24th Annual Symposium Program

Welcome to the 24th Annual Symposium on the Conservation and Biology of Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles!

2026 Symposium Highlights: The 24th Annual Symposium on the Conservation and Biology of Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles marks a historic milestone as the first Symposium held outside the United States. Hosted in Guadalajara, México, in partnership with Zoológico Guadalajara, this year's gathering brings together a global community of researchers, conservation practitioners, students, and wildlife professionals to celebrate progress in chelonian conservation and strengthen collaborations for the future.

A highlight of this year's program is the keynote address, From Exploration to Legacy: Charting México’s Extraordinary Herpetofauna, presented by renowned Mexican herpetologist Oscar Flores-Villela of the National Autonomous University of México. The featured presentation, From Red Lists to Recovery, will be delivered by Vivek Menon, Chair of the IUCN Species Survival Commission, highlighting the connection between global conservation assessments and effective species recovery efforts.

The scientific program features more than 120 oral and poster presentations from researchers and conservationists representing 22 countries, reflecting the international scope and diversity of modern turtle and tortoise conservation. Sessions cover a wide range of topics, from species biology and ecology to conservation policy and applied management. Attendees can also participate in six concurrent hands-on workshops led by experienced conservation professionals, designed to build practical skills and support the next generation of conservation research and practice.

Beyond the scientific sessions, attendees will have the opportunity to experience Zoo Day at Zoológico Guadalajara, offering a behind-the-scenes look at the institution’s conservation programs, animal care practices, and commitment to wildlife preservation. This special experience provides a unique opportunity to connect with the work of one of México’s leading zoological institutions while gaining insight into the challenges and successes of modern conservation efforts.

2026 Symposium Program

The Symposium also provides opportunities for mentorship, networking, and professional development through events such as the Mentor Breakfast, where students and early-career professionals can connect with experienced researchers, conservation leaders, and practitioners. This gathering encourages meaningful conversations, career guidance, and the exchange of ideas that help strengthen the future of the chelonian conservation community.

This year's Symposium also celebrates the achievements of several individuals whose dedication has made a lasting impact on turtle conservation. The 21st Annual Behler Turtle Conservation Award honors Sabine Schoppe for her outstanding contributions to freshwater turtle conservation in the Philippines. Unable to attend the ceremony, Sabine will be represented by her longtime conservation colleague, Diverlie Dela Cruz Acosta, who will accept the award on her behalf.

The Pritchard Turtle Conservation Lifetime Achievement Award recognizes four exceptional leaders in turtle conservation: Oscar Flores-Villela of México, Sue Carstairs of Canada, Jim Harding of the United States, and Frank Slavens of the United States. Their collective contributions to research, veterinary care, mentorship, conservation action, and captive management have helped shape the field and inspire future generations of turtle conservationists.

The Symposium also honors the legacies of Jim Buskirk and Dawn Wilson, who will receive posthumous Turtle Conservation Appreciation Awards in recognition of their significant contributions to turtle research and conservation.

As we gather in México, a country recognized for its remarkable turtle diversity and growing conservation leadership, this year's theme, ¡Que vivan las tortugas! ("Long live the turtles!"), celebrates both the extraordinary species we work to protect and the shared commitment that unites the global chelonian conservation community. We hope this historic Symposium inspires new partnerships, strengthens conservation efforts throughout Latin America and beyond, and leaves attendees energized to continue protecting turtles and tortoises for generations to come.

Program Table of Contents From the Hosts: Welcome to the 24th Annual Symposium! ………………………………………………………………. 2 From the Program Committee: Welcome to Guadalajara! .………………………………………………………………... 3 Behler and Pritchard Turtle Conservation Awards 2026 …………………………………………………………………... 4 Annual Symposium Code of Conduct ……………………………………………………………………………………... 5 Conference Notes …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10 Symposium Navigation …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12 Schedule At-a-Glance ……………………………………………………………………………………………………... 14 Detailed Session Schedule ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16 Workshop Abstracts ……….………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23 Program Abstracts ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 25

Contents of this Program should be cited as: Author. 2026. Title. In: J. Gibbons, J. Gray, and S. Nottingham (Eds.). Program and Abstracts of the Twenty-fourth Annual Symposium on the Conservation and Biology of Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles. Turtle Survival Alliance, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. pp. xx–xx.

24th Annual Symposium on the Conservation and Biology of Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles | Guadalajara, México

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From the Hosts: Welcome to the 23rd Annual Symposium!

2026 Symposium Program

Dear Symposium Participants, Welcome to the 24th Annual Symposium on the Conservation and Biology of Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles! We are honored to welcome you to the first Symposium held outside the United States, as we bring together a dynamic global community committed to tortoise and freshwater turtle conservation.

This year’s program features internationally recognized conservation leaders whose work has shaped wildlife research and species conservation around the world. Opening the symposium, Luis Soto Rendón, Director General of Zoológico Guadalajara, will welcome attendees to the city and kick off the week’s events.

Renowned Mexican herpetologist Oscar Flores-Villela of the National Autonomous University of México will deliver the keynote address, From Exploration to Legacy: Charting México’s Extraordinary Herpetofauna, sharing stories and insights from a lifetime spent exploring and documenting México’s remarkable diversity of reptiles and amphibians. The featured presentation, From Red Lists to Recovery, will be given by Vivek Menon, Chair of the IUCN Species Survival Commission, who will discuss how global conservation assessments are being translated into real-world action to protect and recover threatened species.

Beyond showcasing the latest advances in chelonian science and conservation, we hope this year's Annual Symposium serves as a catalyst for stronger partnerships, new conservation initiatives, and expanded research throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. As our host nation, México provides an especially fitting backdrop for this year's gathering, boasting the second-highest diversity of turtles and tortoises in the world. Reflecting the growing strength of conservation efforts across Latin America and the Caribbean, this year's program features nearly 70 presentations from researchers and conservationists working throughout the region.

The Turtle Survival Alliance and the IUCN SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group remain committed to fostering a Symposium that is welcoming, inclusive, and representative of the global conservation community. This year, we received the highest number of Travel Grant applications in the history of the program, reflecting the growing demand for opportunities to connect, collaborate, and advance conservation efforts. We are especially grateful to two anonymous foundations whose generous support helped reduce barriers to participation and substantially expand our Travel Grants program, along with several additional donors whose meaningful contributions further strengthened this effort. Through their collective generosity, we were able to provide travel assistance to every applicant from Latin America and the Caribbean, creating greater opportunities for researchers, conservationists, students, and practitioners to participate in Guadalajara and exchange knowledge and ideas.

As co-hosts, our goal is to ensure a rewarding and enjoyable experience for all attendees. If you have questions or need assistance, our team will be available throughout the Symposium to support you. This event would not be possible without the dedication of the Turtle Survival Alliance and Zoológico Guadalajara teams. We extend our sincere thanks to the Turtle Survival Alliance Board of Directors; Program Committee members Jen Gibbons, Jordan Gray, and Samantha Nottingham; and the staff members of Turtle Survival Alliance and Zoológico Guadalajara for their dedication and support. We are especially grateful to Maria Eugenia Martínez Arizmendi of Zoológico Guadalajara for her invaluable leadership and contributions to the planning and execution of this year’s Symposium.

Sincerely, Marc Dupuis-Desormeaux, President and CEO, Turtle Survival Alliance Natalia Gallego-García, Co-Chair, IUCN SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group Craig Stanford, Co-Chair, IUCN SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group Luis Soto Rendón, Director General, Zoológico Guadalajara

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From the Program Committee: Welcome to Guadalajara!

2026 Symposium Program

Dear Esteemed Guests and Colleagues, For the first time in the history of the Annual Symposium on the Conservation and Biology of Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles, we gather outside the United States in Guadalajara, México. We are honored to partner with Zoológico Guadalajara to host this milestone event. As México's largest zoo and a leading institution for wildlife conservation, Zoológico Guadalajara provides an exceptional setting for this international gathering. Guadalajara is celebrated as the birthplace of mariachi music and a center of Méxican arts, culture, and innovation.

For naturalists, Guadalajara offers a remarkable window into the biodiversity of western México. Just beyond the city lies the Bosque La Primavera Flora and Fauna Protection Area, a protected volcanic forest spanning more than 30,000 hectares and recognized as one of México's premier urban nature reserves. Home to an extraordinary diversity of plant and animal life, La Primavera showcases the region's rich biodiversity and offers recreation and wildlife observation.

Attendees have the option to extend their visit and experience the natural landscapes surrounding Guadalajara through two optional guided excursions hosted by Descender Aventuras. Participants may choose between a guided hike through the Bosque La Primavera Flora and Fauna Protection Area, highlighting its biodiversity and volcanic landscapes, or Cañón del Conejo, a beginner-friendly canyoning and rappelling adventure featuring dramatic scenery and unforgettable views. These excursions showcase the natural beauty of western México beyond the Symposium.

For more than two decades, the Symposium has stood as a testament to the enduring commitment and collective efforts of those dedicated to conserving tortoises, freshwater turtles, and their native habitats. It brings together researchers, conservation practitioners, students, and wildlife professionals from around the world to exchange ideas, build partnerships, and celebrate progress in protecting these remarkable species. As we gather for our first international Symposium, our theme, "¡Que vivan las tortugas!" ("Long live the turtles!"), reflects both a celebration of turtle diversity and a renewed commitment to ensuring these ancient reptiles continue to thrive for generations to come. We hope this week leaves you inspired, energized, and equipped with new ideas and collaborations that will strengthen chelonian conservation across the globe.

This year's program features more than 120 oral and poster presentations delivered by researchers and conservationists representing 22 countries around the world. Scientific sessions span a broad range of topics, including Kinosternids, Applied Ecology, From Science to Policy, Climate Change, and many others, reflecting the diversity and interdisciplinary nature of modern chelonian conservation. Beyond the scientific sessions, attendees can further develop their skills through six hands-on workshops focused on chelonian medicine, conservation genetics, wildlife photography, wildlife filmography, scientific study design, and radio telemetry. Together, these workshops provide practical tools participants can apply to research, conservation, and wildlife management.

This unique gathering would not be possible without the support of many individuals and organizations. Please join us in thanking our sponsors, listed in alphabetical order: Kristin Berry, Dallas Zoo, Desert Tortoise Council, Chelonian Research Foundation, Guangdong Juliu Pet Product Co., Ltd., John Iverson, Little Ray's Exhibitions, Anders Rhodin, Robert and Tally Sinclair, Sonotronics, Brett Stearns, SWCA Environmental Consultants, Reid Taylor, Turtle Conservancy, Douglas F. Trainor, and our two anonymous donors.

May this Symposium inspire us to carry forward the spirit of ¡Que vivan las tortugas! and strengthen our shared commitment to ensuring turtles and tortoises continue to thrive for generations to come.

Sincerely,

Jennifer Gibbons​​ Event Coordinator​ Turtle Survival Alliance​

Jordan Gray​ External Relations Manager​ Turtle Survival Alliance​ ​

Samantha Nottingham Chief Development Officer Turtle Survival Alliance

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Behler and Pritchard Turtle Conservation Awards 2026

2026 Symposium Program

This year the 21st annual Behler Turtle Conservation Award celebrates and honors Sabine Schoppe. Sabine is a German conservation biologist whose career spans more than three decades of work in the Philippines. After earning a Ph.D. in Germany, she moved to the Philippines in 1995, where she has since combined scientific research with practical conservation action. Her early work included ornithological surveys and community-based coastal resource management, helping to shape her collaborative approach to biodiversity conservation.

She was a co-founder of the Philippine-based NGO, Katala Foundation, and its Philippine Cockatoo Conservation Program, and then also founded the Philippine/Palawan Freshwater Turtle Conservation Program, focusing on one of the Philippines’ most critically endangered endemic species: the Palawan Forest Turtle (Siebenrockiella leytensis). Under her leadership, this program has achieved several conservation milestones, including the establishment of the first protected area for the Palawan Forest Turtle, and its first successful conservation breeding. Through partnerships with Turtle Conservancy and Rainforest Trust, critical habitats have also been secured to protect important wild populations.

In 2015, Sabine led the response to a large wildlife rescue operation involving the Palawan Forest Turtle, after some 4,000 individuals were confiscated from the illegal wildlife trade. Working with veterinarians and conservation specialists from around the world, including the Turtle Survival Alliance and Turtle Conservancy, she helped rehabilitate and return thousands of turtles to the wild, while initiating a large-scale post-release monitoring program. For these efforts, she was honored with the 2015 Andrew Sabin Award for Excellence in Chelonian Conservation.

Today, Sabine is recognized as one of the Philippines’ foremost conservationists. Her work demonstrates how scientific research, species conservation, wildlife law enforcement, and community stewardship can be successfully combined to protect some of the world's most threatened species and ecosystems.

Tragically, Sabine is seriously ill at this time, and medically unable to travel—her award will instead be accepted by her longtime conservation associate in Palawan, Diverlie Dela Cruz Acosta. We will miss her presence at the Symposium, but will honor and celebrate her outstanding contributions and be with her in spirit.

We also honor four Pritchard Turtle Conservation Lifetime Achievement Awardees this year, all for their outstanding long-term contributions to turtle conservation and biology: Oscar Flores-Villela of México for his long-term work on Mexican turtles while also teaching and mentoring many herpetologists; Sue Carstairs of Canada for her longtime veterinary work on turtles in Canada; Jim Harding of the United States for his long-term focus on turtle conservation, notably on Wood Turtles (Glyptemys insculpta) in Michigan; and Frank Slavens of the United States for his long-term work on the captive care of turtles at the Woodland Park Zoo in Washington and work on wild Pacific Pond Turtles (Actinemys marmorata) with his wife, Kate. We thank all of them for their lifetimes of dedication, perseverance, and achievements in making a major difference for turtles.

We also remember and honor Jim Buskirk and Dawn Wilson of the United States, who both passed recently, with Posthumous Turtle Conservation Appreciation Awards. We honor Jim for his long-term work on global turtles, notably in Latin America, and Dawn for her important work on mud turtles (Kinosternon) and Gopher and Desert tortoises (Gopherus).

The IUCN SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group and Turtle Survival Alliance are joined by the Turtle Conservancy and the Turtle Conservation Fund as co-presenters of the Behler and Pritchard awards, bringing together four turtle conservation organizations closely tied to both John Behler’s and Peter Pritchard’s legacies. Additional support for the Behler Award and its honorarium is also gratefully received from the following generous co-sponsors: Re:wild, Andrew Sabin Family Foundation, Chelonian Research Foundation, Congdon-Dickson Turtle Ecology Fund, George Meyer, Brett Stearns, Judith Behler Howells, Deb Behler, Whit Gibbons, and Patricia and Alan Koval.

Congratulations to Sabine, Oscar, Sue, Jim, and Frank, and thank you all for your major efforts on behalf of turtles and their conservation—your recognition as Behler and Pritchard Honorees is most highly deserved!

Co-Chairs and Vice-Chairs, Behler/Pritchard Turtle Conservation Award Committee, Anders G.J. Rhodin, Rick Hudson, Vivian Páez, Peter Paul van Dijk, and Andrew D. Walde

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Code of Conduct

2026 Symposium Program

INTRODUCTION The Turtle Survival Alliance Foundation (TSA) and the IUCN SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (TFTSG) are committed to providing a safe, productive, and welcoming environment for all volunteers and Symposium participants at both in-person meetings and on virtual platforms. Individuals attending the Symposium and associated events have a right to an environment free from discrimination, bullying, inappropriate behavior, and harassment. These behaviors will not be tolerated at Symposium activities, including field trips associated with the Symposium (whether onsite or at a different venue), social events and those held at public or private facilities (including banquets). Each participant, including any speaker, poster presenter, exhibitor, or volunteer, any guest of a participant, any service provider and any TSA director, officer, employee, contractor or intern, and any TFTSG member will receive and must agree to abide by the terms of this Symposium Code of Conduct (Symposium Code) when registering for the Symposium. Participants may also be required to abide by any other policies or rules in furtherance of the Symposium Code announced at the Symposium.

TSA, the TFTSG, and the Symposium venue host reserve the right to change or alter the Symposium program or to remove a speaker, poster presenter, vendor and/or sponsor at any time. Anyone who has violated this Symposium Code in the past or who is violating this Symposium Code may be denied or removed immediately from a speaking or presentation opportunity and may be subject to other sanctions set out in this Code.

This Symposium Code defines expected and unacceptable behavior at the Symposium and Symposium-associated events, both in-person and virtual, and the procedures for reporting and addressing unacceptable behavior (i.e., violations of the Symposium Code), including potential outcomes and consequences of unacceptable conduct. A violation of this Code may also constitute a violation of TSA’s Code of Ethics.

EXPECTED CONDUCT: Examples of expected and acceptable behaviors include, but are not limited to: ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Conduct yourself at the Symposium as you would at your place of work including, but not limited to, all Symposium-sponsored or affiliated presentations, workshops, socials, banquets, fundraising activities, and field trips.

Treat everyone with respect and consideration, and value a diversity of views, opinions, and cultural practices.

Communicate thoughtfully with others and be considerate of the multitude of views and opinions that are different than your own, in all situations including but not limited to while presenting, in one-on-one conversations, at exhibitor tables, and within group discussions.

Assume good intentions of all participants.

Critique ideas rather than individuals and avoid personal attacks directed towards others.

Be mindful of your surroundings and sensitive to the experience of fellow participants.

Welcome new participants and value the diversity they bring to the Symposium.

Ask before initiating physical contact.

Engage in friendly, consensual interactions among individuals and avoid potentially nonconsensual physical contact with others.

At Symposium events where alcoholic beverages are served, drink responsibly while also upholding the standards described in this Code.

Report any situation that violates this Symposium Code or someone in distress in the manner described below.

Comply with all applicable laws, including wildlife protection laws.

Respect the rules, policies, and property of the Symposium venue, hotels, or contracted facility.

Look out for the safety and comfort of your friends and colleagues.

Be proactive in addressing potential conflicts by addressing them in a timely and respectful manner.

Publicly sharing sensitive turtle locality data which might create risks to those sites from illegal collection (poaching) is strongly discouraged.

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Code of Conduct

2026 Symposium Program

UNACCEPTABLE CONDUCT TSA and TFTSG have zero tolerance for any form of discrimination, objectification, bullying or harassment, including without limitation sexual, sexual identity, and racial/ethnic harassment. Behavior that is acceptable to one person may not be acceptable to another, so participants in the Symposium and events must use discretion to ensure that their words and actions communicate respect for others. This is especially important for those in positions of seniority, as those in more junior or subordinate positions may be reluctant to express their objections or discomfort regarding unwelcome behavior due to a real or perceived imbalance of power.

Participation in, or facilitation or promotion of, harassment, intimidation, or discriminatory behaviors at the Symposium in person, on virtual platforms or social media associated with the Symposium, or during other associated activities organized

by TSA or TFTSG will not be tolerated. TSA and TFTSG reserve the right to take any action deemed necessary and appropriate, including the immediate removal or blocking of individuals from virtual or social media platforms and the deletion of comments from the same, if comments or behavior are deemed to be unacceptable.

Unacceptable behavior includes, but is not limited to: ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Physical, emotional, verbal abuse or threats against any attendee, speaker, volunteer, exhibitor, TSA director, officer or employee, TFTSG member, service provider or other Symposium or event guest.

Disruption of talks at the Symposium or other associated events/activities organized by TSA or TFTSG. For exhibitors and individuals: placement or removal of materials on exhibitors’ tables other than your own without permission.

Photographing/copying/sharing of presentation slides if the presenter includes a statement or image indicating confidentiality or copyright protection.

Publicly sharing the location or contact information of any other participant beyond information shared in the Symposium materials.

Making discriminatory comments.

Reporting an incident in bad faith.

HARASSMENT Sexual harassment is unacceptable conduct of a sexual nature that makes a person feel uncomfortable. Harassment of any type, including sexual, sexual identity or racial/ethnic harassment, may also violate applicable US and Mexican laws.

Examples of behavior constituting sexual harassment include, but are not limited to: Non-verbal Conduct ● Unwelcome physical contact or inappropriate touching ● Physical violence, including sexual assault ● The use of threats or rewards to solicit sexual favors ● Display of sexually explicit or suggestive material or images ● Sending sexually explicit messages or images electronically or by phone ● Sexually suggestive gestures ● Whistling or “cat calling” Verbal Conduct ● Comments, jokes or insults based on appearance, age, private life, etc. ● Sexual comments, stories, or jokes ● Unwelcome sexual advances ● Repeated and unwanted invitations for dates or physical intimacy ● Condescending or sexist remarks

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Code of Conduct

2026 Symposium Program

REPORTING UNACCEPTABLE CONDUCT Anyone reporting a violation or suspected violation of the Symposium Code must be acting in good faith and have reasonable grounds for believing the information disclosed indicates a violation of the Code.

If you believe that you or anyone else is, or is about to be, a victim of conduct which is criminal in nature, please contact local law enforcement by calling 911 and immediately notify facility security. When time permits, please share your experience per the reporting procedure set forth below.

If you believe that you or anyone else is the subject of conduct of any sort that may violate this Symposium Code, whether or not it is conduct that may result, or did result, in notification of law enforcement or facility security, please report this by contacting the following individuals in person at the Symposium or via email or phone: Name: Marc Dupuis-Desormeaux, CEO of TSA Email : marc@turtlesurvival.org Mobile phone: 647-221-1929 Name: Samantha Nottingham, Chief Development Officer of TSA Email: samantha@turtlesurvival.org Mobile phone: 719-510-4427 Name: Craig Stanford, Co-Chair, TFTSG Email: stanford@usc.edu Mobile phone: 626-497-0699 Name: Natalia Gallego-García, Co-chair, TFTSG, Director of Conservation Genetics of TSA Email: ngallego@turtlesurvival.org Mobile phone: +57 318 2908189 Name: Jeffrey Travers, Chief Operating Officer of TSA Email: jtravers@turtlesurvival.org Mobile phone: 202-222-8382 If your complaint is made against anyone who is a director, officer or employee of TSA, you may file a report under TSA’s Whistleblower Policy, which is available on its website. The TSA representative who receives the report of the complaint or concern has the responsibility to ensure that it is investigated. The reporter may choose to remain anonymous.

Violations of the Symposium Code should be reported to one of the above-named persons as soon as possible after the violation has occurred. If the report is verbal, the representative contacted may later request a written report. The report should include all the pertinent documentation needed for TSA, on behalf of itself and TFTSG, to investigate the violation (including but not limited to date, time, misconduct observed, name of the person accused, and names of others who may have witnessed the misconduct, and any visual or audio evidence of the violation). Reports of violations or suspected violations will be kept confidential to the extent possible, consistent with the need to conduct an adequate investigation or to the extent allowed by law. All complaints will be treated seriously and responded to as promptly as possible. Actions to be taken will be discussed beforehand with the victim of the violation, wherever possible.

Complaints will be handled with respect for the privacy of the victim and the alleged violator and will be confidential to the extent practical, given the circumstances.

If a complainant believes that the violation is of a criminal nature, TSA will assist the victim, if requested, in notifying legal authorities. If the victim does not believe that the complaint is of a criminal nature, the TSA representative(s) receiving the complaint will contact and listen to the victim and discuss next steps.

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Code of Conduct

2026 Symposium Program

TSA, on behalf of itself and TFTSG, will employ a “Two Strikes” policy for most Symposium Code violations depending on the severity of the offense. Individuals will receive a verbal and/or written warning as described below for a first violation.

Following the second violation, more severe consequences may be levied. An exception to this Two Strikes policy will be made when an egregious violation occurs (including, but not limited to, one that requires intervention by venue security or law enforcement). In such instances TSA, on behalf of itself and TFTSG, may proceed directly to Removal, Rescission, or Barring Participation.

Two Strike Policy: Strike 1: Warning Anyone requested to stop unacceptable behavior is expected to comply immediately; this strike will be considered a first “strike” warning.

A person who has engaged in unacceptable behavior may be warned of an alleged or actual Symposium Code violation at any time during the Symposium, or afterwards based on the timing of reporting and opportunity for an appropriate investigation.

Strike 2: Removal, Rescission, or Barring Participation Upon egregious violation, or following a second incident of unacceptable behavior which constitutes a violation (i.e., the second “strike”), authorized officers or employees of TSA or venue security may take any action which, in their discretion, is deemed necessary and appropriate, including immediate removal of the violator from the Symposium without warning or refund of any amounts paid to attend the Symposium or associated field trips or events. TSA reserves the right to: ●

Prohibit attendance by the violator at any future Symposium or any other Turtle Survival Alliance-organized or hosted event, as well as at, or in, any Turtle Survival Alliance working group or other Turtle Survival Alliance-related activity.

●

Deny consideration of the violator for any award, endorsement, leadership role, or project assignment associated with Turtle Survival Alliance.

PERSONAL SAFETY Turtle Survival Alliance works with venue staff to make sure that meeting participants are safe. If you believe that you or anyone else is in immediate danger at any time, please contact local law enforcement by calling 911 and immediately notify facility security.

If you are in need of emergency assistance in connection with the serious injury or arrest of a U.S. citizen, the international parental abduction of a U.S. citizen child, or if you are a U.S. citizen in immediate distress, call 55 2579 2000. U.S. citizens may call the U.S. Consulate in Guadalajara during business hours for non-emergency assistance at 52 334 170 8599 or 52 338 526 1444.

All participants should report any questionable activity to a Turtle Survival Alliance director, officer or employee, or to venue security, for immediate action. If you see something, say something. As a participant: ● ● ● ● ●

Always be aware of your surroundings.

Regardless of where you are, use the buddy system when walking to and from the Symposium venue and networking events, especially during early or late hours.

Do not wear your Symposium badge on the street. Take it off as soon as you leave the venue.

Do not carry a lot of cash.

Do not leave personal property unattended anywhere at any time.

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Code of Conduct ●

2026 Symposium Program

Be mindful of using apps (like dating apps) to connect with people you do not know. The U.S. State department issued an alert on the risks of using these apps in Mexico: https://mx.usembassy.gov/security-alert-use-caution-when-using-dating-apps.

TSA will provide transportation between official Symposium events. Use local taxis and rideshare apps at your own risk.

Read about the current travel risk advisory from the U.S. Department of State at https://travel.state.gov/en/international-travel/travel-advisories/mexico.html. While this advisory is intended for U.S. citizens all attendees may find the information useful.

Please be mindful of your health while in Mexico. The US Centers for Disease Control provides tips on how to stay healthy while traveling: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/traveler/none/mexico.

Last signed and approved by the Governance Committee of the Board of Directors: January 28, 2026.

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Symposium Notes

2026 Symposium Program

Photo Policy Photographers will be taking pictures at the conference, which may be used for promotional, educational, and other Turtle Survival Alliance- or IUCN SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group- related purposes. By registering for or participating in the meeting and related activities, attendees consent to the use and distribution of their image and/or voice as captured in photographs, video, or audio recordings of the meeting.

Participants retain ownership of photographs and other images they voluntarily upload to the Whova conference app. By uploading such content, participants grant Turtle Survival Alliance and the IUCN SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to use those images for promotional, educational, archival, and other Turtle Survival Alliance- or IUCN SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group- related purposes.

Symposium Art & T-Shirt Design We're excited to unveil this year's Symposium artwork, created by Abby Lewis. The ornamental motif features the Vallarta Mud Turtle (Kinosternon vogti), a species exhibited at Zoológico Guadalajara, which also maintains an assurance colony in support of its conservation, and one that Turtle Survival Alliance and our partners are actively working to protect.

The artwork also incorporates this year's Symposium theme, "¡Que vivan las tortugas!" ("Long live the turtles!"), celebrating our shared commitment to ensuring turtles thrive for generations to come. Wear the official Symposium T-shirt throughout the event and beyond as a symbol of the global community united to protect the world's tortoises and freshwater turtles.

This beautiful design appears throughout the Symposium on our printed program, signage, and official T-shirt. Preordered shirts will be available at the registration desk, and a limited number will also be available for purchase at the Turtle Survival Alliance vendor table.

Social Media Join the conversation!

Post photos and share your experiences at the Annual Symposium!

Tag @TurtleSurvival and use hashtags #TSA2026 #24thAnnualSymposium when you post about the meeting or to follow along! Stay up to date on the latest in turtle conservation news by following Turtle Survival Alliance on social media.

Facebook / Instagram / X / Bluesky / TikTok / LinkedIn / YouTube — @TurtleSurvival

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Symposium Notes

2026 Symposium Program

Symposium App The Whova app allows Symposium attendees to check schedules digitally, select sessions and activities, and create a personalized agenda. The app also provides opportunities for participants to network and connect, and can be used for live updates and announcements via push notifications.

We’re excited about features that will make the event more interactive, including live polling, mobile surveys, session feedback, and a community board where attendees can discuss meet-ups, session topics, recent discoveries, and more.

And because the app is gamified, attendees can get competitive by tracking scores on a leaderboard and participating in photo contests throughout the week. Participants can also upload and share their Symposium photos directly through the app, helping capture memorable moments, connect with fellow attendees, and showcase the experiences that make this event special.

Silent Auction Notes As in previous years, the Annual Symposium will once again feature a Silent Auction. This year’s auction will take place August 4–5 in Salon Tulipan (map on proceeding page). Proceeds from the auction help offset conference expenses and, most importantly, support our Travel Grant program.

We encourage everyone to bring at least one item to donate to the auction. Donated items should have a minimum value of $25 USD. Popular donations include books, regional specialties, cultural or handcrafted items, curios, artwork, or anything that reflects your work, institution, community, or local traditions. Please bring your auction item to the registration desk when you arrive so it can be included in the auction.

Your contribution makes a meaningful difference and helps us continue providing valuable opportunities for our community.

We look forward to another successful Silent Auction and appreciate everyone who helps make this event possible.

Mentor Breakfast This year, we’re excited to again offer a way to learn and connect—over breakfast. Our Mentor Breakfast offers a fun opportunity for students and early-career professionals to engage with experienced conservationists in an informal, small-group setting, and will be offered on Wednesday, August 5.

Mentors have the opportunity to volunteer to host a breakfast table, welcoming up to three mentees for a sponsored meal and meaningful conversation. Whether you’re seeking career advice, guidance on research, or insight into the field, this is a great chance to learn from those who’ve walked the path before you.

We encourage students and anyone looking for mentorship to sign up, and we hope you’ll take full advantage of this special experience!

Workshops We’re thrilled to offer a series of hands-on workshops designed to strengthen your skills and expand your conservation toolkit. Covering topics from research methods and field techniques to genetics, wildlife documentation, and chelonian care, these sessions offer valuable learning opportunities for students, professionals, and anyone interested in advancing turtle conservation.

Open to all attendees, these workshops will take place on Monday, August 3, at the Zoológico Guadalajara. Learn from experts in the field as you explore approaches to turtle research, monitoring, conservation genetics, wildlife photography and videography, and the integrated care and management of confiscated chelonians.

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Symposium Navigation

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Symposium Venue Information The Symposium meetings, workshops, and sessions will take place at two venues: the Zoológico Guadalajara and the Fiesta Americana Guadalajara (map on proceeding page). Registration will be open August 2–5 in the Galleria Fiesta, located on the lower level of the Fiesta Americana Guadalajara. Workshops, plenary sessions, and the icebreaker social will be held on Monday, August 3, at the Zoológico Guadalajara, while concurrent sessions and the awards banquet will take place August 4–5 at the Fiesta Americana Guadalajara, in Salons Dahlia and Lila and Stelaris, respectively.

Symposium Map (Zoológico Guadalajara)

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Symposium Map (Fiesta Americana Guadalajara)

Visit Our Vendors in Salon Tulipan We invite you to stop by the vendor tables located in Salon Tulipan on August 4 and 5. We’re pleased to welcome vendors Sonotronics, Students Conserving Nature (Estudiantes Conservando la Naturaleza), Turtle Conservancy, and Turtle Conservation Society of Malaysia, each offering unique products and resources aligned with our shared conservation values.

