1.1 Research Directions

1 Executive Summar y and Main Recommendations

1.1 Research Directions

Over the last year of the CyberSec4Europe project, the beneficiaries of the project, taking into account input from the project’s associates and external experts, have formulated a number of research directions that will be important for the future. These directions include: • Privacy and anonymity • Emerging technologies: metaverses, IoT, machine learning, etc. • Novel approaches to authentication: beyond passwords, biometrics, etc. • Defences “by-design”: software development, threat modelling, etc. • Strong technologies: secure communications, testing, trusted execution, etc.

For each direction a number of research priorities have been defined. Such priorities include: • Provide strong anonymous communication at large scale • Build trustworthy metaverses • Improve password-less authentication methods • Develop early detection approaches for armoured malware • Provide privacy in IoT environments • Realise machine-learning models that remain secure under different adversarial scenarios

• Ensure that critical infrastructures are resilient to cyberattacks • Support “by-design" testing and certification approaches integrating industrial, social and ethical values, sustainability, and trustworthiness needs