and in the past.

Yolanda Merriman is pursuing her degree in English with teacher licensure. Her research interests focus on subjects that affect minority groups in our culture today, such as feminist issues and on racial violence in the Oklahoma and Arkansas area. She is a member of two honor societies on campus: Kappa Delta Pi, an honor society for the field of education, and Sigma Tau Delta, an honor society for the English field. She enjoys her position as a University Student Ambassador and working with prospective students. Her personal life is reserved for her worship, volunteer ministry, and family.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith Theobromine and Its Effects on Enamel Marcie Mulling, Tuesday Walker, Loren Wilkes Theobromine is a naturally occurring substance found in the cocoa bean. It is most commonly found in chocolate and tea. Medically, theobromine is used as a vasodilator, diuretic, heart stimulant, muscle relaxant, and cough suppressant. People with asthma may consume theobromine to allow for more oxygen flow by opening up the bronchioles. Research at Tulane University has been done to determine the effectiveness of theobromine as an agent in helping the enamel surface of human teeth resist the effects of bacterial acid demineralization. In order to examine the effects of theobromine versus fluoride on the enamel surface of human teeth by use of an artificial neural network, researchers performed microhardness testing and an acid dissolution study. Researchers stated that the theobromine groups tested showed considerable sheeting and surface recrystallization on the enamel surface. They concluded that theobromine is acting as a catalyst for hydroxyapatite formation. Teeth treated with theobromine were shown to release less calcium after exposure to nitrogen hydrochloride in comparison to teeth treated with sodium fluoride. This suggests that teeth will stay mineralized longer, leaving them stronger and less susceptible to decay. It is possible that theobromine will prove to be more beneficial than fluoride, with fewer side effects.

Marcie Mulling graduated from Russellville High School in 2005. While she was in high school, she was active in sports and the honor society. She started college at University of Arkansas - Fayetteville, where she completed her pre-requisite courses for dental hygiene. During her time in Fayetteville, she held a part-time job for three years as a waitress. Once Marcie entered the dental hygiene program at the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith, she started a new part-time job. Marcie will graduate with an AAS in dental hygiene in May, 2010.

Tuesday Walker graduated from Cedarville High School in May of 2005. She started college at the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith the following August. She aspires to enter the dental field and is currently pursuing a degree in dental hygiene. She has recently volunteered at the Fort Smith Community Dental Clinic and the WATCH clinic in Mena. Tuesday will graduate with an AAS in dental hygiene in May 2010.

Loren graduated from Alma High School in 2007. While she was in high school, she was active in honor society. She aspires to enter the medical field as a dental hygienist and is pursuring an associate degree in dental hygiene. She entered the dental hygiene program in August 2008. Throughout her college years, she has held a part-time job waiting tables. Her expected graduation date is May 2010.

Her research interests include anatomy and physiology, oral pathology, and microbiology. She aspires to obtain a career in the Northwest Arkansas region.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium The Process of Converting the Rock School House to a Boys and Girls Club Jennifer Napier The residents of Cedarville have a need for a safe and educational place for their children. The members of the Cedarville Community Center Association are interested in converting the Rock School House to a Boys and Girls Club. The Rock School House is currently listed on the National Registry of Historic Places. Because renovations have been done recently that are not historically accurate, the Arkansas Historic Preservation Program would like to have some things replaced. Converting the building would help fund the requested renovations while giving the children of Cedarville a new Boys and Girls Club.

This project will research the requirements for the building to be converted, while maintaining its historical faรงade, and determine how much these renovations will cost.

Jennifer Napier graduated with honors from Van Buren High School in 2000. She received an administrative professional associate degree with emphases in bookkeeping and human resources from UA Fort Smith in 2006. She is currently pursuing an associate degree in CADD, with an emphasis in architecture. She is expected to graduate in December 2010. Jennifer is a single mother of two children, and lives in Fort Smith. She enjoys reading, video games, and playing with her daughters.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith The Social Credit System and Efficiency in the Conveyance of Production Matthew J. Neoh Within the realm of governmental economic policy, an often ignored yet exceedingly novel approach termed the “social credit system” has the potential to challenge our current approach to financial institutions and even capitalism itself. The brainchild of British engineer C. H. Douglas, social credit was utilized in Canada during the Great Depression and increased in popularity during the opening of the 20th century as a response to the disparities with respect to purchasing power and production inherent in the capitalist system. Certain misconceptions, such as the idea that social credit is poorly masquerading socialism, are addressed in this discourse. Furthermore, a modern evaluation of the practicality and merit of the social credit system is undertaken in the same manner physicians evaluate a patient. First, the inefficiencies of the current state of the financial system are enumerated. Secondly, the flaws of the current financial system that are responsible for these inefficiencies are elucidated.

Finally, social credit itself is scrutinized as a potential treatment for these economic maladies. In addition, the practicality of the social credit system is examined in light of a possible constitutional means of implementation. While social credit itself might not be the most efficient means through which production can be conveyed, an active discourse can clarify what positive changes can be made to the capitalist system to make it more efficient.