Be sure to visit the Turtle Survival Alliance table to explore our latest merchandise, including this year’s festive symposium exclusive: Toma Tequila. Salva Tortugas. (Drink Tequila. Save Turtles.) T-shirts.

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Schedule At-a-Glance

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Sunday, August 2, 2026 2:00 PM - 5:00 PM

Registration Open ……………………………………….…………… Galería Fiesta (Fiesta Americana)

2:00 PM - 5:00 PM

Silent Auction Item Drop-off ……………………………………….…Galería Fiesta (Fiesta Americana)

Monday, August 3, 2026 7:30 AM - 12:00 PM ​

Registration Open ………………………………………….………… Galería Fiesta (Fiesta Americana)

7:30 AM - 12:00 PM ​

Silent Auction Item Drop-off …………………………….………….. Galería Fiesta (Fiesta Americana)

8:00 AM​​

Bus Departs for Workshops at Zoológico Guadalajara ………...………….… Lobby (Fiesta Americana)

8:30 AM - 1:00 PM ​

Registration Open ……………...………………………………………………... Zoológico Guadalajara

9:00 AM - 5:00 PM ​

Zoo Day — Behind-the-Scenes Tours …………………………………………... Zoológico Guadalajara

9:00 AM - 12:00 PM ​

Concurrent Workshops …………………………………………………………... Zoológico Guadalajara

12:00 PM - 1:15 PM ​

Lunch Break ……………………………………………………………….……. Zoológico Guadalajara

12:15 PM ​

Bus Departs for Plenary Sessions at Zoológico Guadalajara ……..……….… Lobby (Fiesta Americana)

1:00 PM - 4:00 PM

Registration Open ……………………………………………….….... Galería Fiesta (Fiesta Americana)

1:00 PM - 5:00 PM​

Silent Auction Item Drop-off ……………………………..….………. Galería Fiesta (Fiesta Americana)

2:00 PM - 4:30 PM​

Vendor Set Up …………………………….………….……….……… Salon Tulipan (Fiesta Americana)

1:15 PM - 5:45 PM​

Plenary Sessions ……………………………..…………………………………... Zoológico Guadalajara

5:00 PM

Bus Departs for Icebreaker Social at Zoológico Guadalajara ……..…...….… Lobby (Fiesta Americana)

5:00 AM - 6:00 PM

Registration Open ……………...………………………………………………... Zoológico Guadalajara

6:00 PM - 8:00 PM ​

Icebreaker Social ……………………………………….………………………... Zoológico Guadalajara

8:15 PM ​

Bus Departs Zoológico Guadalajara for Fiesta Americana ……..……Entrance (Zoológico Guadalajara)

Tuesday, August 4, 2026 7:30 AM - 12:00 PM ​

Registration Open ……………………….…………………………… Galería Fiesta (Fiesta Americana)

7:30 AM - 8:30 AM ​

Poster Set Up …………………….………………………………………….... Foyer (Fiesta Americana)

7:30 AM - 8:30 AM ​

Vendor Set Up …………………………….………………….……… Salon Tulipan (Fiesta Americana)

7:30 AM - 10:30 AM​

Silent Auction Item Drop-off ……………………………..….………. Galería Fiesta (Fiesta Americana)

8:30 AM - 4:30 PM

Exhibit Hall Open …………………………….……………………… Salon Tulipan (Fiesta Americana)

8:30 AM - 4:30 PM​

Poster Viewing ……………………………….……………………………….. Foyer (Fiesta Americana)

8:45 AM - 4:15 PM

Concurrent Sessions …………..………………….………… Salons Dahlia and Lila (Fiesta Americana)

10:15 AM - 10:30 AM

Morning Session Break ……………………………………..…………..……. Foyer (Fiesta Americana)

12:00 PM - 4:30 PM​

Silent Auction Bidding Open ……………………………...………… Salon Tulipan (Fiesta Americana)

12:00 PM - 1:30 PM ​

Lunch Break ……………………………………..……. Moxaico (Fiesta Americana) or local restaurant

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12:00 PM - 1:30 PM

TFTSG Leadership Meeting (invitation only) ……………………..….……. Azalea (Fiesta Americana)

1:00 PM - 4:00 PM

Registration Open ……………………………………………….….... Galería Fiesta (Fiesta Americana)

2:30 PM - 2:45 PM​

Afternoon Session Break ………………………………………….………….. Foyer (Fiesta Americana)

5:00 PM - 7:00 PM

Poster Session Social ……………………….…………………………...……. Foyer (Fiesta Americana)

Wednesday, August 5, 2026 7:30 AM - 12:00 PM ​

Registration Open ……………………….…………………………… Galería Fiesta (Fiesta Americana)

7:30 AM - 8:30 AM ​

Mentor Breakfast ……………………….……………………………….… Moxaico (Fiesta Americana)

7:30 AM - 3:00 PM​

Poster Viewing ……………………………….……………………………….. Foyer (Fiesta Americana)

8:30 AM - 4:00 PM

Exhibit Hall Open …………………………….……………………… Salon Tulipan (Fiesta Americana)

8:30 AM - 2:45 PM​

Silent Auction Bidding Open ……………………………...………… Salon Tulipan (Fiesta Americana)

8:45 AM - 3:45 PM

Concurrent Sessions ……………………………….……….. Salons Dahlia and Lila (Fiesta Americana)

10:15 AM - 10:30 AM

Morning Session Break ……………………………………..…………..……. Foyer (Fiesta Americana)

12:00 PM - 1:15 PM ​

Lunch Break ……………………………………..……. Moxaico (Fiesta Americana) or local restaurant

2:30 - 2:45 PM​

Afternoon Session Break ………………………………………….………….. Foyer (Fiesta Americana)

​

2:45 PM​​

Silent Auction Bidding Closes ………………………………………. Salon Tulipan (Fiesta Americana)

3:00 PM​​

Poster Takedown ………………………………………….………….. Galería Fiesta (Fiesta Americana)

3:45 PM

Auction Item Pick-up ……..……………………….………………… Salon Tulipan (Fiesta Americana)

4:30 PM​​

Vendor Breakdown ……………………………..……………………. Salon Tulipan (Fiesta Americana)

6:00 PM - 7:00 PM

Behler Award Social (invitation only) …………………………… Presidential Suite (Fiesta Americana)

7:00 PM - 9:30 PM

Awards Banquet Dinner …..………………………………….……… Salon Stelaris (Fiesta Americana)

Thursday, August 6, 2026 7:00 AM - 12:00 PM ​

Optional Field Trip (Bosque La Primavera Hike) .………………..…… Departs from Fiesta Americana

7:00 AM - 4:00 PM ​

Optional Field Trip (Canyon Rappelling) .………………..…………… Departs from Fiesta Americana

9:00 AM - 3:00 PM ​

Optional Zoo Day — Behind-the-Scenes Tours ………………………………... Zoológico Guadalajara

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Workshop Abstracts

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Study Design for Turtle Biology and Conservation With Thomas Akre and Eduardo Reyes Grajales This workshop will cover essential aspects of study design for turtle conservation research, from animal behavior and individual fitness to resource selection, population assessments, and species distributions. Drawing from insights gained over 25 years through our work with several conservation research networks in the United States, Mexico, and Asia, including partnerships with numerous universities, NGOs, and state and national wildlife agencies, we will explore insights, lessons learned, and remaining questions in an interactive workshop.

Genetics and Genomics for Turtle Conservation With Brad Shaffer and Natalia Gallego-García This workshop will cover the basic concepts of conservation genetics, techniques for tissue collection for DNA analysis, commonly used statistical analyses and their applications, and current costs based on U.S. pricing. Our goal is to introduce participants to the methods and approaches we believe hold the greatest promise for addressing immediate conservation needs while providing a practical understanding of their strengths and limitations. The workshop will also include time for participants to share their current and future conservation genetics projects, discuss potential challenges, and explore possible solutions collaboratively.

Integrated Management, Diagnosis, and Care Protocols for Confiscated Chelonians With David Espinosa Avilés, Ricardo Dávalos & Andrea Saucedo This workshop will provide participants with the knowledge and practical skills required for the comprehensive care of confiscated chelonians, drawing on the experience of Guadalajara Zoo in responding to emergencies associated with the illegal turtle trade. Participants will learn protocols for animal intake, clinical stabilization, diagnostic procedures, medical treatment, and post-mortem evaluation, as well as strategies for the integrated management of large groups of confiscated animals. The workshop is designed to strengthen the technical competencies needed for the professional care and management of confiscated chelonians under human care.

Basics of Radiotelemetry for Freshwater Turtles With Ninette Daniele This workshop introduces participants to VHF radiotelemetry techniques for freshwater turtles, including transmitter types, aquatic signal behavior, and safe, effective attachment methods. Attendees will learn receiver tuning, field-tracking strategies, and data-recording practices through a combination of instruction and hands-on exercises. Participants will build confidence in applying radio-tags, locating turtles, and using telemetry data to support conservation efforts, habitat-use assessments, and studies of seasonal ecology.

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Wildlife Photography With Scott Trageser Join photographer Scott Trageser for a hands-on workshop covering essential to advanced wildlife photography techniques.

Participants will learn how to optimize lighting, composition, and camera settings to suit field conditions, as well as how to ethically photograph wildlife in a way that minimizes disturbance. The session will conclude with a live demonstration, where attendees can observe and participate in photographing a turtle using non-invasive methods that prioritize both image quality and animal welfare.

Mobile Wildlife Videography With Marlon del Aguila This workshop explores how photogrammetry and 3D printing can be harnessed to support turtle conservation. Participants will follow the full digital-to-physical pipeline—from scanning a live animal to producing a 3D model for education, research, or outreach. Scott will cover the photogrammetry workflow, including setup, field techniques, and best practices for capturing high-fidelity models using non-invasive methods developed by The Biodiversity Group. Nathan will guide attendees through the 3D printing process for producing detailed replicas.

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Contemporary Distribution and Molecular Assessment of the Eritrean Side-Necked Turtle (Pelomedusa gehafie) in Eritrea, Horn of Africa 1 KALEAB B. ABRAHA , TITUS ADHOLA, AND THEODORE J. PAPENFUSS 1 University of Nairobi and Ministry of Agriculture (Eritrea), Nairobi, Nairobi County, Kenya [kaleab@students.uonbi.ac.ke / ruthsky100@gmail.com] The Eritrean Side-necked Turtle (Pelomedusa gehafie) is a freshwater species of the Horn of Africa for which contemporary ecological and genetic data remain extremely limited. Historical knowledge of the species is based largely on early descriptions and scattered records, with little recent field-based information available to guide conservation or confirm its taxonomic status. This study provides the first integrated assessment of the distribution and molecular identity of P. gehafie across representative freshwater systems in Eritrea. Field surveys were conducted across diverse freshwater habitats including seasonal rivers, streams, ponds, reservoirs, and man-made water bodies. Turtles were captured using baited traps and active searches, and liver tissue samples were collected for molecular analysis. Mitochondrial DNA was sequenced and phylogenetic analyses were performed to evaluate genetic relationships among sampled populations and with regional congeners. Field observations confirmed that P. gehafie remains widely distributed across suitable freshwater habitats in both lowland and highland environments and demonstrates tolerance to seasonal hydrological variability. The species was most frequently encountered in slow-moving systems such as ponds and small dams, highlighting the importance of both natural and modified freshwater habitats. Molecular analyses revealed low genetic divergence among sampled populations, indicating a genetically cohesive lineage across Eritrea. Phylogenetic comparison with regional Pelomedusa taxa supports the distinct taxonomic identity of P. gehafie. These findings provide the first contemporary molecular confirmation of P. gehafie in Eritrea and establish a scientific baseline for its conservation. Protection of freshwater habitats and maintenance of hydrological connectivity will be essential for the long-term persistence of this species and for freshwater turtle conservation in arid and semi-arid regions of the Horn of Africa.

Oral

Status of the Philippine Forest Turtle (Siebenrockiella leytensis) Twenty Years After Its Rediscovery DIVERLIE ACOSTA1 AND SABINE SCHOPPE 1 Katala Foundation Inc., Casoy Road, Purok El Rancho, Santa Monica, Puerto Princesa City, 5300 Palawan, The Philippines [diverlieacosta@yahoo.com] The Philippine Forest Turtle (Siebenrockiella leytensis) was described in 1920 but never found at its type locality in Leyte, Philippines. It was believed to be extinct until it was rediscovered some 80 years later, and only then its race against extinction began.

Just months after the rediscovery was published, in 2004, illegally sourced-out specimens were available at pet markets in Europe, Japan, and the United States. To prevent extinction Katala Foundation Inc., a local NGO working on highly threatened species in Palawan, adopted the species as its flagship species under its Palawan Freshwater Turtle Conservation Program (PFTCP) in 2006, with the overall goal of downlisting the species by 2020. Applying a One Plan Approach, the PFTCP includes research to comprehend the biology and ecology of the species, habitat protection and restoration, awareness raising and capacity building of stakeholders, distribution surveys, assessment of population sizes and monitoring of trends, assessment of threats, rescue and rehabilitation, post-repatriation monitoring, and the management of an assurance colony and conservation breeding. The present paper concentrates on distribution surveys to define extent of occurrence and area of occupancy, catch per unit effort over its range, population trends from 2007-2024, densities, and threats. Data at hand indicate that overcollection resulted in population declines and shifts in compositions, that the collection of adults had a greater impact than that of juveniles, that the populations of the species in protected areas show signs of recovery, and that the main threat to the species is shifting now from IWT to habitat loss. A downlisting is not yet justifiable.

Oral

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Building a Community-Based Conservation Framework for the Magdalena River Turtle (Podocnemis lewyana) in the Colombian Caribbean 1 AUGUSTO RAFAEL ACOSTA PEÑA , PEARSON MCGOVERN, MARÍA FERNANDA ARROYO CANTILLO, DIEGO ALEJANDRO GÓMEZ-HOYOS, AND MARÍA VICTORIA ARIÑA CASAS 1 Universidad de los Andes; Fundación Soy Conservación, Bogotá DC, Bogotá DC, Colombia [acostaaugusto06@gmail.com] The Magdalena River Turtle (Podocnemis lewyana), an endemic and critically endangered species, faces severe threats from habitat loss, egg harvesting, and hunting. While conservation initiatives exist in other parts of its range, no prior efforts have been established at our study site in the lower Magdalena River basin. This project established a community-based conservation program for P. lewyana by integrating ecological research, local knowledge, education, and arts-based engagement. We conducted participatory fieldwork in riparian communities of the Colombian Caribbean, co-developing population monitoring protocols with fishers and engaging local students through creative storytelling and culturally grounded activities. Outcomes include the identification and georeferencing of key basking and nesting sites, preliminary observations and data collection at nest sites, increased ecological knowledge among students, and the strengthening of local stewardship, linking the river to cultural identity. We reflect on the outcomes of our first nest monitoring season, viewing it within the local socioecological context. This approach highlights the potential of integrating scientific and community-based strategies to promote conservation in data-deficient regions. Specifically, it provides a framework for the long-term monitoring and conservation of a critically endangered freshwater turtle.

Poster

Population Structure of the Critically Endangered Dahl’s Toad-Headed Turtle (Mesoclemmys dahli) AUGUSTO RAFAEL ACOSTA PEÑA1, PEARSON MCGOVERN, AND ANDRÉS LINK OSPINA 1 Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá DC, Bogotá DC, Colombia [acostaaugusto06@gmail.com] The Dahl’s Toad-headed Turtle (Mesoclemmys dahli) is an endemic and critically endangered freshwater species persisting in the highly fragmented Tropical Dry Forest eco-region of northern Colombia. It inhabits both streams and cattle tanks and has typically been found at low population densities. We assessed population structure, density, and abundance of M. dahli within a 1,000-ha protected area encompassing one of the largest remaining intact patches of this ecosystem. We also present preliminary data on movement and growth based on limited recaptures. To date, we have recorded a 1.9:1 female-to-male sex ratio and a 3.1:1 adult-to-juvenile ratio, indicating a female- and adult-biased population, but with clear evidence of recruitment. Population densities differed between streams and cattle tanks, with patterns suggesting territoriality. Most stream pools were occupied by a single adult, although occasional male–female co-occurrence was observed. The maximum recorded movement was 800 m upstream by an adult female. Our findings provide critical baseline demographic and spatial data for a knowledge gap species and region and underscore the importance of protected areas within its range. Ongoing work integrating genetic analyses, telemetry, and dietary studies will further elucidate population connectivity and habitat use across the landscape.

Oral

Designing Survey Frameworks for Rare and Hard-To-Detect Chelonians: Inferences From the Asian Brown Tortoise (Manouria emys) 1 THOMAS S. AKRE , SITI NOR BAIZURAH ABD MALIK, ANDREW D. WALDE, AND BRIAN D. HORNE 1 Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, United States of America [AkreT@si.edu] Species that are rare, cryptic, and/or threatened are often difficult to detect. Yet historically, survey methods, especially those for chelonians, have rarely accounted for differential detection, even though such estimates are essential for effective conservation

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decision-making. Advances in survey methods and technologies, (e.g., occupancy modeling, camera traps, eDNA) offer improved approaches for estimating for community and population structure of difficult-to-detect wildlife. The Asian Brown Tortoise (Manouria emys) is listed as Critically Endangered, yet its true status across its range remains uncertain. In Borneo, frequent social media observations suggest a current distribution that may be both widespread and locally relatively abundant. To address this uncertainty, we are developing a survey framework designed to evaluate M. emys populations across multiple spatial scales. The approach integrates: (1) regional and local ecological knowledge, (2) collection and curation of opportunistic encounters, (3) unstructured, spatially explicit (i.e., GPS-tracked) search effort, (4) GPS telemetry of individual movements, and (5) exploratory environmental DNA sampling. By testing this approach in Malaysian Borneo over the next 36 months, we intend to develop a protocol for assessing populations of M. emys across its range. Here, we present on the development of this protocol and its potential for use with other difficult to find chelonians in Asia, and elsewhere.

Oral

Reduction of Aquatic Habitat of Endemic Turtles From Cuatro Ciénegas, Coahuila ANDREA AGUILAR , JACQUELINE ESPINOZA PICHARDO, HANNIA R. SABAG, IVETTE CORRALES-ARELLANO, CRAIG STANFORD, MIGUEL BORJA, AND GAMALIEL CASTAÑEDA 1 Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gomez Palacio, Durango, México [aguilar.andreg@gmail.com] 1

The Cuatro Ciénegas Valley is a wetland of international importance due to its biodiversity and because it is the only habitat for three endemic semi-aquatic turtle species (Coahuila Box Turtle (Terrapene coahuila), Cuatro Ciénegas Slider (Trachemys taylori), and Cuatro Ciénegas Softshell Turtle (Apalone spinifera atra)). These species depend directly on the wetland, which has experienced significant reductions in recent decades. An analysis using Landsat imagery (30 m; 1986 and 2019) indicated a 59.1% decrease in wetland area, a 65.9% reduction in the number of water bodies, and an average 47.1% decrease in the size of each water body over a period of 33 years. Our seasonal assessment of the TC-HABIO property (PlanetScope imagery, 3 m; 2024), using a hybrid classification and the NDVI and NDWI indices, showed marked fluctuations: February had the largest wetland extent (43.1 ha), while the smallest area was recorded in October (3.6 ha). The decreasing trend begins in March (36.4 ha) and recovery starts in November (3.7 ha), suggesting a cyclical trend. These variations in permanence and extent demonstrate the fragility of the system in the face of drought periods associated with global phenomena. Previous population data for T. coahuila, together with these habitat assessments, indicate the urgent need for conservation actions to protect the ecosystem and its endemic species. The drastic reduction of the wetland, which constitutes the primary habitat of these turtles, and the observed trends place them among the most restricted-distribution species and possibly among the most threatened species in Mexico.

Oral

Comparing the Two Most Widespread Mexican Kinosternids: Notes on Morphology and Reproductive Output in the Mexican (Kinosternon integrum) and Rough-Footed (Kinosternon hirtipes) Mud Turtles of Michoacan FERNANDO DANIEL ANTELO BARBOSA1, RAÚL LÓPEZ-VIVANCO, ANAHÍ BASTIDA, AND RODRIGO MACIP-RÍOS 1 National Autonomous University of México, Morelia, Michoacan, México [fdanielantelob@gmail.com] The Mexican Mud Turtle (Kinosternon integrum) and the Rough-footed Mud Turtle (K. hirtipes) are two of the most widespread freshwater turtle species in Mexico, and both occur in Michoacan, a region that remains poorly studied. We conducted fieldwork during the summers of 2024–2025 and gathered morphological and reproductive data from 231 individuals (133 K. integrum and 98 K. hirtipes) representing six populations across central northern and southern Michoacan. Overall, individuals of K. hirtipes tended to exhibit larger body size than K. integrum. Females of K. hirtipes were larger and heavier than females of K. integrum, whereas males of K. integrum were larger and heavier than males of K. hirtipes. Males of K. integrum were larger than conspecific females, while in contrast, females of K. hirtipes were slightly larger but wider and had a taller carapace than males. We radiographed 35 females, of

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which only 16 were gravid (5 K. integrum and 11 K. hirtipes). Mean clutch size was 2.4 eggs for K. integrum and 4.9 eggs for K. hirtipes, and clutch size was positively related to female body size. Mean egg width was 16.8 mm for K. integrum and 17.2 mm for K. hirtipes and was not related to female size. Pelvic aperture increased with increasing female body size. Kinosternon hirtipes tended to be larger and produced larger clutches and slightly wider eggs than K. integrum, as expected for larger females. Sexual size dimorphism was strongly male biased in K. integrum, whereas in K. hirtipes it was female biased but less pronounced, consistent with Rensch’s rule.

Oral

Current Status of Pacific Coast Musk Turtle (Staurotypus salvinii) in Guatemala LAUREN AUGUSTINE1, VALERIE CORADO GARCIA, DIANA VELÁSQUEZ, AND CHRIS BEDNARSKI 1 Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Washington D.C., United States of America [Augustine.Lauren@phillyzoo.org] The Pacific Coast Musk Turtle (Staurotypus salvinii) is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List and protected under CITES Appendix II. Ongoing, long-term studies in Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador are working to identify S. salvinii populations, gathering genetic and demographic data. While stable populations have been identified in Mexico and El Salvador, populations in Guatemala have proven difficult to find. Associated with mangrove wetlands, a habitat with a high level of threats from anthropogenic activities and climate change, increased investigation into the current status of S. salvinii populations is needed. Surveys on Guatemala’s Pacific coast occurred in December 2024, and, despite intensive effort, only six S. salvinii were captured. In October 2025, a new location with S. salvinii was identified. This location, as well as two mangrove habitats along the El Salvadorian border within the Rio Paz Basin, will be surveyed in June 2026. Data on population demographics, animal health, and habitat quality will be collected. Currently, listed as Category 2: Endangered by the National Council for Protected Areas (CONAP) in Guatemala, S. salvinii populations are lacking critical data from which to make informed conservation decisions. Herein, we will present some preliminary results on the distribution, habitat, and health of S. salvinii populations in Guatemala.

Oral

Shelter Site Use by Sonoran Desert Tortoise (Gopherus morafkai) Relative to Space Use, Sex, and Reproductive Condition ROY C. AVERILL-MURRAY Desert Tortoise Recovery Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (retired), Tumbaco, Pichincha, Ecuador [royaverillmurray@gmail.com] Animal home ranges derive from the distribution of resources on the landscape, and shelter sites are an important resource for Sonoran Desert Tortoises (Gopherus morafkai). However, despite numerous examples of G. morafkai home range studies, most have been descriptive and based on outdated methodology. I used autocorrelated kernel density estimation to estimate G. morafkai home ranges and applied these in meta-analyses to examine how shelter density and distribution affect home ranges at two populations in Arizona (Sugarloaf, Florence Military Reservation [FMR]). I also examined the use of hibernacula, in particular, by tortoises at Sugarloaf.

Despite the ability of G. morafkai to construct their own burrows, permanent shelter availability (burrows with rock cover, caliche caves) strongly influences space use. Home-range size increased with the number of shelters at both sites, but home ranges were larger at FMR than at Sugarloaf to compensate for having 1/3 the shelter density as at Sugarloaf. Meanwhile, sex and reproductive status drive patterns of shelter use. Females had smaller home ranges than males despite including similar shelter densities. Sugarloaf females revisited shelters more often than males, likely due to use of preferred nesting sites, while lower availability meant that males and females revisited shelters similarly at FMR. Hibernaculum use differed among males, immature females, and adult females that either produced eggs or not (reproductive/non-reproductive) during the subsequent season. Both non-/reproductive females hibernated in rock burrows more often than boulder piles, soil burrows, and pallets. Adult females hibernated on southwest-facing slopes on average, while males and immature females did not show a clear directional preference. Hibernation began later when September temperatures were warmer, with males beginning ~15 d later than adult females. Hibernation ended earlier when late-winter

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temperatures were warmer, with reproductive females exiting 22–31 d before the other cohorts. Space and burrow use by G. morafkai were consistent with predictions of how animals choose patches for home ranges in ways that are optimal with respect to spatially distributed resources. In addition, adult females appear to have distinct patterns of shelter use, especially relative to their upcoming reproductive condition, both during the warm and cool seasons. However, specific mechanisms for these patterns during winter remain to be clarified.

Oral

The Ghost Turtle of Costa Rica: Natural History of the Understudied Narrow-Bridged Mud Turtle (Kinosternon angustipons) in the Atlantic Lowlands NICOL AZCONA1, AMDRIWS EMMANUEL BELLO SUAZO, L. ERNESTO OROZCO-RODRÍGUEZ, GUSTAVO ORTIZ-LÓPEZ, KAEL ALEJANDRO ESQUIVEL VEGA, EMILIANO GUTIERREZ BELL, ERICK ARIAS, RENATO SARAGOÇA BRUNO, AND JORDAN DONINI 1 Turtle Love CR, Quilpué, Valparaíso, Chile [nicolazcona.98@gmail.com] Costa Rica hosts approximately 5% of the world’s biodiversity, yet many of its species remain understudied. The Narrow-bridged Mud Turtle (Kinosternon angustipons), one of the region’s rarest chelonians, exemplifies this knowledge gap. In this study, we present natural history notes, including locality records, habitat descriptions, morphometric data, and epibiont load for this poorly known species in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica. We report observations of K. angustipons from four sites—25 individuals from three study sites in Limón province (n=23 in Batán; n=1 in Rio Jimenez; n= 1 in La Rita) and six from the Pocosol district in the Alajuela province—and include additional data from two specimens collected in Las Horquetas district in the Heredia province and preserved in the Museum of Zoology at the University of Costa Rica. Standard morphological measurements were collected, and sex, behavior, diet, and epibiont load were documented at all sites other than La Rita. The turtles from the Batán study site (n=17) averaged 123.2 ± 11.0 mm carapace length maximum (CLmax) (CLmax) while individuals from the Pocosol site (n = 6) averaged 97.5 ± 25.2 mm CLmax ), and the record lengths of 133 mm for a female and 130 mm for a male were both recorded from Batán. We documented novel behaviors, including burrowing techniques and defensive posturing. Diet observations indicated frequent frugivory (e.g., mango, banana) and consumption of sedge and grass seeds (Eleocharis, Cyperus, Brachiaria spp.), as well as invertebrate remains (e.g., coleopterans and arachnids). Leeches were common at all three sites, whereas algae was observed on only two individuals in Pocosol.

Overall, these findings document new locality records and demonstrate that K. angustipons persists in disturbed and seasonally variable habitats influenced by urbanization and agriculture. The presence of putative viable populations in degraded areas highlights both the resilience and vulnerability of this rare species, which faces ongoing threats from pollution, habitat loss, and agricultural expansion. The ecological and morphological data presented here provide an important baseline for future research and conservation planning for K. angustipons in Costa Rica.

Oral

Integrating Research and Education to Drive Turtle Conservation in Mexico CÉSAR BALDERRRAMA-RODRÍGUEZ1, YANELI PECH-ESTRELLA, FÉLIX GARCÍA-CABALLERO, MARIO UC-UC, ALEJANDRA MONSIVÁIS-MOLINA, AND TAGGERT BUTTERFIELD 1 Estudiantes Conservando la Naturaleza A.C., Álamos, Sonora, México [Cb24110024@bachilleresdesonora.edu.mx] Mexico hosts the second-highest diversity of freshwater and terrestrial turtles globally, yet the conservation status and priorities for many species remain poorly understood. To address this gap, Estudiantes Conservando la Naturaleza was founded in 2019 to implement long-term monitoring of eleven turtle species in Southern Sonora and Southern Yucatán Mexico, while training local students and incentivizing education through a scholarship program that fosters environmental stewardship. Here, we present a progress report on population monitoring efforts for 11 freshwater and terrestrial turtle species in Sonora and Yucatán, including emerging trends in abundance, distribution, and threats. Our work has identified species-specific conservation priorities and revealed

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spatial and temporal patterns critical for management, while also demonstrating the program’s role in developing local stewards of their environment. These findings provide a framework for targeted conservation actions and inform a strategy aimed at stabilizing and recovering turtle populations in the region.

Poster

Into the Wild: Trajectories for Juvenile Aldabra Giant Tortoise Translocations RICH BAXTER1, HENRIETTE GRIMMEL, AND MARIA MONTHY 1

Indian Ocean Tortoise Alliance, Glacis, Mahe, Seychelles [rich@iotaseychelles.org]

Understanding the movement ecology of juvenile Aldabra Giant Tortoises (Aldabrachelys gigantea) is critical for informing conservation and habitat management strategies. On D’Arros Island, Seychelles, we conducted a world-first study to assess spatial patterns, activity ranges, and habitat use of juvenile tortoises originating from captive herds and now living as free-roaming individuals. Using a combination of direct observations and GPS tracking, we monitored 10 juveniles over 9 months, recording movement distances, habitat preferences, and daily activity patterns. Preliminary results indicate marked behavioural variation: some juveniles are highly territorial, frequently using the same locations, while others exhibit exploratory tendencies, moving repeatedly between different areas. Overall, juveniles show restricted daily ranges and a preference for shaded canopy refugia, highlighting critical microhabitats for foraging and shelter. These findings provide baseline data to guide rewilding efforts, habitat restoration, and population management, underscoring the importance of early-life movement studies in ensuring successful integration of formerly captive juveniles into wild populations.

Oral

Landscape Genetics of a Freshwater Turtle in Desert and Anthropized River System ERNESTO BECERRA1, YESSICA RICO, MIGUEL BORJA, BRUNO RODRIGUEZ-LÓPEZ, AND LUNA MUÑOZ-PAYÁN 1

Instituto de Ecología INECOL- Universidad Juarez del Estado de Durango UJED, Torreon, Coahuila, México [jorgeebl@gmail.com]

Freshwater habitats are one of the most threatened ecosystems worldwide due to anthropogenic alterations such as dam construction, water extraction, water pollution, the presence of human settlements and agricultural crops. These habitat modifications can alter dispersal patterns and gene flow in freshwater vertebrates, which can lead to a loss of genetic diversity. One of the main consequences is the decrease in the capacity to adapt to environmental changes which seriously jeopardizes the survival of species. The Nazas Slider (Trachemys hartwegi) is a medium-sized turtle considered endemic and vulnerable by the IUCN that inhabits a desert and highly modified river in the north of Mexico. Understanding the landscape effects on turtle genetics sheds light on population genetics dynamics, and the role of landscape on genetics of freshwater species. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effect of landscape composition and configuration on genetic diversity of a freshwater turtle across a highly modified and anthropized river. Baited traps were placed alternately at nine sampling points. For each captured specimen, we took geographic coordinates, and 1 ml blood sample.

