TRU Magazine: Fall-Winter 2023

Save the date for WILD ABOUT HARRY! 2

FA L L / W I N T E R 2023 A DVA N C I N G P R E S I D E N T T R U M A N ’ S LI B R A RY A N D LE G ACY

Museum Moment: The 1948 Election 9

Future Leaders Meet the First Lady 22

“Politics—good politics— is public service.

There is no life or occupation in which a person can find a greater opportunity to serve their community or their country.”

TRU MAGAZINE HIGHLIGHTS

Harry S. Truman

FEATURED CONTENT Throughout this issue of TRU, you’ll discover programs, articles, speeches, and photographs that examine and illuminate the 75th anniversaries from Truman’s presidency. Look for this symbol for featured HST75 content.

COVER

DEPARTMENTS

President Joe Biden delivers an impassioned keynote address at the Truman Civil Rights Symposium at the National Archives in Washington, D.C., 75 years after Harry S. Truman’s executive order ending racial segregation in the U.S. Armed Forces. See the full story on page 10.

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TRU Letters

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News Briefs

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Museum Moment

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Worth Watching

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Give ‘Em Hell, Harry!

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VETERANS DAY VALUES IN 3 OBJECTS

We turn to the Truman Library’s rich collection to learn what Harry Truman can teach us about service, sacrifice and honor.

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TRUMAN CIVIL RIGHTS SYMPOSIUM

On July 26, 1948, President Truman helped usher in the modern civil rights movement when he issued Executive Order 9981. Seventy-five years on, the Truman Library Institute led the national commemoration.

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TRUMAN TRIVIA

Test your knowledge of the historic 1948 presidential election with author Harold Ivan Smith.

TRUMAN LIBRARY INSTITUTE OUR VISION People are inspired, enriched, and empowered through the many resources of the Harry S. Truman Library and Museum.

OUR MISSION To bring the life and legacy of Harry S. Truman to bear on current and future generations through the understanding of history, the presidency, domestic and foreign policy, and citizenship.

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DEAR FRIENDS, I am tremendously proud to share this issue of TRU Magazine with you. Inside you’ll find TRU history, upcoming signature events, a trivia quiz to challenge your knowledge of the 1948 presidential election, a First Lady’s visit to the White House Decision Center, and more.

Much of this issue, however, is dedicated to the Truman Civil Rights Symposium.

Earlier this year, for three days in Washington, D.C.—July 26-28, 2023—the nation celebrated its first civil rights president, Harry S. Truman. I continue to receive notes of thanks and congratulations for a national commemoration worthy of a major milestone in America’s story: Truman’s executive orders, issued on July 26, 1948, ending 172 years of racial segregation in the U.S. Armed Forces and federal workforce.

We knew that the Symposium was big—it was easily the most ambitious program in the Institute’s history. But we could not have predicted the ultimate outpouring of support for and interest in the 75th anniversaries of E.O. 9980 and E.O. 9981.

Let me share a few data points with you—the Truman Civil Rights Symposium, by the numbers . . .

• 2 years of planning (75 years in the making) • 6 events in 4 venues over 3 days in our nation’s capital • 49 presenters, moderators, panelists and speakers • 522 in-person attendees • 237,912 total video views (so far!)

• 100,000,000—potential audience for outstanding national news coverage of the 75th anniversary and national commemoration Of course, numbers cannot convey the spirit of the Symposium—the deeply personal stories of military leaders, veterans and service members; the unexpected moments of reckoning, remembrance and honor; and the unforgettable opportunity to share an evening with America’s 46th president, Joe Biden. During his keynote address, he echoed our familiar refrain: This matters. History matters. Harry Truman’s legacy—his integrity and all he stood for—matters.

I would add that the stories shared and collected at the Truman Civil Rights Symposium matter.

These dramatic first-person and historical accounts—great American stories—were recorded and are available online. As you flip through this issue, I encourage you to follow the links to the Symposium transcripts, videos, special content and photo albums.

As Congressman Clyburn said during the Symposium’s Keynote Event, Harry Truman helped shape a more perfect union. Now, it’s up to us to us to carry the work forward.

Thank you for your continued support as we uphold and advance the legacy of President Harry S. Truman.

ALEX BURDEN Executive Director Truman Library Institute

Photos: Mark McDonald Photography Symposium Photos: Karlin Villondo Photography Design: Design Ranch Send comments, requests, and changes of address to: Truman Library Institute, 5151 Troost Ave., Ste. 300, Kansas City, MO 64110 Info@TrumanLibraryInstitute.org | 816.400.1220 TRU is published for members and friends of the Truman Library Institute.

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S AV E T H E DAT E

25TH ANNUAL FUNDRAISING EVENT Save the date for the 25TH ANNUAL WILD ABOUT HARRY celebration!

Since the inaugural event, WILD ABOUT HARRY—the premiere event celebrating and advancing President Truman’s legacy and library—has raised nearly $10 million in support of nationally acclaimed education and outreach programs that foster civic learning and engagement.

T H U R S DAY, A P R I L 18, 20 2 4 M U E H L E B A C H TO W E R , K A N S A S C I T Y M A R R I O T T D O W N TO W N

F U N D R A I S I N G G OA L $1,000,000

K E Y N OT E S P E A K E R E VA N T H O M AS

Honorary Chairs | Karen Ball and David Von Drehle Event Chairs | Merilyn and Dr. Loren Berenbom

For more information visit TrumanLibraryInstitute.org/WILD #WAH2024 #WILDABOUTHARRY

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TRU LETTERS

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“We can meet this moment in our history and redeem the soul of our Nation—as long as we work together.”

