Planning for Sustainable Paratransit System in Howrah City Focus on E-rickshaws - PG Thesis

REVIEW III PLANNING THESIS I ( AP7171)

Planning for Sustainable Paratransit System in Howrah City Focus on E-rickshaws

TRISHA BARUI 2020APM004, 3rd SEMESTER, MOP,

IIEST, SHIBPUR 2021-2022 Under the guidance of Dr. Soumen Mitra

PRESENTATION : 22.12.21

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CONTENTS

1. Background 2. Research Questions 3. Literature Study & Inferences 4. Broad Methodology

5. Research Objectives 6. Draft Methodology 7. Study Area & Scope of Work

8. Data Gap 9. Expected Data Requirements 10. Site Details 11. Reconnaissance Survey & Analysis 12. Reference Planning for Sustainable Paratransit System in Howrah City

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1. BACKGROUND

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PARATRANSITS •

Paratransit is an alternative mode of flexible passenger transportation.

•

Does not necessarily follow fixed routes and schedules.

•

Provide two sorts of services:  Journeys along a predetermined or undefined routes on demand.

Auto rickshaws

Hand-pulled rickshaws •

Introduced during the early 20th century.

•

Operated manually.

•

Introduced during the late 20th century.

•

Operated using engines.

 Demand-responsive transportation, providing door-to-door service.

•

E - Rickshaws

Cycle Rickshaws Paratransits cover routes which are not possible to be covered by the MRTS.

Planning for Sustainable Paratransit System in Howrah City

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Introduced during the mid 20th century.

•

Operated manually with use of pulley system.

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Introduced a decade ago.

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Operated using battery operated engines.

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1. BACKGROUND EXISTING SCENARIO •

Number of e-rickshaws have grown drastically over the past decade due to their flexibility and as they operate on zonal basis.

•

In the year 2014-2015, e-rickshaw sales were 170,000 units while in 2018-2019, the sale of electric three-wheeler vehicles was 630,000 units, which was 83 per cent of total EV sales in India.

•

Increase in congestion , dead miles and space crunch for parking.

•

Vehicle parts are getting damaged very frequently.

Indiscriminate use of e-rickshaws in the neighbourhood areas, where transit cannot be an option, apparently provides high utility to stakeholders. But, the trend of growth puts a question mark in the sustenance of transportation in the inner areas through paratransit modes specially the e-rickshaws.

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HOWRAH



The entire city has grown organically and sporadically.



Due to its land use planning and sporadic growth it has resulted into a very complex planning for the city.

Hence it is neither linear nor radial making it difficult to have an organized road network.

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2. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

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2. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

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What are the parameters those influence the operational characters of e-rickshaws and how?

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What are the utilities of erickshaws for the stakeholders (users, owners, operators, etc)?

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What are the levels of the competitiveness among erickshaws and other available paratransits and where?

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What are the measures to be taken for sustainable development of e-rickshaws in short and long term scenario?

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3. LITERATURE STUDY & INFERENCES

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1. Sustainable Transport System 2. Sustainable Urban Transport Indicators For Paratransits 3. Details of operational and vehicular characters of different paratransits 4. Policies and Guidelines 5. Transport Indices 6. Paratransit Service Quality Attributes 7. Details of prevailing sustainable practices in paratransit planning 8. Role of Unions 9. Tools for transportation planning analysis

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3. LITERATURE STUDY & INFERENCES 1. SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT SYSTEM •

A Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (SUMP) takes into account the entire functioning urban region and anticipates collaboration across policy areas, levels of government, and with local people and other key stakeholders.

•

It guarantees a diverse range of sustainable transportation alternatives for the safe, healthy, and efficient movement of people and products.

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Para transit services are being reshaped all over the world as a result of the advancement of information and communication technologies (ICT)-based mobility services.