We tested the polymorphism of 15 microsatellite loci and estimated genetic diversity parameters using GenAlEx. For the analysis of landscape, we digitized land use types from drone and satellite images. To calculate landscape metrics, we performed multi-scale analysis, generating buffers from 100 to 1800m radius at 100m interval. To characterize landscape structure, we quantified different composition and configuration landscape metrics. All metrics were obtained using the landscape metrics package in R. We analyzed the effects of landscape metrics using the Generalized Linear Model (GLM) for each landscape metric and neutral genetic diversity parameters, All GLM´s were performed in R with the multifit function. The best-supported models were for expected heterozygosity (He) and allele richness (AR). The expected heterozygosity was best explained by edge density and number of river patches. Allele richness was influenced by the density of agriculture edges. Our results showed that landscape configuration is a factor that significantly influences the genetics of the Nazas slider. Therefore, habitat fragmentation becomes increasingly significant as anthropogenic activities continue to reshape natural landscapes.

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Update on the Ecology and Demography: Freshwater Turtles in the Caribbean of Costa Rica AMDRIWS EMMANUEL BELLO SUAZO1, NICOL AZCONA ORELLANA, GUSTAVO ORTIZ LÓPEZ, JAMES ZÚÑIGA, LAURA PAUNERO, ANGUS CAMERON, RENATO BRUNO, AND JORDAN DONINI 1 Turtle Love, Costa RIca, Limón, Bataán, Costa Rica [andriwsbello162@gmail.com] Between June 2023 and September 2025, we conducted a long-term ecological and demographic study of freshwater turtles in the Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica, a Neotropical biodiversity hotspot under increasing anthropogenic pressures. Using aquatic traps and opportunistic hand-captures, we obtained morphometric, demographic, and ecological data from 627 individuals belonging to six species, with 200 recaptures. The most abundant species was White-lipped Mud Turtle (Kinosternon leucostomum; n = 566), followed

by Black Wood Turtle (Rhinoclemmys funerea; n = 31), Brown Wood Turtle (Rhinoclemmys annulata; n = 19), Western Central American Slider (Trachemys grayi; n = 5), Central American Snapping Turtle (Chelydra acutirostris; n = 4), and Narrow-bridged Mud Turtle (Kinosternon angustipons; n = 2). The habitat preferences of each species were documented: K. leucostomum in floodplain forests, ephemeral wetlands, and summering grounds; R. funerea in streams and pools beneath the forest canopy; R. annulata in dunes with Chrysobalanus icaco scrub and Spondias mombin stands; T. grayi in shallow pools and coastal beaches; C. acutirostris in shallow pools; and K. angustipons in open forest habitats and residential drainage. We recorded diet through direct feeding observations and sampling of feces, as well as algae and ectoparasites on the carapaces. VHF radio telemetry provided the first data on the movement and habitat use of K. angustipons, as well as previously unpublished data on R. annulata in the region. This research addresses critical knowledge gaps regarding chelonians, contributing to conservation biology, ecosystem management, and biodiversity strategies in Central America. Our findings underscore the importance of long-term monitoring with conservation initiatives to safeguard freshwater turtle populations Oral

Cold-Water Pollution Slows the Growth of Murray River Turtles (Emydura macquarii) Hatchlings From the Murray-Darling Basin JACQUELINE BENNETT1, ERIC NORDBERG, DANIEL COLEMAN, JAMES VAN DYKE, AND DEBORAH BOWER 1 University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia [jacquiebennett@outlook.com] Globally, rivers have been heavily regulated to provide water security drastically changing their ecology. Unpredictable rainfall in southern Australia has led to regulation of 60% of rivers in the Murray Darling Basin (MDB), exposing aquatic biota to a markedly different environment to which they are adapted. Cold-water pollution occurs when water from the deep, cold, bottom layer of large dams is directly released into the river. This cold-water release reduces downstream water temperature by as much as 15ºC and ‘pollutes’ river temperatures up to 200 km downstream. Peak release of cold-water occurs during active turtle season (September to April), specifically when hatchlings are emerging from nests. Our research aimed to investigate the growth rates, basking activity and fitness of Murray River hatchlings exposed to increments of cold-water, which represent thermal pollution occurring across the Murray-Darling Basin. Forty eggs were collected from gravid Murray River Turtles in the lab and upon hatching, were systematically allocated to one of four water treatments: 15ºC, 17ºC, 19ºC and 25ºC (no cold CWP). Over a 126-study day period, fortnightly morphometric measurements revealed negligible growth in mass or skeletal size in all cold-water treatments, with minimal variation between cold-water treatment. The median mass of hatchlings in cold treatments was 4.76g, 4.70g and 5.36g at 15 ºC, 17ºC and 19ºC respectively. In contrast, hatchlings in reference temperature of 25ºC grew over 100% larger than their cold-water counterparts with a significantly greater median mass of 11.2g. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental evidence demonstrating the severe negative effect of cold-water pollution on the physiology and behaviour of freshwater turtles. Reduced growth of hatchlings in cold-water temperatures compromises body condition and survival of hatchlings which will reduce recruitment rates of freshwater turtles in cold-water reaches. Water managers should avoid cold-water releases during summer and install mitigation infrastructure such as bubblers and curtains in large dams to reduce the negative effects on freshwater turtles.

Oral

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The Cost of Conservation: Management Strategies and Monitoring Criteria for Amazonian River Turtles ROBINSON BOTERO-ARIAS1 AND CAMILA R. FERRARA 1 Turtle Conservation Program - WCS-Brasil, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil [rbotero@wcs.org] Amazonian freshwater turtles, particularly Giant Amazon River Turtle (Podocnemis expansa), have been the focus of long-term conservation efforts across the basin, combining public policies, participatory management, and technological innovation. Despite decades of conservation efforts, the relationship between management strategies, their financial costs, and their effectiveness remains insufficiently evaluated, particularly across contrasting ecological and social contexts. Several species are currently classified under the Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (TTWG) as Vulnerable, including the Yellow-Spotted River Turtle (Podocnemis unifilis) and the Red-headed Amazon River Turtle (P. erythrocephala), while the Six-tubercled Amazon River Turtle (P. sextuberculata) is listed as Threatened. Podocnemis expansa, although currently categorized as threatened, is under evaluation for possible uplisting due to increasing pressures across its range. Despite long-term conservation and the complementarity of strategies in Brazil, different management approaches influence conservation outcomes, financial investment, and effectiveness. It is therefore necessary to propose criteria for evaluating the cost-efficiency of interventions and the consistency of monitoring approaches, aiming to support more standardized, decision-oriented frameworks. We are evaluating two complementary management and intervention systems to monitor and protect reproductive females and their nesting beaches. In the Lower Rio Negro basin complex (including Unini, Jaú, and Jauaperi rivers), four river turtle species occur at relatively low densities and use small nesting beaches, with management based on community protection and monitoring. Conservation actions are widely distributed across diverse Amazonian landscapes, involving the protection of multiple nesting sites, nest translocation, and community-based incubation systems, with hatchlings released after eclosion. These efforts rely on strong local participation and sustained investment, resulting in the release of approximately 19,000 hatchlings across the four species in the last reproductive season (2025–2026), with an estimated average cost of US$10.0 per hatchling. In contrast, the Guaporé River region supports one of the largest known reproductive aggregations of P. expansa, with an estimated 40,000 nesting females per year on a single major nesting site and approximately 1,000,000 hatchlings annually. In this system, conservation actions are spatially concentrated, focusing on the protection of three large nesting beaches, resulting in lower operational costs, estimated at approximately US$0.015 per hatchling. These systems reflect distinct cost structures and management approaches. While large aggregations may allow for lower-cost interventions, they may also present higher vulnerability to environmental variability and climate change in the long term. On the other hand, spatially distributed and community-based systems, although more resource-intensive, may contribute to greater resilience through spatial diversification, landscape heterogeneity, and strong local governance, reflecting more stable and resilient wild populations, even at lower abundance levels. This approach emphasizes the need to define clear criteria to evaluate management effectiveness, integrating biological indicators, implementation effort, and financial investment. Strengthening standardized monitoring frameworks, while accounting for local context, is important for enabling comparisons across systems and supporting adaptive management. Recognizing the complementarity of different conservation strategies is critical to improving long-term conservation outcomes for river turtles across diverse Amazonian landscapes.

Oral

Turtles and Changing Water Regimes in the Floodplains of Australia DEB BOWER1, DANIEL W COLEMAN, ERIC NORDBERG, AND JACQUELINE BENNETT 1 University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia [dbower3@une.edu.au] The frequency and extent of water inundation on floodplain wetlands determines the composition and demography of freshwater fauna. The dynamic rainfall patterns in Australia have selected for distinct niches in biota in response to different inundation cycles.

Declining species such as Australian freshwater turtle species respond to these water regimes in a variety of ways. Yet the change and regulation of water management is causing shifts in water regimes that may alter the demography and persistence of turtle populations.

We quantified populations of three species of floodplain turtles in the lower Gwydir River in eastern Australia over four years and tracked movement of 40 individuals via acoustic telemetry. In 2022, the community included large numbers of two riverine turtle

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species and an ephemeral water specialist. By 2026, after three periods of waterhole drying, the adult population of Maquarie River Turtle (Emydura macquarii) was reduced to a single female. Some E. macquarii moved out of the waterhole while all Broad-shelled Snake-necked Turtles (Chelodina expansa) and female E. macquarii remained; no tracked individuals immigrated in. Changes to water delivery are resulting in increased waterhole drying events, which we predict will translate to the additional loss of the C. expansa population and convert the waterhole from a turtle community to a single ephemeral species population. Legislation that defends delivery of environmental water even when third-party impacts occur (e.g. crop inundation) is needed to prevent similar losses of turtle communities elsewhere in Australia.

Oral

Setting a Baseline: Establishing Population Estimates of Freshwater Turtle Species in Mississippi using Mark-Recapture Methods KATHERINE BRANDEWIE1, NOAH DEVROS, CARL QUALLS, AND LUKE PEARSON 1 The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, United States of America [katherine.brandewie@usm.edu] Although Mississippi is located in the second most diverse Chelonian hotspot in the world, few studies have estimated the population sizes of turtles within the state. No rigorous mark-recapture population estimates have been performed for the federally threatened (due to similarity of appearance) Pascagoula Map Turtle (Graptemys gibbonsi) or any non-listed turtle species. Estimates from presumably stable populations are vital as a comparative measure for management plans, especially when phenomena such as shifting baseline syndrome alter the perception of population changes. This study aims to build on the foundation of ongoing turtle population monitoring in mainstem sites, creeks and tributaries by producing baseline mark-recapture population estimates. Trapping and hand-capture methods were used to collect demographic and mark-recapture data in 2025 and will be continued in 2026.

Mark-recapture data and POPAN will be used to calculate population estimates, while both will be used to design Population Viability Analyses (PVA) to estimate population extinction risk. At one study site, we have captured 93 individual G. gibbonsi 141 times.

Preliminary results indicate a female-biased population (67 females, 19 males, 7 juveniles). Preliminary POPAN analysis estimates 35 adult G. gibbonsi per rkm, a high density compared to estimates for G. gibbonsi at small tributaries in past studies. Results will contribute to established knowledge of Mississippi turtle communities while further describing the status of turtle populations in the state. Setting current baseline and projected population estimates will be crucial to identifying populations or sites in need of management and developing proactive management strategies.

Oral

Intermediates or Intermedius? An Examination of Lotic Sternotherus in Baldwin and Mobile Counties, Alabama GROVER BROWN1, PEYTON WILSON, AND TODD PIERSON 1 Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, Alabama, United States of America [gjbrown@jsu.edu] The Southeastern United States is a turtle biodiversity hotspot, with the epicenter of diversity located in the Mobile Bay watershed, which harbors at least 18 species. Mobile Bay also functions as a major biogeographic barrier, particularly for lotic turtles like map turtles (Graptemys) and musk turtles (Sternotherus). Alabama is the only state that contains all recognized species of Sternotherus. In Mobile and Baldwin Counties, Alabama’s coastal counties, the Stripe-necked Musk Turtles (S. peltifer) occupy the Mobile River watershed and its tributaries in western Baldwin County, whereas the Intermediate Musk Turtle (S. intermedius) inhabits the Perdido River watershed and tributaries of eastern Baldwin County. However, recent surveys have produced questionable individuals in several small watersheds draining into the Mobile–Tensaw Delta, as well as in tributaries across the Bay in Mobile County. Our objective was to survey small lotic systems across these two coastal counties to determine the geographic and genetic extent of each Sternotherus species. We collected 71 specimens across 15 sites. Genetic analyses indicate the presence of S. intermedius in many small Mobile Bay drainages in western Baldwin County (>90% ancestry), as well as admixed individuals in Mobile Bay drainages in

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Mobile County—an area previously believed to be occupied solely by S. peltifer. Furthermore, the hybrid zone between these species extends farther into S. peltifer’s range, reaching northward into the Alabama River drainage. These results demonstrate that range peripheries can function as active zones of gene flow, refining our understanding of species limits and, more broadly, contemporary evolutionary interactions among closely related species.

Oral

An Update on the Conservation Status of the Vallarta Mud Turtle (Kinosternon vogti) TAGGERT BUTTERFIELD1, ANDRÉS MEDINA-ANDRADE, ALEJANDRA MONSIVÁIS-MOLINA, INDIRA BERROTERÁN, AND UBLADO SEBASTIAN FLORES-GUERRERO 1 Estudiantes Conservando la Naturaleza A.C., Alamos, Sonora, México [taggertbutterfield3@gmail.com] The Vallarta Mud Turtle (Kinosternon vogti) faces an unprecedented conservation crisis: with fewer than 20 hectares of habitat remaining, intense international demand, and rapid encroachment from development, the species could be driven to extinction within months without continued intervention. Following our presentation of this crisis at the 23rd Annual Symposium on the Conservation and Biology of Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles in 2025, we have made significant progress toward the species’ long-term conservation, although substantial challenges remain. Updated population estimates indicate that approximately 650 individuals persist in the wild. Anti-poaching patrols continue to detect traps on a weekly basis. However, the installation of camera systems and sustained field presence has helped curb illegal collection. Life history analyses reveal that this species, the smallest turtle in the world, is also among the fastest to reach maturity, with males attaining adulthood within one year and females by the end of their second year, information that provides hope that institutions such as Zoológico Guadalajara can play a central role in recovering wild populations through a head-starting program. The severity of this crisis has drawn attention at the federal level, including a formal meeting with PROFEPA, where plans have been developed to carry out coordinated enforcement operations with the Mexican Navy aimed at arresting poachers. To date, we have secured and protected one key habitat, with ongoing efforts focused on habitat restoration and the recovery of an additional public lagoon. Continued engagement with federal and local authorities remains central to advancing durable, long-term conservation outcomes for this species.

Oral

Studies and Conservation Concern of the Yaqui Slider (Trachemys yaquia) in Southern Sonora, Mexico DAREY CABALLERO-YEPIZ1, ALEJANDRA MONSIVÁIS-MOLINA, FELIX GARCIA-CABALLERO, AND TAGGERT BUTTERFIELD 1 Estudiantes Conservando la Naturaleza A.C., Alamos, Sonora, México [dareyyepiz@gmail.com] Mexico hosts the highest diversity of freshwater sliders (Trachemys spp.), yet there is virtually no published ecological information on most populations. This lack of baseline data poses a direct threat to their conservation, as population declines may go undetected. In southeastern Sonora, Mexico, we have monitored the Yaqui slider (Trachemys yaquia) at two localities since 2022. Our results indicate that extreme drought conditions during 2023–2024 have had severe impacts on these populations. At one intensively sampled pond, abundance has plummeted following prolonged drying, suggesting high sensitivity to hydrological change. We also report a locality where T. yaquia co-occurs with Trachemys nebulosa. In this presentation, we provide estimates of abundance, population structure, and document key threats affecting T. yaquia at the southern extent of its range. Our findings highlight the urgent need for comprehensive population assessments across the species’ distribution to establish conservation baselines and inform management strategies under increasing climatic stress.

Poster

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Effects of Captivity on Microbiome of Northwestern Pond Turtles (Actinemys marmorata) in Washington, USA BLANCA A. CABRERA CUELLAR1 AND OBED HERNÁNDEZ-GÓMEZ 1 New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America [blancacc@nmsu.edu] Captivity can alter the richness and composition of microbiomes, promoting the proliferation of pathogens. The Northwestern Pond Turtle (NWPT, Actinemys marmorata) has faced population declines and increased prevalence of shell disease over the last decades.

The objective of our research was to evaluate the effects of captivity on the microbiome of NWPT. We specifically assessed microbial species richness, Shannon Diversity Indices (SDI), and community composition in the skin and cloacal microbiome of captive-reared and free-range NWPT. We collected shell skin and cloacal swabs from captive-reared turtles at the Oregon Zoo and the Woodland Park Zoo after 10 months of head-starting. Additionally, we collected similar samples from free-range turtles in the Gorge and Puget Sound areas, in Washington. We processed the swabs for 16S rRNA gene and ITS sequencing. Captive-reared turtles exhibited lower species richness and SDI values than free-range individuals. Captive conditions (Oregon Zoo vs. Woodland Park Zoo) and natural environments (Puget Sound Area vs. Gorge Area) influenced the beta diversity of skin and cloacal microbiota. These findings suggest that captivity reduces microbiome diversity and alters community composition of NWPTs, which may increase their susceptibility to shell disease. Incorporating microbiome assessment into head-start programs may improve the health outcomes of captive-reared individuals. Our contributions are relevant to improving management strategies. Accurate acclimation and the incorporation of environmental elements in captivity can increase NWPT opportunities to adapt to their new environment.

Poster

Shrinking Forests, Fragmented Futures: Habitat Loss and Remained Connectivity of the Red-Footed Tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonarius) in the Dry Chaco Paraguay.

PIER CACCIALI 1 Instituto de Investigación Biológica del Paraguay, Asuncion, Asuncion, Paraguay [pier.cacciali@gmail.com] The Red-footed Tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonarius) in the Dry Chaco is a forest-associated species whose persistence is increasingly threatened by rapid land-use change in Paraguay. This study aimed to estimate the potential distribution of suitable habitat and quantify habitat loss to inform conservation planning. We developed a species distribution model using MaxEnt, incorporating environmental variables and confirmed absence areas to calibrate suitability thresholds. Based on field knowledge of non-occurrence sites, a conservative threshold of 0.25 was applied to define suitable habitat. The model output was spatially constrained to Paraguay and further intersected with the Dry Chaco ecoregion. Given the species’ ecological association with forested environments, land cover data from MapBiomas were used to refine suitable habitat estimates. The modeled potential distribution encompassed approximately 125,710 km² of suitable habitat. However, analysis of deforestation patterns up to 2022 revealed that 45,148 km² of this habitat has been lost, leaving an estimated 80,562 km² of remaining suitable area. Habitat loss is spatially heterogeneous, with fragmentation increasingly evident across the region. Ongoing infrastructure expansion, particularly road development, is expected to accelerate deforestation processes and further reduce habitat connectivity. Despite these pressures, the remaining distribution still contains areas that may function as ecological corridors, which are critical for maintaining population connectivity and long-term viability. These findings highlight the urgency of integrating spatial planning and habitat conservation strategies to mitigate further habitat loss. This study provides a quantitative framework for assessing habitat availability and fragmentation in C. carbonarius, supporting evidence-based conservation actions in Paraguay.

Oral

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Thermal Constraints and Activity Windows of the Goode’s Thornscrub Tortoise (Gopherus evgoodei) in Ecosystems at the Southern Limit of Its Distribution 1 LOURDES GABRIELA CANIZALES JUÁREZ , FABIO A. BARCELÓ AYALA, ANA G. PÉREZ DELGADILLO, JUAN C. ÁLVAREZ YÉPIZ, AND RAFAEL A. LARA-RESÉNDIZ 1 Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora (ITSON), Maestría en Ciencias en Recursos Naturales., Ciudad Obregon, Sonora, México [lougabrielacj@gmail.com] The current climate crisis poses a significant threat to ectothermic organisms that depend on external heat sources to regulate their metabolism. This study evaluates the thermal vulnerability of the Goode’s Thornscrub Tortoise (Gopherus evgoodei), an endemic and threatened species from northwestern Mexico, through a microhabitat analysis across three sites representing the ecological diversity of its southern range. We assessed population vulnerability by quantifying habitat thermal quality (de), activity windows (ha), restriction hours (hr), and thermal safety margins (TSM), providing insight into current thermal stress and the potential impacts of rising temperatures. As a keystone species, the protection of G. evgoodei supports ecosystem integrity and associated biodiversity. The study was conducted at three ecologically distinct sites in Sonora and Sinaloa: Navopatía (coastal thornscrub), El Fuerte (tropical dry forest), and Álamos (protected tropical dry forest). Operative temperatures (Te) were recorded over an annual cycle using 32 calibrated copper models (r = 0.94). Thermal quality was estimated using a preferred temperature range of 27.1–31.6 °C, while activity and restriction hours were modeled based on voluntary thermal limits (25.3–35.1 °C). Thermal safety margins were calculated relative to a critical maximum of 39.5 °C. Thermal constraints varied significantly among sites. Navopatía showed the lowest thermal quality (de = 3.44 ± 4.37) and extreme temperatures reaching up to 60.8 °C, whereas Álamos exhibited the highest quality (de = 2.05 ± 2.77), followed by El Fuerte (de = 2.80 ± 3.76). Restriction hours differed significantly among sites (x2= 84.95, p < 0.001), with Navopatía showing nearly three times more restriction than Álamos (1012 vs. 382 hours). Activity windows were also reduced in Navopatía (p < 0.001), whereas tropical forest sites showed no significant differences (p = 0.132). These results indicate that variation in thermal habitat quality strongly shapes activity opportunities. Protected areas function as thermal refugia, supporting conservation strategies and highlighting the importance of habitat protection under ongoing climate change.

Poster

Community-Based Monitoring, Reproductive Activity, and Nesting Ecology of Podocnemis spp. in the Colombian Orinoquia VIVIANA M. CARTAGENA-OTÁLVARO1, ISABEL PUERTA, AND CESAR ROJANO 1 Cunaguaro Biodiversidad y Cultura, Yopal, Casanare, Colombia [vivicartagena@gmail.com] We present the results of the “Tortugas Llaneras” project, which assessed reproductive activity, nesting ecology, and hatching success of Savanna Side-necked Turtle (Podocnemis vogli), Yellow-spotted River Turtle (Podocnemis unifilis), and Giant South American River Turtle (Podocnemis expansa) during the 2025 dry season, the transition to the high-water period, and the 2026 dry season. The study was conducted in the Colombian Orinoquía, in the department of Casanare (Paz de Ariporo and Trinidad), across nine conservation properties, including Important Bird Areas and Private Nature Reserves, covering 15,557 ha. Community monitors carried out systematic surveys on nesting beaches along “La Hermosa” stream and the “Guachiría” River for P. expansa and P. unifilis (84,000 m²), while P. vogli was surveyed in savanna ecosystems. Sampling effort reached approximately 70 survey days per participant per property. Data collected included nest abundance, predation rates, spatial distribution, and reproductive parameters.

During the first reproductive season (January–April 2025), 64 nests were protected (5 P. expansa, 57 P. unifilis, and 2 P. vogli), although no predation data were obtained. In the second season (November 2025–April 2026), 178 nests were recorded. Of the 75 P. vogli nests, 84% were predated, mainly by Northern Crested Caracara (Caracara cheriway) (55.6%), followed by Crab-eating Fox (Cerdocyon thous) (28.6%), Gold Tegu (Tupinambis teguixin) (12.7%), and Green Iguana (Iguana iguana) (3.2%). In P. unifilis, 22% of 94 nests were predated (5% anthropogenic), while none of the nine P. expansa nests showed predation. Nest distribution varied among properties, with the highest abundance of P. unifilis at El Campín–Puerto Rico and peaks of P. vogli and P. expansa at Chaviripa–El Rubí. Hatching success increased from 31% (~500 hatchlings) in the first season to 60% (>1,000 hatchlings) in the

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second. These findings highlight the value of community-based monitoring for documenting nesting dynamics and generating robust reproductive data, essential for informing conservation strategies and future demographic models.

Poster

First Conservation Actions for Threatened Turtles of Northern Mexico Under Private Land Management GAMALIEL CASTAÑEDA1, LYDIA LOZANO, RODOLFO GARCÍA, CRAIG STANFORD, PETER PAUL VAN DIJK, ANDREA AGUILAR, JACQUELINE ESPINOZA PICHARDO, AND HANNIA R. SABAG, AND IVETTE CORRALES-ARELLANO 1 Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango/HABIO, Gomez Palacio, Durango, México [gamaliel.cg@gmail.com] Through the acquisition and management of private lands, Turtle Conservancy and its Mexican partner, Habitat para la Biodiversidad (HABIO), have initiated conservation efforts benefiting five highly threatened turtle species in northern Mexico. Rancho San Ignacio (17,400 ha), located in the Bolsón de Mapimí, protects populations of Bolson Tortoise (Gopherus flavomarginatus) and Durango Mud Turtle (Kinosternon durangoense). Initial actions have reduced livestock activity over tortoises’ colonies and identified restoration areas to reduce grassland erosion and soil loss. Currently, grassland surface area and distribution have been evaluated using satellite imagery and photo-interpretation techniques (the primary habitat for the Bolson tortoise). The total grassland area within the property is approximately 498.38 ha. Grasslands are fragmented and mainly concentrated in low-slope areas, while bare soil areas show high vulnerability to water erosion but also high restoration potential. These results allow prioritization of future grassland restoration actions and water flow management to reduce erosion effects and create water bodies with potential use for the Durango Mud Turtle.

At the Cuatro Ciénegas property (876 ha), turtle abundance, wetland area, and its annual fluctuation have been evaluated. This property protects the species Cuatro Ciénegas Softshell Turtle (Apalone spinifera atra), Cuatro Ciénegas Slider (Trachemys taylori), and Coahuila Box Turtle (Terrapene coahuila). Initial results show low population abundances in the order of 0.011 ind/h/trap (CPUE) for the first two species and an approximate abundance of 3.5 ind/ha for T. coahuila. Protection of the property through perimeter fencing is currently urgent due to livestock activity in the remaining water bodies. With these results, we contribute to the conservation of the most vulnerable turtle species in northern Mexico and support conservation strategies coordinated with local organizations such as CONANP, municipal governments, and non-government organizations in each region. These strategies promote specific actions that contribute to the recovery of five highly threatened species and three of the five turtle species with the smallest distributions in Mexico.

Oral

An Approximation of the Reproductive Cycle of the Atrato Slider (Trachemys medemi) CLAUDIA P. CEBALLOS1 AND JULIANA GAVIRIA-HERNANDEZ 1 Grupo GAMMA, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 75 N° 65-87, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia [claudiap.ceballos@udea.edu.co] Understanding turtle reproduction is crucial for gaining insights into its life history, particularly of endangered species such as the Atrato Slider (Trachemys medemi) for which this aspect is unknown. We estimated the timing of mating, spermatogenesis, vitellogenesis, nesting, and the quiescence of T. medemi in relation to serum sexual hormone levels, the local precipitation and temperature, and field observations. We captured 29 wild adult individuals between January 2022 and February 2023 across the Atrato River drainage. This is, 24 unique females, 1 recaptured female (5 gravid and 20 non-gravid), and 4 unique males. We estimated that mating and nesting occur from December to March during the dry season when there are river beaches available. During this time, gravid females (n=5) had higher estradiol and progesterone, non-gravid females had generally higher testosterone, and males exhibited basal hormones. The quiescent period was difficult to assess because of lack of hormonal data from April to July, and from September to November, but we infer that in females it occurs during the wet season when hormones were low (August), and in males from February or March when testosterone was basal to some time before August when testosterone increased 5,7x suggesting the

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beginning of the spermiogenesis period in males. In conclusion, T. medemi follows an annual reproductive cycle with a prenuptial pattern and a single nesting season.

Oral

Individuality as a Lever for Conservation Management: Unveiling Personality Traits in the Endangered Beale’s Eyed Turtle (Sacalia bealei) WING SING CHAN1, YIK-HEI SUNG, AND TIMOTHY C. BONEBRAKE 1 The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China [wschan1021@gmail.com] Globally, freshwater turtles represent one of the most threatened vertebrate groups, with many populations experiencing marked declines due to rapid environmental changes. Conventional population assessments often overlook individual variabilities, potentially hindering effective conservation strategies. This study addresses this gap by adopting an individualistic perspective to investigate animal personality traits in a population of endangered Beale’s Eyed Turtles (Sacalia bealei) in Hong Kong. Leveraging recent advances in computer vision models, I will present a semi-automated methodology for collecting high-resolution behavioral data from free ranging populations of S. bealei in Hong Kong. Through this approach, I will explore how consistent individual differences in behaviors along the boldness-shyness and exploration-avoidance continually influence key life history traits (including spatial behaviors, habitat selection preferences and trophic niche). By elucidating these individual-level behavioral drivers, this research aims to provide refreshed perspective into the ecological dynamics and demographic processes of threatened turtle populations. Ultimately, this individualistic approach offers a framework for developing more nuanced, behaviorally informed conservation strategies tailored to enhance the resilience of endangered freshwater turtles.

Oral

Combating the Illegal Turtle Trade Using Chemical Markers MATTHEW W.H. CHATFIELD1, CHERYL A. FREDERICK, DEREK YORKS, ERIK POLLOCK, AND JOHN B. HOPKINS III 1 University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America [matthew.chatfield@maine.edu] Reptiles, and turtles in particular, are disproportionately represented in the illegal wildlife trade. Chemical analysis of animal tissues is a powerful tool to combat wildlife laundering, which is the act of disguising animals poached from the wild as legally raised in captivity by means of counterfeit import or export documentation. We used a suite of stable isotope ratios and trace element concentrations derived from the claw tips of 449 Wood Turtles (Glyptemys insculpta), Spotted Turtles (Clemmys guttata), and Blanding's Turtles (Emydoidea blandingii) from the eastern United States to develop a multispecies statistical model for determining the probability that a confiscated turtle was poached from the wild. Our simplest, effective model that used a combination of stable isotope ratios and trace elements misclassified only 2 turtles out of 449, yielding a predictive accuracy rate of >99%. We further validated the predictive accuracy of our multispecies model by calculating the probability of being wild for 9 Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina) and a replicate sample of 5 Wood Turtles, all with known classifications of being wild or captive. We now aim to promote our model to aid conservation law enforcement in combating the illegal turtle trade by helping to close the wildlife laundering loophole. We also hope to provide a forensic framework for developing a conservation tool for other taxa of conservation interest.

Oral

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A Generalist Haemoparasite of African Tortoises – Hepatozoon fitzsimonsi: Elucidating Its Life Cycle and Potential for Host-Switching 1 COURTNEY COOK , LEHLOHONOLO MOFOKENG, AND NICO SMIT 1 Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, North West, South Africa [courtney.cook@nwu.ac.za] Tortoises can be parasitised by a range of haemoparasites, including apicomplexan protozoans such as haemosporidians and haemogregarines. Haemogregarines (Apicomplexa: Adeleorina) are commonly encountered haemoprotozoan parasites of reptiles, of which the genus Hepatozoon appears to be the most prevalent. Species display a heteroxenous life cycle, requiring a vertebrate and an invertebrate host. In 2014, Haemogregarina fitzsimonsi Dias, 1953, was reassigned to the genus Hepatozoon, making it the first Hepatozoon known from chelonians. This finding, along with other reports of this parasite across Africa, encouraged further research into the potential vectors. Since its description, it was assumed to be leech-transmitted; however, in 2014, a close association with tortoises and ticks was observed, including what appeared to be sporogonic stages in ticks collected from tortoises in South Africa.