- President Joe Biden

PRAISE FROM THE PRESIDENT

ONCE IN A LIFETIME

FOREVER GRATEFUL

Dear Mr. Burden,

I have had the pleasure of taking part in many of the educational opportunities the Truman Library has provided for educators and their students throughout the years. I would rate the opportunity to meet with Dr. Biden as one of the best. My students were excited to renew their roles and share what they learned through the White House Decision Center.

For my students, it was a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. They enjoyed presenting to the First Lady and answering questions from the “real” press corps. My students realized that their words have meaning. Please pass along our thanks to the members and donors; their contributions supporting educational programs allow our students to apply real-world experiences in conjunction with classroom learning.

Sue and I were thrilled to be part of the truly special occasion honoring the 75th anniversary of Truman’s legacy on civil rights.

It was an honor to join you at the National Archives and speak at the Truman Civil Rights Symposium to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the desegregation of our Armed Forces. As we reflect on the legacy of President Truman, I look toward our future with great optimism. We can meet this moment in our history and redeem the soul of our Nation—as long as we work together.

Joe Biden President of the United States

INSPIRING EXPERIENCE I had such an inspiring experience attending the Civil Rights Symposium last month in D.C. From start to finish, it was among the top conferences of the many I have participated in during my long academic career.

Pam Stafford William Chrisman High School

I know how much detail work goes into planning and executing such a complicated set of panels, and receptions (not to mention a presidential speech!) . . . and at the most iconic D.C. venues.

It was an experience we will never forget.

Not only were the presentations remarkable, but the opportunities to visit the National Archives, the Library of Congress, and the National Museum of African American History and Culture were special unto themselves.

It was a thrill to see the Constitution, Bill of Rights and the Truman Executive Orders 9980 and 9981. The great honor of being addressed by the President of the United States, Joe Biden, was a historic and once-in-a-lifetime experience.

We are forever grateful for being part of this special occasion. Words cannot express how honored we were to be part of the Truman Civil Rights Symposium in Washington, D.C. Sue and Lewis Nerman Buck Stops Here Society Members

I can’t thank you enough for including me. . . .

I learned so much, met such wonderful attendees, and look forward to expanding my connection to the Truman Presidential Library.

WE WANT TO HEAR FROM YOU! Submit your letters to TRU Magazine by emailing

Barbara Perry

info@TrumanLibraryInstitute.org

Director of Presidential Studies

or writing to TRU Magazine,

University of Virginia’s Miller Center

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Pam Stafford and students meet First Lady Jill Biden. For the full story, see page 22.

Truman Library Institute, 5151 Troost Ave, Ste. 300, Kansas City, MO 64110.

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NEWS BRIEFS Call for Nominations

Walk with Harry: A Reimagining of the Library Grounds The Truman Library Institute is planning to transform the grounds of the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library & Museum into an important national heritage site and engaging resource for the local community by reimagining, repurposing and reconfiguring the Library’s expansive grounds. Specific projects that will be made possible by restricted funding from federal, state and private donors include walking trails, a picnic area, war memorials, monument sign, improvements to the memorial courtyard, and attractive landscaping.

A master planning process that includes community charrettes is underway with the renowned landscape architecture firm, The Olin Studio.

The Research and Grants Committee is accepting nominations for the 2024 Harry S. Truman Book Award.

Established in 1963, the Truman Book Award recognizes the best book published within a two-year period, dealing primarily and substantially with some aspect of U.S. history between April 12, 1945, and January 20, 1953, or with the life or career of Harry S. Truman.

To be considered, nominations must be received by January 20, 2024. To learn more, please contact Lisa Sullivan at Lisa.Sullivan@ TrumanLibraryInstitute.org or 816.400.1216.

Institute Welcomes New Director The Truman Library Institute is pleased to welcome Christopher Nelson to its Board of Directors. A wealth manager at SeaCrest, Chris has served the Institute as a member of the Budget, Finance and Investment Committee. Prior to joining SeaCrest, Chris had investment management roles at Kornitzer Capital Management, The Private Bank and, most recently, Enterprise Trust Company. Chris and his wife, Amy, have two girls, Libby and Charlotte, and reside in Kansas City, Missouri.

The Harry S. Truman Book Award is generously underwritten by Mary and John Hunkeler.

Celebrated Author to Headline Signature Event We are thrilled to announce that Evan Thomas (left) will headline the 25th annual benefit for Truman’s library and legacy, Wild About Harry. Thomas is one of the most respected historians and journalists writing today. He is the bestselling author of 10 works of nonfiction, including First: Sandra Day O’Connor, Being Nixon, Ike’s Bluff, Robert Kennedy, and The Wise Men (with Walter Isaacson). His newest history, Road to Surrender: Three Men and the Countdown to the End of World War II is a contender for the 2024 Harry S. Truman Book Award. Save the date—April 18, 2024—for Wild About Harry’s 25th birthday bash.

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Captain Harry, ca. 1918 (Courtesy TrumanLibrary.gov)

THIS DAY IN HISTORY

THE ARMISTICE: NOVEMBER 11, 1918 105 years ago, at the 11th hour on the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918, the Great War ended.

was “Galahad after the Grail. . . . I rather felt we owed France something for Lafayette.”

was red from one end to the other from the artillery flashes.”

Just 15 minutes earlier, Captain Harry’s artillery unit fired some of the last shots of World War I towards German positions in Hermeville.

Having arrived in France just months earlier, Truman and the doughboys of Battery D marched in cold, bitter rain to the Argonne Forest and the enormous offensive that would end the war.

At the end of it all, following the armistice in November, Harry wrote Bess, “I brought my Battery forward under fire and never lost a horse nor a man.”

Harry Truman was the only American president to have seen action in World War I. Franklin Roosevelt was assistant secretary of the Navy, and Dwight Eisenhower was an Army training officer, a brevet lieutenant colonel; but neither saw action overseas.