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2. SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT INDICATORS FOR PARATRANSITS •

Transport related indicators:

 Number of paratransit modes/1000 population  Paratransit mode share  Number of paratransit related accidents  Overcrowding  % of paratransit fleet compliant with safety standards •

Social indicators:

 Security of paratransit  Availability of paratransit modes near low income settlements  Per km fare

Source : wwf.panda.org

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Environment related indicators:

 Fuel efficiency of paratransit fleet  Higher fuel efficiency  Avg. fleet age (years)  % share of paratransit fleet on clean fuels  % of paratransit fleet complying with emission standards •

Economic indicators:

 Employment generation

Source : Sustainable Urban Transport Indicators- Teri 2020APM004_Trisha Barui

3. LITERATURE STUDY & INFERENCES

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3. DETAILS OF OPERATIONAL AND VEHICULAR CHARACTERS OF DIFFERENT PARATRANSITS

Auto-Rickshaw

Rickshaw

E-Rickshaw

Speed : 4kmph

Speed : 50kmph

Speed : 25kmph

Size (approx.) : 3000 x 800 x 1800

Size (approx.) : 2700 x 1300 x 1700

Size (approx.) : 2800 x 1000 x 1750

Operation : using physical labour

Operation : using Diesel/CNG

Operation : Battery Operated (5-6 charging)

Passengers: Max 2

Mileage: 70km/8litres of fuel

Mileage: 70km/full charge

Average daily earning : 250-300

Passengers: Max 5

Passengers: Max 5

Sustainability : environment friendly

Average daily earning : 750-1000

Average daily earning : 600-750

Merits:

Sustainability : non- environment friendly

Sustainability : environment friendly

Merits:

Merits:

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Fixed routes and lesser travel time

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Door-to-door service and no fixed routes

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Union exists.

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Lesser travel time

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Eco-friendly.

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Door-to-door service

Demerits: •

Time consuming Demerits:

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Fare price is higher

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Can carry max 2 persons

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No door to door service

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No union exists

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Not eco-friendly

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Demerits: •

Union doesn’t exist.

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3. LITERATURE STUDY & INFERENCES

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4. POLICIES AND GUIDELINES NATIONAL URBAN TRANSPORT POLICY, 2014 •

Roles of paratransits  Used for occasional trips or when MRTs is inadequate / inaccessible.  Used for clean mobility, low emissions.

•

CENTRAL MOTOR VEHICLES RULES (CMVR) AMENDMENT, 2015

Battery operated vehicles do not fall under the category of motorized vehicles and hence have no regulatory mechanism.

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Cities would be encouraged to adopt e-rickshaws

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Government of India would support door to door’ planning

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Stated that e-rickshaw models have to be approved by International Centre for Automotive Technology (ICAT) .

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Attempted to clarify the procedure of obtaining driving licenses, related permits and other formalities required to drive an e-rickshaw.

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Clarified the definition of E-rickshaws.

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Stated that the specifications for the speed and dimensions can be regulated through the rules which can be made under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988.

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Recommended Design speeds for different road types

INDIAN ROAD CONGRESS ( IRC ) •

Recommended Land Width for Streets in Urban Areas Category of street

Recommended land width in metres

Expressways

50-60

Arterial Streets

50-60

Sub-arterial Streets

30-40

Collector Streets

20-30

Local Streets

10-30

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Plains

Rolling

Mountainous

Steep

Arterial Road

60

50

40

40

Sub-arterial Road

60

50

40

40

Collector Street

40

40

30

30

Local Street

30

30

20

20

Urban Expressway

80

70

60

60

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3. LITERATURE STUDY & INFERENCES 5. TRANSPORT INDICES

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6. PARATRANSIT SERVICE QUALITY ATTRIBUTES

Accessibility Index (Public Transport and Service):  Public Transport Accessibility Index  Service accessibility index •

Congestion Index

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Para Transit Index

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Walkability Index

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Availability of footpath

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Pedestrian Facility Rating

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Slow Moving Vehicles Index

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On- street Parking Interference Index

Source : Traffic & Transportation Policies and Strategies in Urban Areas in India - MoUD

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3. LITERATURE STUDY & INFERENCES

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7. DETAILS OF PREVAILING SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES IN PARATRANSIT PLANNING

YIPI, MONTERIA, LATIN AMERICA The monitoring system and the lesser waiting time serve as a perk for the users. The system is integrated with existing BRTS making it viable.