The present study aimed to revisit the potential of ticks as vectors for H. fitzsimonsi in tortoises, by (i) collecting tissue and ticks from tortoises, (ii) screening both microscopically for the presence of development stages respectively, and (iii) molecularly characterising these stages using fragments of the 18S rRNA gene to determine if they are those of H. fitzsimonsi. Fourteen tortoises were collected, including nine individuals of Hinged-back Tortoise (Kinixys spp.) and five Leopard Tortoise (Stigmochelys pardalis). Ten of the 14 (71%) tortoises were infested with ticks belonging to three species of Amblyomma (Parasitiformes: Ixodidae). As Kinixys spp. are known to harbour both H. fitzsimonsi and Hemolivia parvula concurrently, three of the S. pardalis were selected, two of these showing a peripheral blood infection with H. fitzsimonsi. Impression slides from ticks showed sporogonic stages within the haemocoel, molecularly comparing to H. fitzsimonsi. Furthermore, merogonic stages were observed in the liver of one S. pardalis. The present study thus represents the first species of Hepatozoon infecting chelonians for which ticks have been identified as a definitive host.

This, along with reports of this species infecting other tortoise species, suggests it is a generalist parasite with the potential to infect novel hosts.

Oral

What the Forgotten Specimens Had to Tell Us: Revision of the Genus Kinosternon From the Encb-Ipn Herpetology Collection DIEGO NOEL CORONA AGUILERA 1 Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas - Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México, CMDX, México [neobahamuzero@gmail.com] For so many years, mud turtles (Kinosternon) had many taxonomic problems and we knew very little about them. It was not until James F. Berry, John Iverson, John M. Legler, Robert G. Webb and Richard C. Vogt looked at them and began to unveil their secrets.

But even when most of the problems were solved, the work was far from over, because the identification of all those specimens preserved in collections had to be updated. Sadly, very few people were interested in working with them for being a problematic group, and even fewer had interest in scientific collections, a tendency that sadly keeps growing. For those reasons, I decided to do a revision of the mud turtles from the Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas - Instituto Politécnico Nacional (ENCB-IPN) herpetology collection to obtain my bachelor degree, a work that I sadly never published, but it’s worthy to share, because even now, those specimens kept providing valuable information to the understanding of those species. For this work, 255 preserved specimens were analyzed; taking the scutes, carapace and plastron measures and re-identified using the most recent keys by that time and literature. The revision showed that around 20% of the specimens were misidentified, especially those of Rough-footed Mud Turtle (K. hirtipes) and Mexican Mud Turtle (K. integrum). Curious about the impact of the changes, I found out that ENCB-IPN mud turtles had little representation in digitalized databases (1% global records), but the database also showed that around 11% of the records around the world were identified just to genus, not to mention those that were still misidentified, revealing that by that time there was still very little interest in working with the group. Maybe ENCB-IPN herpetology collection had little representation, but after this work, that 1% data became more reliable. Working in scientific collections is very important because we must not forget that the

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information provided by those preserved specimens is as valuable as the data obtained firsthand on the field, because most of what we know about species came from those specimens that now lie forgotten on a dark shelf.

Poster

Ecology of the Near Threatened Mexican Kinosternid, Herrera's Mud Turtle (Kinosternon herrerai), From a Tropical Semideciduous Forest CARINA CRUZ-MOLINA1 AND GUILLERMO A. WOOLRICH-PIÑA 1 Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Zacapoaxtla, Zacapoaxtla, Puebla, México [carina.cruz.molina@gmail.com] Herrera's Mud Turtle (Kinosternon herrerai) is restricted to middle and lower lands of the Sierra Madre Oriental, as well as the Gulf Coastal Plain. Little is known about the ecology of this species. We studied some basic aspects of its ecology, such as population structure, sex ratio, body size, and thermal ecology, during the period from June 2024 to March 2025 in a tropical environment in east-central Mexico. The turtles were captured by hand or using five randomly placed collapsible box-shaped traps (60 cm long x 60 cm wide x 20 cm high with a 1.5 cm mesh) baited with canned tuna or sardines and with two empty 2-L bottle floats. We checked traps every 30 minutes, typically for several hours, including both day and night. The population structure is represented by the neonate (20.56%), prejuvenile (51.41%), juvenile (16.82%), and adult (11.21%) stages. The female:male sex ratio is 1:1.14. This population had an average body temperature (Tb) of 24.42 ± 0.35°C. Body temperature (Tb) showed a positive and significant correlation with the microclimate temperature of the habitat occupied by these turtles (air and water temperature: Tb = 13.70 + 0.46*Ta; r² = 0.40; P < 0.05; Tb = 9.70 + 0.64*Tw; r² = 0.28; P < 0.05). No significative differences were observed between body temperature of males and females (ANCOVAsex with Ta as a covariate, F2,21 = 4.80, P < 0.05), nor between the different developmental stages (ANCOVAest with Ta as a covariate, F2,18 = 2.02, P < 0.05). Similarly, no significant difference was observed in body size between males and females (ANCOVAsex with Bm as a covariate, F7,14 = 3.37, P < 0.05). These results suggest that the population structure of K. herrerai for this site is stable, that its thermoregulatory strategies show slight tendencies towards active thermoregulation and heliothermy, as well as a null sexual dimorphism related to body size.

Poster

Total Mercury (THg) Bioaccumulation and Stable Isotope Ecology of Freshwater Turtles with Distinct Trophic Habits in the Rio Negro Basin, Brazil.

FÁBIO ANDREW GOMES CUNHA1, BRUCE RIDER FORSBERG, MARCELO ÂNDRADE, AND FABÍOLA DOMINGOS 1 UFAM, Coari, Amazonas, Brazil [fabioagcunha@gmail.com] Mercury contamination is recognized as one of the main environmental problems affecting tropical ecosystems, particularly in the Amazon, where both natural processes and anthropogenic activities, such as mining, promote the mobilization and bioaccumulation of this metal in aquatic environments. The upper Rio Negro basin is considered a natural mercury reservoir and one of the Amazonian regions with the lowest levels of landscape alteration caused by human activities. In this context, this study investigated total mercury (THg) bioaccumulation in freshwater turtles from the Rio Negro basin and evaluated these patterns in relation to the isotopic ecology of the species. Total mercury (THg) analyses were performed by thermal decomposition and amalgamation following EPA Method 7473 using a DMA-80 direct mercury analyzer. Carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) stable isotope analyses were conducted by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Five Amazonian freshwater turtle species were analyzed. Amazon Matamata (Chelus fimbriata) showed the highest mean THg concentrations in muscle tissue (403 ± 122 ppb; n = 26), followed by South American Big-headed Turtle (Peltocephalus dumerilianus) (85.97 ± 48.40 ppb; n = 9), Six-tubercled Amazon River Turtle (Podocnemis sextuberculata) (23.09 ± 15.44 ppb; n = 4), Red-headed Amazon River Turtle (Podocnemis erythrocephala) (18.58 ± 6.35 ppb; n = 5), and Yellow-spotted River Turtle (Podocnemis unifilis) (22.84 ppb; n = 1). Mean δ¹⁵N values differed among species, indicating variation in trophic position: Chelus fimbriata = 11.9‰; Peltocephalus dumerilianus = 10.0‰; Podocnemis sextuberculata = 10.77‰;

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Podocnemis erythrocephala = 6.6‰; and Podocnemis unifilis = 7.9‰. Considering an average δ¹⁵N value of 7.01‰ for autotrophic sources and a trophic enrichment of approximately 2.5‰ per trophic level, the results indicate that C. fimbriata occupies a higher trophic position, approximately two trophic levels above autotrophic energy sources, whereas the remaining species behave as primary consumers or omnivores occupying lower trophic levels. The results reveal a pattern of trophic biomagnification of mercury in Amazonian freshwater turtles. Mean THg concentrations were close to the limits recommended by the World Health Organization and the Brazilian Ministry of Health for the safe consumption of aquatic organisms. However, these limits may not adequately reflect the risk for Amazonian riverine communities, where fish and aquatic fauna are consumed daily in large quantities. Further ecotoxicological and epidemiological studies are needed to better define safe consumption limits, particularly for predatory species.

Oral

New Genetic and Morphological Insights About Hybridization With Non-Native Species in Panamanian and Puerto Rican Trachemys ISIS DAVIS Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas, United States of America [isdavis@tamu.edu] The Puerto Rican Slider (Trachemys stejnegeri stejnegeri) and Panamanian Slider (Trachemys grayi panamensis) are both freshwater turtle species endemic to Puerto Rico and Panama, respectively. The presence of the non-native Red-eared Slider (Trachemys scripta elegans; RES) has not previously been evaluated for their effect on the native species, especially genetically. RES have a propensity to hybridize with closely related species, so we are investigating the existence of hybrids in the populations, both morphologically and genetically. I collected over 550 turtle samples from localities in Panama and Puerto Rico in 2025. Individuals were graded on a morphological hybrid index to identify turtles with an intermediate morphology to the two parental species. We also sequenced whole genomes for 90 of the collected samples, along with 30 historic museum samples to cross-reference with morphology and estimate the extent of introgression between the species. We evaluated the distributions, morphology, and genetic structure of the three turtles.

Results from this study serve to inform local organizations on the status of populations and recommendations for action.

Poster

Road and Environmental Factors Associated With Turtle Roadkill Hotspots in Calakmul, Mexico CARLOS M. DELGADO-MARTÍNEZ1 AND JOHAN E. CANO-DAMIAN 1 Estudiantes Conservando la Nat, Xpujil, Campeche, Mexico [pistache06@ciencias.unam.mx] Roadkill is among the main threats to terrestrial and freshwater turtles worldwide, and new roads continue to expand across natural ecosystems each year. In the Calakmul region of southern Mexico, increasing traffic along the access road to the Calakmul Archaeological Site raised concern about turtle mortality, but its magnitude and associated factors were unknown. We aimed to identify turtle roadkill hotspots and evaluate whether they were associated with road characteristics, nearby water bodies, and local weather conditions. We compiled turtle roadkill records from two datasets collected along the 60-km access road to Calakmul: opportunistic records from 2021–2024 and systematic surveys conducted in 2025, when the road was sampled twice per week. For each record we documented species identity and location. Hotspots were identified through spatial analyses of roadkill records, and we evaluated their association with straight road sections, flood-prone areas near water bodies, and daily rainfall and air temperature measured by two rain gauges installed near the road. Across both datasets, turtles accounted for 47 of 324 vertebrate roadkill records (14.5%). Six turtle species were recorded: Furrowed Wood Turtle (Rhinoclemmys areolata), Creaser’s Mud Turtle (Kinosternon creaseri), Scorpion Mud Turtle (K. scorpioides), Narrow-bridged Musk Turtle (Claudius angustatus), Yucatan Box Turtle (Terrapene yucatana), and Mesoamerican Slider (Trachemys venusta). Furrowed Wood Turtle was the most frequently affected species. Roadkill records were spatially clustered, and we identified six hotspot segments. These segments were associated with long straight road sections, where vehicles are likely to travel faster, and with low-lying or seasonally flooded areas near water bodies. Turtle roadkill

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was also more frequent on rainy days and under moderate temperatures. Our results show that turtle road mortality in Calakmul is non-random and linked to identifiable road and environmental features. These findings provide a basis for targeted mitigation, including speed reduction, warning signs, and reptile crossing structures in hotspot segments, particularly near flood-prone areas.

Oral

Hindcasting a Population Projection Model for Application to the Population Dynamics of an Understudied Turtle Species (Graptemys pearlensis) 1 NOAH DEVROS , MCAULAY JAUNSEN, LUKE PEARSON, CARL QUALLS, AND BOB JONES 1 University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, United States of America [noah.devros@usm.edu] Population projections are useful tools for forecasting the future population dynamics of populations. These are critical data for imperiled species as they can inform conservationists about declining populations as well as identify potential strongholds. However, projection is inherently subject to uncertainty, and many models are largely theoretical. One method of assessing the validity of a model is hindcasting—that is, testing the model by using it to “predict” known historic events. Hindcasting requires a thorough set of historic data. Fortunately, we have access to more than 35 years of population and demographic data of the Ringed Sawback (Graptemys oculifera), a federally threatened species endemic to the Pearl River drainage system of Mississippi. Bob Jones began conducting population surveys on G. oculifera in the late 1980s and collected data every five years. We performed the most recent surveys in 2022. This means that we can base a population projection model (e.g., Lefkovitch matrix) on Jones’ historic data and check it against our 2022 population estimates to assess the accuracy of the model. While we already have a significant amount of data on G. oculifera, we only have baseline population estimates for the sympatric—and equally imperiled—Pearl River Map Turtle (Graptemys pearlensis). By applying our baseline G. pearlensis data to the hindcasted Lefkovitch model, we will be able to produce a population projection for this federally threatened, understudied species.

Oral

Cross-Amplification of Microsatellite Loci Developed for Razor-backed Musk Turtle (Sternotherus carinatus) in Two Species of the Genus Kinosternon ANA PAULA DÍAZ NÁJERA1, LUNA MUÑOZ-PAYÁN, MIGUEL BORJA, YESSICA RICO, AND ERNESTO BECERRA 1 Laboratorio de Herpetología FCB UJED, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México [anapaud68@gmail.com] Mexico has the second-highest diversity of turtle species in the world, with 49 recorded species. The family Kinosternidae comprises two genera, with the genus Kinosternon encompassing the greatest species richness. Despite the significance of this genus within the country, studies on Kinosternidae, particularly those addressing genetic and population-level aspects, remain scarce and limited. For genetic diversity studies, molecular markers are an essential tool, but they are not always available. Cross-amplification represents an accessible and practical alternative for assessing genetic diversity in understudied species. Therefore, the present study evaluated the efficacy of microsatellite markers developed for the Razor-backed Musk Turtle (Sternotherus carinatus) in species of mud turtles (Kinosternon). We collected blood samples from the Rough-footed Mud Turtle (Kinosternon hirtipes) and the Durango Mud Turtle (K. durangoense), from which DNA was extracted. Six microsatellite loci were amplified, and the resulting fragments were visualized on 2.5% agarose gels. Of the six microsatellites developed for Razor-backed Musk Turtle, five produced well-defined bands, whereas one yielded a diffuse band. These results suggest the potential for microsatellites developed for the Scorpion Mud Turtle (Kinosternon scorpioides) to successfully amplify in K. hirtipes and the K. durangoense.

Poster

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Deciding When to Repatriate Confiscated Freshwater Turtles Under Genetic and Disease Uncertainty DEVIN EDMONDS1, ISABELLA RAGONESE, EVAN H. CAMBELL GRANT, AND GRAZIELLA V. DIRENZO 1 Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States of America U.S. Geological Survey, Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States of America Amphibian Ark, Apple Va, Amherst, MA, United States of America [dae2@illinois.edu] Freshwater turtles are increasingly being confiscated from the illegal wildlife trade, with managers facing difficult decisions about whether animals can be safely returned to the wild given uncertainty about their origin and health status. We developed a decision support tool for repatriating confiscated turtles using sex- and age-structured matrix models parameterized for the Wood Turtle (Glyptemys insculpta), which has life‑history traits typical of many temperate North American freshwater turtle species. We incorporated the effects of disease and genetic mismatch on survival and sampled parameters from probability distributions to represent uncertainty. We generated 302,500 confiscation-repatriation scenarios by varying the number and age class of confiscated animals and the size of the recipient wild population. For genetic risk, we included the probability of genetic mismatch and its survival impact; for disease risk, we varied transmission rate, infection probability, and impact on survival. Using over 60 million stochastic simulations, we estimated population growth rates (λ) and compared three management options: releasing confiscated turtles, captive breeding with release of a single cohort, or no release. For confiscated adults under genetic risk, direct release had the highest expected value in most scenarios (79.4%), with captive breeding favored in 19.7% and no release in <1%. Under disease risk, captive breeding was favored in most scenarios (65.8%), with direct release favored in the remainder. In contrast, for juveniles, no release had the highest expected value in 100% of scenarios. We translated these results into an interactive decision support tool that allows users to explore how uncertainty in disease and genetic status influences repatriation decisions, which we demo here and invite you to explore. Together, our results and tool provide a transparent and flexible framework for guiding repatriation decisions under uncertainty.

Oral

Fighting Future Global Change: Species Vulnerability and Priority Conservation Areas for Mesoamerican Continental Turtles VALERIA ESCALERA1, JULIÁN VELASCO, LUIS OSORIO, AND DAVID PRIETO 1 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, FES Iztacala, México, Estado de México, México [valeriaescalera35@gmail.com] Mesoamerica is a global biodiversity hotspot that harbors exceptional richness and endemism of continental turtles, a group increasingly threatened by habitat loss and climate change. In this study, we assessed how projected global change may reshape species distributions and diversity patterns of 37 continental turtle species, while identifying priority areas for long-term conservation.

We built species distribution models for each taxon using occurrence data and projected suitable conditions under current and two future climate scenarios (2011–2040 and 2041–2070) based on an intermediate emissions pathway (SSP3-7.0). We estimated changes in suitable areas (gain, loss, and stability), assessed human pressure, and evaluated representation within existing Protected Areas (PAs). Additionally, alpha and beta diversity patterns were analyzed using a Diversity Range Analysis to identify regions of high conservation value, excluding areas already within PAs and deforested sites. Currently, species exhibit relatively restricted distributions, with an average suitable area of ~155,800 km², of which only 17.59 ± 16.56% overlaps with PAs, while more than half occurs in areas of moderate to high human impact. Mean species richness was 3.37 ± 2.26 spp./site, and beta diversity (0.49 ± 0.17) indicated high turnover across the region. Fewer than 25% of species are adequately represented within the current PA network. Future projections indicate an overall contraction of suitable areas (-16.78 ± 17.53% under the worst scenario), accompanied by declines in species richness (−14.5%) and increasing spatial differentiation among assemblages. Vulnerability was not uniform across species (e.g., Yucatán Box Turtle (Terrapene yucatana), Big Bend Slider (Trachemys gaigeae), and Sonoran Desert Tortoise (Gopherus morafkai)) showed the greatest habitat losses and lowest protection levels, indicating elevated extinction risk. Priority conservation areas were concentrated in southern Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala, yet many remain outside current PAs. Notably, richness and

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endemism hotspots rarely overlapped (0.26%), and most endemism-priority areas—northwestern Mexico and Costa Rica—lack effective protection. Our findings highlight that integrating species vulnerability and spatial diversity is essential for expanding protected areas under global change and ensuring the long-term persistence of this unique and threatened group.

Oral

At the Edge: Low Abundance and Potential Livestock Impacts on the Chaco Tortoise (Chelonoidis chilensis) MARIA EUGENIA ECHAVE1, KARINA LANERI, AND ERIKA KUBISCH 1 AZARA-CIMAS-CONICET, San Antonio Oeste, Rio Negro, Argentina [echave.mariaeugenia@maimonides.edu] The abundance of Chaco Tortoise (Chelonoidis chilensis) remains poorly documented across much of its distribution, despite its current categorization as an endangered species. This lack of quantitative information is particularly critical at the southernmost limit of its global range, where environmental conditions are more restrictive and populations may be especially vulnerable to disturbance.

In this study, we estimated tortoise abundance in grazed and ungrazed fields near San Antonio Oeste (Río Negro, Argentina), accounting for spatial heterogeneity in habitat conditions. Surveys were conducted at sites with livestock (N=19, 109.44 ha) and without livestock (N=17, 97.92 ha), recording the number of individuals observed and the sampled area. To standardize sampling effort, density was calculated as the number of individuals per hectare. The effects of livestock on tortoise abundance and signs (feces, burrows and tracks) were evaluated using general linear models (GLM) with a negative binomial distribution. Tortoise abundance was 0.18 ind/ha in ungrazed sites and 0.082 ind/ha in grazed sites, and the number of signs was significantly higher in ungrazed sites. Also, no juvenile individuals were found at the site with cattle. Livestock disturbance could indirectly affect tortoises through changes in vegetation structure, soil compaction that may prevent hatchlings from emerging, or reduced availability of refuges. The absence of juveniles and the approximately twofold higher abundance observed in ungrazed sites suggests a negative influence of livestock on tortoise populations. Notably, the estimated tortoise abundance (0.18 ind/ha) is one order of magnitude lower than values reported for the same region by Waller and Micucci 39 years ago, who recorded densities of 3–4 ind/ha. This marked discrepancy suggests a substantial population decline over time, potentially associated with long-term habitat degradation and increasing anthropogenic pressures. Overall, these findings highlight the urgency of improving population monitoring and implementing conservation measures, particularly in marginal areas at the edge of the species’ distribution.

Oral

Conservation of Giant Amazon River Turtle (Podocnemis expansa) in the Brazilian Amazon: Integration of Protection, Public Policies, and Participatory Management 1 CAMILA FERRARA , ROBINSON BOTERO ARIAS, RAPHAEL FONSECA, AND GERMAN FORERO-MEDINA 1 WCS Brasil, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil [cferrara@wcs.org] The conservation of Giant Amazon River Turtle (Podocnemis expansa) represents one of the longest standing wildlife management initiatives in the Amazon, integrating public policies, long-term monitoring, and technological innovation. Occurring across seven countries within the Amazon and Orinoco basins, the species depends on the protection of nesting areas, habitat connectivity, and migratory routes, making regional coordination necessary given varying threats and institutional capacities. This study aims to analyze the complementarity of conservation strategies for P. expansa in Brazil, focusing on the integration between federal government, academia, civil society organizations, and local communities, as well as the role of technological innovation and regional articulation in population monitoring and decision-making. Results highlight two complementary systems. The first is the Amazon Turtle Program (PQA/Ibama), active for over 47 years across 10 key nesting sites in nine Brazilian states, focusing on high-productivity areas and supporting the release of more than 100 million hatchlings. These sites show a 95% increase in hatchling production over four decades and an 80% increase in reproductive females. The second system is a participatory, territorially distributed approach involving the Monitora Federal Program (ICMBio), state protected areas, Indigenous lands, and areas outside protected areas, with contributions

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from universities, NGOs, and local communities. This system expands spatial coverage and ensures continuity of conservation actions.

Technological advances have improved ecological knowledge. Drones enable large-scale population estimates, while telemetry reveals movement patterns, habitat use, connectivity, and site fidelity, supporting landscape-level planning. The results show that conservation in Brazil results from the complementarity between state-led protection in key areas and participatory management at broader scales, in which community-based conservation plays a central role in expanding coverage and ensuring long-term sustainability. This model has contributed to the species’ current “Least Concern” status in Brazil. At the Amazon scale, Brazil accounts for approximately 75% of protected females, highlighting its global relevance. Although still incipient, transboundary initiatives offer opportunities for data integration and management of shared populations. Advancing sustainable-use regulation, incorporating traditional practices, and strengthening local governance remain essential to ensure the persistence of P. expansa under increasing environmental pressures.

Oral

Body Growth and Population Structure of the Vallarta Mud Turtle (Kinosternon vogti), the Most Threatened Turtle in the Americas 1 UBALDO SEBASTIÁN FLORES-GUERRERO , HÉCTOR ANDRÉS MEDINA-ANDRADE, ALEJANDRA MONSIVÁIS-MOLINA, AND TAGGERT BUTTERFIELD 1 Estudiantes Conservando la Naturaleza A.C., México, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, México [sebastiandeloeste@gmail.com] The Vallarta Mud Turtle (Kinosternon vogti), the world’s smallest turtle, was described in 2018 and is currently recognized as the most threatened freshwater turtle in the Americas. We present data from a mark–recapture study initiated in 2021 that spans the entire geographic distribution of the species. Our study documents sampling effort, population structure, and somatic growth curves. A total of 194 sampling events were conducted across 61 habitats, amounting to 1,349 trap nights. This effort yielded 335 unique K. vogti individuals and 61 recaptures, along with records of sympatric and non-native species. Based on developmental stage, the population was composed primarily of adults (n = 235), compared to subadults (45), juveniles (45), and hatchlings (8). Sex structure revealed a strong female bias (208 females vs. 94 males), with a sex ratio of 2.2:1. Somatic growth of K. vogti was estimated using the von Bertalanffy growth model (vB), fitted by nonlinear least squares (NLS) in R with the FSA package, employing carapace length as the dependent variable and age estimated from growth rings as the independent variable. Growth comparisons were conducted between sexes for the overall population, as well as among three well-defined populations. Somatic growth curves, together with the detection of gravid females, indicate that females reach sexual maturity at two years of age, making K. vogti the fastest maturing turtle species known. According to growth coefficients (K), females (K = 0.56) require 1.79 years to reach 63% of their estimated maximum size, whereas males (K = 0.97) reach this threshold in only 1.03 years, indicating that males attain sexual maturity significantly earlier, at just over one year of age. Finally, the three populations compared did not show significant differences in growth rates, conforming to the general growth curve estimated for the entire known population of K. vogti.

Poster

Rewilding Red-Footed Tortoises in Northern Colombia: First Report GERMÁN FORERO-MEDINA1 AND MARJORIE PINZÓN 1 Wildlife Conservation Society, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia [gforero@wcs.org] Rewilding is increasingly recognized as a strategy to restore ecological functions through the recovery of extirpated species. In northern Colombia, populations of the Red-Footed Tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonarius), which are believed to correspond to a new distinct taxon, have declined due to overharvest and habitat loss, with potential consequences for seed dispersal and forest dynamics.

We report on an ongoing rewilding initiative involving the reintroduction of 20 individuals into a protected area within the species’ historical range. This project represents the first implementation in Colombia of a standardized protocol for tortoise reintroductions, integrating genetic assessments, health screening, and post-release monitoring. The initiative is conducted in close collaboration with

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environmental authority (Corpomojana) to ensure regulatory compliance and long-term management support. To monitor post-release movements and survival, individuals were equipped with transmitters linked to a LoRaWAN network of antennas, enabling near real-time tracking. This system incorporates geofencing tools that alert managers when individuals approach or cross reserve boundaries, allowing for adaptive management actions, including the return of tortoises to the reserve when necessary. Preliminary results indicate high short-term survival and heterogeneous movement patterns, with individuals establishing activity areas within forest and edge habitats. Early observations of feeding behavior suggest interactions with a variety of plant species, highlighting the species’ potential role as a seed disperser. These initial findings demonstrate the feasibility of combining rigorous pre-release protocols with innovative tracking technologies to support rewilding efforts. Ongoing monitoring will be critical to evaluate long-term survival, spatial ecology, and functional contributions to ecosystem processes.

Oral

Saving the Giant From the Brink: Conservation Progress of Asian Giant Softshell Turtle (Pelochelys cantorii) in Eastern China LUYUAN GE1 AND WEIGUO DU 1 Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China [geluyuan23@mails.ucas.ac.cn] The Asian Giant Softshell Turtle (Pelochelys cantorii) is one of the largest freshwater turtle species in Asia, yet its population has been estimated to decline by over 90% in the past three decades, leading to its Critically Endangered status on the IUCN Red List. In China, although legally protected as a National First-Class Key Protected Wildlife species, no reliable observational records have been reported from its eastern distribution range over the last decade. A successful captive-breeding program for juveniles has been established in the Oujiang River basin (Qingtian County, Zhejiang Province). However, pre-release behavioral assessments and field monitoring techniques remain underdeveloped, representing a critical bottleneck for population recovery. This study was initiated to develop a biotelemetry tracking system tailored to the species' unique aquatic habits, aiming to provide technical support for the release and post-release monitoring of captive-bred individuals. We established a behavioral monitoring framework using both underwater and above-water cameras in juvenile and adult rearing ponds, capturing key behaviors including nesting, ventilation, and benthic resting. Behavioral analyses revealed that juveniles are nocturnal, with an average ventilation frequency of 12.75 times per day and a bimodal nocturnal activity rhythm. Water temperature and dissolved oxygen significantly influenced the temporal allocation of behaviors. For telemetry device selection, considering the species' highly aquatic nature, brief ventilation periods, and body mass constraints, we compared multiple models and selected the Wildlife Computers SPLASH10 GPS tag (66 g, equipped with a temperature sensor), which proved capable of transmitting location and temperature data during brief surface intervals under field conditions. Attachment methods were evaluated through pre-trials on Spiny Softshell Turtle (Apalone spinifera); compared with epoxy adhesion, marginal perforation was confirmed to be safer and more reliable. We subsequently optimized the soft-shelled turtle-specific attachment protocol which was successfully applied to juvenile individuals. Additionally, environmental DNA (eDNA) assays were optimized to survey the current wild population status in the Oujiang River. Collectively, this work provides foundational technical and scientific support for behavioral ecological research, post-release monitoring, and population recovery of P. cantorii.

Poster

The Influence of Temperature and Climate Change on the Hatching Rate and Ecophysiology of Chelonians in the Cuieiras River 1 ARTHUR JOSÉ CAVALCANTE GOIS , VIRGÍNIA CAMPOS DINIZ BERNARDES, RALPH LACERDA DE ALBUQUERQUE, SAMUEL DOS SANTOS VIEIRA, WALDENILZA GOMES DE SOUZA, JOSUÉ ANDERSON AZEVEDO, NAIANE ARANTES SILVA, AND FERNANDA P. WERNECK 1 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazônia - INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil [arthurjcgois@outlook.com]

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Amazonian turtles, such as the Red-headed Amazon River Turtle (Podocnemis erythrocephala) and the South American Big-headed Turtle (Peltocephalus dumerilianus), play key ecological roles but face serious threats, including habitat loss, egg overharvesting, hunting, and climate change. As in other ectotherms, nest temperature during incubation affects embryonic development, sex ratio, and hatchling locomotor performance, factors critical to the survival and conservation of these species. This study investigates the effects of temperature on semi‑natural nests (from community‑managed areas). Nests were sampled along the Cuieiras River, a Negro River tributary, in the Barreirinha Indigenous Community, within the Puranga Conquista Sustainable Development Reserve, during the 2024/2025 and 2025/2026 nesting seasons. We collected 40 P. erythrocephala and 32 P. dumerilianus nests from nesting sites and transferred the eggs to a semi‑natural incubator with two temperature treatments: sun‑exposed and shaded. During incubation, nest temperatures were recorded using data loggers buried alongside the eggs and placed at the nest surface. Hatching rate was calculated as the number of hatchlings divided by the number of eggs in each nest. Critical thermal maxima (CTmax) and minima (CTmin) were determined by gradually increasing or decreasing hatchling temperature until the animals entered torpor or showed muscle spasms and no longer responded to stimuli. The incubation period for P. dumerilianus nests was 117 ± 15.1 days (120 ± 5.9 in sun and 114.2 ± 20.2 in shade), while P. erythrocephala nests incubated for 89.2 ± 18.1 days (85.3 ± 15.2 in sun and 93.3 ± 20.3 in shade). Hatching rate did not differ significantly among treatments, but at ~37 °C or higher the hatching rate of P. dumerilianus nests declined, and no nest of either species exposed to 40 °C produced surviving hatchlings. Thermal critical limits did not differ among treatments: P. dumerilianus hatchlings had CTmax = 43.41 ± 0.92 °C and CTmin = 11.61 ± 1.19 °C, whereas P. erythrocephala had CTmax = 45.75 ± 1.00 °C and CTmin = 11.02 ± 1.11 °C. Our findings agree with previous studies indicating that high temperatures accelerate incubation. Future analyses will assess how temperature affects hatchling morphology and performance.

Oral

Influence of Landscape on the Aquatic Habitat Quality of Nazas Slider (Trachemys hartwegi) GAEL ANTONIO GUZMÁN MERAZ1, ERNESTO BECERRA, LUIS SALVADOR RODRIGUEZ AGUILAR, CITLALI MORENO GONZALEZ, BRUNO MARTINEZ, AND LUNA MUÑOZ PAYAN 1 Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, UJED., Gómez Palacio, Durango, México [gaelguzman24s@gmail.com] Habitat fragmentation is one of the main drivers of biodiversity loss. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the effect of landscape configuration on aquatic habitat quality. We selected three sites within the habitat of Nazas Slider (Trachemys hartwegi): Columpios, Rodeo, and Reliz de los Venados. Using satellite images and FRAGSTATS software, we calculated configuration landscape metrics. In addition, physicochemical water parameters were measured (temperature, pH, conductivity, and dissolved solids). Reliz de los Venados showed the highest coverage and the shortest distance between gallery forest patches (PLAND = 9.718%, ENN_MN = 2.437 m), as well as the lowest water temperature values (23.53 °C). Columpios showed the greatest fragmentation of gallery forest (PLAND = 1.997%, ENN_MN = 10.290 m), along with a higher water temperature (23.97 °C). Rodeo showed the greatest anthropogenic transformation, with dominance of agriculture (PLAND = 45.098%) and built-up areas (PLAND = 7.478%), together with the highest values of conductivity (0.55 μS) and total dissolved solids (0.28 ppt). The results suggest a gradient of landscape transformation driven by agricultural pressure in the middle section of the River. These modifications may generate alterations in aquatic habitat quality and may also affect the movements of Nazas Slider.

