Technical Report: Moondial Phenomenology

Architecture Design Technology 3 BUIL-1074-M01-2020-21 Course Coordinator: Kieran Hawkins

Moondial Phenomenology Technical Report And Audit Thomas Parry

University ID: 001033580

Unit 2

Design Tutors: Louis Sullivan Xuhong Zheng

Academic Year 2020/21 University of Greenwich Architecture, BA (Hons)

Technical Report And Audit 2.1 Abstract

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2.2 Introduction

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2.3 Design Proposal Overview and Project Team

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2.4 Decarbonisation Strategies

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2.5 Ecological Regeneration Strategies

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Embodied Carbon Operational Carbon Sustainable Water Circulation

Case Study 01 - Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain

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2.7 Case Study 02 - Salk Institute 13-14 Key Technical Investigation

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2.8 Directional Light on Water 16-19

Can the Presence of Water Aid Both the Focus and Distribution of Limited Light?

How Can Reflective Materials Be Used to Effectively Focus and Direct Light?

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2.9 Perceptually Guiding Materiality 20-23

Can Surface Finishes and Textures be Visual Guides Through Interaction with Light And Shadows?

Are Lighter or Darker Pigments More Effective in Reflecting Light?

How Rough Should a Texture Be to Guide by Touch, Without Being Conspicuously Pronounced?

2.10

Adaptive Water Reflections and Flow

What Impact Does the Angle of Viewing Have on the Visibility of an Image Reflected on Water?

Can Pigmentation of Water or Pool Basins Be Beneficial to Reflecting an Image?

What Texture Forms Can Be Made to Adapt Water Flow in Creating an Anticipation of Culmination?

2.12 Conclusion

Contents

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Abstract Astronomy Park is a project with the aim of developing the existing site, Greenwich Park – home to the historic Royal Greenwich Observatory – into a place of congregation during celestial events and encouraging amateur astronomy. Through experientially interactions with the monument-like structure, visitors are intended to gain greater appreciation for the use of natural moonlight and starlight as a means of illumination, as opposed to artificial light (set in a hypothetical world in which light pollution has been greatly diminished).

The technical focus of this project is to showcase tactile methods in which natural light - moonlight and, to a lesser extent, sunlight - can be reflected on surfaces to both illuminate spaces and simulate unique inhabitable environments that resemble celestial bodies. Water features significantly as an aid to creating these reflective instances as well as a general anticipation of progression in the journey through the proposal.

Fig. 2: View through Moondial’s roof aperture

2.1 Abstract

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Introduction Located in Greenwich Park and adjacent to the Royal Greenwich Observatory (now part of Royal Museums Greenwich), the focal design of the Astronomy Park project is the Moondial. The proposal is intended to lean into this heritage of the site, in relation to its significance in astronomy as well as the modern conversion into a public space and cultural centre. As such, the Moondial has the dual programme of providing space and facilities for amateur astronomers to congregate (utilising the heightened terrain of the park), while also being a symbiotic example to the public of the benefits of natural light, thus reducing artificial light pollution – and in doing so achieving a clearer night sky for astronomy. To become this example of natural lighting at night, the proposal needs to create and effectively demonstrate for light from the moon and stars can be amplified, directed and distorted to illuminate an otherwise dark space. It is also the aim that the methods developed can too be applied to daylight - as should be expected - to give a wider range of appeal and function.

Key Technical Questions •

How can limited light be directed into an otherwise unlit space to effectively illuminate it, both during the night and day?

- Can the presence of water aid both the focus and distribution of limited light?

- How can reflective materials be used to effectively focus and direct light?

•

•

How can surface materiality be used as for perceptual guidance through spaces with limited lighting?

- Can surface finishes and textures be visual guides through interaction with light and shadows?

- Are lighter or darker pigments more effective in reflecting light?

- How rough should a texture be to guide by touch, without being conspicuously pronounced?

How can water be used as an adaptive, flowing surface to reflect views of the sky for different perspectives?

- What impact does the angle of viewing have on the visibility of an image reflected on water?

- Can pigmentation of water or pool basins be beneficial to reflecting an image?

- What texture forms can be made to adapt water flow in creating an anticipation of culmination?

Fig. 3: Subterranean waterfall chamber

2.2 Introduction

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Design Proposal Overview and Project Team The proposal’s design overview consists of three main parts: the ferrocement dish form of the Moondial; the subterranean corridors and chambers; and the collection, flow and cycling of water.

The primary source of water for this system is through the collection and filtration of rainwater, with the backup alternative of borehole pumping during summer months with less rainfall. Considering this, custom design and installation of the hydraulic apparatus will require the most specialist attention, involving consultation from hydrogeologists, geologist and hydraulic engineers.

Construction of the Moondial dish and subterranean structures will likely follow the usual hierarchy of project manager, architects/design team, site supervision team, construction manager and subsequent construction and engineering works contractors.

There will, however, require consultation from specialist structural engineers in regards to subterranean construction, as well as ensuring the dish is able to withstand dead-loads from the tile cladding, along with wind and snow loads due to its substantial surface area. For fabrication and assembly of the various cut stone components of the design the will also be required direct input and consultation from expert stonemasons.

Fig. 4: Section AA

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Corridor entrance cutting into terrain, not enclosed Cascading pools at 1° incline to flow to entrance Thin light aperture running through ground above pools Moondial dish used to collect rainwater Rainwater filter and excess storage Plant room for water storage, treatment and pumping

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Waterfall created by water falling onto stepped, inclined wall Light aperture reflecting light onto waterfall Light aperture beam running around dish Waterfall enclosed behind concave glass wall Reflective water pool Water outflow onto stepped texture waterfalls

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Design Proposal Overview and Project Team

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Decarbonisation Strategies Embodied Carbon As the design features few fully enclosed spaces that require thermal consideration, there are no sources of artificial heating and thus these spaces are reliant on retaining heat gained from solar exposure. To allow for this, the concrete mix contains cork granules to improve thermal properties and reduce heat loss through the subterranean walls. To sustainably source the cork, it is to be taken from raw cork that has been rejected from processing units, which, beneficially, usually take the form of dust and granules already. It is estimated that 20% to 30% of raw cork is rejected, so in utilising it here it is saved from being disposed of or put through carbon heavy re-processing to risk being unused again.

Due to its thin, curved shape, the dish of the Moondial that comprises the structure’s roof is designed to be constructed using ferrocement concrete. Due to the construction process for this material being largely done by hand (repeatedly layering mesh wire with concrete and rebar) it avoids heavy machinery otherwise required. To further minimise embodied carbon, 40% of cement can be replaced with a pozzolanic binder – a material that requires significantly less industrial processing while retaining compressive strength and durability in a concrete mix. Its improved durability and permeability would also have the benefit of lower maintenance requirements during the building’s use.