VÉLIB‘, PARIS, FRANCE

The charging cum parking booths provide an optimum solution for these evehicles. The new innovations and technologies have helped the system evolve.

Improved version of cycle rickshaws.

Restricting nonmotorized transport from the main roads have decreased the congestion of the roads.

GO-JEK BIKES, JAKARTA

Enabling cashless, app based or card based payment ensures smooth transactions. Providing door-step services decreases the trip numbers for the citizens.

Planning for Sustainable Paratransit System in Howrah City

AUTOLIB', PARIS, FRANCE

PEDICAB, NEPAL 2020APM004_Trisha Barui

3. LITERATURE STUDY & INFERENCES

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7. DETAILS OF PREVAILING SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES IN PARATRANSIT PLANNING SILIGURI, WEST BENGAL

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Totos banned from entering the National Highways.

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Totos without number plates strictly banned 2020APM004_Trisha Barui

3. LITERATURE STUDY & INFERENCES

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7. DETAILS OF PREVAILING SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES IN PARATRANSIT PLANNING BARDHAMAN, WEST BENGAL

• •

Toto’s are being stopped from entering the GT Road in Bardhaman.

DEHRADUN, UTTARAKHAND

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Only at the specific road intersections with signals the e- • rickshaws are allowed to cross the roads.

Planning for Sustainable Paratransit System in Howrah City

Renting out of e-rickshaws and overloading is prohibited.

While the RTO is attempting to regulate the vehicles, the fare and route of the vehicles cannot be fixed.

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3. LITERATURE STUDY & INFERENCES

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7. DETAILS OF PREVAILING SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES IN PARATRANSIT PLANNING DELHI

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Charging stations installed in the parking stations

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Battery swaps enabled.

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SRINAGAR, JAMMU & KASHMIR

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Route optimization done

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Charging stations to be set up 2020APM004_Trisha Barui

3. LITERATURE STUDY & INFERENCES

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8. ROLE OF UNIONS • Unions fixes the fares – acceptable by the users and the operators.

• Unions maintain law and order while operation.

• Unions maintains and specifies the routes and zones for the operators which helps in maintaining the harmony while operation.

• Unions maintains the entry and exists in the stands hence a discipline in operation.

Source : Integrating Intermediate Public Transport Within Transport Regulation In A Megacity: A Kolkata Case Study -Centre For Policy Research Planning for Sustainable Paratransit System in Howrah City

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3. LITERATURE STUDY & INFERENCES

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9. TOOLS FOR TRANSPORTATION PLANNING ANALYSIS Paper

Journal Name

Technique Used

Determination of Service Quality Attributes based on User Transportation Research Perception for paratransit services in developing country Procedia 48 (2020) like India by Deepa Sharma et al 2020

RIDIT Method

Identification of 17 qualitative and quantitative paratransit service quality attributes based on users’ perception in Kolkata focusing on Eastern Metropolitan Bypass corridor (Ultadanga to Kamalgazi).

The Nature and Determinants of customer expectations of The Journal of the Academy of service by Zeithaml et al 1993 Marketing Science (JAMS)

SERVQUAL

Measurement of service quality as a difference between users’ expectation and perception

Using AHP to Measure Perception Gap between current and potential users of bus services by Mahmoud and Hine 2013

Transportation Planning and Technology

Weighted Perception Approach

Develops a multicriteria evaluation of user perception towards bus transit services and measures the gap in the perceptions held by current and potential users

Determination of LOS scale values for quantitative bus transit service attributes based on user perception by Das and Pandit 2014

Transportmetrica A Transport Science

LOS Concept

Develop LOS benchmarks for bus transit services based on user perception using the ‘Law of Successive Interval Scaling’ which converts an ordered categorical scale into an interval scale.

Behavioral intentions of public transit passengers:The roles of service quality, perceived value, satisfaction and involvement by Lai and Chen 2011

Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol.