Truman did. He went to war feeling like he

Truman remembered that the opening barrage, to which his battery contributed, belched out “more noise than human ears could stand. Men serving the guns became deaf for weeks after. I was deaf as a post from the noise. It looked as though every gun in France was turned loose and the sky

He had performed exceptionally well. The war was the making of him.

EXCLUSIVE TRU CONTENT Scan the QR code to watch the six-minute Museum film Captain Harry and World War I.

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VETERANS DAY VALUES Lessons from Harry S. Truman in Three Objects We can learn a lot from the artifacts of a life well lived. This Veterans Day, we turned to the Truman Library’s collection and President Truman’s personal possessions to learn what Harry Truman can teach us about service, sacrifice and honor.

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“The strength of this republic lies in the fact that so many millions of men and women…serve their country before they serve themselves.”

- Harry S. Truman

“We must strive to advance civil rights wherever it lies within our power.”

- Harry S. Truman

“Our debt to the heroic men and valiant women in the service of our country can never be repaid. They have earned our undying gratitude. America will never forget their sacrifices.”

- Harry S. Truman

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NO EXCUSES. HARRY TRUMAN’S EYEGLASSES As a boy, Truman dreamed of attending West Point and becoming a career Army officer, but while he passed the written test, he failed the eye exam and was denied entry. (At age 10, he had contracted diphtheria, which permanently and seriously impaired his vision.) Undeterred from the desire to serve, and moved by President Wilson’s call to arms in 1917, Harry took matters into his own hands. At age 33, he memorized the eye chart and enlisted for service in World War I. He carried his thick corrective glasses into battle, led Battery D in France and brought every one of his soldiers home. Not everyone will serve the nation in uniform, but Truman’s example reminds us to overcome obstacles in service to a greater good.

DEMOCRACY IS WORTH FIGHTING FOR. EXECUTIVE ORDER 9981 President Truman was outraged to learn that Black WWII veterans who had risked their lives in the name of freedom were returning home as targets for brutal racial violence and murder. Truman acted swiftly. By December of 1946, he had issued Executive Order 9908 to establish the President’s Committee on Civil Rights. Two years later, following the publication of the Committee’s findings, Truman issued Executive Order 9981, desegregating and guaranteeing equal treatment in the U.S. Armed Forces. President Truman’s stance on civil rights—the greatest strides made by the federal government since Reconstruction—split the Democrats and nearly cost him the 1948 election.

REMEMBER THEIR SACRIFICE. A GRIEVING FATHER’S LETTER President Truman didn’t have to keep an angry letter from William Banning in his desk drawer at the Truman Library, where he would see it every day of his postpresidency. Mr. Banning had sent the letter to President Truman, along with his son’s Purple Heart, awarded posthumously, following the soldier’s death in Korea. The scorching message from the grieving father included these searing words: My major regret is that “your daughter was not there to receive the same treatment as our son.” The letter and Purple Heart could have been discarded, or buried in a drawer, or even accessioned into the collection. But Harry Truman made the decision to keep these artifacts close, where he would be reminded daily of the sacrifices made by members of our U.S. Armed Forces and their families.

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TRU MAGAZINE

TRUMAN LIBRARY INSTITUTE RESEARCH GRANTS & AWARDS Applications are now open to support research at the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum in Independence, Missouri.

Grants, awards, and fellowships provide assistance to emerging and established scholars whose contributions illuminate the critical issues of Truman’s presidency and legacy.

DISSERTATION YEAR FELLOWSHIPS Application Deadline: February 1 Up to two $20,000 fellowships are given annually to support graduate students working on some aspect of Truman’s life and career or of the public and foreign policy issues that were prominent during the Truman years. Recent recipients include lan Seavey and Dexter Fergie.

RESEARCH GRANTS Application Deadline: October 1 and April 1 Grants of up to $2,500 are awarded twice annually to offset the cost of conducting research at the Truman Library. The spring round includes one Huston grant of up to $2,500 for a researcher who wishes to visit multiple research facilities. Recent recipients include Robert Jefferson and Elizabeth Bishop.

SCHOLAR’S AWARD Application Deadline: December 15 of odd-numbered years Grants of $30,000 are made to established post-doctoral scholars engaged in work on some aspect of Truman’s life and career or of prominent public and foreign policy issues during the Truman years.

Recent recipients include lan Ona Johnson, Nathan Citino, and Anne Karalekas.

HARRY S. TRUMAN BOOK AWARD Submission Deadline: January 20, 2024 The Book Award recognizes the best book published within a twoyear period dealing primarily and substantially with some aspect of U.S. history between 1945 and 1953, or with Truman’s life or career.

Recent recipients include Christian Ostermann, Derek Leebaert, and Michael Neiberg.

To learn more, please scan the QR code or visit our website: TrumanLibraryInstitute.org/Research-Grants

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MUSEUM MOMENT MUSEUM MOMENT WITH ALEX BURDEN Executive Director, Truman Library Institute TRU: What is your favorite piece of artwork in the Truman collection?

AB: The Truman Library’s collection has nearly 33,000 objects, including more than 1,000 pieces of original artwork. My favorite is a Norman Rockwell painting that’s prominently featured in the “What’s Fair” gallery. It’s titled Breakfast Table Political Argument, and it was first seen on the cover of the October 30, 1948 issue of The Saturday Evening Post. It’s also known as Dewey vs Truman.

TRU: What’s the appeal for you?

AB: I love the authentic setting Rockwell created—a typical kitchen and morning from the late 1940s. It is contrasted by the intensity of their argument, which is creatively shown in several ways—first and foremost through the husband and wife’s interaction. Rockwell uses other characters in the painting to convey the fallout from the political conflict—the neglected, wailing child, the dog cowering under her chair, and the cat that looks like it is about to flee the scene. It’s American politics in a nutshell . . . or breakfast bowl, in this case!