Air: 1.5% Pozzolanic Binder: 4% Portland Cement: 6%

Water: 18.5%

Fig. 5: Ferrocement concrete layering

Cork Dust and Granules: 15%

Fine Aggregate (sand/crushed rock): 10%

Coarse Aggregate (stone/gravel): 45%

Fig. 6: Manual application of concrete mix to mesh wire layers

2.4

Decarbonisation Strategies

Embodied Carbon

Fig. 7: Composition of concrete mix

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Operational Carbon By the nature of this project in setting example natural light in favour to artificial light, no artificial lighting will be used anywhere in the public design, to the extent that it is intended to encourage other such projects to do the same. The only exception to this, being the sole source of operational carbon, is the plant room responsible for treating and pumping water to the two waterfall features. This is an unavoidable process fundamental to the building’s function, however, the operational times of these features does not necessarily need to be constant. It is sustainably preferable and still in keeping with the context of the project if the operation of the water features is limited to during celestial events, or during limited times during the day or night, when the sun/ moon is at its highest Adaptable Repurposing

Sustainable Adaptation In the event that the Moondial has reached obsolescence and is at a crossroads of demolition or repurposing, to encourage the latter, the structure will pre-emptively be prepared for adaptation with minimal structural alterations. As shown in the section drawing below, an alternative proposal for the design to be adapted into a greenhouse farm for emergency food production can be made with few changes to the overall structure. For instance, despite the entrance corridor and waterfall chamber being technically external spaces - due to the deliberate entrance and aperture openings preventing heat retention – the floors, walls and roof structure will be fitted with insulation during the original construction, mitigating the need to excavate the site to improve thermal performance and thus eliminating the damaging processes otherwise required.

There will, of course, be the requirements to install glass skylights and windows to seal these openings, and perhaps to replace those existing for better thermal performing glass. However, this should be kept to minimal structural alteration, with no major concrete components requiring replacement and reconstruction to accommodate this adaptation. As stated previously, concrete used in construction will contain recycled cork granule aggregate, aiding thermal performance, providing further reason to avoid replacing these components.

Fig. 8: Emergency Farming Conversion 7

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Existing Insulated Thermal Line Additional Insulation Required

Planters extending outside for rainwater Thermally sealed door added to entrance Cascading pools replaced with irrigated planters Spay insulation applied to ceiling Space heaters and UV lighting rig Irrigated planters added to waterfall, pools and seating Thermally glazed glass and frames installed in apertures Planter and drip waterer installed with UV light rig

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2.4

Decarbonisation Strategies

Operational Carbon

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Ecological Regeneration Strategies Park Trees Preservation As the site for this project is located within the various conservation areas that incorporate Greenwich Park, particular considerations have to be made so as not to irreparably damage the land both during construction and throughout the building’s use.

The exact location of the site has been chosen so as not to interrupt any of the existing tree avenues and to ensure few trees are removed. In regards to this, there are presently five trees located where the terrain is intended to be stepped around the entrance, which would also cast a significant shadow over the light aperture if retained. However, these trees are entirely suitable to be uprooted and relocated to another area of the park, due to their small size and root depth allowing them to be excavated, as well as the surrounding surfaces being free from any built ground that could otherwise limit this. For instance, as part of the proposal’s rear expansion into the existing café garden, these trees could be relocated to the proposed planted borders flanking this entrance.

Encouraging Natural Overgrowth To aid in countering any harm done to microenvironments interrupted on this site, the stepped land is to be formed by gabions with vine plants planted in the soil behind, so as to allow the vines to grow through. As the new plants interweave through the gabions, they should provide new microenvironments for insects and microorganisms to live within, as well as creating a living aesthetic to the proposal that blends it more naturally to the park.

Fig. 8: Gabion stepped terrain encouraging overgrowth of plants over time

2.5

Ecological Regeneration Strategies

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Sustainable Water Circulation With water being a main feature of the design proposal, sourcing and distributing this water should be done in such a way as to maintain its sustainability and reduce waste. To ensure an independent circular economy of water, no water is taken from the general London water supply infrastructure, instead rainwater is collected via the Moondial dish and various external pools, with a borehole pump providing a backup supply. The collected water is then channeled into a plant room beneath the Moondial subterranean chamber where it can be filtered and treated (for instance with colour dyes for various celebrations) before being pumped through the waterfalls and back into the same pools, continuing the circular economy. In doing this, any excess rainwater can be stored for use during times of reduced rainfall, thus not relying on or taking away from the London water supply and maintaining a sustainable cycle.

Wildlife Stimulus In the event of a drought or other occurrence in which the park has been deprived of water, the Moondial can limit or stop entirely its water flow to instead allow the stored water to be used for sustaining the plant life and trees if necessary. As an additional benefit, the water pools being left unrestricted and external can provide drinking water for the wildlife of the park, as well as for dogs being walked through the park. Even the curved roof of the Moondial should be made free from any anti-bird spikes or netting, so as to allow this to be used as a vantage point for bird to perch on. This too opens up the possibility for further wildlife encouraging measures to be included in future iterations, such as nesting areas for birds or other such features to blend the proposal further with the nature of the park.

Fig. 9: concept for inclusion of bird nesting spaces in rear facade

2.5

Ecological Regeneration Strategies

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1a. Rain water is collected on the dish and runs between the tile cladding to reach the ground junction.

1b. The water is filtered for debris and temporarily stored in an overflow tank.

1c. Water then travels via piping to meet the main channel and is stored with other collected rainwater.

2a. Rain water enters the aperture opening in the dish and merges with the waterfall.

2b. Excess water from the pool is drained into the plant room below.

Fig. 10: Dual Water Intake System

3a. Rain water is collected in the ground level pool, flowing down the surface gradient.

3b. Water is then travels down piping to meet the main channel and flow into the plant room.

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4a. Rain water is collected on the roof pool, flowing down the surface gradient.

4b. Water flows out the pool and cascades down steps, leading to piping that travels to the plant room.

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Fig. 11: Water Features and Circulation

1a. Water is pumped from the plant room to the waterfalls.

1b. Water falls into a pool that remains at a constant level and overflow feeds into the cascading pools.

1c. Water flows down the cascading pools, reaching a drop at the end to flow back into the plant room.

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3a. Water is pumped from the plant room to the ground level reflective pool.

3b. The pool gradient allows water to flow toward the opposite end.

3c. From the pool, water flows into the main channel and back into the plant room.

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Ecological Regeneration Strategies

Sustainable Water Circulation

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2a. Water is pumped to a concave waterfall running behind a glass wall and into a pool.

2b. The pool gradient allows water to flow toward the opposite end.

2c. Water flows out the pool and cascades down steps, leading to piping that travels to the plant room.

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5a. A backup supply of water is pumped from a borehole approx. 25m below ground level.

5b. Borehole water is stored in a separate tank to be used if stored rainwater is depleted.

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Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain, Gustafson Porter + Bowman The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain, constructed in 2004, was designed to reflect the life of its namesake through design aesthetics and construction methods that combine both traditional and contemporary practices. The fountain itself, designed by Gustafson Porter + Bowman, consists of various changing stone textures that cause the water flow to transition from rough cascades, to curling falls, to bubbling streams and, finally, to a pool of still water. This flow takes place in an apparently circular form; starting at the water source - the highest edge of the looped fountain - and moving in both directions around the loop to meet again at the lowest point - the reflecting pool. In designing and fabricating the components for the fountain, consultation and direct involvement was required by various expert stonemasons, computer modelling specialists and landscape designers, amongst others.