18(2)

Structural Equation Modelling

Applied Structural Equation Modelling technique to model relationship between users’ behavioral intentions and various service quality attributes that affect them

User Perceptions of Private Paratransit Operation in Indonesia by Joewono and Kubota 2007

Journal of Public Transportation, Vol. 10, No. 4

Path Analysis

Explore user perceptions of paratransit (i.e., jitney) operation, a privately owned and operated mode of transport, regarding quality of service, frequency of negative experience, and loyalty

Planning for Sustainable Paratransit System in Howrah City

Description

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4. BROAD METHODOLOGY

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4. BROAD METHODOLOGY

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BACKGROUND

DATA COLLECTION

ANALYSIS

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

METHOD FOR ANALYSIS

OBSERVATION & INFERENCE

LITERATURE REVIEW

GOAL & OBJECTIVE

PROPOSAL

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5. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

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5. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

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• To determine the parameters which influence the operational characters of erickshaws and how they are affecting them.

• To find out the utilities of erickshaws for the stakeholders (users, owners, operators, etc).

• To analyse the levels of the competitiveness among erickshaws and other available paratransits and along which stretches its maximum.

• To infer the measures to be taken for sustainable development of e-rickshaws in short and long term scenario.

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6. DRAFT METHODOLOGY

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6. DRAFT METHODOLOGY STEP 1 : Delineation of Area Physical characters, physical boundaries, land use distribution

STEP 2 : Household Survey & Operator Survey Travel characters, modal choices, modal splits, trip characters, trip length, operational characters of the paratransits

STEP 4 : Assessment of the existing conditions

STEP 3 : Road Survey Existing condition of paratransits, problems faced by the stakeholders, problems faced by the daily users, factors responsible for effecting sustainability

Traffic characters, traffic volumes, traffic flows infrastructures

STEP 5 : Measuring Sustainability

STEP 6 : Benchmarking for Sustainability

Measure Sustainability Index road wise.

Find the benchmarks for sustainability for each road.

LIMITATIONS

• • • •

Land use to be considered while considering the origin and destinations Influence in travel characters due to seasonal variations are not considered.

Limited number of surveys done due to restriction in time and resources.

Only the major routes including the arterial and subarterial roads are considered for detailed study.

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STEP 8 : Proposal Based on the benchmarks provide proposals for achieving optimal, sustainable paratransit

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7. STUDY AREA & SCOPE OF WORK

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7. STUDY AREA & SCOPE OF WORK

REGION FOR STUDY

Modes of public transport: Mass transit:

Train

Bus

Ferry Service

Paratransit:

Auto-Rickshaw

E-Rickshaw

Rickshaw Planning for Sustainable Paratransit System in Howrah City

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7. STUDY AREA & SCOPE OF WORK

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 Growing organically the roads are developed in an unplanned manner.  The city has a very complex road network.  The important nodes are not connected directly.  It increases the detours.

 It increases the modal splits and also involves frequent changing of vehicles.  It increases trip lengths.

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7. STUDY AREA & SCOPE OF WORK

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• Zone 1 & 2 : Low density Areas

Persons/Sq.km

• Zone 3 : Moderate Density • Zone 4 : High Density Areas Zone 2

Zone 4 Zone 3

Zone 1

Zone 5

• Zone 5 : Very High Density Areas • More complex road network in the High Density areas making them all the more congested and decreasing the accessibility of the areas.

• Door-to-door service is difficult in these areas.

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7. STUDY AREA & SCOPE OF WORK Kadamtala

• Serves as a mini CBD. • Market place.

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Salkia Chowrasta

• Serves as a mini CBD for the area.

• .Market place.

• Connects the area to the rest of the city.

• Transport Hub.

Howrah Station

Ramrajatala

• Most important transport hub of the state.

• Holds cultural and historic importance.

• Connects the area to the rest of the city and serves as a mini CBD.

Mandirtala

• Holds historic importance.

• Connects the city to rest of the country.

Howrah Maidan

• Serves as a CBD for Howrah.

• Hold important office spaces for the city.

• Market place.

• Connects the city and serves as a mini CBD. Planning for Sustainable Paratransit System in Howrah City

• Connects the city.

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7. STUDY AREA & SCOPE OF WORK

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• The denser zone which needs immediate attention is considered.

• The major nodes are part of the zone.

• The road network is complex and in many areas inaccessible.