Matthew J. Neoh is presently a senior majoring in biology. He is the son of immigrants from Southeast Asia. He is pursuing a bachelor’s degree thanks to the generosity of Myles Friedman and a SMART Grant. He has lived in many places around the world, including the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, and the United States. His primary research interests include practical economic policy and contemporary American history. Other areas of interest include electoral statistics and rock-n’-roll piano. He hopes to pursue further education in the field of medicine.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium For Whom the Belle Tolls: The Transformation of the South in Gone With the Wind and A Streetcar Named Desire Angelia Newman Gone With the Wind and A Streetcar Named Desire are two Southern works that have enjoyed enormous literary acclaim, both having received the Pulitzer Prize. But they are also popular films featuring Vivien Leigh, and they center around a Southern belle attempting to survive in a changing society. In both the literary works and the film adaptations, it becomes evident that the Southern belle is a way to represent the South and the transformation it endures in shifting from an agrarian to urban economy.

The purpose of this paper is to examine both Gone With the Wind and A Streetcar Named Desire in order to see the progression of this transformation, as Scarlett represents a mixture of both the Old and New South, and her journey throughout the novel is a constant battle to find a place in both worlds.

Ultimately, because she is a mixture of both the old and the new, she is unable to belong to either world.

Blanche, a much older and delusional belle, is a dying representation of the Old South, a woman unable to live in what she views as a crude, violent society lacking the grace and beauty of a former way of life. This paper will demonstrate that, because of the similarities between the two works, it is possible to discover the fate of Scarlett O’Hara and all that she represents in the form of Blanche DuBois, and thereby discover the fate of the South through the depiction of two Southern belles.

Angelia Newman graduated from Booneville High School in 2006 and is currently a senior at the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith. She is seeking a degree in English and plans to attend graduate school. Her research interests include American literature, popular culture, and literary analysis and criticism. She enjoys reading and writing, both academically and recreationally.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith Exploring Cinematographic Techniques in The Truman Show Katherine Pearson As an independent project in my Humanities Through the Arts class, I researched the different methods of cinematography. The purpose of the research was to examine the importance of cinematography in the art of film, and to determine how different elements worked together to express the meaning of the film clearly. Through research of cinematography from the book The Art of Watching Film, and a thorough analysis of the movie The Truman Show, the researcher discovered that the cinematographer primarily used unique camera angles to capture audience interest and to imply that hidden cameras were following Truman throughout his life. Other cinematographic techniques, such as subjective and indirect subjective point of view, fixed frame, panning, change of focal planes, deep focus, foreground framing, special lighting, and reflections were also used. Each one of these cinematic elements helped to portray a certain message to the audience. For example, the cinematographer used deep focus to emphasize certain people and used lighting to emphasize the mood. These cinematographic techniques worked together to express the central meaning of the film as stated by Christof, the director of the television show within the movie: “We accept the reality of the world with which we are presented.”

Katie Pearson is currently a senior at Southside High School and taking concurrent classes at the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith. She was born in Virginia and moved to Arkansas when she was fourteen. Katie is active in her high school drama department and co-produces Southside’s morning video announcements. She is the vice president of public relations for National Honor Society and holds memberships in several other clubs. Katie plans to major in communications, and her research interests include film and multi-media communications.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium Caries Detection Utilizing Laser Fluorescence – Advancements in Sealant Placement Emily Peevy, Annie Staton, Kristine Stewart Historically, dental sealants have been utilized to help prevent the most chronic childhood disease – dental caries. Dental caries are considered an infectious oral disease, most often occurring on the occlusal or biting surface of the tooth, which contains pits and fissures. Pit and fissure sealants are placed to prevent caries initiation by providing a physical barrier that inhibits microorganisms from collecting on the tooth surface. Traditional methods of diagnosing dental caries such as visual inspection, radiographic evaluation, and manual exploration have proven to be ineffective in detecting early enamel caries. A new adjunctive diagnostic tool uses laser fluorescence to aid dental professionals, providing 90% accuracy in detecting carious lesions. According to recent clinical research, the use of laser fluorescence in addition to a new technique for the placement of pit and fissure sealants is recommended. This advanced technique utilizes a conventional sealant method, in addition to the use of a wetting agent prior to the placement of a filled resin material. Filled resin is notably stronger and more stable in the oral environment, resulting in improved longevity and retention of the sealant. By employing laser fluorescence and a new approach to sealant placement, tooth structure will be preserved and carious lesions prevented.

Emily Peevy graduated from Northside High School in 1997. She is currently pursuing an associate degree in applied science, dental hygiene from the University of Arkansas – Fort Smith. Emily is a student member of the American Dental Hygiene Association as well as acknowledged on the Dean’s List of the University of Arkansas – Fort Smith. Her research focuses on preventive dentistry, including laser fluorescence to aid in detection of dental caries and utilization of a new technique for sealant placement.