Guiding Water How the Memorial Fountain was both designed and built gives particularly relevant precedent to the water flows and pools throughout my own Moondial proposal. In this proposal, as with the fountain, there is an interest in using water as a guide for visitors to follow as they move around the site. While the fountain uses texture more so as a means of forming rough, fast flowing water patterns; in the Moondial pools water is intended instead to create reflections of light, yet still incorporates instances where the flow of water is made to be more patterned and give a sense of apprehensive progression.

Figs. 12-19: The various masonry textures that create differing rippling effects to water flow

2.6

Case Study 01 - Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain

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Form Development In developing the various textures of the pool fountain’s surfaces, the forms had been tested first with clay modelling to be easily adapted and reworked in creating the desired flows. This could then be cast in rubber and scanned for a digital model to be generated and increased in scale. Alongside this, the terrain of the site could then be altered for a landscape that could more effectively accommodate the fountain. This, too, is of particular relevance to the adaptations that would be made to the Greenwich Park site, so as to merge not only the water features but also the dish structure itself to appear more naturally a part of the landscape.

Materials and Construction Construction of the fountain, in regards to carving the precise stone forms, was done using CNC machinery, as opposed to being done more inefficiently by hand. The hard-wearing and nonporous De Lank granite, sourced from Cornwall, was chosen for the water beds of the memorial. As well as being withstanding to the exposed environment and constant presence of water, the lighter colouring of the stone acts to create a visually apparent sparkle, exaggerated further by the flowing water. This effect is exactly what is desired in the Moondial water features, where it is intended for these spaces to be given a celestial appearance that would be aided in a finish, such as this, that mimics the glittering of starlight in the sky.

Water Flow

Still Water

Rough Water

Figs. 20-21: Computer generated site terrain mapping and texture modelling

2.6

Case Study 01 - Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain

Figs. 22: Water flow direction and progressive texture change

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Salk Institute, Louis Khan Designed and constructed as an enduring recognition of the discoverer of the Polio vaccine, Jonas Salk, this site on the Pacific coast of San Diego is a secluded community for scientific research and discoveries. The abundance of natural lighting and wide pathway bisected by a thin channel of water set a scene intentionally aligned with the setting of the sun; an event instance occurring daily and seen in a view framed by the architecture. The interaction of aligning light, water and materiality makes the Salk Institute a unique forbearer to the desired experiential qualities of the Moondial proposal.

The Focal View of Water The most apparent and recognisable design feature of the Institute is made by the partitioning channel of water, running perpendicular to the sea, in alignment with the setting sun. The effect this has in drawing perceptional attention to the beam of light created by the reflections on this water is almost exact to the desired guiding effect for the Moondial’s cascading pools: allowing light to become a single point of interest that aligns with a direction of progression.

Figs. 23-25: The iconic water channel of salk institute in different conditions

2.7

Case Study 02 - Salk Institute

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Foresight for Maintenance To ensure the site could remain an active place for scientific research, as it has, specific considerations for accessibility during maintenance had been made, with the forethought of allowing walls, floor, fixings, mechanical fixings all to be removable and replaceable. In doing so, to access components requiring maintenance, demolition would not be required. While the same thought process can be made when designing for the tiles and cladding of the Moondial dish and pools – allowing for sections to be replicable without damaging others or the overall structure – it can be taken further in consideration of future proofing. If the Moondial is no longer seen as a justifiable structure, given its reliance on the reduction of light pollution, it should allow for a contingency programme with only simple adaptation (see chapter 2.4, p.7).

Pozzolanic Concrete In Kahn’s intent to reflect the heritage of Ancient Roman design, concrete throughout the design uses a mixture comprised of pozzolanic materials, a binder traditionally used in building such as the Roman Pantheon and Pont du Gard aqueduct. The reasoning for this material is given weight beyond simply being a nostalgic choice; pozzolanic binders are an exceptional alternative to Portland cement, allowing for 40% less cement to be used while still ensuring durability and compressive strength. As a further advantage - perhaps not considered at the time – the high embodied carbon and pollution associated with the production of Portland cement can be significantly reduced with its replacement during construction.

In terms of how this material relates to light and water in the Salk Institute: the pinkish tint of the material creates a complimentary appearance to the reflection of light and an apparent merging with the horizon line during particular times of day. The improved reduction in permeability of the mix also allows water to lay on the surface in such a way as to mirror the sky above – a particular design feature of focus in the Moondial project.

Figs. 26-29: Pozzolanic concrete used throughout Salk Institute, with exposed finishes forming textured surfaces

2.7

Case Study 02 - Salk Institute

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Key Technical Investigation •

How can limited light be directed into an otherwise unlit space to effectively illuminate it, both during the night and day?

- Can the presence of water aid both the focus and distribution of limited light?

- How can reflective materials be used to effectively focus and direct light?

•

•

Key Technical Investigation

How can surface materiality be used as for perceptual guidance through spaces with limited lighting?

- Can surface finishes and textures be visual guides through interaction with light and shadows?

- Are lighter or darker pigments more effective in reflecting light?

- How rough should a texture be to guide by touch, without being conspicuously pronounced?

How can water be used as an adaptive, flowing surface to reflect views of the sky for different perspectives?

- What impact does the angle of viewing have on the visibility of an image reflected on water?

- Can pigmentation of water or pool basins be beneficial to reflecting an image?

- What texture forms can be made to adapt water flow in creating an anticipation of culmination?

15

How Can Limited Light be Directed Into an Otherwise Unlit Space to Effectively Illuminate it, Both During the Night and Day? The journey taken by visitors is predominantly sub-terranean, giving the preconception of a space natural light cannot enter. This brings to question how light can be made to enter and sufficiently illuminate this space, below the ground level of an anticipatedly high foot traffic park pathway. In the design’s current form, it is given an uninterrupted aperture running along directly above the subterranean entrance corridor.

In cutting through a public pathway, specific consideration must be given durability and maintained transparency, as well as the means of reflecting light internally. This last point brings into focus the use of reflective materials in conjunction with water, a key design feature throughout the proposal. In physical experimentations, observations can be made on the effects that apertures, water textures and angles of reflection have for the visitors’ experience and journey. It also provides opportunity for application throughout the proposal, to create a sense of progression in observing changing effects created by the altering uses of light and water.

Fig. 30: Construction and preparation of 1:25 corridor test model

2.8

Directional Light on Water

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Can The Presence of Water Aid Both The Focus and Distribution of Limited Light?

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Through testing a scale model of the corridor it can be seen that, contrary to earlier designs, the light aperture width must BY be AN AUTOD PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PRODUCED enough to allow sufficient light through, as has been adjusted for in testing. In doing so, light is able to reflect off the entire surface of the water and thus illuminate to greater effect. This is specifically notable when light appears directly above the light aperture, as it would when the moon and sun are at their heights (as the corridor is positioned in a north-south alignment.

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Can The Presence of Water Aid Both The Focus and Distribution of Limited Light?

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Directional Light on Water

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2.8

In daylight (see next page), where oblique light has more impact, the pools do not have contrasting an effect when hit by direct light as they do with moonlight. In contrast, however, when not hit with moonlight, the pool of water blends more into darkness and is not so mush in focus. These studies, therefore, highlight the significance that direct light has in this space and, thus, can the importance the moon and sun’s position have. This reflects beneficially for the programme of the Moondial, to be used as a place of pilgrimage congregation during celestial events. In being most experientially stimulating during a ceremonious full moon and still retaining this during daily solar noons, the guiding light of the pool’s reflection is made suitably justified.