Poster

Chelonian Biology, Conservation, and Management Course CRIS HAGEN1, CLINTON DOAK, RACHAEL HARFF, AND AJ FETTERMAN 1 Turtle Survival Alliance, Cross, South Carolina, United States of America [chagen@turtlesurvival.org] Affectionately referred to as "Turtle School", the Chelonian Biology, Conservation, and Management Course is co-sponsored by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums' (AZA) Chelonian Advisory Group (ChAG) and Turtle Survival Alliance (TSA) and held at the

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Turtle Survival Center (TSC) in Cross, South Carolina. Now entering its fourth year, this course is a community resource for students and professionals interested in all things turtle. This immersive hands-on learning experience focuses on basic biology, diversity, and global conservation status of chelonians, the latest in husbandry and reproductive techniques, enclosure and facility design concepts, integration of captive management plans with conservation strategies and effective conservation messaging. Participants will learn not only about chelonian husbandry, but also how to connect with conservation projects, breeding program management, enrichment basics, chelonian health fundamentals, field research and techniques, and much more to improve chelonian management at their institutions and impact chelonians globally. Under guidance of the AZA Chelonian Advisory Group, the course provides knowledge about chelonians and skills for managing these species in captivity that are essential for anyone working directly with chelonians in zoo, aquarium, wildlife rehab, conservation, or research settings. The course is led by a diverse group of instructors from TSA, AZA, universities, and other conservation NGOs. The TSC's 65-acre property in remote South Carolina Lowcountry provides an excellent outdoor laboratory for learning about various research and trapping techniques with close to 60 species of amphibians and reptiles documented on site. The knowledge obtained from this course can be applied to turtles anywhere in the world.

Oral

Fowl Play: Freshwater Turtle Community Diversity and Abundance in Wetlands Managed for Waterfowl in Arkansas, USA ELIZABETH D. HAYS1, ETHAN C. HOLLENDER, AND J.D. WILLSON 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America [edhays@uark.edu] Freshwater aquatic turtles are rapidly declining worldwide, in no small part due to loss of freshwater wetland habitat. Many wetlands in the southeastern United States are managed for waterfowl, with wetlands often subjected to unnaturally short hydroperiods due to draining shortly after waterfowl leave in the spring, and non-game species like turtles are often neglected altogether from management decisions. Because wetland community structure is strongly intertwined with hydroperiod, it is crucial that we understand how the anthropogenically imposed disturbance of a shortened hydroperiod in these managed wetlands affects turtle community structure.

Therefore, we conducted intensive trapping surveys of 23 wetlands historically managed with varying intensities for waterfowl for two consecutive years (2024 – 2025) across 8 management areas spanning the Arkansas River Valley, Arkansas, USA, to investigate the influence of waterfowl-related management (draining of wetlands) on freshwater turtle community structure. We found that populations of Common Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina), Eastern Musk Turtles (Sternotherus odoratus), and Red-eared Sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans), three common species in Arkansas, were significantly less abundant in managed wetlands than unmanaged wetlands. Additionally, turtle communities in managed wetlands were significantly less diverse than communities in unmanaged wetlands. These results suggest that current management regimes targeting waterfowl are not conducive to supporting diverse turtle communities with robust populations. Rather than draining every wetland within a management area, at least some wetlands within a complex should be allowed to have a longer, more natural hydroperiod to support more diverse and robust turtle communities. Shifting management regimes to prioritize the health of entire wetland ecosystems, rather than just waterfowl, will be an important component of conservation efforts aimed at protecting the ecological functions of managed wetlands.

Oral

Immunogenetics of the Northwestern Pond Turtle OBED HERNANDEZ-GOMEZ1 AND DOMONIC JIMENEZ 1 New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America [ohg@nmsu.edu] The Northwestern Pond Turtle (Actinemys marmorata: NWPT) is one of three freshwater turtle species native to the West Coast of the United States. Despite its expansive range, the NWPT is experiencing a drastic population decline, warranting state-level protection and consideration for federal protection. There is no single clear cause of decline; however, in populations in the state of Washington, the fungal pathogen Emydomyces testavorans (Emte) is increasingly associated with shell disease in pond turtles. This form of shell

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disease manifests as both internal and external lesions. Both forms of lesions can have detrimental effects on individuals’ health and may contribute to the ongoing population decline. Although NWPT’s can be found across the three West Coast states, Emte seems to be disproportionately found in Washington. Currently, NWPT populations in Washington are supplemented through captive breeding programs, raising concerns about their genetic diversity. We compared the immunogenetic diversity of individuals from Washington and California using blood samples from NWPT across the range, and next-generation sequencing. We assessed 1) interstate immunogenetic diversity, 2) the relationship between host immunogenetic diversity and pathogen load, and 3) the relationship between host immunogenetic diversity and disease severity. This work will provide insight into the power of genomic research in developing captive breeding programs and species management plans.

Oral

Influence of Wetland Isolation on Movement Patterns of Western Chicken Turtles ETHAN HOLLENDER1, ELIZABETH HAYS, AND JD WILLSON 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America [echollen@uark.edu] Western Chicken Turtle exist in low-density metapopulations in networks of wetlands that may or may not be occupied at any given time. Movement of individuals among these wetlands is important for finding mates, maintaining genetic diversity, and recolonizing wetlands that have become unoccupied. Wetlands are sometimes connected by small creeks that facilitate such movements, but when they are not, movements must be made through terrestrial habitats. This likely makes the distances among suitable wetlands an important component of Chicken Turtles’ decisions about whether to leave their current wetland for another. We used trapping surveys and telemetry to monitor two populations of Western Chicken Turtles in southeastern Oklahoma: one at a widely spaced network of wetlands in Atoka County, and another in a network of closely spaced wetlands in McCurtain County. Preliminary analysis suggests that at the Atoka site, turtles move among wetlands within a single active season far less frequently than turtles at the McCurtain site.

Wetlands at the Atoka site that became uninhabited were likely to remain so for several years, though a shorter study duration at McCurtain prevents comparison of recolonization times until more data are collected. These results suggest that minimizing overland travel distances within networks of wetlands used by Chicken Turtles can be an important factor in developing effective conservation management plans for this declining species.

Poster

Canary in the Coal Mine: Yolk Sac Retention in Diamondback Terrapin Hatchlings as a Field Indicator of Thermal Developmental Stress 1 TABITHA HOOTMAN , ALLISON CONBOY, WADE SMITH, MELISSA I. SMITH, JOHN ENZ, SHANNON MCNEIL, AND ERIC C. MUNSCHER 1 Turtle Survival Alliance, North Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America 1 Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America [thootman@turtlesurvival.org] Diamondback Terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin) are an ecologically vital species in estuarine ecosystems, yet face growing threats from habitat loss, nest predation, and rising temperatures within nesting environments. During long-term nest monitoring at multiple sites in northern Florida, we documented a consistent pattern of hatchlings emerging with unabsorbed yolk sacs, a condition that leaves them more vulnerable to predation, infection, and dehydration, and reduces their chances of survival in the critical days after hatching. Yolk sac retention was observed across all monitored sites and appears linked to elevated nest temperatures during incubation. Terrapin embryos are highly sensitive to heat, and incomplete yolk absorption is one of several developmental problems that increase when nests run too warm. We suggest that tracking yolk retention rates in newly hatched terrapins offers a practical, field-accessible way to detect when nest conditions are becoming harmful, potentially flagging problems before widespread embryo mortality makes the damage impossible to miss. Hatchlings with unabsorbed yolk sacs were brought into controlled care for veterinary evaluation and held until absorption was complete, meaningfully improving their survival before release. Monitoring yolk retention across seasons and

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nesting areas could complement existing temperature data, helping managers pinpoint high-risk sites and act early. As climate change continues to push nest temperatures higher, the condition of hatchlings at emergence may be one of the clearest and most practical signals researchers have that something is going wrong underground.

Oral

Camera Traps and 3D-Printed Turtles: Is It Time to Rethink Clay Models in Predation Studies?

DANIEL F. HUGHES1 AND CAMERON KOLTHOFF 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, Texas, United States of America [dhughes1@tarleton.edu] Predation studies commonly rely on clay models to infer predator–prey interactions; however, this approach assumes that model resemblance alone elicits predatory behavior and that attack marks accurately represent predation attempts. We evaluated these assumptions by pairing camera traps with 3D-printed models of the Ornate Box Turtle (Terrapene ornata) alongside non-biological control objects. Our main goal was to identify potential predators of T. ornata and secondarily to test whether model form drives interaction behavior. We deployed models across randomized quadrants within a sand prairie ecosystem over sequential sampling periods. Each model was paired with a motion-triggered camera recording nocturnal activity. Video data were categorized into four behavioral classes: camera detection of animal, animal detected model, animal interacted with model, and animal attempted predation on model (defined as biting). Following initial trials with turtle models, identical methods were applied using 3D-printed cubes to test for non-specific attraction. Across sampling periods, multiple taxa interacted with both model types, primarily Eastern Cottontails (Sylvilagus floridanus), small mammals (Rodentia), and Raccoons (Procyon lotor). Notably, no species exhibited a significant difference in attempted predation rates between turtle and control models. However, detection and interaction frequencies differed for some taxa, particularly rabbits and mice, which interacted frequently with both model types. These findings indicate that interactions are not solely driven by prey resemblance. Our results challenge a foundational assumption of clay model studies: that attacks reflect true predation attempts on prey analogs. Instead, we propose neophilia—attraction to novel objects—as a primary null hypothesis explaining many observed interactions. Additionally, camera traps provided direct behavioral validation, revealing that inferred predation from physical marks alone may be misleading. We conclude that integrating camera traps with standardized 3D-printed models improves repeatability and interpretability in predation studies. Critically, the inclusion of true negative controls is necessary to distinguish predation from exploratory behavior, thereby refining ecological inference in predator–prey research.

Oral

From Science to Policy: How Community-Based Approaches and Knowledge Co-Production Can Inform Turtle Conservation Policy Decisions AYUSHI JAIN1, AKSHAY VINOD ANAND, KAREN KAINER, VANESSA LUNA-CELINO, AND CHRISTOPHER SEARCY 1 University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America [axj974@miami.edu] Effective conservation of threatened species has traditionally relied on understanding ecological habits and identifying threats.

However, ensuring the long-term success of conservation efforts requires accounting for the social consequences of addressing these threats. Integrating socio-economic and ecological knowledge into key policy decisions are often overlooked. We examined these dynamics for the critically endangered Cantor’s Giant Softshell Turtle (Pelochelys cantorii) in Kasaragod district, Kerala, India. This species is among the rarest and most understudied freshwater turtles globally. Using local ecological knowledge, we previously identified the first-known breeding population of this species in the country and established a community-led monitoring network. We identified a small dam, the Bavikarra Dam, as the most immediate threat to this breeding population. Bavikarra Dam has inundated critical nesting habitat since becoming operational in 2021. At the same time, the dam provides important benefits to local communities, including preventing saltwater intrusion and providing drinking water and irrigation. To understand cost-benefit trade-offs, we conducted participatory workshops with local communities and in-depth interviews with external actors (dam engineers,

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local government officials, policymakers). We further employed Q-methodology, a commonly used method to understand subjectivity in environmental governances and policymaking. This method helped us identify viewpoints across actor groups regarding dam management for turtle conservation. We found clear differences in actors’ priorities, reflecting dichotomies between biodiversity conservation and water security. Our work facilitated dialogue between inter-governmental agencies and local communities, leading to a first-of-its-kind multi-actor communication committee. Further, actors agreed to conduct Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) for future small dams in the region, despite no such requirement at the national and/or state level. These findings underscore the importance of actively engaging diverse actors in conservation planning to develop effective and sustainable policies. And this has made P. cantorii the district animal of Kasaragod!

Oral

How to Increase the Health and Welfare of Pet Chelonians: An Integrative Approach SANDRA JASINOSKI1, JAMES SUDHOFF, AND KARL LARSEN 1 Independent research scientist, formerly with Natural Resource Science, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada [sandra_jas@hotmail.com] Providing adequate care for a pet chelonian is difficult as they have unique and complex husbandry requirements. Coupled with this, chelonians in general are long-lived and characterized by indeterminate growth and reproductive longevity. In addition, pet owners are challenged with finding and accessing accurate, science-based information on chelonian husbandry and health, which might result in the development of treatable or preventable illness and disease. Limited access to appropriate veterinary care further complicates this.

Periodic health assessments might help with detecting and treating illness or disease before it becomes too advanced. However, there is a paucity of reptile veterinarian specialists and they are usually limited to major centers, and many general practice veterinarian clinics are reluctant to admit chelonians because they lack knowledge and experience with reptiles. To address these issues, we are using an integrative approach involving several stakeholders including pet owners, the veterinary community, and wildlife rehabilitation centers. First, we will summarize resources on chelonian health and husbandry from peer-reviewed publications, veterinary handbooks, and trusted husbandry sources. We will create infographics and health checklists tailored to each of these stakeholders to enable this crucial information to be easily followed and long-term consequences to be understood. Second, we propose to collect and summarize case studies of chelonians, taken from veterinary hospitals, wildlife rehabilitation centers, and owners. These case studies, for the most part, are not published or widely disseminated. The proposed large database would objectively guide appropriate treatment of illness and disease based on what worked well (or what did not) in previous cases. The themes and conclusions gleaned from this database of case studies will be reviewed by veterinarians to ensure accuracy. The database will supplement resources available to the veterinary community such as handbooks and online networks and forums. It is anticipated that this study will not only increase the welfare and health outcomes of pet chelonians, but might also help reduce the number of unwanted pets abandoned and released into the environment due to poor health and lack of access to care.

Poster

Bioacoustics Can Change the Way We Look at Turtles: Implications for Ecology and Conservation GABRIEL JORGEWICH-COHEN INPA - National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil [gabrieljcohen2@gmail.com / gabriel.cohen@inpa.gov.br] Turtles have long been regarded as predominantly mute animals, a misconception that has limited their inclusion in behavioural, evolutionary, and conservation research. Over the past decade, however, accumulating evidence has revealed that chelonians possess complex and socially relevant vocal repertoires. Here we synthesize recent advances in turtle bioacoustics and highlight their transformative potential for ecology and conservation. We first demonstrate, through playback experiments and acoustic analyses, how vocalizations influence hatching synchronization in nests of the Giant Amazon River Turtle (Podocnemis expansa), suggesting that

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acoustic communication in turtles may be far more dynamic than previously assumed. These findings open new avenues for investigating the evolutionary origins of specific social vocalizations and the role of acoustic behaviour in social synchronization.

Second, we introduce the Turtle Sounds Database (TSD; https://turtlesoundsdatabase.com/), the first open-access global repository for turtle vocalizations. The TSD centralizes acoustic data across species and populations, serving as a foundational resource for taxonomic studies, comparative analyses, and the development of conservation tools. Third, we present the ongoing development of a real-time passive acoustic monitoring system that combines low-cost underwater recorders (TurtlePod) with machine learning algorithms trained on TSD data. This system can autonomously detect species-specific vocalizations and anthropogenic threats (e.g., boat engines) in remote Amazonian waters, generating alerts for enforcement agencies and providing continuous ecological data on population presence and reproductive activity. Finally, we discuss how integrating acoustic characters into integrative taxonomy can help resolve cryptic species complexes and identify Evolutionarily Significant Units, directly informing conservation prioritization. By reframing turtles as acoustically active animals, bioacoustics is not only changing how we study them—it is creating practical tools to protect them in a rapidly changing world.

Oral

Reassessing the Status, Distribution, and Ecology of Michigan’s Spotted Turtles (Clemmys guttata) FAITH KUZMA1, BILL FLANAGAN, DANIEL EARL, AND YU MAN LEE 1 John Ball Zoo, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America [fkuzma@jbzoo.org] The Spotted Turtle (Clemmys guttata) is a small, freshwater turtle that occupies the Eastern and Great Lakes regions of the United States (U.S.) and Canada. Rangewide population declines have identified the Spotted Turtle as an endangered species in Canada and a Species of Greatest Conservation Need throughout its U.S. range. Michigan appears to be a stronghold for Spotted Turtle populations in the Midwest, but critical knowledge gaps remain. As part of a Competitive State Wildlife Grant (CSWG), John Ball Zoo and several other local organizations have partnered with Michigan Natural Features Inventory (MNFI) to update our understanding of Spotted Turtle status, distribution, and ecology in Michigan. The primary goals of the CSWG are to 1) assess Spotted Turtle distribution and population ecology, 2) assist Spotted Turtle recruitment, and 3) evaluate the effectiveness of conservation actions. Using the Northeast Spotted Turtle Working Group’s protocols for visual and trap-based assessments, we surveyed 52 sites throughout Michigan’s lower peninsula from 2022 – 2025. Over 5,916 trap nights we had more than 700 Spotted Turtle captures at 19 (37%) sites. Only six of the occupied sites were represented by more than five individuals. In 2025, we expanded our efforts to include the identification of priority sites for long-term monitoring, an exploration into Spotted Turtle nesting ecology, and a Spotted Turtle headstarting study.

Data collection is ongoing, but results should allow us to calculate population estimates, conduct population viability analyses, and inform future conservation and management efforts.

Oral

Climate Change and Loss of Shade Limit Activity Time in a Threatened Tortoise (Goode’s Thornscrub Tortoise [Gopherus evgoodei]) in Tropical Dry Forests RAFAEL A. LARA RESÉNDIZ1, JUAN C. ÁLVAREZ-YEPIZ, DONALD B. MILES, JULIA JOOS, ANA G. PÉREZ-DELGADILLO, AND FAUSTO MÉNDEZ-DE LA CRUZ 1 ITSON-LANBIOCC, Cd. Obregón, Sonora, México [rafas.lara@gmail.com] Biodiversity loss driven by climate change and habitat alteration is a major global concern. In reptiles, even small changes in environmental temperature can affect critical biological processes and have profound ecological consequences. This study evaluates how canopy cover and projected climate warming influence the activity period of the Goode’s Thornscrub Tortoise (Gopherus evgoodei), a threatened species from tropical dry forests in northwestern Mexico. We applied mechanistic biophysical models to simulate operative temperatures and predict activity windows under current conditions and with a projected 1.8 °C increase in ambient

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temperature. Results indicate that reduced shade due to decreased vegetation significantly shortens daily activity time. Projected warming further restricts activity, highlighting the combined effect of habitat degradation and climate change on thermally sensitive species. These findings underscore the critical role of vegetation in regulating microhabitat thermal quality and maintaining species’ ecological function. Mechanistic niche models proved effective for predicting how environmental changes impact species persistence.

Overall, this work provides eco-physiological evidence to inform conservation strategies for threatened tortoises, emphasizing the importance of protecting vegetative cover to mitigate thermal stress in tropical dry forests.

Oral

Since Its Description in 2020: What Have We Learned About the Cora Mud Turtle (Kinosternon cora) and Its Conservation?

JESÚS ALBERTO LOC-BARRAGÁN1,2 1 Departamento de Biodiversidad, Dirección General de Recursos Naturales, Secretaría de Desarrollo Sustentable, Gobierno del Estado de Nayarit, Avenida de los Insurgentes, esquina con Rey Nayar, s/n, Colonia Burócratas Federal, Tepic 63156, Nayarit, México 2 Ciencia, Conservación y Desarrollo de las Comunidades (CICODEC) A.C., Calle Bella Italia 170, Colonia Lomasdel Valle, Tepic 63066, Nayarit, México [biolocbarragan@gmail.com] The Cora Mud Turtle (Kinosternon cora), described in 2020, is a microendemic freshwater turtle restricted to the Pacific coastal plain of Sinaloa and Nayarit, Mexico. To characterize its biology and ecology and generate baseline information for its conservation, we conducted long-term field surveys during 2021, 2022, 2024 and 2025 across multiple localities within its distribution. Standardized sampling consisted of four consecutive nights per site using baited double-ended funnel traps deployed in lagoons, seasonal streams, and cattle ponds. For each captured individual, we recorded habitat type, capture time, sex, morphometric measurements, body temperature, and ecological observations. A total of 151 wild individuals were documented. Kinosternon cora occurs exclusively below 30 m above sea level, inhabiting natural wetlands, seasonal streams, and artificial livestock ponds. The species exhibits pronounced seasonal activity, remaining primarily aquatic during the rainy season and estivating beneath native riparian vegetation adjacent to drying water bodies during the dry season. Sexual maturity is estimated at 5–6 years of age, with nesting occurring between September and October. Females attain larger body sizes than males, whereas males possess proportionally longer tails. The species is sympatric with the Mexican Mud Turtle (Kinosternon integrum), but can be distinguished by its smaller body size and reduced plastron. Our findings indicate that habitat loss and fragmentation constitute the principal threats to the species, while illegal collection for the pet trade represents an increasing conservation concern. These results provide scientific support for its current Endangered (EN) status on the IUCN Red List, its inclusion in CITES Appendix I, and its proposed listing as Endangered under the Mexican Official Standard NOM-059-SEMARNAT. This study provides one of the most comprehensive assessments of the species' ecology, life history, and habitat requirements to date, establishing an essential baseline for conservation planning. Ongoing in situ conservation efforts include habitat protection through Voluntarily Designated Conservation Areas (ADVC) and Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures (OECMs) to promote the long-term persistence of this microendemic turtle.

Poster

Refuge Fidelity: Movements of Mexican Mud Turtle (Kinosternon integrum) During Aestivation RAÚL LÓPEZ-VIVANCO1, CLEMENTINA GONZÁLEZ, AND RODRIGO MACIP-RÍOS 1 Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México [2220108h@umich.mx] Spatial fidelity during aestivation can influence habitat use and population persistence in reptiles, yet the scale at which it occurs remains poorly understood. We evaluated spatial fidelity in Mexican Mud Turtles (Kinosternon integrum) during their aestivation period in Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, Mexico, using a multiscale approach. Individuals recorded in at least two consecutive aestivation seasons were included. Fidelity to general location was assessed using distances between seasonal centroids and permutation tests

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(999 iterations). Site-specific fidelity was examined using minimum distances between locations, compared with null models simulating random distributions across the entire study area (bounding box) and within the accessible area (convex hull with a 50 m buffer). Finally, site reuse was estimated using buffers of 5 to 50 m to identify the spatial scale of reuse. Turtles showed significant fidelity to general location, with centroid distances lower than expected by chance (108 m vs. 238 m; p < 0.05). In contrast, no site-specific fidelity was detected, as minimum distances did not differ from null expectations (p > 0.6). However, site reuse increased with spatial scale, reaching 56–62% within areas of 20 to 50 m. These results reveal a clear pattern: Kinosternon integrum does not return to the exact same point but consistently reuses aestivation patches. This suggests that spatial fidelity operates at intermediate scales and is likely associated with the availability of suitable microhabitats that provide favorable thermal conditions during aestivation.

Oral

Turtle Conservancy, Ten Years Preserving Turtles in México LYDIA LOZANO-ANGULO1, ERIC V. GOODE, PETER PAUL VAN DIJK, CRAIG STANFORD, MERCY VAUGHN, RODOLFO GARCÍA MORALES, GAMALIEL CASTAÑEDA, AND JUDITH RÍOS ARANA 1 Turtle Conservancy, Alamos, Sonora, Mexico [lydia@turtleconservancy.org] In 2016, Turtle Conservancy promoted the creation of Habio A.C. a partnering Mexican non-profit that was created for the purpose of preserving endangered Mexican turtles and tortoises and their natural habitats. Since its creation, Habio A.C. has supported the expansion of an existing private reserve in Northwest Mexico and created 3 new private reserves in Northeast México. By doing that TC has promoted the protection of 65,000 acres of natural habitat for 9 endemic and endangered species of turtles and tortoises.

Partnering with other international organizations and foundations, in 2016 TC-Habio purchase 43,243 acres of critical habitat for the Bolson Tortoise (Gopherus flavomarginatus) population within the Federal Biosphere Reserve of Mapimi, this is also home to the Durango Mud Turtle (Kinosternon durangoense). In 2019, TC-Habio was able to accomplish a second purchase at the buffer zone of the Biosphere Reserve of Mapimi adding 18,500 acres of protected habitat to the existing federally protected area. In 2017, we partner with Nature and Culture International and supported the purchase of a new property that added 1000 acres to their existing private reserve in Alamos, Sonora, home to the Goode’s Thornscrub Tortoise (Gopherus evgoodei), the Western Mexican Wood Turtle (Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima rogerbarbouri), Yaqui Slider (Trachemys yaquia) and the Spotted Box Turtle (Terrapene nelsoni). More recently, in 2024 we were able to secure through land purchase a 2,164 acres wetland at the Federal Protected Area Cuatro Cienegas, habitat to 3 endemic species of freshwater turtles, the Coahuila Box Turtle (Terrapene coahuila), Cuatro Ciénegas Slider (Trachemys taylori), and Cuatro Ciénegas Softshell Turtle (Apalone spinifera atra) . Each one of our programs aims to strategically plan and develop a long term management program for the protection of these species, their habitats and the biodiversity associated with them.

Poster

Growth Rates in Mud Turtles From México RODRIGO MACIP-RÍOS 1 Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex Hacienda San José la Huerta, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, México [rmacip@enesmorelia.unam.mx] The growth rate in mud turtles is a neglected topic for tropical species. Growth rate directly affects the size and age of maturity and can vary between sexes and among species. Understanding how growth rates vary under different environmental conditions can have important conservation implications, specifically for head-starting programs that raise endangered hatchling turtles for release into the wild. In this study, the von Bertalanffy growth equation was fitted to five populations of three species of the genus Kinosternon (Mexican Mud Turtle (K. integrum), Rough-footed Mud Turtle (K. hirtipes), and Creaser’s Mud Turtle (K. creaseri)) from different parts of México. Locations were characterized by varying thermal regimes and elevations in different habitats. Growth rates did not

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differ between sexes, and the only species that showed a statistically different growth rate from the others was K. creaseri from the Kaxil Kiuic region in Yucatán, which was the locality with the higher mean monthly temperature. Growth rate among the studied populations ranged from very low rate 0.072 to 0.73 years-1. Estimated ages of sexual maturity from the studied species ranged from 3.3 to 8.45 years.

Oral

Marking Freshwater Turtles Using Epoxy Mass: An Effective and Inexpensive Method FÁBIO MAFFEI , BARTHIRA REZENDE OLIVEIRA, BRUNO TAYAR MARINHO NASCIMENTO, TATIANE BRESSAN MOREIRA, FERNANDA DELBORGO ABRA, AND PAULA RIBEIRO PRIST 1 FKM Consultoria Ambiental, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil [maffei.fabio@gmail.com] 1

Population size and dynamics are often estimated by marking individuals. The capture–mark–recapture (CMR) technique enables monitoring of growth, survival, and movement. In turtles, however, many marking methods can cause injury, such as cuts in the scutes made with metal files to create notches along the marginal plates or small perforations also on the edges with or without the attachment of number plates or ear tags. This report describes the use of epoxy mass, a less aggressive technique, in marking Geoffroy's Side-necked Turtle (Phrynops geoffroanus) in the Brazilian Cerrado. Between 2022 and 2025, 268 individuals were captured at 102 sampling points, and marked with a low-cost bi-component epoxy mass. First, the application site was cleaned with a sponge to remove slime and algae, and then dried with a clean cloth. A small piece of the mass (+/- 2 cm) was then fixed to the left rear side plate of the individuals and numbered with a plastic alphanumeric marker. This high-strength bi-component mass, when mixed in equal parts of white (resin) and gray (catalyst), initiates a chemical curing reaction. After the mixture becomes homogeneous, it has initial drying and hardening in up to 15 minutes, with complete curing in up to 24 hours submerged in water. For drying (hardening), the animals were kept in a plastic box for 20 minutes. The epoxy used (Loctite White Epoxy) can be used underwater and can be applied in humid areas. One box costs US$ 2 and allows for the marking of up to 10 animals. In total, eight individuals were recaptured, with a maximum interval of 4 to 19 months between recaptures, and in 87.5% of the times, the epoxy technique allowed the numbering verification. In addition to its low cost (US$ 0.20/individual) and ease of application, this type of marking proved durable for a semi-aquatic species and did not cause physical harm, as no allergic reactions or malformations compromising the integrity and health of the animals were observed.

Poster

What Does a Threatened Atlantic Forest Turtle Eat? Stable Isotope Insights Into the Diet of the Brazilian Snake-Necked Turtle (Hydromedusa maximiliani) THIAGO SIMON MARQUES1, BEATRIZ FERRARI LITTIG, DAIENE BISPO MARTINS, NELITON RICARDO FREITAS LARA, BARBARA PROTOCEVICH, LUÍS ANTÔNIO BOCHETTI BASSETTI, ANDRÉ YVES, SHIRLEY FAMELLI, RAFAEL MARTINS VALADÃO, AND THIAGO COSTA GONÇALVES PORTELINHA 1 University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil [thiago.marques@prof.uniso.br] The Brazilian Snake-Necked Turtle (Hydromedusa maximiliani) is a freshwater species endemic to the Atlantic Forest, associated with headwater streams and currently threatened with extinction. Understanding its assimilated diet and trophic role is essential for conservation planning. This study aimed to characterize the trophic ecology of the species using stable isotope analysis. Field campaigns were conducted in 2025 in two contrasting regions of southeastern Brazil: impacted areas within the Rio Doce basin in Minas Gerais (MG) and a well-preserved Atlantic Forest reference area in São Paulo (SP). Individuals were captured using baited funnel traps and active searches in small forest streams with preserved riparian vegetation. All captured individuals were marked and measured, and samples of claws and blood were collected to represent different temporal scales of dietary assimilation. Potential food sources were also sampled. Samples were dried, homogenized, and analyzed for carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) using

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continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Isotopic values were expressed in delta notation (‰), allowing inference of trophic position and primary carbon sources. Significant differences were observed between tissues, with higher δ15N values in blood (mean = 7.84‰) compared to claws (mean = 6.06‰), indicating that blood reflects recent dietary intake while claws integrate longer-term assimilation. For δ13C, claws showed less negative values (mean = -25.83‰) than blood (mean = -27.32‰), suggesting temporal variation in carbon sources. Isotopic signatures in claws indicate that H. maximiliani occupies an intermediate trophic position, with values overlapping aquatic macroinvertebrates and fish. The δ13C values were consistent with food webs primarily based on C3 vegetation typical of forested streams. Overall, results indicate a predominantly carnivorous diet, mainly composed of aquatic macroinvertebrates, with occasional contribution of vertebrates. Stable isotope analysis effectively revealed the assimilated diet over time and highlighted spatial variation in trophic structure between regions. These findings reinforce the species’ dependence on well-preserved headwater stream ecosystems and provide key insights for conservation and management strategies.