TRU: Why is it relevant?

AB: While the painting reminds us of an earlier era in politics, it underscores just how polarizing the 1948 election was while bringing to mind the political turmoil that continues to exist in America . . . even at the breakfast table.

Read the full interview on our blog at TrumanLibraryInstitute.org.

TRUMAN CIVIL RIGH SYMPOSI On July 26, 1948, with the stroke of a pen, President Harry S. Truman changed the course of American history. By signing Executive Order 9981, “Establishing the President’s Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services,” he officially declared that “there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion or national origin.” His action reflected the growing realization by more and more Americans that our nation could no longer reconcile segregation with the values we had fought a war to uphold.

SPONSORED BY

AN UNLIKELY CHAMPION

Opening Event Remarks by Clifton Truman Daniel My grandfather is often called an unlikely civil rights champion, and not without reason. But 75 years ago, facing a reelection campaign—his first chance to win the presidency—he championed the very cause that could have spelled defeat. He had this to say about that, “Win, lose, or draw, the people will know where I stand.”

In response to the brutality that World War II veterans faced in their own communities, my grandfather put aside political concerns and did what was right. The blinding of Sergeant Isaac Woodard, a tragic story that anchors the Truman Civil Rights Symposium, was a turning point in my grandfather’s life. This “awakening” ultimately led to one of the most important and politically courageous acts of his presidency.

On July 26th, 1948, he signed Executive Order 9981. Ignoring public opinion and even some of his own generals, he desegregated the United States Armed Forces. As far as Grandpa was concerned, Americans could no longer reconcile racial inequity with the values that our nation’s soldiers and sailors had fought, bled, and died to uphold. That same day, he signed Executive Order 9980, which banned racial discrimination in federal hiring.

Together these historic executive orders paved the way for civil rights legislation and Supreme Court decisions in the 1950s and 1960s, including Brown v. Board of Education. The objectives he pursued through his civil rights decisions remain as relevant and important now as they were in 1948, and we still have a lot of work to do. As my grandfather said, “Whether discrimination is based on race or creed or color or land of origin, it is utterly contrary to the American ideals of democracy.”

I want to thank everyone who helped make this symposium a reality. My grandfather once said, “I don’t believe in little plans. You can always amend a big plan, but you can never expand a little one.” The Truman Civil Rights Symposium was a big plan. What an extraordinary opportunity to be part of this essential national conversation—a conversation that invites us to reflect on our founding ideals, on presidential leadership, and on the future of equality in America.

CIVIL RIGHTS SYMPOSIUM

GHTS SIUM

AN UNLIKELY CHAMPION

OPENING NIGHT

OPENING NIGHT

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“To Secure These Rights”

“In his 1947 speech to the NAACP, President Truman warned that we cannot afford the luxury of a leisurely attack on discrimination. . . . Today, we meet to keep Truman’s words alive. . . . [They] are as salient today as they were 76 years ago.”

- Rep. Emanuel Cleaver II

President Truman stepped “outside his comfort zone, becoming the first president to address the . . . NAACP, signing Executive Orders 9980 and 9981, which desegregated the armed forces and federal workforce, and appointing the first federal commission to address the issue of equal treatment and fair play. In short, he shaped a more perfect union.”

CIVIL RIGHTS SYMPOSIUM

- Rep. James E. Clyburn

“President Truman . . . advanced the civil rights movement and helped prove that America is safer when Americans fight together.”

“Harry Truman was prepared, if necessary, to put his presidency on the line for what he thought was the right thing to do. We fittingly celebrate tonight the resolve and courage of Harry Truman in issuing his executive order 75 years ago today.”

- Former President Barack Obama

- Judge Richard Gergel

OPENING NIGHT CIVIL RIGHTS SYMPOSIUM

Scan the QR code for Symposium sponsors, videos, photo albums, panel bios and much more.

GENERAL SESSIONS

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General Session I:

BLACK AMERICANS IN THE U.S. ARMED FORCES Moderated by Eugene Robinson, a leading panel explored the history of African American military service from the American Revolution through WWII.

“We don’t often appreciate the heartbreaking scope and devastating impact of military racism in World War II.” - Panelist Thomas A. Guglielmo, Ph.D.

General Session II:

THE RIGHT TO FIGHT Journalist Michele Norris led a panel of experts as they explored President Truman’s decision to desegregate the military.

Truman “had an evolution of the heart. . . . He made this decision against headwinds [and] knowing that it was unpopular in the military.”

- Moderator Michele Norris

General Session IV:

THE FUTURE OF INCLUSION

CIVIL RIGHTS SYMPOSIUM

Moderated by Cmdr. (Ret.) Theodore “Ted” R. Johnson, an expert panel answered the question, “Where are we going as a nation pledged to human rights and equality?” The Symposium closed with remarks by General CQ Brown, Jr., Chief of Staff of the Air Force.

“Americans who served and went on to significant accomplishments are the real legacy of Executive Order 9981. . . .

[They] have shaped America and driven progress.”

- General CQ Brown, Jr.

GENERAL SESSIONS

General Session III:

VETERAN VOICES During the third General Session, moderated by Rawn James, Jr., Ambassador John Estrada, Admiral (Ret.) Michelle Howard, Brigadier General Terrence Adams and Brigadier General (Ret.) Donald Scott (pictured center-left) shared personal reflections on how their lives and careers were directly impacted by Executive Order 9981.