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Fig. 31: Photos of 1:25 corridor model, simulating moonlight reflections

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As the beam of light passes over the pool it is reflected off in distorted patterns along the walls and ceiling. As such, the corridor PRODUCED BYhas ANPRODUCED AUTODESK STUDENT AN AUTODESK VERSION STUDENT VERSION shape benefited fromBY its curved ceiling profile, in that light is distributed evenly without being negated by corners becoming dark spots. Even when the light is reflecting off of other surfaces prior to the pool, the distorting effect of the water still acts to provide some amount of illumination onto the lesser lit side of the corridor.

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Fig. 33: Section CC - Corridor light aperture and pools, 1:25 A B

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Fig. 32: Photos of 1:25 corridor model, simulating sunlight reflections

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Directional Light on Water

Can The Presence of Water Aid Both The Focus and Distribution of Limited Light?

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Fig. 34: Detail A - Corridor Ceiling and Ground Level Pathway

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION Mirror Aluminium Sheet

Cut Stone Beam 100 x 180mm Profile

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Fine Sand and Gravel Fireproofing and Insulation (for future adaptability) Cut Stone Beam 50mm 100 x 180mm Profile Waterproof Membrane Cut Stone Paving Slab 5mm 25mm Reinforced Cork Concrete 200mmThinset Adhesive Mortar 10mm

Mirror Aluminium Sheet 1.5mm Fine Sand and Gravel Fireproofing and Insulation (for future adaptability) 50mm Waterproof Membrane 5mm

Concrete Screed 30mm

Reinforced Cork Concrete 200mm

Thinset Adhesive Mortar 10mm Concrete Screed 30mm Waterproof Membrane 5mm

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Waterproof Membrane 5mm

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Black Screen Printed Border

Fig. 35: Detail B - Corridor Aperture Junction

Black Screen Printed Border Black Powder Coated Aluminium Frame 6mm

Black Powder Coated Aluminium Frame 6mm

Toughened Heat Soak Laminated Glass 33mm Structurally Bonded Adhesive 10mm

Toughened Heat Soak Laminated Glass 33mm Structurally Bonded Adhesive 10mm

Mirror Aluminium Sheet 1.5mm How Can Reflective Thinset Adhesive Mortar

Mirror Aluminium Sheet 1.5mm Thinset Adhesive Mortar 10mm

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Cut Stone Paving Slab 25mm

Materials be Used to Effectively Focus and Direct light?

From the prior model10mm study it is apparent that light can be amplified and given direction with a reflective surface. When taken from experimental modelling and applied with technically considered materials, this can be implemented across the length of the Reinforced Cork Concrete corridor’s light aperture to funnel light through. A most effective aluminium sheet material used in modelling could be considered with an equivalent mirrored aluminium sheet when applied at full scale. To protect this metal from being diminished by UV light over time, the glass skylight enclosure above would require treatment to limit the emission of UV light through.

Reinforced Cork Concrete

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Directional Light on Water

How Can Reflective Materials be Used to Effectively Focus and Direct light?

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How can surface materiality be used as for perceptual guidance through spaces with limited lighting?

As light is a limited visual guide in the dark spaces, the addition of textures surfaces, pigmentation and polishes can be used to enhance the presence of light or as an alternative by guiding through touch. With concrete and stone being the primary materials that visitors will be in direct contact with in the duration of the subterranean route, it is appropriate that these can be formed in such a way as to encourage visceral interaction of running a hand over their surfaces. In doing so, along with the materiality engaging with light, visitors will be given a more immersive experience and gain more appreciation for dark spaces, both during night and day.

Direct Light Contact Oblique Light Contact

Night

Sunset

Afternoon

Midday

Light Condition Approaching Night

Fig. 36: Early staircase casting model with exposed concrete surfaces

2.9

Perceptually Guiding Materiality

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Can Surface Finishes and Textures be Visual Guides Through Interaction With Light and Shadows?

In these model experiments, surface textures are made to be more pronounced, with craters and ridges that are made clearly visible by the depth of shadows they cast (first three on left). While these appear more visible during daylight conditions, surfaces with small but consistent pocked textures remain visible in darker environments, due these pocked markings creating an almost glittering effect where light is and is not reflected.

In the experiments with smoother finishes (two on right), light does not have such an obvious effect in regards to casting shadows.

Instead, the pigment changes created by aggregates (coloured powders and cork granules) are made to contrast with the primary black pigment in such a way as to highlight them even in low light.

In summary of these tests it is clear that, contrary to the reflective studies prior, surface texturing is not significantly advantageous enough to warrant it as a sole reason for use. Instead, it should be used in conjunction with further studies to maximise its effectiveness.

Fig. 37: Various Texture Models, Sunlight Lighting

Fig. 38: Various Texture Models, Moonlight Lighting

2.9

Perceptually Guiding Materiality

Can Surface Finishes and Textures be Visual Guides Through Interaction With Light and Shadows?

21

Are Lighter or Darker Pigments More Effective in Reflecting Light?

These simple pigmentation tests with surface finishing were conducted to observe the interactions moonlight and sunlight have, in regards to how the black and white pigments are visually altered. For example, the white pigment models are more susceptible to adopting the light intensity and gradient, whereas the black pigment models usually retain their colour moreso. In regards to the surface finishes, as would be expected, the polished coatings reflect light the most. However, in application to the proposal, the matt or unfinished surfaces are likely to draw less focus away from the primary water and light features.

Moonlight

2.9

Perceptually Guiding Materiality

Sunlight

Moonlight

Sunlight

Fig. 39: Black Pigment, Unfinished

Fig. 40: White Pigment, Unfinished

Fig. 41: Black Pigment, Matt Finish Coating

Fig. 42: Black Pigment, Matt Finish Coating

Fig. 43: Black Pigment, Polished Surface Coating

Fig.44 : Black Pigment, Polished Surface Coating

Are Lighter or Darker Pigments More Effective in Reflecting Light?

22

How Rough Should a Texture be to Guide by Touch, Without Being Conspicuously Pronounced?

As an alternative, more visceral guide to be used alongside light, material texture is modelled here to physically observe how obvious it can be felt, in relation to how obvious it is visually. The aim here being to attain a subtle yet apparent guiding surface.

Texture A The least visually conspicuous; this texture is perhaps too indistinct, being more so like that of a regular wall.

Fig. 45: Texture A - Plaster casting of brick texture, black colour pigment

Texture B A rougher, more pronounced texture; clearly distinct from an expected wall or handrail surface with definite sense of disparity.

Fig. 46: Texture B - Plaster casting of tree bark, black colour pigment

Texture C An immediate contrast of smooth and rough; perhaps too visually distinguishable, albeit to undeniable change in touch.

Fig. 47: Texture C - Plaster casting of tree bark interrupting curved surface, white colour pigment

Texture D Unique here due to a soft material presence; creates an unexpected and distinct touch but also appearance.

Fig. 48: Texture D - Plaster casting of stone with moss covering, white colour pigment

2.9

Perceptually Guiding Materiality

How Rough Should a Texture be to Guide by Touch, Without Being Conspicuously Pronounced?