Annie Staton graduated from Southside High School in 2004. Annie attended the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, where she completed a bachelor’s degree in communication. Annie is a member of Lambda Pi Eta, National Society of Collegiate Scholars Alumni, Arkansas Alumni Association, and Chi Omega Alumni. Annie is currently pursuing an an associate degree in applied science, dental hygiene. She is a student member of the American Dental Hygienists’ Association and she has been recognized on the Dean’s List for the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith. Her research pertains to dentistry and specifically a sealant placement technique.

Kristine Stewart graduated from Greenwood High School in 2005. Kristine is currently pursuing an associate degree in applied science, dental hygiene. She is a member and currently the secretary of Student American Dental Hygienists’ Association. Kristine has been recognized on the Dean’s List for the University of Arkansas – Fort Smith. Her research pertains to dentistry and specifically sealant placement technique.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith Anxiety and Elective Cesarean Sections among American Women Xuan Ha Pham The purpose of this study is to examine whether or not anxiety plays a role in decisions that American women make. Recent statistics show an increase in the number of women choosing elective cesarean sections (ECS). While some women are choosing ECS for convenience, others are doing it based on misinformation and myths. Without being fully educated of elective cesarean section (ECS) risks and complications, anxious new mothers may be faced with some potentially dangerous consequences.

Methods: (a) Sample: Caucasian females with the age of 18-45 (child-bearing age) during their third trimester in the Fort Smith area will be recruited for this study. (b) Design: A cross-sectional survey design will be utilized. (c) Procedure: Participants will be asked to complete the survey “Anxiety Sensitivity Index.” (d) Instrument: Anxiety Sensitivity Index consists of 16 questions that scores on a five-point Likert scale and measure the participants’ anxiety sensitivity under three category: physical, psychological, and social concerns. (e) Data analysis: descriptive statistics and Pearson r correlation will be used to determine the correlation of anxiety score and the choice of ECS. This research proposal will enable the nurse researchers to develop some effective interventions to alleviate patients’ anxiety level so that they can make the best decisions for their health and their baby. This can benefit future mothers by identifying anxiety as a possible psychological risk when it comes to planning delivery mode.

Xuan-Ha is currently enrolled in the BSN program at the Carolyn McKelvey Moore School of Nursing.

Also pursuing a minor in Chemistry, she plans to advance her education at the University of Arkansas for Medical Science. Her long-term goal is to become an obstetrician/gynecologist or an oncologist.

Her research interests include women’s health and CNS tumors in adults.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium Negritude Kristin Plumlee The Negritude literary movement was a literary and ideological movement led by French-speaking black intellectuals, writers, and politicians. Although the movement originally started centuries earlier, the people credited as the founders of Negritude, known as les trois pères (the three fathers), were originally from three different French colonies in Africa and the Caribbean but met while living in Paris in the early 1930s. Although each of the pères had different ideas about Negritude, the movement is a reaction to colonization and Europe’s ideas about domination. The writing style is very realistic and gravitates toward Marxist ideals. The word “Negritude” was coined by Aimee Césaire, who was one of les trois pères, from the French word nègre, which was equivalent to “black” or “Negro” in France, but is closer translated to “nigger” in Martinique. Césaire deliberately and proudly incorporated this derogatory word into the name of his ideological movement. This movement has found global support and critique from well-known black intellectuals like Wole Soyinka, Langston Hughes, and Marcus Garvey. With ties to Pan Africanism, Black Surrealism, and even American hip hop music, Negritude is definitely a topic that should be represented at the Student Symposium.

Kristin graduated from Greenwood High School. She aspires to enter the education field and is currently pursuing a bachelor’s degree in English. Her research interests include Medieval literature, pop culture, and the Deconstructuralist literary theory as it applies to marginalized cultures and women’s issues.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith Ugly Beauty Kristin Plumlee Beauty is found in the uncommon. It is the proverbial diamond in the rough, a difference in a world of sameness. By this definition, it is conspicuous, or distinguished. Art claims to hold a looking-glass to the world to show us what it really is, but popular film, which is America’s most prevalent art form, appears to be giving us a much more beautiful look at the world, specifically women. This form of art no longer appears to hold a looking-glass to the world, but instead holds a jeweler’s loupe, through which only the diamonds are reflected. Art is being destroyed by this false idea that beauty should be so abundantly found in the female gender. Due to the performing arts, our society’s standard of beauty has become so increasingly rigid that even the enhanced media figures who have helped create the standard barely measure up. Women must be enhanced to the point of disfigurement in order to be considered beautiful, and art no longer reflects women as they are, but as what our culture believes they should be.

The disproportionate number of beautiful women in today’s popular culture are desensitizing Americans to traditional, nonenhanced beautiful women. Are beautiful women more artistically endowed or are they simply the only ones popular performance art chooses to recognize in order to portray how real people are supposed to look? Does art still imitate life? Or is life trying to live up to the impossible standards set by art? What can we do to correct this heinous trend from continuing?