Reflections on Executive Order 9981 by Brigadier General (Ret.) Donald Scott, delivered

The jobs that were most available to Blacks then were staff jobs, usually either logistics or

for the City of Atlanta. Had that not happened, you would not have been hired by Bill Clinton to be the

at the Truman Civil Rights Symposium with a personal message to Clifton Truman Daniel, eldest grandson of Harry S. Truman.

transportation. If you ever saw a Black flying a helicopter, you knew he could walk on water because it was virtually impossible to get through and pass flight school. Rarely did you find a Black officer who had graduated from Command and General Staff College, which is a midlevel upward mobility school.

Founding Director of AmeriCorps’ National Civilian Community Corps. And had that not happened, you would not have been selected to be the Chief Operating Officer for the Library of Congress.”

I am honored to be here, but more importantly, I’m blessed to remember not only the signing of Executive Order 9981, but where I was, and the pathway that had led me to this moment.

When your grandfather signed the order, I was 10 years old, and I was attending a racially segregated school in northeast Missouri. It consisted of three rooms and three teachers for 12 grades. The outlook for my life journey at that time was this: I could be a railroad worker like my dad; I could go to Chicago and get a job in one of the factories like my sisters; or I could join one of the military services that was commanded by white officers and maybe be a sergeant or a lieutenant. But things happened because of the signing of 9981.

The Supreme Court integrated schools in Missouri and the South, and as a senior, I was integrated into the nearest white high school, graduated, and was taken to college by my brother-in-law. I went to Lincoln University of Missouri. Lincoln is the only historic Black college that was founded by former slaves who were Civil War veterans. So, I go to Lincoln and you had to take ROTC. So, I get into ROTC and it’s a match, and I really love it, I enjoy it. I graduate with a bachelor’s degree as a distinguished military graduate. This was 1960.

That was in 1960. By the time that I retired in 1991, there was a total of 120 Black officers in all the services who had made general officer or flag officer, and I was one of them. There were also search firms that had been interested in trying to recruit retired generals for certain executive-level jobs, and I made that list, as well.

Now, quickly, let me tell you when I first realized the impact your grandfather’s order had on my life.

This was in 2019, and I’m at the Truman Library listening to Judge Gergel talking about his book about the blinding of Isaac Woodard. When Judge Gergel started talking about the political climate of 1948, it was like an angel hit me on the head with a rubber mallet and said, “Man, you were 10 years old in a racially segregated school, and if he hadn’t signed that order, you would not have been a general. And had you not been a general, you would not have been hired by Maynard Jackson to be his Chief Operating Officer

CIVIL RIGHTS SYMPOSIUM

Shortly after I entered the military, I married my late wife of 57 years. In 1960, there were no Black generals or admirals in any of the services. The Army was still using a racially coded personnel system called the “daily morning report” that was coded to identify white and Black soldiers. If your name had a 1 after it, you were white. If it had a 2, you were Black.

So, I say to you, if he had not signed that order, I would not be on this stage speaking to you about that great moment.

CIVIL RIGHTS SYMPOSIUM

KEYNOTE ADDRESS

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“We’re a much better nation for [President Truman’s] courage and commitment, and for the sacrifice and service of all our patriots who fought for our democracy.”

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KEYNOTE ADDRESS

THE KEYNOTE ADDRESS Excerpts from President Biden’s Address to the Truman Civil Rights Symposium

Summer 1918. The first world war. A train moves through the outskirts of Paris. An American Army captain rides alongside an all-white regiment heading to the frontlines.

I speak to you tonight not from a battlefield but from another sacred place: the National Archives, home of timeless words that point to our North Star. . . .

A son of a slave state, the grandson of slaveowners, Captain Harry S. Truman looks through his glasses toward the blood-stained soil of the Second Battle of the Marne that ended just a few months before.

An idea at once the most simple and the most powerful idea in the history of the world: that we’re all created equal, endowed by our creator with certain inalienable rights, and deserve to be treated with equality. . . .

It was a pivotal victory led by the vital part of America’s 369th Infantry Regiment: the Harlem Hellfighters, an all-Black regiment that spent 191 days on the front, longer than any unit of its size in history.

[Harry Truman] walked toward our North Star when he signed Executive Order 9981 that desegregated the United States Armed Forces on July 26th, 1948—75 years as of yesterday.

Harry Truman, born in Missouri to a family and community that embraced the Confederate sympathies. But savage violence and venom toward Black veterans and the power of the Civil Rights Movement changed his mind and his heart. . . .

A fearless captain on a consecrated battlefield

When the time came, Harry Truman did a very

in a segregated military.

American thing: He rose to the occasion and he chose to do right.

A snapshot in time of the work of all time to redeem the soul of our nation, which we’re still struggling to do.

Representatives Clyburn and Cleaver, the Truman family, and leaders of the Truman Institute, distinguished guests, my fellow Americans,

The American military had been segregated since our founding, yet hundreds of thousands of people of color—men and women—still courageously served with a love of country that often didn’t love them back.

Harry Truman felt a moral imperative to respond to the mistreatment of Black veterans. He heard their calls for a “Double Victory” to win freedom abroad and at home. He felt the urgency from civil rights leaders like A. Philip Randolph and the NAACP. An unlikely character in the civil rights story of America, Harry Truman set his sights on our North Star. . . . That’s what we commemorate tonight: a forward march in our own lives, in the life of the nation. . . . We’re much better a nation for [President Truman’s] courage and commitment, and for the sacrifice and service of all our patriots who fought for our democracy. . . .

May God bless you all, and may God protect our troops.

The president spoke at 8:19 p.m. EDT in the William G. McGowan Theater at the National Archives in Washington, D.C.

CIVIL RIGHTS SYMPOSIUM

A link in a distinguished line of ancestors and descendants, enslaved and free, risking their lives in every war since our founding for ideals they hadn’t fully known on American soil: equality and freedom.