23

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

How Can Water be Used as an Adaptive, Flowing Surface to Reflect Views of the Sky for Different Perspectives?

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

As visitors exit the dark interior spaces, it is intended for them to be given a stark contras with light (particularly moon/star light) to be in abundance as eye sensitivity adapts. To exaggerate this, reflective views of the sky are to be made immediately present and as a focus of attention. To retain this attention, the adaptability of water as a texture and reflective surface can be utilised to build an anticipated culmination as visitors leave the Moondial with a climactic perceptual experience.

Fig. 49: Reflective Incidences of Exit Pathway

D: 4°-14°

C: 14°-42°

B: 33°-66°

A: 46°-75° 250mm

0

0.5

1350mm

E: 18°-48°

1600mm

1250mm

800mm

1m 1:50 @A2

Adaptive Water Reflection and Flow

24

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

2.10

70°

At this direct an incline no clear reflected image is visible, although the basin floor is.

50°

A clear image is reflected, as are ripples in the water, although these distort the image.

30°

The reflected image remains clear and brighter, as the basin floor is less visible.

10°

While the image reflection is still visible, it is less so due to a reduced surface area.

What Impact Does the Angle of Viewing Have on the Visibility of an Image Reflected on Water?

Due to the angle of reflection intentionally diverging as visitors pass by the reflective pool, these simple tests have been conducted to ensure that the desired visual effects are indeed practical.

In summary of the study, the image reflected becomes more visible at inclinations around 30°-50°. When angled too direct at the water, the basin floor material is brought into too much focus. Contrastingly, when angled too obtusely, the reflected surface area is too small for an image to be clearly seen. While these varying effects are desired, the extremes of which have been negated in the design.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION Fig. 50: Angles of Reflection 1.8m

1600mm 1350mm 1250mm

800mm

250mm

250

C: 14°-42° E: 18°-48°

B: 33°-66°

A: 46°-75°

500mm 1:25 @A2

Fig. 51: Water testing angles of incidence, in black and white pigment basins

2.10

Adaptive Water Reflection and Flow

What Impact Does the Angle of Viewing Have on the Visibility of an Image Reflected on Water?

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STU

0

D: 4°-14°

25

Can Pigmentation of Water or Pool Basins be Beneficial to Reflecting an Image?

A concept based on NASA’s artificial colouring of celestial body photos: is it possible to add pigment dye to water for the aesthetic benefit without harming the image reflected? In the studies below it can be seen that the colour dye has a more apparent effect in the white basins; the basin floor appears to change colour, taking more attention from the image. In contrast, the black basins have a more subtle colouring that is still secondary to the reflected image, as would be preferable.

Yellow Dye - White Basin

Red Dye - White Basin

Blue Dye - White Basin

Green Dye - White Basin

Red Dye - Black Basin

Blue Dye - Black Basin

Green Dye - Black Basin

Fig. 53: Pigment dye in a cloud form, spreading from a single spot

Yellow Dye - Black Basin

Clear Water - Black Basin

Clear Water - White Basin

Fig. 52: NASA photography coloured to highlight celestial bodies

Fig. 54: Water testing colour various pigment dyes, in black and white pigment basins

2.10

Adaptive Water Reflection and Flow

Can Pigmentation of Water or Pool Basins be Beneficial to Reflecting an Image?

26

Texture A A datum model to observe water flow on a flat surface; an even distribution with a slight reflection

Texture B Curving parallel ridges; causing a cascading effect when horizontal but limiting the spread of water when also vertical.

What texture forms can be made to adapt water flow in creating an anticipation of culmination?

To create a greater sense of change as visitors leave the Moondial, these water texture experiments are intended to be progressive in how they become increasingly active in movement. The purpose of this being to reflect the initial journey through the entrance corridor and into the waterfall chamber: starting calmly with growing apprehension on approach.

Texture C

The test models shown here were deemed unsuitable due water flowing in an uneven direction that would leave surfaces uncovered, or due to otherwise undesired visual effects.

Offsets of curved ridges; causing water to either gather in or away from the edge’s center with a slightly rippled effect.

Texture D An inverse of the previous model; a contrast of water gathering in the ridges or not flowing into them.

Fig. 55: Rejected experimental water texture models

2.10

Adaptive Water Reflection and Flow

What texture forms can be made to adapt water flow in creating an anticipation of culmination?

27

Fig. 56: Stepped waterfall pools at exit

Texture E A surface of gridded indentations; causes water to lose its unbroken surface, with air pockets in the indentations creating a sparkling effect that compliments the reflections of forming bubbles.

E

F

Texture F A uniformly pocked texture surface; water runoff ripples the most here, creating the most instances of rippled light reflections and bubbles forming in the indentations.

G

Texture G A surface of parallel, spaced ridges; when at a slighter incline water tends to run along the ridges in pools, contrast to when steeper, with water becoming more active and rippled.

H

Texture H

0

0.5

Rows of similar circular extrusions; at either incline water tends to run between the circles, making them islands amongst a reflective pool, although when steeper they are also submerged.

1m 1:50 @A2

Fig. 57: Experimental water texture models

2.10

Adaptive Water Reflection and Flow

What texture forms can be made to adapt water flow in creating an anticipation of culmination?

28

Progressive Textures These chosen surface textures appropriately create a developing flow of water, from calm to rough, as it approaches the culmination of its journey along with that of the observing visitors: the water transitions from the calm pool to a slightly rougher flow, that becomes even more so as water ripples and bubbles before beginning to disappear between raised extrusions

0

50

Fig. 58: Texture E

Fig. 59: Texture F

Fig. 60: Texture G

Fig. 61: Texture H

100mm 1:5 @A3

2.10

Adaptive Water Reflection and Flow

What texture forms can be made to adapt water flow in creating an anticipation of culmination?

29

Conclusion They key technical investigations for this project focused around understanding, demonstrating and expanding on the experiential qualities that would make the proposal an enticing monument that demonstrates to the public the qualities of natural lighting at both night and day that are often overlooked in general architectural design. These experiential qualities, specifically, are the centered around the celebration and amplification of light through its interaction with changing materiality, both in tangible textures and flowing states of water. As such, the key driving factors of these investigations have been light’s reflection, perception of texture and progressive water flow.

The most successful area of the investigations has been through the physical modelling of the light corridor. This test acted to demonstrate the desired guiding effect that the aperture of light can have throughout a day, as well as showing that the proposal has a particular time for which it is designed to be at its most effective; with light reflected off the water surface most spectacularly when the moon or sun is at its highest. While such a design feature is perhaps not practical for use in average design, the Moondial still succeeds in providing an example of inspiration for how natural light can be used, even at night. However, whether this would in reality have any influential effect on persuading designers to utilise the environmentally beneficial natural lighting is not something that can be accurately anticipated. It is also somewhat unreasonable for water to be used in regular design to the extent it has been here, unless the sustainable system of rainwater collection and circulation can also be adopted.