• The nodes are not directly connected and hence cause detours.

• The e-rickshaws are not able to perform to their full potential due to the hindrances cause by congestion and road complexity.

• A chunk of land is selected for detailed study in the zone.

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7. STUDY AREA & SCOPE OF WORK

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Site Area : 4 sq. km.

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Consisting of 10 wards.

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Population of the area : 1.4 lakh

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Average Density : 30,713 persons/sq.km

•

Surrounded by arterial roads on all sides.

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The paratransit system of the zone to be studied and planned in a sustainable manner and to prioritize the study and planning of e-rickshaws for the zone.

Key Plan

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8. DATA GAP

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8. DATA GAP

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• Existing infrastructure present for the e-rickshaws for the city • Travel patterns of the users and if there is any further growth in number of vehicles required.

• Zonal/route distributions in the city.

• Problems faced by the vehicle owners/drivers in the city.

• Impact on the infrastructure due to the outgrown number of vehicles.

• The infrastructures which are required for the vehicles to achieve a sustainable system.

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9. EXPECTED DATA REQUIREMENTS

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9. EXPECTED DATA REQUIREMENTS

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1. Network & nodes , traffic characters Source : report & maps 2. Land use & relevant infrastructure

Source : report & maps 3. Demography Source : Census of India (ward wise) 4. Travel Characteristics Source : Primary survey

5. Information (operational, financial and social) on e–rickshaws and other paratransits on the zone Source : Primary Planning for Sustainable Paratransit System in Howrah City

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10. SITE DETAILS

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10. SITE DETAILS NETWORKS

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•

Some part of Netaji Subhash Road beyond Yogmaya is oneway from 8am – 8pm everyday.

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Entire GT Road throughout the stretch of the site is one way and the otherway traffic is dispersed through the parallelly run Foreshore road.

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Rest all the roads have two way traffic all throughout the day 2020APM004_Trisha Barui

10. SITE DETAILS NETWORKS

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•

The Canal Side Road allows buses and paratransits to traverse.

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The Kona Expressway allows movement of buses and trucks and restricted movement of paratransits.

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GT Road and Netaji Subhash Road allows buses and paratransits to traverse.

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GT road has occasionally autorickshaws traversing.

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10. SITE DETAILS

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MAJOR NODES (FORMAL) & LANDMARKS (INFORMAL) • Several nodes and landmarks along the arterial and sub arterial roads.

• Leads to haults during the movements of traffic.

• Several stops for paratransits along the arterial roads resulting in decrease in speed.

• Platooning effect increases.

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10. SITE DETAILS

EXISTING LANDUSE

4 3 2 1 0

Residential area : 93.37 % Recreational area : 5.1 % Public Semi-Public : 0.76% Industrial Area: 0.48% Commercial Area : 0.13% Mixed Land Use : 0.09%

Planning for Sustainable Paratransit System in Howrah City

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The formal and informal stops are projected on the existing land use map to understand the characteristics better.

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The informal stops fall majorly in the mixed land use areas along the arterial & sub arterial roads.

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10. SITE DETAILS WARDWISE POPULATION DENSITY MAP – CENSUS 2011

WARDWISE GROWTH OF POPULATION DENSITY 200000

150000 100000 50000 0 25

26

28

30 1991

•

The wards : 28,30 and 31 have the maximum densities as they have mixed used developments and some areas are having slums.

•

The growth has increased over the past 2 decades.

•

Planning for Sustainable Paratransit System in Howrah City

31 2001

32

33

34

37

42

2011

The denser wards are trip production zones.

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10. SITE DETAILS – TRAVEL ANALYSIS ZONES TAZ H Consists of Trip Attraction points like Notun Rasta & Dalal Pukur & trip producing residential areas.

TAZ G

TAZ D

Has trip producing residential areas and trip producing points such as schools.

Major trip production residential zone. Some commercial spaces along roads attract some trips.

TAZ A

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TAZ B

Major trip production residential zone.

Some commercial spaces attract some trips TAZ C

Consists of Trip Attraction points – the residential areas produce few trips.

Consists of Trip Attraction points like Shibpur Police Station – major trip production residential zone.