Kristin graduated from Greenwood High School. She aspires to enter the education field and is currently pursuing a bachelor’s degree in English. Her research interests include Medieval literature, pop culture, and the Deconstructuralist literary theory as it applies to marginalized cultures and women’s issues.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium What is the effect of attention deficit disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on multiple task assignment completion rates in the classroom?

David Powell Research suggests that students suffering from the disorder are easily distracted and take longer to perform primary tasks when secondary tasks are not set congruently with the primary objective.

Findings also suggest that students suffering from the disorder are less able to filter irrelevant information when faced with multiple tasks. This deficiency affects both the primary and secondary tasks assigned to the students, resulting in poor performance of the tasks and possible apathy towards school in general and behavioral problems in the classroom. The results of multiple studies have led researchers to recommend that teachers employ a variety of classroom strategies that address the executive control impairment evident in students with the disorder. It is important to the ADD/ADHD learner that the instructor recognizes this behavior in the student and takes measures to make classroom goals attainable for the student. The focus of this inquiry is on the effects of the self-monitoring model on academic performance of students in grades seven through nine with ADD/ADHD in relation to multiple task goals.

David Powell graduated from Booneville High School in 1989. After a period of service in the Marine Corps, he returned to the area and worked several manufacturing jobs. He then took the opportunity to return to college and pursue his teaching degree in history. His research interests include behavioral modification in adolescents with ADD/ADHD, childhood learning development, political history, military history, and the Middle Ages.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith Bridging the Gap in Communication: Encouraging Foreign Language Learning Malia Putman Learners of English as a second language (ESL) have many opportunities. An ESL student can seek community classes, online games and courses, or simply immerse themselves within the Englishspeaking communities of America. Learning Spanish as a second language in America does not have the same accessibility. During my course work at UA Fort Smith, I researched ESL, formulating twelve annotated bibliographies from a variety of material, including print, video, graphs, and other materials.

My intent was to discover how easy or difficult it would be to learn English as a foreign language. I hoped to motivate myself by learning how simple, in comparison, conquering Spanish as a second language should be. Time, age, and accessibility to the same opportunities American EFL students have are limitations for primary English speakers. Our current and future elementary students should not face the same difficulties in communication as adults. Since researching and writing each piece for the Annotated Bibliography for the Concepts and Methodology of Teaching English as a Foreign Language, I have begun the process needed to bring Spanish into the elementary schools of a local school system.

The Undergraduate Symposium is one such step. Further research will reflect the local, national, and global benefits for our elementary students to learn Spanish. By taking a step in this positive direction, we can secure a generation that does not face the same communication challenges. It is time to bridge the gap in communication.

Malia is a returning UA Fort Smith alumnus, obtaining her bachelor’s degree in organizational leadership, with a minor in rhetoric and writing. She obtained an associate degree in radiography in the summer of 2006. She aspires to teach full time and to travel with her two daughters. Her desire is to encourage community development and restoration. Malia’s research interests include EFL and Spanish-language learning, beginning within the elementary school systems, grant writing, and local and international missions.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium Passive Mobile Wireless Field Survey Bobby Shackelford Wireless computer technology for residential users has been moving forward by leaps and bounds over the past ten years. These innovations in wireless technology bring with them new security concerns. In the greater Fort Smith area there are perhaps thousands of wireless access points in use today. The focus of this study is to determine whether or not home users are providing adequate security for their wireless network connections. The data-gathering mechanism for my study will include a passive wireless mobile field survey of residential access points. This study will focus on three residential areas of Fort Smith, each of them different in socio-economic levels. The study will also attempt determine if there is a difference in the amount of security provided in each of these areas.

Bobby Shackelford is a senior at UA Fort Smith, pursuing a bachelor’s degree in information technology, networking. He is 37 years old and lives in Greenwood with his wife Kimberley. He has four children, Bradley, Steven, Jessica and Katelin. He served 15 years in the Army. After being medically discharged in 2005, he returned to school to further his education.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith Edwardian Compatibilistic Free Will and Morality Chadd Sheffield Professor John Frame at Reformed Theological Seminary argues that all knowledge we obtain has some ethical implications. Likewise, from the definition we give liberty, there may be immense ethical repercussions. Compatibilists argue that libertarian free will is untenable on philosophical grounds, but libertarians argue that compatibilism—or soft determinism—is incompatible with moral values and judgments.

This presentation argues for a compatibilist view of the will that Jonathan Edwards sets forth in his book The Freedom of the Will. I believe there are overlooked inconsistencies in libertarianism, and that some alleged inconsistencies against compatibilism are no inconsistencies at all. This presentation will lay out the problem with libertarian free will and try to give some credibility to a compatibilist view.