Fig. 62: Overview axonometric of Moondial design

0

0.5

1m 1:50 @A3

2.11 Conclusion

30

Architecture Design Technology 3 BUIL-1074-M01-2020-21 Course Coordinator: Kieran Hawkins

Moondial Phenomenology

Technical Appendices and Drawings Thomas Parry

University ID: 001033580

Unit 2

Design Tutors: Louis Sullivan Xuhong Zheng

Academic Year 2020/21 University of Greenwich Architecture, BA (Hons)

Technical Appendices and Drawings 3.1 Appendix 1: Cost, Key Factors Audit

33

3.2

Appendix 2: Building Regulations, Key Factors Audit

33

3.3

Appendix 3: Health and Safety, Key Factors Audit

33

3.4 GA Plans 34-38 Site Location Site Plan, 1:500 Ground Floor Plan, 1:250 First Floor Plan, 1:250 Roof Plan, 1:250

34 35 36 37 38

3.5 GA Elevations and Sections 39-43 North and South Elevations, 1:250 Long Sections AA and BB, 1:250 Short Sections CC and DD, 1:250 Short Sections EE and FF, 1:250 Plant Room, 1:100

39 40 41 42 43

3.6 Overview Axonometric, 1:100

44

3.7

Technical Focus - Cascading Pools and Water Collection

Cascading Pools Corridor, Axonometric, 1:50 Water Circulation, Section, 1:50 Rainwater Collection, Detail, 1:5 Cascading Pools, Detail, 1:5

45-48 45 46 47 48

3.8 Technical Focus - Rear Water Features 49-54 Overview Axonometric, 1:50

Reflecting Pool and Outflow, Plan and Section

Pool to Curved Facade Junction, Detail, 1:10

Pool to Stepped Outflow Junction, Detail, 1:10

Stepped Outflow to Ground Junction, Detail, 1:10

Pool to Skylight Junctions

Contents

49 50 51 52 53 54

32

Appendices 1: Cost, Key Factors Audit A large amount of excavation work will be required prior to commencement of construction. The extended duration of this alone will incur the costs of machinery and wages paid to do so, more so if undertaken with more environmentally considerate methods. Even during construction, the ferrocement dish will require a significantly long time frame and work. This, combined with the material cost of the concrete, stone and other materials should increase costs further to create the unique shape of the design. In regards to the use of stone, specialist CNC construction methods and stone masonry consultation is a necessary cost factor that will need to be accounted for, given the uniqueness of the forms to be made. This also brings to question costs incurred from material wastage, where the design intricacies cause issue and structural faults that need to be resolved.

During the building’s operational lifespan, the main source of recurring cost will be in running and maintaining the circular water collection and distribution systems, focused in the plant room. As plumbing inherently has a limited duration of effective use, the equipment (including water pumps, piping, storage tanks etc) will require replacement at least every 8 years (varying per specification). Doing so will undoubtedly incur high costs due to the specific requirements of this equipment. General maintenance and possible replacement of materials throughout the proposal will need to be considered, given its exposure to the environment and constant use by the public.

3.1

Appendices 1: Cost, Key Factors Audit

Appendix 2: Building Regulations, Key Factors Audit Part A: Structural Safety Specific consideration should be made here to ensure that the building, specifically the dish form, is able to withstand wind loads and snow loads placed onto it, due to the large surface area yet thin material being a cause for concern. This should be given support with sufficiently considered foundations, most likely to be pile foundations that are placed strategically around the circumference of the proposal and focused on the positions under the most compressive force. Due to this being a greenfield site, no greater concern should be made for pre-existing foundations, although a pre-emptive survey will be required for reassurance. All foundations should, of course be composed of Portland cement to BS EN 197-1 and -2 and fine and coarse aggregate conforming to BS EU 12620. They should also be sufficient in bearing the increased lateral loads of subterranean structures, considered with cantilevered wall footings.

Part B: Fire Safety Fire retardant materials and insulation should be used throughout construction.

Part C: Site Preparation and Resistance to Contaminants and Moisture As the site is exposed and in greenfield land, greater than usual consideration will be required for waterproofing and protecting from contaminants in the soil.

Part E: Resistance to the Passage of Sound Passage of sound should be especially negated from the plant room, which is likely to cause the greatest disturbance if not addressed.

Part F: Ventilation Sufficient ventilation should be available in public spaces due to the light apertures, but should be given more consideration in the plant room with mechanical extraction.

Part K: Protection from Falling All staircases and inclined levels should be designed in accordance to level change compliant regulations, along with at least minimum dimension handrails and protective barriers in place in areas vulnerable to falling and collision.

3.2

Appendix 2: Building Regulations, Key Factors Audit

Appendix 3: Health and Safety, Key Factors Audit The primary source of concern specific to this project, during construction, is ensuring that the dish structure maintains is shape without becoming unstable and collapsing with workers still present. This would require consideration of the temporary scaffolding to give specific support under the central areas, where the ferrocement structure is at its thinnest and most vulnerable. Since this material is also worked on and applied by hand, the appropriate PPE would need to be made available to workers and enforced for use, such as protective gloves, masks and eye-wear, amongst others.

In maintenance of the proposal, sufficient fireproofing measures will be required during construction, including in insulation layers and slow burning materials. To ensure visitors are able to safely evacuate, emergency lighting should also be installed in strategic areas, given the inherent darkness of the internal spaces. In regards to this darkness, along with the presence of water, sufficient handrails and barriers will be required to ensure that visitors and able to be guided through the site without causing harm to themselves from collision, falling or drowning. Particular attention will be necessary for level changes and in spaces containing water.

3.3

Appendix 3: Health and Safety, Key Factors Audit

33

0 North

3.4

GA Plans

Site Location

100

200m 1:10,000 @A3

0 North

50

100m 1:5,000 @A3

34

F

D

C

14

B

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

12 9

3

8

A

7

6

2

5

1

4

10

A

11

13

2

B

12

D

1 Public entrance to the Moondial’s subterranean dark spaces

- Cut stone tile paved ground surface

- Cascading pools of water running along the path’s centre,

ending at a short waterfall leading into a cyclical system 2 3 4

Terrace fields of stepped, exposed gabions forming seating pathways Rotatable footpads for telescope setup, for amateur astronomers Elevated viewpoint overlooking cityscape panorama

0 North

3.4

5

10m 1:500 @A3

GA Plans

E

C

F

5 6 7 8

Light aperture gap enclosed by glass, above dark space below Reflecting pool of slow running water over a mirrored surface Stone seating at the Moondial’s junction with the ground The Moondial - a timepiece read with the casting of a shadow

9 10

Gyroscope aided semi-spheres for precise amateur astronomy Raised reflecting pool with skylight islands above enclosed spaces

11 12 13

14

Gyroscope aided semi-spheres for precise amateur astronomy Raised reflecting pool with skylight islands above enclosed spaces The existing Pavilion Cafe building and grounds, altered only in the widening of the park threshold to the Moondial The adjacent entrance to The South Building of The Royal Greenwich Observatory

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

E

Site Plan, 1:500

35

F

E

D

C

B

2 1

12

14

9

13

10 5

15

A

3

7

12

15

6

8

11

4

5

A

9 1

13 B

14

E

1

Terrace fields of stepped, exposed gabions forming seating pathways - Filled with black, polished pebbles - Encouraging natural overgrowth of plants

2 3 4

Rotatable footpads for telescope setup, for amateur astronomers Plantable exterior walls to somewhat hide the entrance Public subterranean entrance, slightly emphasised with shadow gaps