TAZ F

TAZ E

Consists of Trip Attraction points like Mandirtala & Chatterjeehat – major trip attraction zone.

Consists of Trip Attraction points like Shibpur Bazar & Kazipara – majorly trip production residential zone.

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10. SITE DETAILS – TRAVEL ANALYSIS ZONES

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•

Major Trip Attraction zones – TAZ H , TAZ A, TAZ F

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Major Trip Production zones – TAZ D, TAZ B, TAZ C, TAZ E

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11. RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY & ANALYSIS

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1. USER SURVEY 2. OPERATOR SURVEY 3. ROAD SURVEY

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11. RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY & ANALYSIS

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USER SURVEY Questions asked: 1. Name, locality and ward no.

8. What is the average time travelled in different modes of transport daily?

2. No. of members in the family, if any senior 9. The average waiting time for different modes of citizen or kids in the family and their respective transport ages.

10. If the person is satisfied with the expenses 3. Annual household income. he/she has to bear during the travel 4. Vehicle ownership status of the household

11. Any problems faced during the travel

5. Distance travelled for work trips and which modes of transport used.

12. If the person likes travelling via e-rickshaw and why.

6. Distance travelled for educational trips by the user or other family member and which modes of transport used.

7. Distance travelled for other trips like entertainment or non work trip and which modes of transport used.

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11. RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY & ANALYSIS - USER SURVEY

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SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE 1.Number of people in the household

3.Number of senior citizens in the household

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A reconnaissance survey is conducted among 20 persons staying in different locations.

•

They are from varied age groups, profession and income groups

•

Their and their family’s travel patterns is tried to be understood

•

Their preferences and problems are understood.

Planning for Sustainable Paratransit System in Howrah City

5. Vehicle Ownership

2.Number of kids in the household

4.Annual household income

•

Many people do not prefer buying cars due to lack of infrastructure in the city.

•

Majority of them possess two wheelers.

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11. RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY & ANALYSIS - USER SURVEY

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6. Average time travelled in different modes of transport per day

Distance travelled in different modes for work trips

Private Vehicles

Rickshaws

E-rickshaws

Auto-rickshaws

Person 20

Person 19

Person 18

Person 17

Person 16

Person 15

Person 14

Person 13

Person 12

Person 11

Person 10

Person 9

Person 8

Person 7

Person 6

Person 5

Person 4

Person 3

Person 2

Person 1

40 30 20 10 0

Buses

•

Due to covid many people have work from home concept going on.

•

The schools and colleges are also operating online so trips are occasional.

•

For shopping and other purposes people mainly go to Kolkata or dedicated market places in the city.

Distance travelled in different modes for education trips

Private Vehicles

Rickshaws

E-rickshaws

Planning for Sustainable Paratransit System in Howrah City

Auto-rickshaws

Person 20

Person 19

Person 18

Person 17

Person 16

Person 15

Person 14

Person 13

Person 12

Person 11

Person 10

Person 9

Person 8

Person 7

Person 6

Person 5

Person 4

Person 3

Person 2

Person 1

20 15 10 5 0

Buses 2020APM004_Trisha Barui

11. RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY & ANALYSIS - USER SURVEY Distance travelled in different modes for other trips

•

It is noticed that trip length for work trips is much more than education trips and other trips

•

Use of paratransits for other trips is much more than work trips or education trips.

•

Since the e-rickshaws have gained popularity in the area their uses have increased subsequently for other local trips.

•

The passenger when finds that e-rickshaws are not available and/or there are 2 persons or they need to rent and go off-route then only opts for rickshaws.

15 10 5

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Private Vehicles

Rickshaws

E-rickshaws

Auto-rickshaws

Person 20

Person 19

Person 18

Person 17

Person 16

Person 15

Person 14

Person 13

Person 12

Person 11

Person 10

Person 9

Person 8

Person 7

Person 6

Person 5

Person 4

Person 3

Person 2

Person 1

0

Buses

Average waiting time for the vehicles per day

•

Planning for Sustainable Paratransit System in Howrah City

The average waiting time for the paratransits is very less compared to other public transports hence they are more reliable as per the users 2020APM004_Trisha Barui

11. RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY & ANALYSIS

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MY EXPERIENCE

Trip length

Planning for Sustainable Paratransit System in Howrah City

New Passenger

Drop

•

Trip fare : Rs. 10

•

Detours : 500m

•

Trip length : 2.5 Km

•

Passenger details : Male - 1

•

Total passengers : 3

•

Traffic flow hindered in peak hours due to roadside stalls.