Poster

Return to Tiburón Island-Land of the Comcaac People, After Twenty-Four Years: A Desert Tortoise (Gopherus morafkai) and Biocultural Expedition MAXIMILIAN MAURER1, MERCY VAUGHN, ALICE KARL, AARON BARNETT, RAFAEL A. LARA RESENDIZ, GAMALIEL CASTAÑEDA GAYTÁN, LORAYNE MELTZER, GREGORY SMART, AND CYNTHIA FURMAN Ojai, California, United States of America [maxmaurer@mac.com] In 2001, we traveled to Isla Tiburón in the Gulf of California in response to reports from the Comcaac community of a high number of Morafka's Desert Tortoise (Gopherus morafkai), (formerly Gopherus agassizii) shell-skeletal remains being observed. We established a one square kilometer study plot near the center of the island in an area known as Caracol. During that survey we confirmed and quantified the Comcaac's observations while working alongside them and training them on survey methodologies. In November 2025, a team of 37 volunteer skilled tortoise biologists returned to repeat the Caracol study plot to determine if the island tortoise population had undergone any recovery, further decline, or remained the same. With the logistical and collaborative support of Prescott College Kino Bay Center personnel, we, again, worked alongside a team of 10 young Comcaac paraecologists providing them training on standardized methodologies. We found indications of recovery on the Caracol plot, with a tortoise population density estimate of 26.5/km². Additionally, we were tasked with establishing a study area on the mainland for long-term tortoise monitoring near the Comcaac village of Punta Chueca. The results of the Punta Chueca plot survey were discouraging, as a high number of recently dead tortoises were found, and only three live tortoises were observed. Discussions are underway to determine additional potential sites for long-term monitoring. Concurrently with conducting the tortoise study plots we participated in lessons on the biocultural diversity of the region. Ongoing progress for long-term tortoise monitoring will require collaboration with the Comcaac community, Prescott College Kino Bay Center, and tortoise researchers from the U.S. and Mexico.

Oral

An Eight-Year Capture-Mark-Recapture Study on a Southeastern Iowa Ornate Box Turtle (Terrapene ornata ornata) Population 1 BRANDON MAWHINNEY , ZACHARY LOUGHMAN, AND JOSHUA OTTEN 1 West Liberty University, West Liberty, West Virginia, United States of America [brandontmawhinney@gmail.com] Chelonian populations are declining worldwide. Understanding information regarding population demographics and life history information is vital to establishing effective in-situ management and ex-situ conservation programs. Ornate Box Turtle (Terrapene ornata ornata) populations throughout their range have been documented as declining. Observing populations throughout their distribution to further our knowledge on what factors are leading to well-established populations can help the overall conservation of this species. An ongoing Capture-Mark-Recapture study was conducted on a Private Nature Preserve in Southeastern Iowa, utilizing

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drift fences and visual encounter surveys. The objectives of this study were to assess a southeastern Iowa Ornate Box Turtle population, collect standard descriptive statistics, and analyze measurements between different sex and age demographics. During each capture, sex, age, carapace length, carapace width, plastron length, plastron width, shell height, and mass were recorded. Between 2018 and 2025, a total of 1,970 unique individuals were captured across 6,156 observations at a 1.56 female-to-male ratio. Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient tests were conducted and resulted in statistically significant positive correlations observed between mass and carapace length for adult males (ρ = 0.841, p < 0.01), adult females (ρ = 0.87, p < 0.01), and through their age distribution as a whole (ρ = 0.899, p < 0.01). Juveniles grew at a rate of approximately 0.038 grams per day. Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Tests showed all adult morphometric measurements possessed a significant difference between sexes. Females expressed significantly greater mean mass, plastron length, and shell height. Males expressed a greater average carapace length and carapace width. In 2025, 948 individuals were captured, making this the largest documented population of this species. The information allows us to establish a basis for life history growth patterns and healthy body conditions for ex-situ and in-situ conservation work.

Poster

Population Ecology and Growth Rates of Central American River Turtles (Dermatemys mawii) DONALD T. MCKNIGHT1, JENNIFER L. MCKNIGHT, DENISE M. THOMPSON, AND DAY B. LIGON 1 Savanna Field Station, La Democracia, Belize District, Belize [donald.mcknight@my.jcu.edu.au] Body-size growth rates are a key aspect of species’ life histories with important implications for conservation. Here we present population size and demographic data, as well as body-size growth rates, for wild Central American River Turtles (Dermatemys mawii), a critically endangered species that has experienced dramatic declines due to overharvesting. We studied a remnant population which, unlike most D. mawii populations, has experienced relatively low harvest rates, resulting in a dense population that is dominated by adults. We constructed growth curves for males and females using the Gompertz, logistic, and von Bertalanffy formulas.

Gompertz models produced the best fits and suggest that males mature at 12.4‒15.4 years and females at 15.0‒18.9 years. The slow growth rates and delayed maturity of D. mawii are important for conservation efforts because species with similar life history patterns typically tolerate high juvenile mortality rates but remain sensitive to loss of adults. As such, the high adult mortality rates caused by hunters targeting the largest individuals are highly detrimental to population persistence, and conservation efforts should place a priority on protecting adults.

Oral

Finding Turtles—Doggy Style JENNIFER MCKNIGHT , DONALD T. MCKNIGHT, DENISE M. THOMPSON, AND DAY B. LIGON 1 Savanna Field Station, La Democracia, Belize, Belize [jlshellem@yahoo.com] 1

Dogs have proven themselves to be useful for turtle research due to their keen sense of smell and their ability to locate turtles via scent; however, employing this method has often involved costly and intensive professional training. In March 2025, we began incorporating an untrained dog (“Buddy Goose Doofus”) into our turtle research at the Savanna Field Station, Belize, to see if he would be able to locate turtles without training from professional handlers. We rewarded Buddy with treats and praise during opportunistic encounters of turtles on daily walks and observed that he quickly began finding inconspicuous turtles during these walks.

We compared Buddy’s turtle captures with captures from our ongoing survey methods: baited traps (during times of the year when water was available) and capturing turtles by hand when we see them crossing roads and paths or moving in shallow ponds. During the study period (March 2025 to February 2026), we documented six species of turtle: Narrow-bridged Musk Turtle (Claudius angustatus), Tabasco Mud Turtle (Kinosternon acutum), White-lipped Mud Turtle (Kinosternon leucostomum), Atlantic Red-cheeked Mud Turtle (Kinosternon cruentatum), Furrowed Wood Turtle (Rhinoclemmys areolata), and Mesoamerican Slider (Trachemys venusta). All six species were documented by traps, four were documented by hand, and four (all except C. angustatus and K.

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leucostomum) were found by Buddy. Only two species were abundant (K. cruentatum and R. areolata). Kinosternon cruentatum were predominantly captured by traps (63 captures of 34 individuals), with fewer captures by hand (17 captures of 14 individuals) and by Buddy (15 captures of 13 individuals). However, Rhinoclemmys areolata were predominantly documented by Buddy, with 64 captures of 50 individuals compared to 31 captures of 23 individuals by hand and only 10 captures of nine individuals by traps. Further, Buddy was able to find turtles in tall grass and other areas we could not otherwise efficiently sample. As a result, he disproportionately found R. areolata that had not previously been marked (28 unmarked individuals compared to nine by hand and three in traps). Taken together, these results provide further evidence that casual use of non-specialized dogs can be useful tools in turtle research.

Poster

First Movements Matter: Hatchling Diamondback Terrapin Dispersal in Northeast Florida SHANNON MCNEIL1, JOHN ENZ, AND ANNIE MCKENZIE 1 Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America [Smcneil3@jacksonville.edu] Early life stages are crucial determinants of long-term survival for many species, yet movement and habitat use of hatchling Diamondback Terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin) remain poorly described. Diamondback Terrapins are estuarine turtles of conservation concern throughout the southeastern United States, and understanding patterns of post-emergence dispersal and overwintering is essential for informing effective management. This study examines fine-scale movement, habitat selection, and dispersal distances of hatchlings from the 2025 nesting season in Northeast Florida. Newly emerged hatchlings were fitted externally with VHF radio transmitters and/or Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tags. Individuals were tracked multiple times per week after release and are continuing to be tracked throughout their overwintering and emergence. At each location, habitat variables including vegetation structure, substrate moisture content, and presence of anthropogenic features were measured. These insights will contribute to resolving knowledge gaps in hatchling ecology for M. terrapin in subtropical estuarine systems and help identify critical nursery habitats that support early survival. Findings are directly relevant to conservation planning efforts targeting nesting beach protection, habitat restoration, and strategies to increase hatchling recruitment in declining populations across the southeast. Preliminary results will be discussed during the presentation of the poster.

Poster

Hybridization and Phylogeographic Structure of Texas-Endemic Map Turtles (Graptemys) JESSE MEIK1, PETER LINDEMAN, ISABELLA LARA, ISABELLA MARKS, SARAH BULLARD, YANNICK FRANCIOLI, AND JEFFREY STREICHER 1 Tarleton State University, Stephenville, Texas, United States of America [meik@tarleton.edu] The map turtle (Graptemys) radiation comprises 14 species of freshwater emydids broadly distributed throughout eastern North America. Five species occur in Texas, two of which are endemic: the Texas Map Turtle (G. versa) occupies the Colorado River drainage, including all major and some minor tributaries, and the state-threatened Cagle’s Map Turtle (G. caglei) is found in the adjacent Guadalupe River drainage, including the San Marcos and Blanco rivers. In recent years, G. versa has become established in parts of the upper Guadalupe River, and many turtles show intermediate traits where they are sympatric. Using ddRADseq, we evaluated phylogeographic structure and introgression across the ranges of both species. Surprisingly, G. caglei shows greater divergence than G. versa between lower and upper reaches of their respective drainages. Consistent with phenotypic observations, populations in the upper Guadalupe and Blanco drainages show a relatively high proportion of introgressed individuals. These findings have broad conservation implications for the range-restricted Cagle’s Map Turtle.

Oral

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A Race Against Time at a Tortoise’s Pace: Climate Change Vulnerability of the Southernmost Populations of the World’s Southernmost Tortoise 1 MIGUEL ÁNGEL MÉNDEZ GALEANO , ERIKA KUBISCH, MARÍA EUGENIA ECHAVE, AND RAFAEL LARA-RESÉNDIZ 1 Universidad Nacional del Comahue - INIBIOMA/CONICET, San Carlos De Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina [miamendezga@comahue-conicet.gob.ar] Understanding how rising temperatures affect locomotor performance—and ultimately fitness—is key to predicting ectotherm vulnerability to climate change. In this sense, radiotelemetry has provided essential field data closely linked to the thermal ecology of terrestrial ectotherms. The Chaco Tortoise (Chelonoidis chilensis) has recently been reclassified by the IUCN from Vulnerable to Endangered, reflecting increasing threats such as habitat loss from agricultural expansion and cattle ranching, wildfires, wildlife trafficking, road mortality, and predation by the invasive wild boar (Sus scrofa). Climate change, compounding these threats, emerges as a new concern for the conservation of this species due to its ectothermic physiology and temperature-mediated sex determination.

We evaluated the thermal sensitivity of locomotor performance in the southernmost populations of this species in the Argentinian Patagonia and projected its responses spatially at a local scale under current and future scenarios to assess their vulnerability. We attached radio transmitters, temperature dataloggers, and GPS units to tortoises and obtained movement and temperature data during their activity period (2022–2026). Then, we used generalized additive mixed models (GAMM) to estimate thermal performance curves to modelling movement speed as a function of carapace temperature. These curves were then subsequently used to spatially project locomotor performance under current and future maximum temperature climate layers. Results indicate that the Chaco Tortoise moves primarily within a carapace temperature range of ~25–40 °C, reaching maximum locomotor performance (~2 m/s) at ~32 °C. Projections under both current and future scenarios indicate that these populations operate within an optimal thermal range, which may become even more favorable under future conditions. We discuss the use of carapace temperature as a proxy for body temperature and the potential application of this approach to central and northern populations, as well as to other tortoise species.

Oral

Local Knowledge, Use, and Perceptions of Turtles in Tabasco, Mexico: An Exploration Through the Use of Digital Technologies JAVIER MÉNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ1 AND EDUARDO REYES GRAJALES 1 Tortugas de Tabscoob – JaviNature, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México [biol.javiermendez@gmail.com] In the state of Tabasco (Mexico), turtles constitute a group of high biocultural relevance, embedded within a socioecological system characterized by the abundance of water bodies and close interactions among local communities. Despite this, the topic has been poorly addressed and limited to only a few regions of the state. Therefore, this study analyzes the knowledge, uses, and social perceptions of turtles in the region. A semi-structured digital questionnaire was administered to 135 inhabitants across 17 municipalities in the state. The information was systematized through binary coding, and associations between variables were analyzed by contrasting the recorded categories. The results showed that freshwater species exhibit higher levels of recognition than marine species, particularly the Mesoamerican Slider (Trachemys venusta, 85.92%) and the White-lipped Mud Turtle (Kinosternon leucostomum, 82.22%). However, inconsistencies in nominal identification and patterns of ethnotaxonomic grouping were detected.

The use of freshwater turtles is diverse, with primary uses including consumption as food (27.41%) and as pets (25.27%), while cultural (2.63%), medicinal (4.20%), and artisanal (2.88%) uses were less frequent. In contrast, marine turtles showed low levels of use and higher unfamiliarity, with a high proportion of respondents reporting not using them (85.93%). An association between age and turtle use was observed. Consumption was close to 50% among individuals younger than 40 years, but increased in older groups, reaching 80% in individuals aged 41–60 and 100% in those aged 61–90. Medicinal use was low among individuals younger than 40 years (~12%) and higher among those aged 41 years and older (44%). Artisanal and musical uses remained relatively constant (~51.35%) among individuals aged 15–60 years, but were higher in the 61–90 age group (~87.50%). Social perception indicated that 58.52% of participants consider turtles to be at risk, mainly due to pollution (36.30%), consumption (25.19%), illegal trade (12.59%), and habitat loss (13.33%). Overall, the results reveal a generational pattern in the use and knowledge of turtles, as well as the

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coexistence of traditional practices and increasing environmental awareness, highlighting the need to strengthen the incorporation of sociocultural context into conservation strategies in the state of Tabasco.

Poster

A Novel Population of Eastern Musk Turtles (Sternotherus odoratus) in the Northern Panhandle of West Virginia BRADEN MITCHELL1 AND ZACHARY LOUGHMAN 1 West Liberty University, Butler, Pennsylvania, United States of America [bmmitchell0922@gmail.com] The Eastern Musk Turtle (Sternotherus odoratus) is a common, widely distributed turtle in the eastern United States and Canada. They reside within a variety of habitats throughout the range, from degraded ponds to canals to pristine springs. Despite the abundance and flexibility of this species, the distribution of this species is poorly understood. Sternotherus odoratus is not currently recognized to be in the northern panhandle of West Virginia whatsoever. This is not due to a lack of finding them, but rather a lack of sampling in the first place. The entire northern panhandle has only had one body of water officially sampled ever. Additionally, musk turtles have never been the focus of a sampling effort in the entirety of West Virginia. We aimed to fill this knowledge gap by sampling the entire northern panhandle for S. odoratus. We identified suitable habitat throughout the region, and trapped it. Sternotherus odoratus was targeted for this study, but all turtles caught were measured. Through trapping, we have identified a previously-unknown population of S. odoratus in the panhandle. Sternotherus odoratus is undoubtedly within the panhandle. Continued sampling has revealed the demographics of these populations as well.

Poster

Sex-Dependent Seasonal Shifts in Diet of Diamondback Terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin littoralis) in a Gulf Coast Marsh: Elucidation by Fecal DNA Metabarcoding MARK MERCHANT1 AND SARAH BAKER 1 McNeese State University, Lake Charles, Louisiana, United States of America [mmerchant@mcneese.edu] Diamondback Terrapins show a high degree of sexual dimorphism in head size, with females possessing larger heads than males.

Presumably, this allows females to exploit food resources too large or hard for males to consume. To determine differences in diet, we captured Diamondback Terrapins in an upper Texas Gulf coastal marsh from February to August of 2023- 2025. The animals were housed in small polypropylene tanks for 24 hrs. to collect fecal material. DNA was isolated from the samples for sequencing using specific primers to detect the presence of vertebrates, invertebrates, or algae. The resulting samples were subjected to Illumina sequencing and the resulting sequences were compared to bioinformatic databases to gain quantitative identification of dietary items.

Results showed a clear shift in diets of large females (≥ 150 mm carapace length) from marine algae during the months of February and March to diets rich in periwinkle snails (Littorea littoralis) during late March- May. The small window during which snails were consumed correlated to the breeding season. The diets of large females then shifted primarily to crabs for the period of late June-August, with small amounts of fish. In contrast, the diets of small females (<150 mm carapace length) and all males shifted from marine algae in February and March to crabs in April-August. In addition, morphometric data and bite force analysis of terrapins of all sizes revealed that only adult females had large enough jaw gapes and strong enough bite pressures to crush periwinkle snail shells.

These data support the idea that adult female DBTs have enlarged heads so that they can consume snails during the breeding and early nesting period to provide calcium for eggshell production.

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The Wood Turtle Worm Stomp: Ecology and Evolution of a Unique Foraging Behaviour PATRICK D. MOLDOWAN1, RACHEL Y. FALLAS, AND PETER B. MILLS 1 Algonquin Wildlife Research Station, Mount Allison University, Turtle Survival Alliance, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada [patrick.moldowan@gmail.com] The Wood Turtle (Glyptemys insculpta) demonstrates an unusual foraging behaviour: worm stomping, which involves rhythmic tamping with the forelimbs and thumping of the plastron against the ground to draw earthworms to the surface for feeding.

Behavioural study of Wood Turtles in Pennsylvania forty years ago resulted in the first reports of this behaviour in the wild. Worm stomping is reported infrequently and mostly in captive Wood Turtles. We collected video evidence of hatchling and adult Wood Turtles demonstrating worm stomping behaviour in a northern population in Ontario, Canada. Earthworms were absent from northern North America following the Wisconsin glaciation (75,000–11,000 years ago). Worm stomping behaviour in northern populations of Wood Turtles is particularly interesting because worms are non-native and have been introduced only in the past century or thereabouts. Is worm stomping a relict, holdover behaviour that northern Wood Turtles have retained from distant relatives that occupied wormy refugia south of the Laurentide Ice Sheet? Does stomping serve up more than just worms? Is stomping a simple modification of other typical turtle behaviours? Using a literature review and structured questionnaire distributed to biologists, we map the spatial extent of worm stomping across the geographic range of the Wood Turtle to answer questions about the ecology and evolution of this behaviour.

Oral

Turtles Hybridize Across Deep Time: Intergeneric Hybridization, With Case Study of the Wood Turtle (Glyptemys insculpta) and Blanding’s Turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) PATRICK D. MOLDOWAN1, RACHEL Y. FALLAS, PETER B. MILLS, AND JAMES D. HARDING 1 Algonquin Wildlife Research Station, Mount Allison University, and Turtle Survival Alliance, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada [patrick.moldowan@gmail.com] Turtles are unusual among vertebrates because of their ability to hybridize across divergent lineages. Intergeneric (between genera) hybrids in turtles occur occasionally in the wild and increasingly under artificial conditions of captivity. First, we present a case study involving hybridization of Blanding’s Turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) and Wood Turtle (Glyptemys insculpta) under captive conditions and, for the first time, in the wild. Second, we present an updated summary of intergeneric hybridization in turtles in the wild and captivity from a review of published and unpublished sources. We also briefly discuss intergeneric hybridization in other vertebrate groups and how reptiles, and turtles remarkably, are capable of hybridization among lineages with divergence times of greater than 50 million years.

Oral

Raising Awareness of Turtle Conservation in Mexico Through Public Sites Large and Small TONY MONAHAN Carapace Designs, LLC, Wantagh, New York, United States of America [tmonahan11@gmail.com] Home to over 50 chelonian species, Mexico has the second largest diversity of turtles on Earth. Like many world turtle hotspots, several local species are listed as threatened or endangered due to a myriad of reasons. While there are numerous biological and conservation projects being undertaken to help threatened species, these efforts generally do not seek public attention, as raising awareness of endangered turtles in the wild can lead to unwanted interest from collectors. Conversely, this talk will center on the efforts of Mexican public facilities to display and promote turtles in captivity or under temporary captive control. Recent visits to public sites in Quintana Roo, Guadalajara, Mexico City, Oaxaca, and Veracruz will be presented, including Centro Mexicana de la Tortuga (Mexican National Turtle Center), Zoo Guadalajara (only public site displaying Vallarta Mud Turtle (Kinosteron vogti)),

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Acuario Veracruz (Mexico’s largest aquarium), UMA Lucertas (Mexico’s turtle UMA), smaller facilities and several community sea turtle release programs. These public efforts help to elevate both awareness of Mexican turtle species and their unique challenges to survive.

Oral

Blood Bacterial Microbiota in the Endemic Turtle (Trachemys taylori) in Four Pools of the Cuatro Ciénegas Valley, Mexico MONICA ALEJANDRA MORENO ALVARADO1, CRISTINA GARCÍA, SARA VALENZUELA, AND RICARDO CANALES 1 Faculty of Biological Sciences, Juarez University of the State of Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México [morenomonica1w@gmail.com] Freshwater turtles face multiple threats that compromise their viability, including habitat loss and fragmentation, pollution, climate change, the introduction of invasive species, and emerging diseases, the latter being an aspect that remains largely unexplored in many wild species. In this regard, recent advances in the study of microbiota have modified the traditional conception of blood as a sterile environment, opening new perspectives for the analysis of health and microbial ecology in wild organisms. In this context, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have allowed for more precise characterization of the microbial diversity associated with different tissues, providing relevant information for disease prevention and the conservation of vulnerable species. The objective of this study was to characterize the blood bacterial microbiota of Cuatro Ciénegas Slider (Trachemys taylori), an endemic and threatened species from the Cuatro Ciénegas Valley, Coahuila, Mexico. Seventeen blood samples from wild individuals from four different locations were analyzed by amplifying the V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene and subsequently sequencing it on the Illumina platform. The data obtained allowed for the evaluation of the taxonomic composition of the bacterial community present. The results showed that the dominant phyla were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteriota. At the family level, Sphingomonadaceae, Bacillaceae, and Rhodobacteraceae stood out as the most abundant groups. Regarding genera, Bacillus, Sphingobium, and Paracoccus were identified as predominant. At the species level, Sphingobium limneticum stood out as one of the most abundant taxa. These findings constitute the first reference of the blood bacterial microbiota in T. taylori and provide information for assessing its health status and its interaction with the environment. They also allow for inferences about potential risks associated with the presence of pathogenic microorganisms and their relationship with environmental conditions. Taken together, this knowledge provides tools for the health monitoring of wild populations and contributes to the design of conservation strategies aimed at preserving this endemic species in a highly vulnerable ecosystem.

Poster

Structural Characterization of the Landscape in Riparian Zones With the Presence of the Invasive Red-Eared Slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) CITLALI MORENO GONZÁLEZ1, ERNESTO BECERRA, GAEL ANTONIO GUZMÁN MÉRAZ, LUIS SALVADOR RODRIGUEZ AGUILAR, AND BRUNO MARTÍNEZ 1 Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas UJED, Lerdo, Durango, México [citlalimogo29@gmail.com] Invasive exotic species generate ecological impacts that can compromise the integrity of freshwater ecosystems. Understanding the landscape factors that favor their establishment becomes fundamental for conservation. We analyzed the landscape configuration in sites with the presence of Red-Eared Slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) in the Nazas River. We used satellite images and calculated landscape metrics with FRAGSTATS. In Santa Julia, a higher proportion of crops (37.13%), low river cover (1.97%) and gallery forest (1.34%), presence of constructions (0.58%), and a higher number of river patches (15) were recorded. In Reliz de los Venados, a higher proportion of river (5.15%), the highest coverage of gallery forest (5.79%), presence of crops (4.75%), constructions (1.78%), and roads (0.30%) were observed. In the Nazas site, where the exotic species was not recorded, the highest proportion of crops (43.98%), a lower proportion of river (0.81%), gallery forest (1.82%), and a lower number of river patches (7) were recorded. The

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results suggest that the presence of the exotic species is associated with sites with a higher percentage of constructions and roads; additionally, the site without the presence of the exotic species presents more continuous river areas.

Poster

Genetic Diversity of Nazas Slider (Trachemys hartwegi) in the Upper and Lower Basin of the Nazas River LUNA MUÑOZ PAYÁN1, ERNESTO BECERRA, YESSICA RICO, MIGUEL BORJA, GAMALIEL CASTAÑEDA-GAYTÁN 1 Laboratorio de Herpetología FCB UJED, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México [luna.munozpayan22@gmail.com] Genetic diversity is a fundamental pillar of biodiversity, as well as a critical factor for the long-term viability of populations and species. One of the factors that affects genetic diversity is dispersal capability, which may be influenced by the sex of individuals.

Turtles play important roles in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; however, they are among the most threatened groups of vertebrates worldwide. Despite this, there is limited information in Mexico regarding the genetic diversity of freshwater turtles.

Therefore, in the present study, we estimated the genetic diversity of Nazas Slider (Trachemys hartwegi) in populations from the upper and lower basins of the Nazas River, as well as potential differences between sexes. We amplified 13 microsatellites and we estimated the number of alleles (Na), effective alleles (Ne), private alleles, observed heterozygosity (Ho), and expected heterozygosity (He).

Genetic diversity was higher in the lower basin population (He = 0.468) compared to the upper basin population (He = 0.419), with males showing the highest diversity (He = 0.479). Freshwater turtles typically exhibit high levels of genetic diversity. According to previous reports, this study found medium to low genetic diversity in T. hartwegi, as the He and Ho values were lower than those observed in other species.

Oral

A Gilded Cage: Declining Adult Turtle Populations at Comal Springs–Landa Lake, Texas ERIC MUNSCHER1, ZACHARY SIDERS, HAILEY MUNSCHER, MIKE FARRIS, STEPHEN ROSS, CHRIS COLLINS, MARC PACKARD, LILLIAN SELF, JESSICA MUNSCHER, JORDAN GRAY, GABRIELLE LOVE, SELIA ZIMMERMAN, AND ANDREW WALDE 1 SWCA Environmental Consultants, Houston, Texas, United States of America [emunscher@swca.com] Freshwater turtles are among the most imperiled vertebrates globally, yet population-level consequences of urban habitat modification can remain cryptic for decades due to the longevity of adult turtles. We used a decade of standardized mark–recapture data (2012–2022; 96 sampling days, 34 capture events, 4,477 individuals, 8,740 total captures) from Comal Springs–Landa Lake, New Braunfels, Texas, the largest spring system west of the Mississippi River, to quantify population trends in a multi-species freshwater turtle assemblage. We modeled population dynamics of four species, Common Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina), Texas Cooter (Pseudemys texana), Common Musk Turtle (Sternotherus odoratus), and Red-eared Slider (Trachemys scripta elegans)—using a marginalized, multistate Jolly-Seber open population model implemented in a Bayesian framework to estimate abundance, apparent survival, entry probability, and population growth rate (λ) for each sex. Despite the thermally stable, high-quality aquatic conditions characteristic of a large spring system, three of the four species exhibited sustained population declines over the study period.

Population growth rates fell below λ = 1 in P. texana (ca. 2015), S. odoratus (ca. 2017), and T. scripta elegans (ca. 2020), with female abundances declining to as little as 36–45% of their observed maxima by the final capture event. With the exception of T. scripta elegans, all species showed male-biased sex ratios that intensified over time, a pattern consistent with disproportionate female mortality during terrestrial nesting migrations. Recruitment of new individuals declined markedly across species, particularly after 2018. Only C. serpentina maintained a generally stable population. We interpret these patterns as evidence that Comal Springs–Landa Lake functions as a "gilded cage", an ecologically attractive but demographically unsustainable system in which extensive shoreline armoring (~50% of lake perimeter), elevated subsidized predator densities, and restricted nesting habitat limit reproduction and adult female survival despite favorable aquatic conditions. Our findings underscore that effective conservation of freshwater turtle

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assemblages in urban spring systems must explicitly address terrestrial habitat bottlenecks, and that long-term demographic monitoring is essential for detecting slow-motion population collapses masked by the longevity of adult turtles.

Oral

Ghosts in an Urban Forest: Three-Toed Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina triunguis) Surveys at Mercer Botanical Gardens and Arboretum, Houston, Texas HAILEY MUNSCHER1, KARI HERNANDEZ, AND ERIC MUNSCHER 1 Kingwood Park High School, Houston, Texas, United States of America [hmunsher4@gmail.com] Three-toed Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina triunguis) are a common terrestrial chelonian of the Gulf Coastal Plain, yet baseline population data from urban green spaces remain limited. We conducted a mark-recapture style survey at Mercer Botanic Gardens in Houston, Texas, to document occurrence, sex structure, recapture frequency, and basic morphometrics of a resident box turtle assemblage. Across survey efforts conducted between October 2024 and March 2026, 40 capture records representing 30 unique turtles were documented, including 9 recapture events and 7 individuals encountered more than once. The sampled population was female-biased, with 23 adult females, 6 adult males, and 1 juvenile recorded. Mean morphometrics for unique individuals were: midline carapace length = 116.2 mm, maximum carapace length = 118.6 mm, carapace width = 93.6 mm, plastron length = 110.1 mm, shell height = 62.6 mm, and body mass = 329.7 g. Most captures occurred during spring (March–June), consistent with increased seasonal surface activity. Several recaptures indicate site fidelity and continued use of landscaped and semi-natural habitats within the gardens. These findings suggest Mercer Botanic Gardens supports a persistent urban population of T. c. triunguis and highlight the conservation value of managed botanical properties as refugia for native chelonians in the greater Houston metropolitan area.

Continued standardized surveys will improve estimates of abundance, survivorship, movement, and habitat use, and can inform urban land-management practices that benefit box turtles.

Poster

Testing Procrustes Analysis as a Tool for Sexual Differentiation in the Shell Morphology of the Nazas Slider (Trachemys hartwegi) TANIA FERNANDA NÁJERA-LÓPEZ1, LUNA MUÑOZ-PAYAN, CITLALI MORENO-GONZÁLEZ, GAEL ANTONIO GUZMÁN-MERAZ, LUIS SALVADOR RODRÍGUEZ-AGUILAR, ANA PAULA DÍAZ-NÁJERA, AND ERNESTO BECERRA 1 Laboratorio de Herpetología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, UJED., Gómez Palacio, Durango, México [tnfernandanajeradelepidus@gmail.com] In the morphological study of turtles, Procrustes analysis (PA) has enabled the comparison of shell shapes to identify variations among species, contributing valuable information to taxonomic classification. It has also allowed the detection of significant variations in the morphology of nuchal and cloacal scutes, facilitating differentiation between sexes. Differences in shell shape between males and females in some species have been suggested to have mechanical implications that affect aspects of their biology. The Nazas Slider (Trachemys hartwegi) is a freshwater turtle with a restricted distribution in small areas within the arid regions of northern Mexico.

Therefore, the present study evaluates the efficiency of using nuchal and cloacal scutes as dimorphic characters in T. hartwegi. A total of 20 individuals were analyzed through landmark digitization on the shell using the software tpsDig2 and ImageJ. Procrustes ANOVA revealed significant differences between sexes in both centroid size (F = 8.82; P = 0.017) and shape (F = 2.85; P < 0.0001), confirming the presence of sexual dimorphism in the sample (n = 20). Additionally, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that morphological variation is mainly concentrated in the first two axes, with PC1 explaining 39.17% and PC2 26.31% of the variance.

Together, these components account for 65.48% of the total shape variation, allowing for geometric discrimination between males and females.