Chadd Sheffield is twenty-three years old and graduated from Muldrow High School in Muldrow, Oklahoma. He is currently a senior pursuing a degree in rhetoric and writing at the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith. Upon graduation, he plans to study theology and philosophy at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville, Kentucky. His research interests include theology, philosophy, rhetoric, and cultural trends.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium The Path to Survival – Guatemalan Emigration - A Familial Oral History Chadd Sheffield and Luke Hobbs One of the most controversial issues besetting the United States of America is that of immigration – specifically, illegal immigrants who cross the Mexican border. Often Americans on both sides of the issue are relatively ignorant about the immigrants they so hotly debate. Most have never sat down and had a conversation with one of these people. Most have no clear idea of the circumstances that exist in the immigrants’ native lands.

A national climate like this calls for an attempt to understand who these immigrants are. This oral history primarily focuses on telling the story of one family of illegal immigrants from Guatemala. It does not pretend to present a complete picture of immigration, but it does seek to provide this debated issue’s human element. We also include perspectives from people in the Arkansas River Valley who have had various levels of contact with immigrants. This effort shows how personal contact influences the position one has on the immigration issue.

Our research is not slanted for or against illegal immigration, but rather we attempt to frame the issue from the immigrant’s perspectives and from those who have had contact with them. It is our hope that our research causes reflection in humanitarian justice. One without the other leaves us either heartless or irresponsible.

Chadd Sheffield is twenty-three years old and graduated from Muldrow High School in Muldrow, Oklahoma. He is currently a senior pursuing a degree in rhetoric and writing at the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith. Upon graduation, he plans to study theology and philosophy at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville, Kentucky. His research interests include theology, philosophy, rhetoric, and cultural trends.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith Understanding My Gender Liliana Sierra Caster Semenya is a South African runner who won the women’s 800 meters at the 2009 World Championship. Unfortunately, she is better known for the controversy surrounding her sex and not her abilities as an athlete. After the World Championships, Semenya underwent rigorous medical tests by the I.A.A.F. to determine her gender because other competitors questioned whether or not she was actually a woman. The leaked results complicated matters, as they suggested Semenya was intersex. As society continues to progress, we are beginning to wrestle with the definitions of words such as transsexual and intersex. Ideally, society would be more tolerant of those who are different.

Nevertheless, transsexual or intersexual adults and children frequently experience discrimination and ridicule. I suggest that part of the problem is that we lack the appropriate information and education to better understand what it means for an adult to be transsexual or intersex, and not to mention what it must be like for children who question their gender identification. Society as a whole needs to learn to be flexible and accepting of those who do not fit into the established genders norms. After all, we all have unique personalities and physical attributes. Judith Butler, a leading theorist on the issues of gender, claims that we have built bodies of males and females, which in turn leave no room for choice, difference, or resistance. Semenya’s case asks us to reconsider the construction of gender identity in contemporary society.

Liliana Sierra graduated from Havelock High School in North Carolina. She is pursuing a bachelor of arts degree with a double major in English and Spanish. Her research involves a better understanding of gender identity among adults and children. She is originally from Honduras and is fluent in English and Spanish. Liliana enjoys being part of and helping out in the Hispanic community. She looks forward to securing a position within the community that will enable her to continue assisting those who need the services of interpreters and translators.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium Anne Spencer: Romantic Writer of the 20th Century Jessica Sinclair “At the Carnival” and “Before the Feast of Shushan,” two poems written by American poet Anne Spencer, are examples of some of her best work, with careful interplay of biblical and mythological themes, binary opposition, and well-placed use of the carnivalesque and grotesque to ensnare the reader in the story told by the narrator. While many of Spencer’s contemporaries were classified as Harlem Renaissance writers, Spencer wrote with a careful, race-neutral voice, funneling her work primarily into feminist themes and the treatment of women, no matter what their race. “At the Carnival” features a gender-ambiguous narrator visiting a carnival, and Spencer paints a picture of the grotesque with classical themes. “Before the Feast of Shushan” is told from the masculine perspective of King Ahasuerus, preparing for the great feast that would begin the story of Ester in the Judeo-Christian litany.

Each poem focuses on a singular woman as a device for making a statement about femininity and the treatment of women: the innocent diving girl in “At the Carnival” and Queen Vashti in “Before the Feast of Shushan.” Both the diving girl and Queen Vashti are representatives of feminine stereotypes that Spencer used in her quest to explore the treatment of women in the early 1900s.

Jessica graduated from Van Buren High School in 2001. She has recently returned to the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith to complete her English degree. She aspires to enter upper-level education and potentially attend graduate school. Her research interests include Romantic poetry, Victorian literature, Elizabethan and Asian theatre, and the use of folktale themes in literature. Outside of school, Jessica enjoys reading epic fantasy novels, young adult literature, and historically based novels; she also enjoys cooking, baking, and spending time with her husband and their two children.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith Quality of Place: The Mary Tinnin Jaye Gallery Kevin M. Smith The holdings of the Mary Tinnin Jaye Gallery, housed in the Fullerton Administration building at UA Fort Smith, represent a group of American artists working toward conveying a sense of the American spirit or culture. Artists like Arthur Dove and John Marin distilled American Experience through color, composition, and gestural form, while artists such as Nelson Shanks and Sangram Majumdar approach painting in a representational manner, emphasizing the act of looking and seeing. Not only are several of the artists similar aesthetically, but many knew, studied with, or were taught by other artists within the collection. It is my aim to present a case for the deep interconnectivity of the artists, movements, and schools represented within the Mary Tinnin Jaye Gallery. It should come as no surprise that a gallery that strives to represent American Artists conveying a sense of place would have as its fundamental mission to “directly impact the area’s quality of place,” as was declared by Chancellor Paul B. Beran.