They served in our Revolutionary War, declaring independence from a king only to be enslaved by a master. They protected the Union in the Civil War, only to face disunion under Jim Crow. They sacrificed during two world wars, fighting against autocracy only to be denied the freedom of their own democracy. . . .

BEYOND THE SYMPOSIUM

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BEYOND THE SYMPOSIUM Truman Education Ambassadors The Truman Civil Rights Symposium produced profound takeaways that are relevant far beyond the three-day event in Washington, D.C. To leverage the valuable learning from the sessions, the Truman Library Institute invited seven social studies teachers from Greater Kansas City to participate in the Symposium, to develop curriculum, and to host teachereducation workshops at the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library & Museum. Generously funded by Holland 1916, this initiative ensures that educators have the knowledge, tools and lesson plans to share Truman’s civil rights legacy in their classrooms.

Traveling Exhibit: Truman and Civil Rights

CIVIL RIGHTS SYMPOSIUM

Few Americans know the role that our 33rd president played in America’s civil rights movement. A traveling exhibit will share the story of an unlikely champion for racial justice—from the blinding of WWII veteran Isaac Woodward to Truman’s historic address to the NAACP, to the formation of the President’s Committee on Civil Rights, to the watershed

executive orders that ended Jim Crow in the federal workforce and desegregated the U.S. Armed Forces. The traveling exhibit opens at The Box Gallery in Kansas City, Missouri this fall and will be available to rent beginning April 1, 2024. To learn more, contact Cassie Pikarsky, director of strategic initiatives, at Cassie.Pikarsky@TrumanLibraryInstitute.org.

More to Explore See the powerful, all-new permanent exhibition at the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library & Museum, a stop on the U.S. Civil Rights Trail. Explore the digital archives at TrumanLibrary.gov.

And step into the award-winning White House Decision Center for a team-building experience like no other. Set in a recreated West Wing, participants step into the roles of President Truman and his advisors to tackle some of the greatest challenges faced by any world leader, including addressing racial violence against American veterans. For more related content—including Symposium videos and transcripts—visit TrumanLibraryInstitute. org/Civil-Rights-Symposium.

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WORTH WATCHING Online Access to Programs You May Have Missed

TRUMAN CIVIL RIGHTS SYMPOSIUM Presented July 26-28, 2023, in Washington, D.C. On July 26, 1948, with the stroke of a pen, President Truman changed the course of American history when he issued Executive Order 9981 desegregating the U.S. Armed Forces. Seventy-five years on, during a three-day public symposium in Washington, D.C., the Truman Library Institute led the national commemoration of this landmark civil rights anniversary. Now, you can experience the full Symposium on our YouTube channel—the histories provided by expert academic panels; the deeply personal stories of military leaders, veterans and service members; the unexpected moments of reckoning, remembrance and honor; and the unforgettable opportunity to share an evening with America’s 46th president, Joe Biden.

BETWEEN CONTAINMENT AND ROLLBACK Presented September 20, 2023 | Christian F. Ostermann During this much-anticipated event, award-winning historian Christian F. Ostermann sheds light on a darker side to the American Cold War in Germany: propaganda, covert operations, economic pressure, and psychological warfare.

Based on recently declassified documents from American, Russian, and German archives, Ostermann’s Between Containment and Rollback—winner of the Truman Book Award—demonstrates that U.S. efforts from 1945 to 1953 went beyond building a prosperous democracy in western Germany and “containing” Soviet-Communist power to the east.

THE WATCHDOG Presented October 25, 2023 | Steve Drummond In The Watchdog, Steve Drummond—an award-winning senior editor and executive producer at NPR—draws the reader into the fast-paced story of how Harry Truman, still a newcomer to Washington politics, cobbled together a bipartisan team of men and women that took on powerful corporate entities and the Pentagon, placing Truman in the national spotlight and paving his path to the White House. The Watchdog provides a window to a time that was far from perfect but where it was possible to root out corruption and hold those responsible to account. It shows us what can be possible if politicians are governed by the principles of their office rather than self-interest.

Don’t miss another program! Sign up for TRU E-news at TrumanLibraryInstitute.org.

Watch these and other programs on our YouTube channel.

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New memberships received March 11 through September 30, 2023

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TRUMAN LIBRARY INSTITUTE

MEMBERSHIP HAS ITS REWARDS HONORARY FELLOWS Truman Library Institute members enjoy these exclusive benefits: • Free museum admission at the Truman Library and all Presidential Libraries of the National Archives • Museum Store discounts • Invitations to member-only events • Recognition in TRU Magazine • Free or discounted tickets to the annual Howard & Virginia Bennett Forum on the Presidency

STUDENT / TEACHER | $25 1 membership card Free and unlimited admission for 1 to the Truman Library

BASIC | $35-$49 1 membership card Free and unlimited admission for 2 to the Truman Library

FAMILY | $50-$119 2 membership cards Free and unlimited admission for 4 to the Truman Library DVD of Harry S. Truman by award-winning filmmaker Charles Guggenheim (one-time gift for new and upgrading members)

YOUR FREE GIFT Renew or join the Honorary Fellows at the Associate Level or higher, and you’ll receive a gift designed exclusively for our members—a limited-edition Truman crossbody sling pack.

MEMBERSHIPS MAKE GREAT GIFTS Share the gift of membership while helping preserve and advance the legacy of America’s 33rd president. Your gift recipient will receive a gracious acknowledgment of your thoughtfulness, will receive recognition in TRU Magazine (new members), and will enjoy all the benefits of membership. It’s a gift that gives all year long.

Use the enclosed gift envelope or call 816.400.1220.