Poster

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An Integrated Health, Parasitological, and Behavioural Assessment to Inform Biosafety and Biosecurity Protocols for the Rehabilitation and Conservation of Leopard Tortoise (Stigmochelys pardalis) and Lobatse Hinge-backed Tortoise (Kinixys lobatsiana) NADINE NEL1, CHÉ WELDON, AND COURTNEY COOK 1 Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom, North-West, South Africa [Che.Weldon@nwu.ac.za Courtney.Cook@nwu.ac.za] Tortoises and turtles play different roles in ecosystems, including seed dispersal, mineral cycling, and carbon storage. However, tortoise populations are increasingly threatened by habitat loss, human exploitation, and disease, with parasites and pathogens often overlooked drivers of population decline. At Entabeni Private Nature Reserve, South Africa, some of these factors, combined, have been observed causing reductions in the populations of Leopard Tortoise (Stigmochelys pardalis) and Lobatse Hinge-backed Tortoise (Kinixys lobatsiana). Therefore, this study aims to generate and integrate an understanding of tortoise health, parasite diversity, behaviour, and associated biosecurity risks to inform conservation and rehabilitation strategies. Three groups will be compared: (1) captive tortoises within a naturalistic enclosure at Entabeni, (2) wild tortoises within Entabeni, and (3) wild tortoises from the neighbouring Ingwe Valley. The sample size will consist of approximately 40-50 individuals across the three groups. The data collected will include morphometric measurements, behavioural observations, and health assessments, alongside biological sampling (blood, faeces, ticks, and swabs). After which, laboratory analyses will include blood smear microscopy, faecal flotation (McMaster technique), microbial culture, and molecular pathogen screening using PCR and sequencing. Statistical analyses will allow for comparison between parasite loads, pathogen prevalence, and health indicators between groups using appropriate comparative tests (e.g., generalised linear models). This will enable the identification of differences in parasite diversity, pathogen presence, and behavioural patterns between captive and wild populations. The outcomes will guide the development of evidence-based biosafety and biosecurity protocols, improving disease management, reducing transmission risks, and enhancing the success of rehabilitation and reintroduction programmes. Thus, contributing to more effective, ethical, and sustainable tortoise conservation practices.

Poster

Fifteen Years of Mark–Recapture Reveal Saturation and Stable Population Estimates in a Nesting Southern River Terrapin (Batagur affinis) Population PELF-NYOK CHEN 1 Turtle Conservation Society of Malaysia, Kemaman, Terengganu, Malaysia [pelf@turtleconservationsociety.org.my] Reliable estimates of population size are critical for the conservation of long-lived freshwater turtles, particularly for species with highly restricted distributions. The Southern River Terrapin (Batagur affinis) is now confined to only two countries, Cambodia and Malaysia, making robust population estimates essential for informed management. We used a 15-year mark–recapture dataset to evaluate population size, tagging saturation, and detection limits in a nesting population of B. affinis in Kemaman, Terengganu, Malaysia. From 2012–2026, nesting females were systematically encountered, uniquely identified using passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags, and monitored for subsequent returns and reproductive output. A total of 186 unique females were recorded, with annual nesting counts ranging from three to 76 individuals. The proportion of newly tagged females declined substantially after initial years, reaching a low of two new individuals per year between 2018 and 2020, before increasing again from 2021 onwards.

Although newly tagged females have not approached zero, the cumulative number of unique individuals shows signs of approaching an asymptote at approximately 200–220 individuals, suggesting that a large proportion of nesting females in the monitored system has been identified. Population size was estimated using the Schnabel Index, calculated across sequential multi-year intervals. Estimates increased slightly and stabilised over time, converging around 218 females, while confidence intervals narrowed substantially (from 150–310 to 192–252), indicating improved precision with increasing sampling effort. Given evidence from capture histories that many females nest in successive years, non-detection in a given year is unlikely to reflect skipped breeding, but rather nesting at unmonitored sandbanks within the river system. This highlights the role of spatially incomplete detection in shaping observed capture histories. Our results demonstrate that long-term PIT tagging can approach near-complete coverage of a nesting female population

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while accommodating imperfect spatial detection. For a species with such a restricted global range, these findings provide a critical baseline for assessing population viability and prioritising conservation actions, including protection of key nesting habitats and expansion of monitoring to unprotected sandbanks.

Oral

Community Structure of Freshwater Turtles Across Connected Spring Systems in Central Florida WAYNE OSBORNE1, ERIC MUNSCHER, ANDREW WALDE, AND ZACHARY SIDERS 1 Turtle Survival Alliance, North Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America [wosborne@turtlesurvival.org] Long-term freshwater turtle monitoring in the Wekiwa Springs system has established baseline data on species composition and population structure, including recent work on size metrics in Apalone ferox. Building on this foundation, we compared turtle assemblages between Rock Springs Run (Kelly Park; RSR) and the adjacent Wekiwa system, which includes the main run, lagoon, and Wekiva Island. These systems are hydrologically connected upstream of Wekiva Island, allowing potential exchange of individuals while maintaining distinct local habitat conditions. Capture records were compiled across multiple species and assigned to site using location metadata. Analyses focused on relative species composition and demographic structure across shared taxa, including Common Musk Turtle (Sternotherus odoratus), Loggerhead Musk Turtle (Sternotherus minor), Florida Red-bellied Turtle (Pseudemys nelsoni), Peninsula Cooter (Pseudemys peninsularis), and Common Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina). Despite connectivity, community composition differed between systems. Chelydra serpentina represented a greater proportion of captures in Rock Springs Run despite the smaller sampling area, while cooter species (Pseudemys spp.) were more proportionally represented in the Wekiwa system. Juvenile representation also varied by species and site. These results indicate that turtle assemblages in connected spring systems are not homogenized and instead reflect localized habitat conditions, sampling scale, and species-specific ecology.

Oral

Demographic Characteristics, Reproductive Activity and Threats to Magdalena River Turtle (Podocnemis lewyana) in the Municipalities of Chaguaní and Guaduas (Upper Magdalena, Colombia) VIVIAN P. PÁEZ1 AND VIVIANA M. CARTAGENA-OTÁLVARO 1 Emeritus Professor in Biology, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia., Envigado, Antioquia, Colombia [vivianpaez1@gmail.com] We present the results of a short population study on the Magdalena River Turtle (Podocnemis lewyana) conducted during both the high-water and reproductive seasons (2025/2026) in the municipalities of Chaguaní and Guaduas (Cundinamarca, Colombia). During both seasons, we performed visual counts of individuals across 662 repetitions of 12 1 km transects along a 40 km stretch of river, as well as recorded nesting density on 10 beaches, hatching success, the size of nesting females (inferred from track sizes), and documented threats to the species. We found a relative density of 10.4 ind/km (SD = 6.5), one of the highest density indices for natural populations of this species (not confined by infrastructure such as dams); these individuals showed a population structure of 32.8% individuals with sizes < 15 cm (juveniles), 48.9% with sizes between 15–30 cm (subadults and small adults) and 18.3% with sizes > 30 cm (large adults). The size proportions and the maximum number of individuals sighted varied between the rainy and reproductive seasons, with the percentage of adult individuals increasing to 49% during the latter, as sampling was carried out in the vicinity of the nesting beaches. Only 5 of the 10 beaches were used for nesting, with a density of 0.03 nests/m². These results show the population is numerically significant, with breeding animals of varied sizes and documented recruitment. Although the temporal and methodological extension of this study does not allow us to estimate demographic trends in this population or determine if it is viable, it does allow us to affirm that at present there exists a natural population of Podocnemis lewyana with the potential to persist over time and to be a critical demographic unit for the species. Unfortunately, we also identified several anthropogenic threats with high potential to impact both nesting sites and general foraging/shelter habitats. Of these, deforestation of riparian forests and the subsequent removal of basking vegetation along shorelines, harvesting, and flooding caused by hydroelectric dams were the most

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conspicuous; additionally, we observed that illegal gold mining and the modification of nesting beaches by exotic plant species were widespread.

Oral

Using Time-Lapse Game Cameras to Document Nesting Alligator Snapping Turtles (Macrochelys temminckii) LUKE PEARSON 1 US Fish and Wildlife Service, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America [lukespearson2@gmail.com] There is documented information on wild nest-site selection and clutch sizes from several states within the range of the species; however, the nesting behavior of the Alligator Snapping Turtles (Macrochelys temminckii) is primarily known only from captive populations, as this species is cryptic and difficult to observe in the wild. To document the nesting behavior of wild M. temminckii, we installed 30 SpyPoint Force-Pro-S 2.0 time-lapse game cameras set to take a picture every minute at 26 potential nesting locations along a waterbody in western Mississippi. A machine-learning AI model from Wildlife Insights was used to identify photos with animals. Of the 2,588,222 photos, Wildlife Insights recorded M. temminckii in 1,179 photos in 113 occurrences. After manual quality-control, this number increased to 4,035 photos in 136 occurrences with a 29.2% detection rate for M. temminckii. Wildlife Insights recorded an additional 1,607 photos in 170 occurrences for other turtle species, and after quality-control, this number increased to 4,240 photos at 245 occurrences (37.9% detection rate). Eleven full nesting events by M. temminckii were recorded, with nesting events lasting 210 + 41 min and entirely occurring during morning hours (1:36 am to 11:03 am). All nesting events occurred within 72 hours after rainfall exceeding 2.87 cm. Several mesopredators were identified on camera, although all turtle nests that were predated were predated by northern raccoons. This study was the first attempt at monitoring wild M. temminckii nest sites in using time-lapse game cameras and documenting entire nesting and predation events in Mississippi.

Oral

Assessing Thermal Habitat Quality of Goode’s Thornscrub Tortoise (Gopherus evgoodei) Using Drone-Based Thermal Imaging in Southern Sonora ANA GISEL PÉREZ-DELGADILLO1, CAMILA MONTOYA-FELIX, CHRISTIAN ORTEGA, LUIS MÉNDEZ-BARROSO, AND RAFAEL A. LARA RESÉNDIZ 1 Laboratorio de Herpetología 2, Instituto de Biología, UNAM, Cd. Obregón, Sonora, México [ana.giselp.15@gmail.com] Understanding thermal habitat quality is critical for the conservation of ectothermic species such as the Goode’s Thornscrub Tortoise (Gopherus evgoodei), whose activity and physiology are strongly influenced by environmental temperatures. This study evaluates the thermal quality of a 10-hectare area within the southern portion of the species’ range in Navopatía, Sonora, using a drone-mounted thermal camera calibrated against operative temperatures recorded in situ. High-resolution thermal imagery was collected and processed into orthomosaics to quantify spatial patterns of microclimatic conditions relevant to tortoise activity. These data allowed the identification of thermal refugia and areas of potential thermal stress, providing insight into habitat suitability and informing conservation planning. The integration of drone-based thermal mapping with field calibration represents an effective approach to monitor habitat quality in fine spatial detail, enabling proactive strategies for the protection of this threatened tortoise in arid tropical ecosystems.

Poster

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The Orinoco–Amazon Gateway: Population Ecology and Habitat Use of Yellow-Spotted River Turtle (Podocnemis unifilis) in a Strategic Colombian Landscape VIVIANA PINILLA ORTIGOZA CEQUA - Centro de Estudos dos Quelônios da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil [viviana.pinillao@gmail.com] A study was conducted at the ProAves El Jaguar Reserve (Mapiripán, Meta, Colombia) with the aim of analyzing the population ecology of the Yellow-spotted River Turtle (Podocnemis unifilis) in three aquatic habitats (river, lagoon, and stream) during the 2024 dry season, specifically between January and February. Sampling was carried out using funnel traps, with a total effort of 4 traps active for 40 continuous days (3,840 trap-hours), and 40 visual encounter survey transects were conducted. Each captured individual was measured, marked, and released in its habitat, and physicochemical variables were recorded to characterize the environments. A total of 10 individuals were captured, of which 80% were recorded in the river and 20% in the lagoon, with no records in the stream. These results suggest a possible age-class segregation, with adults and subadults predominantly in the river and juveniles in the lagoon.

Environmental conditions reflected spatial heterogeneity, with greater contrasts between the river and the stream, while the lagoon showed intermediate characteristics. Morphometric measurements of the plastron and cloacal region were recorded and supported the differentiation of adult individuals, showing patterns consistent with sexual dimorphism described for the species. These findings contribute to understanding the differential distribution of age classes across contrasting habitats and provide useful insights for guiding conservation and management strategies for P. unifilis in Amazonian transition ecosystems such as the tributaries of the Guaviare River.

Poster

Ten Years of Community-Based Conservation of the Magdalena River Turtle (Podocnemis lewyana) in Colombia MARJORIE PINZÓN1, GERMÁN FORERO-MEDINA, NATALIA GALLEGO-GARCÍA, IGOR VALENCIA, RAFAEL MORENO, LEONOR VALENZUELA, YELSIN SALGADO, AND MARIA ANTONIA ESPITIA 1 WCS Colombia/Turtle Survival Alliance, Bogota, Bogota, Colombia [mpinzon@wcs.org] The Magdalena River Turtle (Podocnemis lewyana) is a critically endangered endemic species restricted to the Magdalena and Sinú river basins in Colombia. In the Middle Magdalena region, bycatch is one of its main threats. Since 2022, efforts have focused on a community-based program led by three artisanal fishing associations, aimed at the voluntary release and monitoring of turtles captured during fishing activities. To date, 963 monitoring events have been conducted across 147 sectors, resulting in 237 turtles being captured, marked, measured, and safely released back into the river. This strategy has also helped prioritize intervention areas and strengthen collaboration with fishing communities to promote more sustainable fishing practices and reduce impacts on the species. In the Sinú River, hydropower development has altered the river's natural dynamics, increasing high-water periods and reducing nesting beach availability. We present the results from over 10 years of conservation and monitoring in the lower Sinú basin, led by the community of Cotocá Arriba, Córdoba. Actions have focused on monitoring more than 13 nesting beaches, rescuing nests at risk of flooding, artificial incubation of eggs, and marking and recapturing individuals. In total, 1,170 nests and 20,721 eggs have been rescued, and more than 17,000 hatchlings released. Population models suggest these efforts, along with increased protection of adult females as a result of awareness-raising activities, have contributed to population recovery. The project has also strengthened a community-based tourism strategy, supported the creation of a river turtle education center, and fostered local stewardship and ownership of the species, involving more than 200 key stakeholders. This project represents one of the most significant conservation efforts for the species across its range. The long-term data generated through systematic monitoring and strong local participation in both regions highlight the value of community-based approaches and provide essential evidence to guide future management actions for the conservation of the species.

Oral

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A Species in Crisis: Asian Giant Softshell Turtle (Pelochelys cantorii) Conservation in Cambodia STEVEN G. PLATT1, CHRISTOPHER POYSER, CHANTI GNOURN, PHUN THORN, SITHA SOM, AND OUK VIBOL 1 Wildlife Conservation Society, Phnom Penh, Phnom Penh, Cambodia [splatt@wcs.org] The Asian Giant Softshell Turtle (Pelochelys cantorii) is a poorly known species inhabiting large rivers in Southeast Asia. Populations are threatened by egg collection, harvesting for food, destruction of critical sandbank nesting habitat, and hydrological alterations resulting from hydropower projects. Consequently, P. cantorii is ranked as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. In 2017, the Wildlife Conservation Society-Cambodia Program assumed management of an existing P. cantorii conservation project along the Mekong River that focused on nest protection, head-starting, and reintroduction of juvenile turtles. Head-starting was terminated owing to logistical and husbandry issues, although nest protection and the release of hatchlings continued. Between 2017 and 2022, we protected 301 nests (ca. 50 nests/year) and released 6041 hatchlings. Given that hatchling survival rates are <5%, the conservation effectiveness of this program was questionable. A precipitous collapse in nesting occurred in 2023 when only 10 nests were found.

This trend has since continued with only 10-13 nests being found each year. The factors underlying this dramatic decline in nesting are unclear, but extensive illicit harvesting of softshell turtles is strongly suspected. Given the rapid slide towards extinction, in 2024 we made the decision to resume head-starting with the objectives of 1) enhancing survival by releasing larger and less vulnerable turtles, and 2) establishing an assurance colony. The husbandry requirements of P. cantorii are poorly understood and hatchling mortality was high in 2024. Based on lessons-learned, we refined our husbandry methods and hatchling survival increased in subsequent years to almost 80%. We maintain hatchlings in plastic tubs with a deep sand substrate. Water quality is of paramount importance and tubs are cleaned 1-2 times each week as needed. Hatchlings grow rapidly under these conditions with a 10% increase in body mass every two weeks. Pelochelys cantorii are ambush predators and unsurprisingly, our initial attempts to feed them small pieces of chopped fish proved ineffectual. We now maintain hatchlings on a diet of fish fingerlings sourced from aquaculturists. Hatchlings take only the smallest fingerlings, availability is limited, and obtaining a reliable supply can be challenging at certain times of the year.

Oral

Trace Metals in Adult Females, Hatchlings, and Nest Environment of the Giant Amazon River Turtle (Podocnemis expansa) in the Southern Brazilian Amazon THIAGO C. G. PORTELINHA1, ANDERSOM ALVES CAPRONI, MARIA FERNANDA OLIVEIRA BARBOSA, AND PATRICIA MARTINS GUARDA 1 Federal University of Tocantins (UFT), Environmental Impact Characterization Laboratory (LCIA), Palmas-TO, Brazil, Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil [thiagoportelinha@uft.edu.br] Human activities have directly contributed to the increase in trace metal levels in ecosystems, mainly through mining, domestic and industrial effluents, and fertilizers and pesticides. Several studies have shown that freshwater turtles can reflect impacts caused by contaminants. The Giant Amazon River turtle (Podocnemis expansa) is the largest freshwater turtle in South America and has a great nutritional, cultural, and economic importance for Amazonian traditional and non-traditional people. We evaluated the presence and concentration of nine metals (Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Sn, and Zn) in different samples from females (blood and adipose tissue) and hatchlings (liver tissue) of P. expansa at the Araguaia River, Southern Brazilian Amazon. Trace metal concentrations in the nest sediment (sand) from the reproductive beaches was also evaluated. Metals were quantified using a microwave-induced plasma atomic emission spectrometer (Agilent 4210 MP-AES). All studied metals were found in females and hatchlings, mainly in the blood than the other tissues (adipose and liver). Some metals showed higher concentrations in hatchlings, being a possible indication of abiotic transfer; as in the case of Mn, which was related to the nest sand metal presence. An increase in Sn values in the hatchlings' livers was observed along the Araguaia River basin, which may evidence an upstream-downstream emission of Sn. Trace metals in the nest sand showed lower values ​compared to other watershed areas, despite an increase in Al, Cr, and Fe was found throughout the Araguaia River basin. Our results are preliminary and future studies monitoring trace metals in eggs, juveniles, and males are strongly recommended to elucidate their real interaction with turtles’ population. Furthermore, it is important to assess whether exposure to these metals can have harmful effects on turtles’ health and reproduction, because P. expansa has the potential to be a bioindicator

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species in the assessment of environmental risks. Despite our study area being located among important protected areas (National and State Parks), the results indicate that these areas are also subject to human pressures.

Poster

Demographics of Eastern Chicken Turtles (Deirochelys reticularia reticularia) in Mississippi, U.S., and Current Progress With Game Camera Monitoring DAVID POUNDERS1, LUKE PEARSON, AND BRIAN KREISER 1

University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, United States of America [David.Pounders@usm.edu]

The Eastern Chicken Turtle (Deirochelys reticularia reticularia; ECT) is an understudied species in Mississippi with only 37 current historical occurrence records. Due to the scarcity of ecological and distributional data, the ECT was listed as data-deficient in the 2025 Mississippi State Wildlife Action Plan. This species prefers smaller to medium ephemeral wetlands that dry during hotter months, but ECTs have also been observed in ponds, borrow pits, and oxbow lakes in Mississippi. ECTs tend to move among wetlands and aestivate in upland habitats; however, seasonal movements and aestivation habits are unknown for populations occupying borrow pits and oxbow lakes. Unfortunately, these wetlands and surrounding upland habitats have declined historically. All current records are from southern Mississippi, while ECTs were last seen in 1973 for the northeast portion of the state and may potentially be extirpated.

Currently, in the early stages of this project, one of our main goals is to identify new sites in South Mississippi. We also examine population demographics in opportunistic studies of wetlands and wetland complexes. We established one mark-recapture site, sampled with baited crayfish traps, fyke nets, and nighttime wading. At this site, we estimate superpopulation size (N), apparent survival (Φ), and capture probability (p). At one of the sites, an automated basking platform has been set up to document basking activity for one year. Using this basking camera, we are going to classify the basking ecology of the ECT, such as monthly and seasonal activity, basking times, and ideal basking temperatures. Information derived from this study will aid in the conservation of this rare species.

Poster

Egg Predation by Mole Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) on Yellow-Spotted River Turtle (Podocnemis unifilis) in the Central Amazon LORENZO MAGALHÃES QUEIROZ INPA - National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil [lorenzo.mqueiroz@gmail.com] Freshwater turtle nests are exposed to multiple sources of egg mortality, including environmental stressors and predation by vertebrates and invertebrates. Although ants and other arthropods are recognized as nest predators, predation by mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) has been rarely documented and is largely restricted to marine turtle nesting beaches. Here, we report egg predation by mole crickets on the Yellow-Spotted River Turtle (Podocnemis unifilis) at a fluvial nesting site in the central Amazon.

During routine nest monitoring, a nest containing non-viable eggs was inspected and a high density of mole crickets was observed within the egg chamber. Several eggs presented circular perforations in the shell, and individuals were found inside the eggs. Video documentation confirmed active feeding behavior, with a mole cricket consuming egg contents from within the shell cavity. Insects were collected and preserved for taxonomic identification, and damaged eggs were examined to characterize the type of perforation and extent of consumption. This observation provides direct evidence of mole cricket egg predation in a freshwater turtle species and represents, to our knowledge, the first documented case involving Podocnemis unifilis in an Amazonian fluvial environment. While the frequency and demographic impact of this interaction remain unknown, the presence of fossorial insects within nests suggests that subterranean invertebrates may contribute to egg mortality more frequently than currently recognized. These findings highlight the importance of careful nest inspection during monitoring programs and suggest that invertebrate predation should be considered when evaluating unexplained egg loss in freshwater turtle conservation efforts.

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Linking Traditional and Scientific Knowledge Reveals Context-Dependent Harvesting Impacts on a Critically Endangered Freshwater Turtle 1 EDUARDO REYES GRAJALES , MATTEO CAZZANELLI, VERA CAMACHO-VALDEZ, JUAN FELIPE RUAN-SOTO, AND ALFONSO A. GONZÁLEZ-DÍAZ 1

Turtle Survival Alliance, North Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America Departamento de Conservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, México [eduardo.reyes.grajales@gmail.com]

1

Freshwater turtles are deeply embedded in local livelihoods, yet the ecological consequences of their use are still insufficiently understood, particularly when local knowledge systems are overlooked. This study evaluates how harvesting practices influence populations of the Central American River Turtle (Dermatemys mawii) under contrasting management and socio-environmental conditions in Chiapas, Mexico. We combined ecological surveys with ethnobiological approaches, including semi-structured and open interviews, and field-based participatory observations in two regions: a protected area within the buffer zone of Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve and a highly modified, non-protected northern landscape. Turtle use was widespread and primarily subsistence-based, although commercial extraction persisted in the non-protected region. Traditional knowledge consistently identified population declines associated with overexploitation, habitat degradation, and increasing human pressure, alongside a strong willingness among communities to engage in conservation. Ecological assessments mirrored these perceptions. The protected population exhibited higher density and biomass, with a predominance of larger individuals, whereas the non-protected population showed reduced abundance, smaller body sizes, and lower biomass. These patterns suggest that harvesting intensity and management regimes are key drivers of population structure. Our findings highlight the value of integrating local ecological knowledge with field-based data to better understand human impacts on threatened species. This approach provides a more comprehensive basis for designing conservation strategies that are both ecologically effective and socially grounded.

Oral

Rarity, Range and Risk: New Insight Into the Critically Endangered Zulia Toad-Headed Turtle (Mesoclemmys zuliae) From Venezuela 1 GILSON RIVAS , TIBISAY ESCALONA, ÁNGEL L. VILORIA TITO R. BARROS, AND OSCAR LASSO-ALCALÁ 1

Museo de Biología, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Zulia, Venezuela [grivas@fec.luz.edu.ve]

The critically endangered Mesoclemmys zuliae (Chelidae), commonly known as the Zulia Toad-headed Turtle or cabezón, is an endemic species restricted to part of the Lake Maracaibo Basin in Venezuela. Despite being described more than four decades ago, fewer than 20–25 individuals have been documented, making it one of the least known freshwater turtles in South America. Its distribution appears highly restricted to swampy and lentic freshwater systems, particularly in the southern basin, where it inhabits isolated and specialized environments. Knowledge of the ecology of the species remains extremely limited. Available data suggest a preference for lentic habitats such as marshes and slow-moving waters, with a lifespan of at least 30 years (in captivity). Reproductive information is scarce, but observations indicate that nesting occurs toward the end of the rainy season, with clutches of up to eight eggs. However, even within its presumed range, local awareness of the species is remarkably low, and encounters are extremely rare, often reported only once or twice in a lifetime by local inhabitants. Here, we present new distributional records and anecdotal observations from the Lake Maracaibo Basin, including three records from the northern portion of the basin that appear to correlate with regional topographic features. These findings suggest that the species may have had a broader historical distribution and that some populations may now be locally extirpated. The apparent fragmentation and rarity of records highlight both the species cryptic nature and the severe impact of habitat transformation in the region. These new insights contribute to a better understanding of the species distribution and conservation status. Ongoing work is focused on targeted surveys of priority habitats, including private ranchland, with the aim of identifying extant populations, characterizing habitat requirements, and developing baseline data to inform conservation strategies for this enigmatic and highly threatened turtle.

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Environmental and Temporal Drivers of Podocnemis Occurrence in Central Amazonian: A Two-Decade Study SABINE B. ROCHA1, ANA JÚLIA LENZ, CÁSSIA S. CAMILLO, CRISTIANE G. DE ARAUJO, PAULO HENRIQUE G. DE OLIVEIRA, RAFAEL BERNHARD, ROBINSON BOTERO-ARIAS, AND KELLY TORRALVO 1 Department of Integrative Ecology of the Amazon, Mamirauá Institute for Sustainable Development, 69553-225, Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil [sabine.borges@gmail.com] In the Amazon, freshwater turtles represent an important food resource for traditional communities, highlighting the need for long-term population assessments. Using a dataset of over 8,400 turtle records from the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve, Brazil, we analysed long-term patterns (1996 – 2016) in the occurrence of Giant Amazon River Turtle (Podocnemis expansa) and two threatened congeners, Yellow-spotted River Turtle (Podocnemis unifilis) and Six-tubercled Amazon River Turtle (Podocnemis sextuberculata), in relation to temporal and environmental variation. Species occurrence was modelled using binomial generalized linear models based on monthly presence–absence records. Predictors included sampling year, month, water-level anomaly, mean monthly air temperature and precipitation. Water-level anomaly represented the deviation of the observed monthly mean water level from the long-term historical mean (since 1930). Models were fitted with predictor variables separately, jointly, and with interaction terms, and the best model was selected based on Akaike’s Information Criterion. Species occurrence was driven by water-level anomalies and temporal effects related to month and year. Occurrence probability of P. sextuberculata was positively associated with above-average water levels (β = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.30 – 1.04, p < 0.01), likely reflecting greater connectivity among aquatic habitats and increased access to flooded areas. Its occurrence also varied seasonally, with lower occurrence probabilities in May (β = -2.34, 95% CI= -5.38 – -0.33, p = 0.04) and higher in August (β = 1.76, 95% CI = 0.21 – 3.43, p = 0.03). Podocnemis unifilis also showed higher occurrence probabilities in August (β = 3.02, 95% CI = 1.11 – 6.04, p < 0.01) and September (β = 2.56, 95% CI = 0.64 – 5.57, p = 0.02). These seasonal patterns likely reflect the regional flood pulse, with reproduction synchronized with the falling-water period, beginning in August. In contrast to the other species, P. expansa showed significant increase in occurrence probability over the years (β = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.13 – 0.47, p < 0.01). Management initiatives implemented in the Reserve for broader biodiversity conservation may have benefited this species. However, given the discontinuation of management programs, the conservation status of these species, and continued harvesting pressure on females and eggs, conservation actions remain needed, particularly in the face of climate change and its direct and indirect influences on environmental conditions shaping freshwater turtle dynamics.

Oral

Movement Patterns and Space Use of Vanderhaege’s Toad-headed Turtle (Mesoclemmys vanderhaegei) in the Tropical Savanna of Brazil SABINE B. ROCHA1, ELIZÂNGELA S. BRITO, NATÁLIA P. SMANIOTTO, SHIRLEY FAMELLI, RAFAEL M. VALADÃO, CHRISTINE STRÜSSMANN 1 Department of Integrative Ecology of the Amazon, Mamirauá Institute for Sustainable Development, 69553-225, Tefé, Brazil, Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil [sabine.borges@gmail.com] The Vanderhaege's Toad-headed Turtle (Mesoclemmys vanderhaegei) is classified as Near Threatened in Brazil and Vulnerable globally, with a substantial portion of its range occurring within the Cerrado, the Brazilian savanna biodiversity hotspot. Nevertheless, its use area and movement patterns have not been documented, despite their importance for effective conservation and management.

The use area and daily movement of M. vanderhaegei were estimated between November 2010 and August 2013 within two integral Protected Areas and their immediate surroundings in Mato Grosso state, central Brazil. In addition, their relationships with individual features (body size, sex, and carapace length), and extrinsic factors related to the sampled period (dry and rainy seasons) were assessed. Use area was estimated from capture-mark-recapture data (n = 21) using the Minimum Convex Polygon method (MCP 100%), while daily movement (effective distance moved – EDM and straight-line distance - SLD) was assessed with thread-bobbins (n = 34). Generalized Linear Models were applied to assess relationships with individual and extrinsic variables. The mean used area was 0.34 ha, similar to that recorded for other Brazilian Chelidae, and the average distance travelled was 865.75 m. There was no relationship between carapace length and total distance travelled or area used. Daily movement ranged from 0 to 138 m over 24 hours,

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and sex significantly affected EDM (X² = 5.60, d.f. = 1, P = 0.01) and SLD (X² = 7.81, d.f. = 1, P < 0.01). We also found that carapace length significantly influenced daily movement, with larger individuals covering greater distances, as evidenced in both EDM (X² = 6.37, df = 1, P = 0.01) and SLD (X² = 10.40, df = 1, P < 0.01). Daily movement (EDM and SLD) of M. vanderhaegei did not show a significant relationship with the sampled period. Thread trails were observed both within and outside streams, with overland movements frequently associated with the presence of waterfalls. Mesoclemmys vanderhaegei exhibited a restricted use area, with daily movement patterns varying by sex and body size. Movements were strongly associated with mainstream channels and their margins, underscoring the importance of conserving aquatic systems and riparian vegetation for the species’ persistence. Although this study was conducted within protected areas, most of the species’ range occurs outside such areas.

Poster

Dynamics of Land Cover and Water Body Changes in the Nazas River Basin: A Predictive Model for the Conservation of Nazas Slider (Trachemys hartwegi) LUIS SALVADOR RODRÍGUEZ AGUILAR1, ERNESTO BECERRA, MÍGUEL GARZA, GAEL GUZMÁN, CITLALI MORENO, LUNA MUÑOZ, AND ANA PAULA DÍAZ 1 Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México [salvador.aguilar0912@gmail.com] Given the accelerated transformation of the landscape, predictive modeling of Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) change is essential for anticipating risk scenarios and guiding territorial planning before degradation becomes irreversible. In the Nazas River Basin, Nazas Slider (Trachemys hartwegi) depends on riparian microhabitats whose stability remains uncertain. The objective of this study is to project landscape dynamics to the year 2029 using cellular automata to evaluate the future viability of riparian habitats. The model was trained using INEGI’s Land Use and Vegetation series (III, V, and VII) and the MOLUSCE module in QGIS, integrating spatial variables such as slope and proximity to water, urban centers, and roads. Validation for 2021 confirmed the model's reliability, achieving a Kappa index of 0.95. By 2029, the results show a reduction in the "Water Bodies" class (from 0.18% to 0.13%) and the disappearance of projectable data for "Gallery Vegetation," while "Agricultural" areas maintain a dominance of 14.5%. The decline of water bodies and riparian vegetation, linked to the persistence of agricultural and urban zones, suggests threats of fragmentation and habitat loss. These changes indicate a direct loss of refuge sites, confirming that current land-use trends compromise the survival of T. hartwegi in the basin.