The pieces within the collection serve as models to students and help to bolster the Art Department’s educational resources.

Kevin Smith first became interested in art at a young age and has yet to lose that interest. Kevin graduated in 2005 from Van Buren High School and has been attending UA Fort Smith full time since.

He expects to graduate this May with a bachelor’s degree in studio art. He exhibits work regularly and plans to pursue a life as a professional artist upon graduation.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium Comparison Study of the Two Mechanisms of DNA Repair in UV Irradiated E. coli Gary Sweet The high energy of UVa radiation is known to mutate DNA primarily through the formation of dimers.

The E. coli bacterium possesses two separate mechanisms to cope with this environmental stress.

This study uses two experiments to compare the two mechanisms in terms of efficiency using survival and growth rates as criteria. The hypothesis is since the light dependent mechanism has a constant source of energy and requires no cellular energy, it should proceed more efficiently than the competing mechanism. A series of E. coli cultures were exposed to UVa radiation and allowed to recover in light and dark conditions to test the hypothesis. The mechanisms were kept separate through the use of a chemical inhibitor, Okadaic Acid. The results showed that the light dependent mechanism was approximately 22% more effective in terms of cell survival and 33% more effective in terms of growth.

Gary is a high school graduate of Ozark High School. He recently graduated with honors from the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith, with a bachelor’s degree in biology. He is currently interviewing at medical centers in hopes of entering a MD/Ph.D. program.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith What Does Cinderella Think?

Melanie Taylor It is our belief that inside each woman there is a Cinderella. At some point in her life, she may have come to feel she was not worthy of all she was worth. We believe she holds more answers than she realizes. It is our intention to provide evidence that a woman with low self-esteem holds all the answers she needs in order to raise her self-esteem. We intend to prove a woman with low self-esteem will be more willing to provide suggestions for improvement if she believes her advice is for the benefit of someone else. The results of our study have consistently demonstrated women with low self esteem are able to provide more detailed advice when they believe they are speaking on behalf of another participant versus themselves. Our research study involved a two-step process. We first requested participants complete an online self-esteem survey. At the end of the survey, participants were asked to provide an email address should they wish to see their survey scores. We then sent emails to those participants asking that they complete a second survey either about themselves or another participant.

108 participants have completed the first stage, and over 20 participants have completed the second.

The results do offer support for all hypotheses.

Scheduled for graduation this coming May, Melanie will be awarded her bachelor’s degree in psychology. She plans to attend Graduate School in the fall with a concentration in counseling. Her long-term career goal is to help abuse victims rebuild their lives through counseling, education, and grief therapy. Helping women cross the line from victim to empowerment has become her greatest passion. Her research interests include women, self-esteem, self-confidence, and mental health problems resulting from the long-term effects of child abuse. Melanie volunteers as a mentor with Fort Smith Christian Women’s Job Corp.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium The Old and New Features of Lake Fort Smith State Park Philip Taylor This is a case study of how the boundaries of the new features and the historic features of Lake Fort Smith State Park were located. The intention was to collect different types of data by locating the points of several different features in the park. Data was collected on the location of previous historic sites in the park, newly constructed campsites, roads, and structures in and around the park. Further data collected will be the boundaries and proposed bike trails of the Lake Fort Smith State Park. A map of Lake Fort Smith State Park and the surrounding property will be shown as a map with the proposed bike trails, as well as the previous data retrieved at an earlier date.

Philip Taylor is in his final semester at University of Arkansas - Fort Smith. He enjoys playing basketball and going to movies. He also enjoys his CADD internship at WAPPD. Philip recently got married and will be graduating with an associate degree in CADD – GIS/GPS. He is looking forward to the many opportunities and job experiences that this field has to offer. Philip will start working toward his bachelor’s degree in the fall. He is just an easy-going person in general and is looking forward to furthering his education.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith Asexuality: It’s Not Just For Amoebas Anymore Elizabeth Vattes Asexuality is the lack of sexual attraction and/or sexual interest toward anyone of either gender. It has yet to be thoroughly researched outside of a handful of studies; there is even some debate over whether or not asexuality can even be considered to be a true sexual orientation. Both in real life and through the internet, various asexual communities have been created as a means of collaborating research in an effort to understand this seemingly natural sexual orientation, which, according to one study, may affect as many as 1% of the population. However, because of the rather limited understanding of asexuality and how it affects the people describing themselves as asexual, some wonder if asexuality is not simply a biological or psychological disorder that can be corrected or cured. Then again, the same debate is still going on over the spectrum of human sexuality as a whole. Even people within numerous fields related to human sexuality and the study and treatment thereof cannot agree on whether asexuality is natural or is a disorder that should be treated. However, research and awareness of asexuality is slowly growing as studies are done and asexuals reach out to be heard saying, “It’s okay not be interested in sex.”