0 North

3.4

2.5

D

C

F

5 Cascading water pools

- Reflecting light from the aperture gap above

- Leading from still water at the entrance to rougher water

approaching the interior waterfall 6 Angled corridor walls for light to outline the journey progression 7 Blind turn threshold of lowest light before entering the next space 8 Rainwater filtration from collection via the Moondial dish above

9 10 11 12

Stepped seating carved into the walls An waterfall, caused by water falling onto a vertically serrated wall An astronomical clock set in a pool below the circular light aperture Insulated glass door concealed within wall

13 14

Dark corridors with visitors guided by textured handrails Hidden entrances to semi-sphere gyroscopic telescopes

15

Enclosed atmosphere viewing spaces with seamless view of the sky

5m 1:250 @A3

GA Plans

Ground Floor Plan, 1:250

36

F

E

D

C

B

7 4 A

3 2

6

8

1

A

5

9

6 B

7 8

E

1

Light aperture gap enclosed with glass at ground level, running along the entrance corridor below

2 3

4

Reflecting pool of slow running water over a mirrored surface The Moondial dish, clad with porcelain tiles with gaps between to allow the collection of rainwater The subterranean waterfall chamber, with the floor slightly slanted to allow water to run into the central pools

0 North

3.4

2.5

5

6 7 8

9

D

F

C

Ascending staircases with a single light beam aperture above connecting the two as a gap between Enclosed atmosphere viewing spaces with curved concrete walls Semi-sphere gyroscopic telescope fixtures for precise star gazing Stepped pools of water surrounding semi-spheres, isolating them in a private, open space End of enclosed space with sliding glass doors at path convergence

5m 1:250 @A3

GA Plans

First Floor Plan, 1:250

37

F

E

D

C

B

3 4

7

A

1

2

A

5 6 9 8 7 B

4

3

E

1

Stone seating at the Moondial’s junction with the ground

2 3 4 5 6

Light aperture into subterranean waterfall chamber Stone tile paved paths at ground level leading around the Moondial Semi-sphere gyroscopic telescopes enclosed by pools of water Concave glass with running water behind, leading into the pool Raised reflecting pool at shoulder level with the exit for angled view

0 North

3.4

2.5

7 8 9

D

F

C

Skylights for enclosed spaces below, with frames level with water Sloped exit leading into the cafe garden Stepped surfaces for seating and amateur astronomy

5m 1:250 @A3

GA Plans

Roof Plan, 1:250

38

North Elevation

A

6

4 2

3

1

2 A

South Elevation

A

7 6

8

4

6

9

A

1 2 3 4 5 6

0

Public entrance to subterranean corridor Stepped terrain formed by gabions, for use by amateur astronomers Glass covered light aperture running above corridor Reflective water pool Dish structure of Moondial, with tile clad surface face Precise gyroscopic telescope mount

2.5

7 8 9

Concave glass wall with waterfall running behind Glass covering to prevent entry of rainwater Exit pathway flanked by stepped water pools

5m 1:250 @A3

3.5

GA Elevations and Sections

North and South Elevations, 1:250

39

Section AA

D

7

C

12

5

4

4 14 10

11

3

2 1

13

D

Section BB

E

F

7 8

C

12

5

4

9

13

E

1 2 3 4 5 6

0

Public entrance to subterranean corridor Stepped terrain formed by gabions, for use by amateur astronomers Glass covered light aperture running above corridor Reflective water pool Dish structure of Moondial, with tile clad surface face Precise gyroscopic telescope mount

2.5

F

7 8 9 10

Concave glass wall with waterfall running behind Glass covering to prevent entry of rainwater Exit pathway flanked by stepped water pools Rainwater collection and filtration

11 12

Cascading pools of reflective water Light aperture into waterfall chamber

13 14

Plant room for water storage and treatment James Turrell-like space for viewing sky

5m 1:250 @A3

3.5

GA Elevations and Sections

Long Sections AA and BB, 1:250

40

Section CC

A

5 12

6

4

3

2 11

A

Section DD

A

5 12 6

4 13

A

1 2 3 4 5 6

0

Public entrance to subterranean corridor Stepped terrain formed by gabions, for use by amateur astronomers Glass covered light aperture running above corridor Reflective water pool Dish structure of Moondial, with tile clad surface face Precise gyroscopic telescope mount

2.5

7 8 9 10

Concave glass wall with waterfall running behind Glass covering to prevent entry of rainwater Exit pathway flanked by stepped water pools Rainwater collection and filtration

11 12

Cascading pools of reflective water Light aperture into waterfall chamber

13 14

Plant room for water storage and treatment James Turrell-like space for viewing sky

5m 1:250 @A3

3.5

GA Elevations and Sections

Short Sections CC and DD, 1:250

41

Section EE

B

5 7

6

8

4

4 9

14

14

6

B

Section FF

B

5 7 4

B

1 2 3 4 5 6

0

Public entrance to subterranean corridor Stepped terrain formed by gabions, for use by amateur astronomers Glass covered light aperture running above corridor Reflective water pool Dish structure of Moondial, with tile clad surface face Precise gyroscopic telescope mount

2.5

7 8 9 10

Concave glass wall with waterfall running behind Glass covering to prevent entry of rainwater Exit pathway flanked by stepped water pools Rainwater collection and filtration

11 12

Cascading pools of reflective water Light aperture into waterfall chamber

13 14

Plant room for water storage and treatment James Turrell-like space for viewing sky

5m 1:250 @A3

3.5

GA Elevations and Sections

Short Sections EE and FF, 1:250

42

5

9

6 7 8 4

8

7

9

9 8

3

9 2

1

1 2 3 4 5 6

0

7 8 9

Corridor to private entrance by road Sliding steel door Insulated curtains Rainwater storage tank Borehole pump Borehole storage tank

1

Cumulative water storage and pump tanks Water in-flow pipes Water out-flow pipes

2.5m 1:100 @A2

3.5

GA Elevations and Sections

Plant Room, 1:100

43

6

6

4

14 7

12

5

15

13

11 1

2

2

10 4

3

11

0

5

1 2 3 4 5 6

0

10m 1:500 @A3

North

Public entrance to subterranean corridor Stepped terrain formed by gabions, for use by amateur astronomers Glass covered light aperture running above corridor Reflective water pool Dish structure of Moondial, with tile clad surface face Precise gyroscopic telescope mount

1

7 8 9 10 11 12

Concave glass wall with waterfall running behind Glass covering to prevent entry of rainwater Exit pathway flanked by stepped water pools Rainwater collection and filtration Cascading pools of reflective water Light aperture into waterfall chamber

13 14 15

Plant room for water storage and treatment James Turrell-like space for viewing sky Astronomical clock

2.5m 1:100 @A2

3.6

Overview Axonometric, 1:100

44

1

4 8

9

2 10 11

3

11 5

6

7

1 2 3 4 5 6

0

Light aperture enclosed by glass skylight running above pools Cascading pools for light to reflect on as a guiding system Uprights that divide the pool to maintain constant levels despite flow Planted outer walls to encourage natural overgrowth Shadow gaps and reflective wall borders to highlight progression Cut stone paved floor surface continuing into corridor