Poster

Habitat Selection of Blanding's Turtles in Central Massachusetts JESUS RODRIGUEZ RIVEROL , SHELBY TRUCKENBROD, GRAZIELLA DIRENZO, ALLISON ROY, BRIAN BUTLER, KYLE CRAFTS, KATHERINE INESON, MICHAEL JONES, STEPHANIE KOCH, AND LISABETH WILLEY 1 Massachusetts Cooperative Research Unit, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America [jjrodriguezr@umass.edu] 1

Turtles are among the most threatened vertebrates with many species declining worldwide due to anthropogenic stressors. Because they depend on aquatic and terrestrial habitats, turtles can be particularly vulnerable to habitat alteration and degradation. Therefore, information on habitat use and selection is critical to inform conservation efforts. The Blanding’s Turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) is a freshwater turtle found throughout the upper Midwest, New England, and southern Canada. In New England, one of the largest populations of Blanding’s Turtles is found in a large complex of protected lands in central Massachusetts. This area supports a diversity of freshwater habitats including emergent wetlands, vernal pools, and oxbow ponds. This project aims to quantify microhabitat selection of Blanding’s Turtles across this complex of protected lands. During the 2025 field season, we radio-tagged 36 adult turtles (14 males and 22 females) with radio transmitters. Turtles were located approximately biweekly, and we collected a total of 221 turtle locations. At both turtle locations and a paired random available location, we collected environmental covariates (e.g., vegetation types, basking structure, water depth, water temperature, and canopy cover). We found that, on average, 88.5% of each

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turtle’s locations were in water (11.5% on land) and most (95.4%) water locations were < 1 m deep. We plan to compare Blanding’s Turtle habitat selection of environmental covariates at turtle locations and random available locations using conditional logistic regression. The data collected may inform management of this population and others throughout the Northeast.

Poster

Public Perception and Conservation of Freshwater Turtles in Central Park, Ciudad Juárez LAURA PAMELA RODRÍGUEZ1, ANA GATICA, CLAUDIA ELENA ZENTENO RUÍZ, AND JESÚS MANUEL MARTÍNEZ CALDERAS 1 Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Juárez, Chihuahua, México [al251555@alumnos.uacj.mx] The Central Park of Ciudad Juárez (PCCJ), located in Chihuahua, Mexico, is one of the most important urban spaces in the northern region of the state. It covers an area of 48.9 hectares, of which 6.5 hectares comprises three artificial lakes. These lakes are home to a diverse community of freshwater turtles, whose identification and characteristics have been little studied until now. In 2025, students from the Autonomous University of Ciudad Juárez (UACJ), in collaboration with the PCCJ, carried out systematic sampling in the artificial lakes. They captured and analyzed 247 turtles, identifying 11 species. The Red-eared Slider (Trachemys scripta) was the most common, but species in risk categories were also found, such as the Spiny Softshell Turtle (Apalone spinifera). Proper management of these species is important for their conservation, and one alternative for doing so is through Wildlife Management Units (UMA), which require citizen participation in conservation efforts. To understand social perception, structured surveys with 17 questions were applied, based on the Likert scale and divided into three factors: general knowledge about turtles, presence of turtles in the PCCJ, and turtle conservation. The surveys were conducted during the spring and summer vacation periods of 2025, within the park, only with adults, who signed an Informed Consent Letter in accordance with the guidelines of the UACJ Ethics Committee. A total of 187 people were interviewed; 59% were women. Seventy-eight percent expressed a positive perception regarding the presence of turtles in the park. Sixty-seven percent reported having basic knowledge about these animals. In addition, 74% consider it important to conserve turtles in the PCCJ, while 34% are completely opposed to the idea that the current facilities are adequate for their conservation. These data show that most visitors value the presence of turtles and recognize the need to protect them. However, a significant proportion identifies areas for improvement in the park's facilities, highlighting the opportunity to strengthen infrastructure and conservation programs. In summary, the PCCJ hosts a diverse community of freshwater turtles, and social perception about them is mostly positive.

The results demonstrate the need to improve facilities and promote educational and citizen participation programs. Community involvement is a key factor in achieving effective conservation of these species and ensuring their continued presence in the park.

Oral

Successful Breeding of the Ploughshare Tortoise at the Turtle Conservancy, Ex Situ and In Situ Conservation for the Most Endangered Tortoise in the World SIMON ROUOT1 AND ERIC GOODE 1 Turtle Conservancy, Ojai, California, United States of America [simon@turtleconservancy.org] Turtle Conservancy has been committed to Ploughshare Tortoise (Astrochelys yniphora) conservation in and ex situ for over 15 years.

For the first time in 2025, our organization was able to successfully breed the species. Here, we will share data and insights on the husbandry and reproductive biology of the Ploughshare Tortoise and give an overview of our conservation efforts in order to protect the species.

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Using Environmental DNA and Trapping Surveys to Locate and Characterize Western Chicken Turtle (Deirochelys reticularia miaria) Populations in Eastern Arkansas, USA 1 KAI D. SCARANGELLA , JINELLE H. SPERRY, ARON D. KATZ, MARK D. JOHNSON, CATHERINE E. DANA, CHRISTOPHER J. KELLNER, TSUNEMI YAMASHITA, AND DOUGLAS G. BARRON 1

Arkansas Tech University, Russellville, Arkansas, United States of America [kscarangella@atu.edu]

The Western Chicken Turtle (Deirochelys reticularia miaria; WCT) is a Species of Greatest Conservation Need in all six states where it occurs, and is assumed to be rare and declining across its range. WCT are particularly vulnerable to habitat loss because their preferred shallow, wetland habitats are often subject to agricultural conversion and urban expansion. Conservation efforts are further complicated by the species’ cryptic nature and prolonged estivation, which hinder our ability to locate, monitor, and protect WCT populations. Environmental DNA (eDNA), which is the genetic material that organisms naturally shed into their environment, offers a promising solution by enabling researchers to detect a species’ presence without the need for physical capture or observation. To assess the distribution and occupancy patterns of WCT across the Mississippi Alluvial Plain ecoregion of Arkansas, we collected 400 eDNA samples from water at 60 sites selected based upon records and habitat suitability. The eDNA samples were analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and a species-specific WCT assay that we developed and validated. The assay was optimized to have high sensitivity and specificity, which enabled us to detect very low quantities of WCT DNA and avoid false positives from non-target species. Of the 60 sites surveyed, we only detected WCT at one new location in Lonoke County. That positive site is about 4.5 km from the state’s largest known WCT population, and given this proximity, the site may function as part of a larger metapopulation. We returned to that site the following year to confirm WCT presence, gather demographic data, and estimate abundance by pairing additional eDNA sampling with traditional visual, dipnet, and trapping surveys. To reduce the risk of false negatives from eDNA surveys alone, we also deployed these mixed methods during multi-day surveys at four of the most promising sites. The apparent absence of WCT across the majority of sites suggests that very few WCT populations remain in eastern Arkansas.

To our knowledge, this is the first study to use eDNA to evaluate WCT in Arkansas, and this research provides the only contemporary survey of their distribution across the Mississippi Alluvial Plain. By establishing a modern baseline for WCT populations, our study will help enhance the monitoring and conservation of this at-risk species.

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Being a Good Academic Partner for Government Agencies CHRISTOPHER SEARCY University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America [cas383@miami.edu] Working with non-academic partners is largely about building trust. Both agencies and NGOs are looking for collaborators who will help them answer the questions that they need answered, not just use them for grant funding and then go away. Meeting these expectations first and foremost requires providing all project deliverables in a timely manner, but also involves participating in policy events that are outside those that academic institutions may normally recognize during merit review processes. These often take the form of conferences with agency personnel in which expert feedback is solicited on specific management decisions that need to be made. Prioritizing these events in an already busy schedule is your first and most important sign of good faith. However, creating a true partnership also requires active listening at these events in order to understand what each party wants to gain from these interactions and devoting time to thinking about the best possible solutions to these problems outside of the time spent at the conference itself. In this talk, I illustrate these perspectives using examples from 1) attending a two-day conference with the goal of drafting a recovery plan for an endangered species, and 2) attending a series of workshops over the course of two years with the goal of producing performance measures for restoration of Everglades tree islands. In particular, I highlight the importance of showing up to these meetings with a plan of how you think the best available science should be applied. I also share the benefits that participation in these events can have on your own research by leading you towards new research directions that are not only of scientific interest, but also most likely to influence conservation policy.

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Scaling Up Watershed Stewardship: A Mixed-Methods Study of Freshwater Governance with Implications for Central American River Turtle (Dermatemys mawii) Conservation in Belize JAREN-CLAUDE SERANO1, NIA MORALES, MYSHA CLARKE, MATTHEW HALLETT, AND JESSICA KAHLER 1 Belize Foundation for Research and Environmental Education/University of Florida, Belize City, Belize [jclaude.serano@ufl.edu/jserano@bfreebz.org] Freshwater turtle conservation increasingly requires attention not only to species biology, but also to the social and governance systems that shape freshwater ecosystems. In many river systems, people and turtles have long been linked through shared use, observation, and dependence on freshwater landscapes. The Central American River Turtle (Dermatemys mawii), locally known in Belize as the Hicatee, is a culturally important and critically endangered turtle whose persistence depends on intact riparian habitat, hydrological connectivity, and patterns of human use across the watershed. Through foraging on riparian vegetation, nesting along riverbanks, and moving through connected inland waters, D.mawii is closely linked to broader watershed condition and connectivity.

This study applies a Social–Ecological Systems (SES) framework to examine how anthropogenic pressures, community resource use, and governance dynamics interact to shape freshwater ecosystems and conservation outcomes for D.mawii in the Lower Belize River Valley. Using a mixed-methods approach, this study combines semi-structured interviews, participatory mapping of freshwater threats, and cross-stakeholder analysis to inform adaptive freshwater governance. Preliminary findings identify illegal harvest, riparian land-use change, pollution, and sand mining as key anthropogenic pressures shaped by governance and enforcement challenges.

Community perspectives indicate that these pressures affect river health, wildlife availability, and freshwater resource access. By positioning D.mawii as a flagship indicator of watershed health, this study highlights opportunities to align turtle conservation with community-based management and adaptive freshwater governance. This poster presents findings from the first phase of the study, focused on community perspectives; subsequent phases will incorporate institutional stakeholder perspectives and spatially explicit analyses to develop empirically grounded recommendations for freshwater resource management that support coordinated governance and benefit the conservation of D.mawii and the ecosystems on which it depends.

Poster

Microsatellite DNA Reveals Critically Low Diversity in Bermudian Diamondback Terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin) TERRI J. SERON1, BENJAMIN K. ATKINSON, AND MARK E. OUTERBRIDGE 1 Flagler College, Saint Augustine, Florida, United States of America [tseron@flagler.edu and Batkinson@flagler.edu] Bermuda is home to the only established population of wild Diamondback Terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin) outside of the United States of America (US). This brackish-water coastal species has been well studied within its US home range from Massachusetts to Texas. However, little is known about Bermuda’s unique population. Located over 1000 kilometers from the eastern US seaboard, this small, isolated population provides a goldmine for studying genetic bottlenecks and drift. We analyzed samples from roughly 30% of the Bermuda population using the same 12 PCR primer sets used by others to assess diversity within and between US populations.

Bermuda’s population reveals a striking decrease in microsatellite diversity, from 125 alleles found across the US to just 33 alleles in the Bermuda samples. For the 12 microsatellite regions the average number of alleles per locus dropped from 6.5 in the US to 2.6 in Bermuda’s terrapins. The lowest allele averages in the US were found at the northern habitat limit in Massachusetts, the western limit in Texas, and the southern limit in the Florida Keys. Falling in line with these habitat extremes, Bermuda’s population limit to the east reveals the lowest allele average in comparison to any US population reported to date. Factors such as the founder’s effect, small population, limited habitat size, genetic drift, and lack of immigration contribute to the lack of genetic diversity. Half of the microsatellite regions revealed only 2 alleles while one site revealed a fixed locus with all 39 Bermudian individuals showing the identical allele sequence. Timely conservation measures must be taken to save this population from extinction.

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Translating Research Findings to Policy in a “Best Case” Scenario: California, USA H. BRADLEY SHAFFER1, ERIN TOFFELMIER, AND ROBERT COOPER 1 UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America [brad.shaffer@ucla.edu] Translating conservation science into policy is a tricky business that depends on the science being conducted, the policy audience consuming that science, the political climate, the economic impacts of the proposed policy, and local, state and federal laws. California is generally considered to be one of the most environmentally forward-looking states in the US, and its laws regarding endangered species protection are both strong and well-enforced. In this talk, we discuss collaborative work that we have conducted on a range of reptile and amphibian species in the state, including the California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma californiense), Western Spadefoot (Spea hammondii), Foothill Yellow-legged Frog (Rana boylii), and western pond turtles (Actinemys pallida/marmorata). Our work has been widely embraced by state and federal agencies, and used as some of the primary evidence supporting listings under the US and California Endangered Species Acts (ESA, CESA). These successes have universally been based on one fundamental premise: that working with agency partners, before any research is conducted, and collaborating throughout the process is the key to effectively bringing science to policy. Open communication, mutual trust and respect, and a willingness to compromise are also important, especially in the long term. While time consuming and often somewhat outside of the guiderails of ‘business as usual’ academic science, this approach has led to successful listing efforts, species protection, and related conservation outcomes that are increasingly important for endangered species recovery.

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Seeing the Missing Generation: A Global Early-Warning System for Turtle Survival RICKY SPENCER1, JAMES VAN DYKE, DEBORAH BOWER, AND PHAM VAN THONG 1 Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia [r.spencer@uws.edu.au] Freshwater turtles are among the most threatened vertebrates globally, yet population declines are often detected too late for effective intervention. This is driven by their life-history traits: long lifespans, delayed maturity, and the ability of small adult populations to mask recruitment failure for decades. Traditional monitoring methods, such as trapping and capture–mark–recapture, are biased toward adults and poorly detect juveniles and subadults—the life stages most critical for population persistence. We present an integrated framework that combines artificial intelligence (AI), community-based monitoring, and demographic modelling to provide real-time assessment of turtle population trajectories. Central to this approach are “turtle hubs”—standardised monitoring stations incorporating basking platforms, BioHaven floating islands, and above- and below-water cameras. These structures increase detectability across life stages, particularly juveniles and subadults. Solar-powered, cloud-connected systems enable continuous data collection, while AI automates species identification and life-stage classification. Citizen science is embedded throughout the system.

Live feeds and platforms such as TurtleSAT and iNaturalist allow communities to validate observations and contribute additional data, transforming monitoring into a distributed, participatory process. Observations are integrated into stage-structured population models that update dynamically, providing near real-time estimates of recruitment, population growth, and extinction risk. Changes in juvenile and subadult detections act as leading indicators, enabling early detection of decline before adult populations respond. This framework shifts conservation from retrospective monitoring to predictive management, enabling timely intervention. It offers a scalable, cost-effective model for turtles and other taxa where early life stages determine long-term population viability.

Oral

Drivers of Nest Site Selection in Northwestern Pond Turtles (Actinemys Marmorata) on a Managed Livestock-Rangeland MADISON STEIN1, FARLEY CONNELLY, AND NICHOLAS GEIST 1 Sonoma State University and Alameda County Resource Conservation District [madie.stein@acrcd.org]

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Nest site selection is a critical component of reproductive ecology in freshwater turtles, yet it remains poorly studied in Northwestern Pond Turtles (Actinemys marmorata). We examined nest site selection, nest success, and spatial relationships among nesting habitat features by recording distance from water, distance from canopy cover, slope, aspect, grass height, ground cover, soil moisture, and soil bulk density. We used a comparative approach with nests and random sites to evaluate nest site selection. Across two nesting seasons, we located 43 successful nests, 17 failed nests, and sampled 50 random sites. Successful nests occurred closer to water and canopy cover and in soils with higher moisture compared to random sites. Nest site characteristics did not differ between successful and failed nests across years; however, failed nests occurred in drier soils than successful nests. Females altered nest site placement between the two years of the study, and among successful nests, canopy cover proximity was correlated to lower temperatures.

Distance from water was positively related to distance from canopy cover, indicating that females progressively placed nests closer to canopy cover as distance from water increased, and relative proximity to creeks increased as distance from the stock pond increased.

These findings advance the understanding of A. marmorata reproductive ecology and provide insights into nest site selection to guide habitat protection, restoration, and monitoring efforts, but further investigation is needed to evaluate site-specific differences in nesting behavior and habitat selection.

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Spatial Variation in Demography of a Blanding’s Turtle Population Within a Protected Landscape SHELBY TRUCKENBROD1, JESUS RODRIGUEZ RIVEROL, GRAZIELLA DIRENZO, ALLISON ROY, BRIAN BUTLER, KYLE CRAFTS, KATHERINE INESON, MICHAEL JONES, STEPHANIE KOCH, AND LISABETH WILLEY 1 Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America [struckenbrod@umass.edu] The long-term viability of imperiled species at the landscape scale is ultimately shaped by local population dynamics. These dynamics are influenced by demographic heterogeneity within and among connected populations that result from differences in habitat quality and site history. Proposed for federal listing, the Blanding’s Turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) is an at-risk, semi-aquatic freshwater turtle threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation. Most populations in the northeastern U.S. portion of its range are small (< 50 individuals) and isolated within residential landscapes; however, a stronghold population in the region occurs within a complex of three adjacent, protected sites (~785 ha of wetlands) in central Massachusetts owned by both federal and state agencies. These sites comprise a variety of habitat types and monitoring histories, with the most recent demographic assessments ranging from 7 to 23 years ago. Historically, the sites have been managed separately. Thus, our goal is to provide an integrated assessment of the population from a broader, landscape-level perspective. Specifically, our objectives were to (1) quantify the density of turtles at each site and associations with wetland habitat types, (2) compare age structure among sites, and (3) explore site-specific growth rates and body condition of juveniles. From April to August 2025, we conducted 10 mark-recapture trapping surveys (2,008 trap nights) across the three sites. We marked, sexed, and measured turtles upon capture in the field and counted annuli from plastron photographs to determine age. We additionally measured inter-annuli distances using ImageJ software to determine annual growth of juveniles. In total, we captured 379 turtles via trap and opportunistic hand captures. Using spatially explicit capture-recapture, preliminary density estimates varied among sites (1.08–3.18 turtles per hectare). The proportion of unique juveniles captured also varied from 17–58% among sites. At the site with the lowest estimated density, juveniles had higher body condition scores and faster annual growth than the highest density site. Data collection will continue through 2027. These findings will inform management actions for this local multi-agency effort to maintain long-term population viability and regional strategies for conserving the species.

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Gross Anatomy of the Skeleton of Neonates of the Orinoco Matamata Turtle (Chelus orinocensis) LILIANA VALENCIA FLOREZ1, LUZ NATALIA FRANCO-MONTOYA, LYNDA J. TAMAYO-ARANGO, AND CLAUDIA P. CEBALLOS 1

Professor at the Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia [lilianaa.valencia@udea.edu.co]

The Orinoco Matamata (Chelus orinocensis) was described in 2020, representing the second evolutionary lineage within the genus Chelus. The anatomy of this species has not been described, and such information is essential for understanding its biology, ecology, and for its potential relevance in clinical diagnosis. This research provides the first description of the macroscopic morphology of the skeletal system in neonates of the Orinoco Matamata. A group of confiscated turtles was donated from the Alexander von Humboldt institute to our university for academic purposes. From this group, we obtained the skeleton of ten individuals, which measured between 51 to 80 mm of straight carapace length. Then, the skeletons of the two largest individuals were disarticulated to describe each bone in detail based on anatomical atlases and turtle osteological guides. Bones from the cranium, mandible, hyoid apparatus, and the axial and appendicular skeletons were identified and photographed. Compared to other turtle species, some bones were absent, not fully ossified, or unusually well developed at this early life stage, likely reflecting ecological adaptations. Further ontogenetic studies on skeletal ossification are important to fully understand the evolutionary history and functional adaptations of this species.

Poster

Conservation Genomics of Turtles: Advances and Knowledge Gaps with Emphasis on Mexico SARA ISABEL VALENZUELA CEBALLOS1, JUAN MIGUEL BORJA-JIMÉNEZ, RICARDO CANALES-DEL-CASTILLO, AND MÓNICA ALEJANDRA MORENO-ALVARADO 1

Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango / ConservaCiencia A.C., Lerdo, Durango, México [sara.valenzuela@ujed.mx]

The application of genomic tools has transformed the study of biodiversity, allowing the inference of evolutionary and demographic processes at high resolution. In particular, RADseq-based techniques (Restriction-site Associated DNA sequencing) have facilitated the generation of thousands of SNPs distributed across the genome, which is especially useful in population genetics and conservation studies. However, their implementation in turtles, a globally threatened group, has been heterogeneous and limited in certain regions. In this study, the use of RADseq in turtle research was evaluated, and its scope and limitations in conservation genomics are analyzed. The study was conducted through a systematic review of the literature using specialized databases and keyword searches, focusing on studies centered on freshwater and terrestrial turtles, addressing questions related to genetic structure, genetic diversity, hybridization, and the application of genetic information for management purposes. The reviewed studies show that RADseq enables the detection of population structure at a finer scale compared to traditional markers, although its application also presents challenges due to associated costs and bioinformatic limitations. The importance of these approaches is highlighted for understanding the current conservation status of species with restricted distributions and facing multiple threats, such as Coahuilan Box Turtle (Terrapene coahuila), Cuatro Ciénegas Softshell Turtle (Apalone spinifera atra), and Cuatro Ciénegas Slider (Trachemys taylori), three endemic and highly threatened aquatic turtles from northern Mexico. There is a clear need to integrate genomic approaches with traditional monitoring techniques in order to develop management strategies tailored to the needs of each species. This synthesis is expected to contribute to guiding future research and strengthening the implementation of conservation genomics in the country.

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From Turtle Science to Conservation Policy – Experiences Over Three Decades of Trying PETER PAUL VAN DIJK Unaffiliated, Herndon, Virginia, United States of America [ppvandijk45@gmail.com]

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‘Policy’ can be described as the line of argument, wisdom and prudence that rationalizes the course of action of a government, in particular its formulation and enactment of laws and regulations. Enlightened policy should be based on sound scientific foundations, and relies on socio-economic acceptance for successful implementation. Nevertheless, not all policy affecting biodiversity conservation is effective and appropriate. In this presentation I will provide a summary of experiences and lessons learned over nearly 30 years of policy work with the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and national and regional governments. It will illustrate how politics and economic considerations compete with science in the formulation and implementation of policy; highlight some examples how policy is most effectively formulated through constructive partnerships; the need for patience and persistence; challenges of implementation; and some perspectives on where biodiversity conservation policy fits in the context of other environmental, socio-economic and cultural policy directions.

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The Efforts Continue: Investigations Into the Range, Health, and Population Dynamics of Kinosternids in Guatemala DIANA VELASQUEZ1, LAUREN AUGUSTINE, CHRISTOPHER BEDNARSKI AND VALERIE GARCÍA 1 University of San Carlos of Guatemala, Guatemala, Mixco, Guatemala [dgvr.bio@gmail.com] Initiated in 2023, this project addresses the critical need for baseline data on Guatemalan kinosternid populations to support effective conservation action. Since its inception, a cross country, multi institutional team has conducted surveys throughout Guatemala, generating essential information to guide freshwater turtle conservation efforts and strengthen regional initiatives. To date, surveys have been completed in seven departments—Petén, Izabal, Santa Rosa, Alta Verapaz, Quiché, Baja Verapaz, and Escuintla. A survey in Escuintla and Jutiapa departments is planned for June 2026. Using a combination of trapping, visual encounter surveys, and the assessment of locally sourced or confiscated captive turtles, we have documented a total of 454 individuals representing ten species.

The project integrates habitat conditions and demographic data with genetic analyses, assessments of heavy metals, stable isotopes, and infectious diseases, providing a comprehensive overview of population health and ecology. Beyond biological data collection, the project incorporates traditional ecological knowledge on freshwater turtles including uses and perceptions across diverse regions of the country. This approach aims to foster community engagement and inform locally tailored conservation strategies. This presentation provides an update on the project’s framework and highlights preliminary results from the data collected under the Kinosternidae project.

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Presence of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Salmonella Strains from Captive Tortoises (Paraguay) JOERG RICHARD VETTER1, LORENA NÚÑEZ, LOURDES NARVÁEZ, MARÍA INÉS RODRÍGUEZ, GUILLERMO GIMÉNEZ, FÉLIX ALÍ, HÉCTOR RAMÓN LÓPEZ, MERCEDES ALVARENGA, PASIONARIA RAMOS, AND NATALIE WEILER 1 Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, San Lorenzo, Central, Paraguay [jvetter@vet.una.py] Salmonella is widely associated with turtles, considered natural hosts for the bacterium, and is frequently studied due to the zoonotic potential associated with keeping them as pets. In humans, infection with Salmonella, particularly in kids and the elderly, can cause serious illness, compounded by the fact that the extensive use of antibiotics in various fields of healthcare has led to increasing resistance among microorganisms. The aim of this study is to detect antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella spp. serotypes isolated from tortoises in Paraguay. Cloacal swabs were obtained from 140 specimens: 70 Chaco Tortoises (Chelonoidis chilensis) and 70 Red-footed Tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonarius); along with morphometric measurements (height, width, length and weight), identifying the sex and geographical origin of each animal. The morphometric variables, classified by sex and species, were analysed using descriptive statistics. The distribution of the observations was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test with the Lilliefors correction, and the relationship between the variables was assessed using Pearson’s correlation, employing the R software. Cloacal samples were processed using conventional and molecular microbiological techniques. Females of the species C. chilensis had higher

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mean measurements than males; whereas, in C. carbonarius, the pattern was reversed. The correlation coefficients were high, positive and highly significant in both species, indicating a statistical association between the morphometric variables. Seven serotypes of Salmonella spp. were isolated from samples taken from eight animals in the departments of Central and Cordillera. Two serotypes showed resistance: Salmonella gaminara, isolated from C. chilensis, showed resistance to ampicillin and intermediate resistance to nalidixic acid, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid and ciprofloxacin, and tested positive for qnrB and blaOXA4 genes; and Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica O9, isolated from C. carbonarius, showed resistance to nalidixic acid, ampicillin, tetracycline and cotrimoxazole, testing positive for qnrS and tet(A) genes. The results show a coherence between the antibiogram and the genes expressed by the isolated serotypes, and confirm the presence of multidrug-resistant strains in captive-held turtles. We hope that the data from this study will serve to raise awareness regarding turtle ownership, which is poorly regulated in Paraguay.

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Reproductive Patterns and Preliminary Test of Optimum Egg Size Theory in the Stripe-Necked Musk Turtle (Sternotherus peltifer) 1 MATTHEW WELC AND MATTHEW E. WOLAK 1 Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America [mattswelc@gmail.com] Optimum egg size theory suggests that because egg size has been optimized by natural selection, variation in reproductive output should occur as a change in the number of eggs produced. Many small turtle species appear to deviate from OES theory, with both egg and clutch size increasing with female body size. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that in small turtles, skeletal features such as the size of the pelvic aperture might constrain egg size. We studied reproduction of the Stripe-necked Musk Turtle (Sternotherus peltifer), a species with very little life history data previously available from wild populations. We obtained radiographs of gravid female S. peltifer and used measurements from these images to analyze allometric relationships between female body size, pelvic aperture width, and clutch characteristics (clutch size and egg width) to assess whether the species’ reproductive output follows optimum egg size theory. Clutch size, egg size, and timing of reproduction in S. peltifer appear to be like that of other riverine Sternotherus species. We found that contrary to predictions under OES theory, egg width, pelvic aperture width, and the number of eggs in a clutch all increased with female body size. Further studies with larger samples from across the range of the species will be useful for conserving the species, and informative for understanding life history evolution of small turtles.

Poster

Utilizing Culturally Relevant Messaging and Youth-Led Engagement to Propel Belize Turtle Conservation Initiatives Forward SAMIH YOUNG1, JAREN SERANO, AND HEATHER BARRETT 1 Belize Foundation for Research and Environmental Education, Belize City, Caribbean, Belize [syoung@bfreebz.org] The Central American River Turtle (Dermatemys mawii), locally known as the Hicatee, is critically endangered in Belize due to overexploitation, habitat degradation, and persistent gaps in public awareness that continue to limit conservation progress. Addressing these sociocultural barriers is important for long-term species recovery. In this presentation, I highlight how culturally relevant messaging and youth-led engagement can help strengthen conservation outreach for Hicatee in Belize. Through the Belize Foundation for Research and Environmental Education (BFREE), we contributed to the design and implementation of conservation engagement activities during 2024 and 2025, including workshops, awareness events, and social perception surveys. I focus in particular on two initiatives: Beneath the Carapace, a peer-oriented workshop developed for students at the University of Belize, and social perception surveys conducted during the 2026 La Ruta Maya Belize River Challenge, a nationally recognized canoe race historically associated with the consumption of Hicatee and other wild meat. Together, these initiatives created opportunities to engage both student and public audiences using messaging grounded in local cultural context. Results from this study indicate that culturally grounded outreach and youth participation can make conservation communication more relatable, locally meaningful, and action-oriented, while

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also helping reach audiences not always engaged through conventional environmental education approaches. These efforts further suggest that youth can play an important role not only as participants in conservation, but also as messengers and collaborators in the design and delivery of outreach. This study showcases how youth engagement can serve as a practical platform for strengthening public awareness, encouraging cross-sector collaboration, and building broader stewardship for freshwater biodiversity and Hicatee conservation in Belize.

Oral

Displacement and Habitat Use of the Desert Box Turtle (Terrapene ornata luteola) in a Protected Area in Northern Mexico AMANDA ISABEL ZAPATA-VILLALOBOS1, ANA GATICA-COLIMA, AND JESUS MANUEL MARTINEZ-CALDERAS 1 Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Cd. Juárez, Chihuahua, México [zapataamanda@hotmail.com] Investigating the movement of an individual of any species can give us precise information about how it uses the space in which organisms move short and long term, which can vary due to biotic and abiotic factors, the quality of life of the individual and the availability of resources. The Desert Box Turtle (Terrapene ornata luteola) ranges from the southwestern United States into northern Mexico, including Sonora, Chihuahua, and Coahuila, where it inhabits grasslands, dunes, and other arid environments. In Mexico, it is under the Special Protection (Pr) category (NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010). The objective of this study was to evaluate the displacement and habitat use of the Desert Box Turtle in a protected area in northern Mexico. Field work occurred during the months of May to September 2025, once a month, these samplings lasted three days per month, during 7:00-13:00 hrs and 17:00-21:00 hrs.

Once an individual was located, morphometric measurements were taken, the individual marked and, finally, the spool of thread placed. The spool was placed on the left side of the rear marginal scutes and fixed with surgical tape and gray adhesive tape. Once the spool was placed, the end of the thread was tied to a marking flag to identify the place found and start of the route. After 24 hours, we returned to the finding point, took the measurement of the straight-line route, trajectory distance, and the variables of the associated substrate. A total of eleven individuals were registered, six being females and five males. The route of nine individuals was recorded, obtaining an average of 140.03 ± 19.81 meters traveled. Regarding the habitat, the total of the individuals traveled 25.75% on bare soil, 14.70% on organic matter, 59.4% on vegetation and 0.15% were found in a burrow. In the distance traveled, seven of the nine individuals recorded had a homogeneous displacement, traveling more than 150 meters in 24 hours while two individuals had a displacement of less than 100 meters. In all individuals, there was a longer traveling distance in areas with vegetation. Knowing the use of the species' habitat usage provides information in management practices, protection, and conservation of the species, which will allow habitat restoration and the identification of areas for feeding, and refuge.

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