Elizabeth graduated from Northside High School. She aspires to become a history teacher at the high school level. She is currently taking a full class load in her pursuit of a degree in education and history.

Her research interests include anthropology, ancient history, world religions, world history, psychology, and the natural sciences. She has a wide interest field within the social sciences as well as the literary arts. Elizabeth currently lives with her parents so she can focus on her studies. Her mother works at Sparks as a RN case manger and her father is a retired paralegal. Elizabeth currently works part-time as a baker in a restaurant to help pay for college.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium Connectiveness of Graphs Katie Weaver The focus of this paper is to determine the connectiveness of any connected graph. A graph is a finite set of vertices with a set of edges joining different pairs of distinct vertices. The connectiveness of a connected graph is the number of vertices that can be removed, along with adjacent edges, without disconnecting the graph. We would like to determine the connectiveness of a graph based on particular properties of the graph instead of checking each vertex individually. Specific classes and types of graphs are considered first, such as trees and cycles, and then the connectiveness of generalizations of these graphs is explored. Specifically, we consider how the connectiveness of two graphs affects the connectiveness of a graph constructed by joining the graphs in different ways, the Cartesian product of the graphs, and the tensor product of the graphs.

Katie has lived in the Fort Smith area for her entire life, and she graduated from Lavaca High School.

She is currently completing her internship in the Fort Smith Public School District at Southside High School, and she will graduate in May with a degree in mathematics with teacher licensure. Katie is on the Dean’s List at UA Fort Smith, and she is a member of the UA Fort Smith Math Club. Katie’s research interests are mathematics and mathematics education.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith What Would Be Required To Convert A 1940s Barracks Into Classrooms That Meet University of Arkansas - Fort Smith Architectural Standards?

Aaron West, Erica Phomphackdy, John Gassage, Kyle Sargent, Mitchel Hixson, Dale Miller This case study “What Would Be Required To Convert A 1940s Barracks Into Classrooms That Meet University of Arkansas - Fort Smith Architectural Standards?” was conducted during the fall and spring semesters of 2009-2010. Objective: to examine potentially donated buildings at Fort Chaffee to determine if they could be made to look like University of Arkansas - Fort Smith structures, thereby creating a visual link between a possible satellite campus and the main campus. Two main areas of focus were the buildings themselves and the landscape. Methods: Students first photographed and measured the structure, producing “as built” drawings. They determined architectural elements on campus that identified the unique appearance of the campus, such as the specifically colored red brick, arched openings, and dome structures. Students determined that a case-study approach combined with observation and correlation research methods wood be the preferred course, initially using primary sources including the original 1940s blueprints, and measuring and photographing the site. Students were able to gain the quantitative evidence required to construct the existing building as a 3D computer model. Students then met with architects and building administration personnel to determine what design direction should be taken. Working as a group, students created two possible preliminary models to answer our research question.

Aaron West graduated from Gentry High School. Currently he is a sophomore at the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith. His area of study is CADD, with an interest in architecture. He plans to achieve his associate degree and follow up with his bachelor’s at Fayetteville. His goal is to become a junior drafter and work his way up to a senior drafter. Hopefully he will then perfect his talent and become a renowned skilled draftsman.

Erica Phomphackdy is a small-town girl with big dreams. She graduated from Van Buren High School in May 2008. She is currently a CADD- GIS/GPS major at the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith. She plans to enter the mapping field and eventually start her own business. Her interests include spending time with her family, reading, writing, and enjoying outdoor activities. After she obtains her degree, she hopes to work for an engineering or surveyor firm. Her dream is to manage a group of workers at an engineering firm and start her own business.

Dale Miller is a resident of Fort Smith and a third-year student at the University. He is pursuing an associate degree in architectural design (CADD) and a bachelor’s degree in applied science He has one daughter, Marianne, age 30. She lives in Indianapolis, where she is currently enrolled in college and raising her family. He has one son, Dillon, age 14. His hobbies include spending time with his family, as well as fishing, hunting and working on small engines.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium Who Hung the Moon for Jane? Conflicting Spiritualities in Jane Eyre Carrie West My presentation consists of an examination of the Christian presence in Charlotte Brontë’s novel Jane Eyre, in what light that spirituality is presented, and the alternative spirituality Jane explores as a character. Brontë’s use of these spiritualities and impressions of God are revealed through both textual evidence in her novel and historical reference of other writers such as Peter Ellis’ book the Druids and Ingham’s exploration of Brontë herself in Authors in Context. Proof of Jane’s preference of faith is shown in textual references to astronomical and gothic elements of the text. By taking such references as Brontë’s intention to exhibit Jane’s faith in classical and ancient religion, my paper explains that Jane Eyre as a character, and thus Brontë as a novelist, does not explicitly prescribe to the Christian faith. These explorations in the primary and supporting texts show that Christianity is not the preferred religion. Brontë brings her character to fulfillment through means of more ancient beliefs.