0.5

7 8 9 10 11

Outflow of water from pools to circulate back to plant room Rotatable fixing for amateur astronomer telescopes Grass surface floor Cut stone paved floor Stepped terrain formed by gabions, encouraging overgrowth

1m 1:50 @A2

3.7

Technical Focus - Cascading Pools and Water Collection

Cascading Pools Corridor, Axonometric, 1:50

45

1

11

A

10

2

4

7

3

5

B

8

9

6

1 2 3 4 5 6

0

Rainwater gathers on tiles of Moondial dish and flows to lowest rim Water is converged into pipes flowing into a temporary storage tank Rainwater falls onto two layers of filtered mesh to remove debris Water tank is accessible by removal of panel wall Water collects in inclined corner of tank and down through piping Piping meets with a concrete water channel to flow to plant room

0.5

7 8 9 10 11

Cascading water pools flow at 1° decline Water gathers at a limited gap to slow the flow and create sound Water is pumped from plant room to ground level reflective pool Water flows down declined surface to circulate back to plant room Clear glass balustrade at 1100mm height

1m 1:50 @A3

3.7

Technical Focus - Cascading Pools and Water Collection

Water Circulation, Section, 1:50

46

Porcelain Tile 20mm

Steel Corner Bracket w/ Ø4mm Water Hole 5mm

Cut Stone Paving Slab 25mm

Thinset Adhesive Mortar 10mm

Shadow Gap and Water Drain

Thinset Adhesive Mortar 10mm

Concrete Slab w/ Ø4mm Water Hole 80mm

Cut Stone Slabs 30mm

Concrete Screed 30mm

Waterproof Membrane 5mm

Watertight Concrete Ring Beam 255 x 140mm Profile

Clear Toughened/Laminated Glass 17.5mm

Waterproof Membrane 5mm

Ferrocement Concrete Structure 25mm

Water Run-off Hole Ø20mm

Balustrade Base Mount w/ Galvanised Steel Sheet Exterior

Fine Gravel and Sand 25mm

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Larger Gravel 75mm

Exposed Concrete Finish

Steel Anchors for Ferrocement Structure

PVC Pipe to Filter Chamber Ø40mm

Reinforced Concrete Foundations

Waterproof Membrane 5mm

Fireproofing and Insulation (for future adaptability) 50mm

0

50

100mm 1:5 @A3

3.7

Technical Focus - Cascading Pools and Water Collection

Rainwater Collection, Detail, 1:5

47

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Porcelain Tile 20mm

Fireproofing and Insulation (for future adaptability) 50mm

PVDF Steel Sheet 1.5mm

Thinset Adhesive Mortar 10mm

Fine Gravel and Sand 25mm

Waterproof Membrane 5mm

Cement Screed 30mm

PVC Pipe to Filter Chamber Ø100mm

Watertight Concrete Beam 87 x 138.5mm Profile

Waterproof Membrane 5mm

Larger Gravel 75mm

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Concrete Slab 90mm

Water Level

Harwich Formation Ground (Sand and Gravel)

0

50

100mm 1:5 @A3

3.7

Technical Focus - Cascading Pools and Water Collection

Cascading Pools, Detail, 1:5

48

10

1 11

8 3

2

12 4

6

9

5

8

7

1 2 3 4 5 6

0

Water flow behind large concave glass wall, creating reflections Light aperture above staircase Reflective pool with polished porcelain tile surface bed Tinted glass covering to prevent rainwater from gathering in path Sliding glass door to create enclosed space while allowing light in Toughened, laminated skylight, raised 10mm above water level

0.5

7 8 9 10 11 12

Cascading stepped pools with textured declines to progress flow Moats around gyroscopic telescopes to create separation from public Stepped seating levels for use by amateur astronomers Light aperture above waterfall chamber Ferrocement anchors encased with concrete Stepped and inclined wall to create waterfall spray

1m 1:50 @A2

3.8

Technical Focus - Rear Water Features

Overview Axonometric, 1:50

49

Section EE

A

0

A

1

2.5m 1:100 @A2

Section EE

C

D F

G

H E I

0

0.5

1m 1:50 @A3

3.8

Technical Focus - Rear Water Features

Reflecting Pool and Outflow, Plan and Section

50

0

100

250mm 1:10 @A3

3.8

Technical Focus - Rear Water Features

Pool to Curved Facade Junction, Detail, 1:10

51

0

100

250mm 1:10 @A3

3.8

Technical Focus - Rear Water Features

Pool to Stepped Outflow Junction, Detail, 1:10

52

0

100

250mm 1:10 @A3

3.8

Technical Focus - Rear Water Features

Stepped Outflow to Ground Junction, Detail, 1:10

53

PRODUCED PRODUCED BY

BY AN AN AUTODESK AUTODESK STUDENT STUDENT VERSION VERSION PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION Section EE

Detail C: Ceiling Skylight and Reflective Pool Junction Water Level Water Level

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PRODUCED PRODUCEDBY BYAN ANAUTODESK AUTODESKSTUDENT STUDENTVERSION VERSION

Clear Toughened/Laminated Glass Clear Toughened/Laminated Glass 25.5mm 25.5mm Clear Toughened/Laminated Glass Argon 25.5mm Filled Cavity Argon Filled Cavity 16mm 16mm Argon Filled Cavity Clear Soft Coat16mm Inner Pane Clear Soft Coat Inner Pane 6mm 6mm Clear Soft Coat Inner Pane 6mm

C

Flexible Plasterboard Flexible Plasterboard (fire & moisture resistant) (fire & moisture resistant) 12.5mm Flexible Plasterboard 12.5mm (fire & moisture resistant) PVDF Coated Steel Sheet 12.5mm PVDF Coated Steel Sheet 1.5mm 1.5mm PVDF Coated Steel Sheet 1.5mm

Cement Render Cement Render 10mm 10mm Cement Render 10mm 0

1m

Technical Focus - Rear Water Features

Concrete Foundations Concrete Foundations Concrete Foundations

250mm 1:10 @A3

1:50 @A3

3.8

100

Plywood Sheet Plywood Sheet 5mm 5mm Plywood Sheet Timber Framed Thermal Insulation and Waterproofing 5mm Timber Framed Thermal Insulation and Waterproofing 50mm 50mm Timber Framed Thermal Insulation and Waterproofing 50mm

Steel Corner Bracket Steel Corner Bracket 5mm 5mm Steel Corner Bracket 5mm

54

Pool to Skylight Junctions

PRODUCED BY

BY AN AN AUTODESK AUTODESK STUDENT STUDENT VERSION VERSION PRODUCED

0.5

WaterPorcelain Level Tiles Porcelain Tiles 20mm 20mm Porcelain Tiles Waterproof Membrane 20mm Waterproof Membrane 5mm 5mm Waterproof Membrane Cement Screed 5mmCement Screed 20mm 20mm Cement Screed 20mm

Detail D: Angled Internal Wall Layering

D

0

Steel Bracket Steel Bracket 5mm 5mm Steel Bracket Frame Fittings 5mmSkylight Skylight Frame Fittings (allowing removal of glass) (allowing removal of glass) Skylight Frame Fittings PVDF Coatedof Steel Sheet (allowing glass) PVDFremoval Coated Steel Sheet 1.5mm 1.5mm PVDF Coated Steel Sheet 1.5mm