ASSOCIATE | $120-$249 All Family benefits, plus a special gift from the Truman Library Institute

DIPLOMAT | $250-$499 All Associate benefits, plus recognition on the Annual Donor Honor Roll in Museum Lobby

AMBASSADOR | $500-$999 All Diplomat benefits, plus a private tour of The White House Decision Center

3 EASY WAYS To Join, Renew, or Upgrade your Truman Library Institute Membership CALL 816.400.1220 | Monday-Friday, 8:30am to 5:00pm MAIL

BUCK STOPS HERE SOCIETY

Complete the gift envelope enclosed in this issue of your magazine.

The Buck Stops Here Society is the Truman Library Institute’s premier

ONLINE

membership program, designed specifically for individuals and corporations wanting to make a significant annual investment in the Harry S. Truman Library and Museum.

Learn more: Kim.Rausch@TrumanLibraryInstitute.org or 816.400.1214.

Visit TrumanLibraryInstitute.org, or scan the QR code to join, renew or upgrade!

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THE FIRST LADY AND FUTURE LEADERS First Lady Jill Biden Visits the White House Decision Center

On Wednesday, September 27, 2023, the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library & Museum was honored to welcome First Lady Jill Biden.

A lifelong educator, Dr. Biden visited the Truman Library to meet with some of her favorite constituents—students and teachers—and to explore the Library’s civics education initiatives.

In the Marny and John Sherman Civics Gallery, just outside the Oval Office replica, Cameron May, an educator at the Frontier School of Excellence, showed the First Lady the iconic Buck Stops Here sign and explained that her students, at first, are dubious about visiting the Truman Library. “But then they find out that President Truman was an everyday guy” who is very relevant and relatable.

In the award-winning White House Decision Center, Dr. Biden observed students from Truman’s high school alma mater, William Chrisman High School, work through a simulation of his 1948 decision to desegregate the armed forces.

At the conclusion of the mock White House press conference, the First Lady took the podium to deliver a challenge and an invitation.

“I want to say to all of you here—you should think about running for office yourselves. Being a politician is an honorable career. . . . Take the critical skills that you’ve learned through this opportunity,

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and when you hear something, don’t just take everything on face value. Research it. Look into it.

Look at other people’s points of view, so you can look with a critical eye at what’s really going on.”

Chrisman students walked away inspired. One high schooler told KMBC-TV9, “I took a lot from her saying it’s valuable to be politician,” and another said it has given her a new career choice to consider.

It’s not every day that students at the Truman Library meet a member of the First Family. But every day, the students who visit President Truman’s “Classroom for Democracy” learn this vital lesson: our democracy matters, and you matter to our democracy.

As President Truman himself said, “Politics—good politics—is public service. There is no life or occupation in which a person can find a greater opportunity to serve their community or their country.”

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“Don’t just take everything on face value. Research it. Look into it. Look at other people’s points of view, so you can look with a critical eye at what’s really going on.”

- Dr. Jill Biden

BUILDING FUTURE LEADERS The Truman Library is much more than an archive and museum; it is a “classroom for democracy.” Our team of nationally recognized educators partners with schools, teachers and families for their students’ success.

“Increasingly, this work feels like it’s mission-critical for our nation,” said Mark Adams, the Library’s education director.

“Studies show that only about 30 percent of high school seniors have a working grasp of civics. Only one in four adults can name the three branches of our government. Our mission is clear, and the charge is from President Truman, himself. We are working to safeguard America’s democracy.”

From civics literacy programs and digital outreach, to hands-on history labs and teacher training, we impact as many as 40,000 students and teachers each year. Many are able to participate only because of our “Bus Stops Here” grants.

These programs matter. The students who come to the Truman Library are more likely to vote, get involved in community issues, reach out to their elected representatives . . . even run for office.

Thank you for standing with us in this vital mission. Together, we can contribute to a tbetter tomorrow by helping the rising generation better understand the American presidency, our democracy, and their power to make a difference.

Scan the QR code to flip through our 2023-24 Education Program brochure.

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Donald Wampler

Bradrick Oeth

Anonymous

Richard Persyn

Rommie A. Webb

Karen L. Persyn

Fred F. Webb

Violet Smith April Tritto MEMORIAL GIFTS HONORING… Louis Bauman Cindy Bauman Patrick F. Boyle Gavin P. Boyle

For a complete list of FY2023 contributors, please visit TrumanLibraryInstitute.org/Donors.

We apologize for any errors or omissions.

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TH E HOWAR D AN D VI RG I N IA B E N N ETT FOR U M ON TH E PR E S I DE NCY

TRUMAN AND CIVIL RIGHTS NOVE M B E R 30, 2023

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ON LI N E & ON STAG E AT U N IT Y TE M P LE ON TH E P LAZA

Join us for an evening of riveting storytelling with guests from the Truman Civil Rights Symposium, including General Terrence A. Adams, Judge Richard Gergel and Adriane D. Lentz-Smith. In July, the Truman Library Institute organized the national commemoration for the 75th anniversary of President Truman’s executive orders ending racial segregation in the federal workforce and U.S. Armed Forces. The three-day Symposium has been hailed as a historic first, one of the most important events of its kind—and now it’s coming to Kansas City, for one night only!

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FALL / WINTER 2023

TRU MAGAZINE

THE 1948 ELECTION

TRUMAN TRIVIA Can you outwit Harold Ivan Smith, author of Almost Everything Worth Knowing About Harry S. Truman?

These 10 trivia questions will test your knowledge of the historic 1948 presidential election.

1.

Who did not run against HST in the 1948 presidential election?

A. Henry A. Wallace, former vice president B. Strom Thurman, governor of South Carolina C. Thomas Dewey, governor of New York D. Robert Taft, senator, Ohio

2.

3.

4.

5.