My presentation will examine what this means to Brontë’s novel and how that text relates to imperial Britain.

Carrie West is a graduate of Mountainburg High School. She will be graduating in May of 2010 with a bachelor’s degree in English with a minor in creative writing. Her poetry will be featured in the Spring edition of the OK Review, a publication of Oklahoma State University. Her critical research has focused on the presence of gender and spirituality in Victorian Literature. Carrie hopes to attend the graduate program at the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville.

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith Communicating in Color Chad Woodard This project is an examination of the use of color within film and how it affects the viewer. From the results, the researcher has formulated the idea that color goes beyond what we see and acts as a language that connects different cultures around the world. The research indicates that many different color techniques are used within the film Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind. These methods included leitmotifs, contrast, warm and cool colors, transitional devices, surrealism, symbolism, and color versus black-and-white. These techniques are used throughout the entirety of the film to help convey the message of the story. Broader research confirms these techniques exist across American cinema.

Many of these color techniques are also used in different films from around the world. In order to gather a more global sense as to how color is used in different cultures, the researcher conducted an interview with an anthropology professor and analyzed the content of foreign films. The researcher came to understand that different cultures use different colors to convey certain meanings and symbols throughout film. The research revealed that color is a language, and through communication within the use of film, cultures can develop a deeper appreciation and understanding of other cultures around the world.

Chad Woodard attended Har – Ber High School, where he received awards and state recognition— including airtime on AETN—for his work in film. Upon graduating from Har – Ber, he decided that he wanted to pursue a bachelor’s degree in history. With this degree he hopes to be able to enter into a law school or to be accepted into a political science program. Through these degrees he hopes to have a greater understanding of the world around him and be able to help those in need through the American civil system.

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Undergraduate Research Symposium

Students Cassandra Arnhart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Todd Austin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 4 Josh Baker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Maurie Balch. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 Christy Bantong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Timothy Beagle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Eric Bickerton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Ramie Bise . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 Chasity Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Tristan Bobbitt . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 Jillian Bowden . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 Kyle Brodie. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Moira Bryant. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 16 Christina Bull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Adrianna Carter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Kristen Catlett. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Carolyn Cloud,. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 Chris Cooper . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 20 Maxx Crawford. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Brenden Dahle . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 Patricia Del Rio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Jacob Dickens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Kristine Dickson . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 23 Weston Dorn . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 22 Marlene Dorrough. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Emily Durant. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 25 Emma Easley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Chelsea Eichler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Ashley Ann Eubanks. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 Benjamin J. Evans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Jill Farmer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Craig Fox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Heather Friberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 John Gassage. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 68 Brigid Godbold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Lisa M. Guernsey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Richard Gunselman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Kyle Hale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Joe Hamilton . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 31 Tina Halderman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Josh Harrell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Nathan Helton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Cara Hewett. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Mitchel Hixson. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 68 Thiet Ho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 35 Luke Hobbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Kathryn Holcomb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Rebecca Imes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Michael David Jones. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 36 Austin Kelly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Melissa King . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 32 Jordan Klomfas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Megan Kuhl, . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 Megan Kuhl, . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 39 Rhonda Ladd. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 40 Steve Lawhon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Ashley Lensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Tanya Loftin-Gentry . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 41 Matthew Long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 J. Lynnett Lott  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Zachary N. Martin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 20, 42 Heath Matlock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

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University of Arkansas - Fort Smith Randy McRoberts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Eva A. Mendoza. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Yolanda Merriman . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 45 Dale Miller . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 68 Deidre Monts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5 Marcie Mulling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Jennifer Napier. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 47 Fran Nault. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Matthew J. Neoh . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 48 Angelia Newman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Dora N. Onofre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Anngelica Parent. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 23 Katherine Pearson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Emily Peevy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Xuan Ha Pham . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 52 Jenny Phomakay . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 Erica Phomphackdy, . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 68 Kristin Plumlee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 54 David Powell. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 55 Jill Powell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Emily F. Proffitt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 John Putman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Malia Putman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Aaron Ray. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Bobby Rogne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Kyle Sargent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Bobby Shackelford. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 57 Jennifer Shea. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 19 Chadd Sheffield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 59 Liliana Sierra. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 60 Jessica Sinclair . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 61 Kevin M. Smith. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 62 Annie Staton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Kara Stewart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

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Kristine Stewart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Gary Sweet. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 63 Melanie Taylor . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 64 Philip Taylor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Chris Tedder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Thomas Tedder. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 37 Ngoc Tran. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 35 Elizabeth Vattes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Tuesday Walker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Katie Weaver. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 67 Aaron West. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 68 Carrie West. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 69 Loren Wilkes. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 46 Michael Williams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Chad Woodard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

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