What newspaper editorialized that HST lacked “the stature, the vision, the social and economic grasp, or the sense of history required to lead the nation in a world crisis”?

In 1948, what did many angry housewives call HST?

At a campaign stop in Waco, Texas, why did the crowd boo HST?

What did HST demand before speaking at Rebel Stadium in Dallas in 1948?

A. He talked about the University of Texas being in Waco

A. That no one would try to put a cowboy hat on him

A. The St. Louis PostDispatch

D. “The little man with a full stomach!”

B. He shook hands with a Black woman

B. That seating be integrated

C. He pointed out that the name Dewey rhymes with hooey

C. That collection buckets be passed

B.

A. “A Demoncrat” B. “Horsemeat Harry” C. “That mousy little haberdasher”

The New York Times

C. The Los Angeles Times D. The Wall Street Journal

D. He declared, “It’s past time that Texans realize that when the Constitution says all, it meant all!”

LEFT: Truman’s historic 31,700-mile whistle-stop campaign.

RIGHT: In Denver, President Truman shakes hands with a 7-year-old admirer, Susan Smith, who predicted his re-election and spoke of their common interest in the piano.

D. That no rebel flags be displayed

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6.

7.

8.

9.

After the 1948 election, HST often invited people he met to visit him in Key West. Who took him up on his invitation?

In 1948, flying home to Independence, HST waited until the plane was over Ohio, the home of Republican Senator Robert Taft, to do what?

What actor and future politician enthusiastically campaigned for Harry Truman in 1948?

The Washington Post, the morning after the election, unfurled a large flag on the front of their building saying what?

10. After arriving in Key West to vacation following the grueling campaign, what did HST write his sister?

A. “Mr. President, we knew you would pull it out!”

A. “Someday we’ll devise a wiser way to elect a president.”

B. “We were with you all the way!”

B. “I didn’t know I was so tired until I sat down.”

C. “Mr. President, we are ready to eat crow whenever you are ready to serve it!”

C. “I could not have done it without Bess and Margaret.”

B. A railroad policeman C. A railroad maintenance engineer D. Two White House messengers

A. Take a nap B. Endorse Taft’s opponent C. Use the toilet D. Gather reporters on board to denounce “Senator Head-in-theSand Taft”

A. Gary Cooper B. Walter Pidgeon C. Hoagy Carmichael D. Ronald Reagan

D. “Give ‘em more hell, Harry!”

D. “I love the weather here.

It will be hell to have to go back to Washington.”

Excerpted from Almost Everything Worth Knowing About Harry S. Truman, available wherever books are sold ANSWER KEY: 1 D; 2 A; 3 B; 4 B; 5 B; 6 ABCD; 7 C; 8 D; 9 C; 10 B

A. Two sleeping-car porters

10.

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FALL / WINTER 2023

TRU MAGAZINE

‘

GIVE EM HELL, HARRY

My fellow citizens: During the past two months [Senator Barkley] and I have been going up and down the country, telling the people what the Democratic Party stands for in government. I have talked in great cities, in State capitals, in county seats, in crossroad villages and country towns.

Everywhere the people showed great interest. They came out by the millions.

They wanted to know what the issues were in this campaign, and I told them what was in my mind and in my heart. . . .

Tonight I am at my home here in Independence—Independence, Missouri—with Mrs. Truman and Margaret. We are here to vote tomorrow as citizens of this Republic. I hope that all of you who are entitled to vote will exercise that great privilege. When you vote, you are in control of your Government. . . .

Radio Remarks on the Eve of the 1948 Presidential Election November 2, 2023 marked the 75th anniversary of one of the greatest upsets in the history of presidential elections. On the eve of the 1948 election, the polls and pundits were calling the election for the Republican nominee, Thomas Dewey. Harry Truman decided to address the American people one final time.

The President spoke at 9:37 p.m. from his home in Independence, Missouri. He was introduced by his running mate, Senator Alben W. Barkley, who said: “No man called suddenly to the Presidency of this Nation ever faced a greater task. Whether this task involved our internal economy or the delicate and dangerous course of international relations, it called for the exercise of patience, tolerance, firmness, foresight, and courage. . . . This quiet, modest, patient, courageous, God-fearing, determined man in war and the aftermath of war, at home and abroad, has brought strength to our economy, expansion and permanence to our influence, and hope to hopeless men and women throughout the world.”

Your vote tomorrow is not just a vote for one man or another; it is a vote which will affect you and your families for years to come.

Now maybe you would like to know why I have made this fight for the people.

I will try to tell you. It is a matter of the things I believe in.

I believe in a free America—strong and undivided.

I believe in the principles of the Declaration of Independence—that we the people shall govern ourselves through our elected representatives—that every man and woman has a right to an equal voice in the management of our Nation’s affairs.

I believe that the Constitution, which rightly protects property, is still more deeply pledged to protect human rights. . . .

And now, my fellow citizens, the future welfare of our country is in your hands.

I have told you the truth as God has given me wisdom to see the truth.

Go to the polls tomorrow and vote your convictions, your hopes, and your faith—your faith in the future of a nation that under God can lead the world to freedom and to peace.

Excerpts of President Truman’s remarks, which were carried on a nationwide radio broadcast.

LEFT: Telegram sent to Harry Truman in which Dewey concedes the election and urges Americans to “unite behind you in support of every effort to keep our nation strong and free.”

RIGHT: On November 2, 1948, radio journalists monitor incoming popular vote ballot totals for the presidential election.

Credit: Getty/Bettmann

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LISTEN TO THE ORIGINAL SOUND RECORDING OF TRUMAN’S 1948 ELECTION-EVE BROADCAST

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First Lady Jill Biden lays White House flowers on the gravesite of President Truman during her September 27 visit to the Truman Library.

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