•

The paratransits while making stops during pickup and drops create road congestion.

Female - 2

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11. RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY & ANALYSIS

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2. OPERATOR SURVEY

Questions asked: 1. Name, locality of the operator 2. Vehicle ownership status

7. Is there any restriction of operation in any zone, is there any zonal union, if yes which union does he belong to 8. What is the expenses in maintenance for the vehicle?

3. Since how many days operating the vehicle, what did he do before and why the shifting of jobs.

4. What is his educational qualification and what is his daily income 5. Where does he park and charge the vehicle and what is the approximate charges for the same 6. Is there any specific zone for his operation, what is his operating time.

Planning for Sustainable Paratransit System in Howrah City

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11. RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY & ANALYSIS - OPERATOR SURVEY

VEHICLE OWNERSHIP STATUS Owned

Rented

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TIME IN THE PROFESSION 1 year

2 years

3 years

4 years or more

33%

17% 17%

67%

33% 33%

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION 10th Pass

10+2 Pass

Graduate

School Dropout

33% 33% •

A reconnaissance survey is conducted among 6 operators at different locations.

17% 17% Daily Income:

•

•

•

Low investment required.

•

Self dependent job.

•

Paid more than previous jobs.

•

No fixed timing or location for the job.

They stay at different locations •

•

Reasons for shift of jobs:

They have started operating from different times and different reasons Their preferences and problems are understood.

Planning for Sustainable Paratransit System in Howrah City

Rs. 500-900 per day.

Parking & Charging: • •

Rs. 100 per day 2 times charging and parking the vehicles.

Usually 2-3 vehicles parked together at a garage 2020APM004_Trisha Barui

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11. RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY & ANALYSIS Operation: •

No fixed operation time but usually 8-9 hrs daily with intermediate 2-3 hours of charging.

•

Sometime whole day rental basis operation.

•

No fixed route or zone for operation.

Expenses: •

Battery Rs. 10,000 per 6 months.

•

Other maintenance like brakes,seats,tyres repair – monthly Rs. 1500.

Problems faced in Operation: •

Number of vehicles increased so number of passengers for full capacity is less.

•

Many a times only 1-2 passenger for 15-20 mins journey.

•

Users request to be dropped off in interior locations leading to detours.

•

Passengers not available in off-peak hours.

•

Passengers not available for return journey when operated for rented service.

Planning for Sustainable Paratransit System in Howrah City

UNION •

The location of the unions for the e-rickshaws as identified by the operators.

Ramrajatala

Howrah Maidan

Mandirtala

Mullick Fatak

17% 16% 17% 50% 2020APM004_Trisha Barui

11. RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY & ANALYSIS

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ROAD SURVEY

11.30 am, Dec‘21Nov 2021 10.30 am, Dec‘21

Nov 2021

Road with moderate traffic (market place)

Road with median – Buses & trucks traverse. Moderate Paratransits observed.

6.30 pm, Oct ‘21

10.00 am, Dec‘21 Nov 2021 Road with heavy traffic – paratransits and private vehicles and few buses.

11.00 am, Dec‘21

Oct 2021

Road with heavy traffic – paratransits and private vehicles and buses. Autorickshaws are only found here.

11.30 am, Dec‘21 Oct 2021

Nov 2021

Road used by paratransits only erickshaws and rickshaws and private vehicles.

Planning for Sustainable Paratransit System in Howrah City

Typical Sub-arterial roads– paratransits and private vehicles traverse here.

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11. RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY & ANALYSIS

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ROAD SURVEY Vey Busy Busy Moderately Busy

The Arterial roads are the busiest streets in the area.

A few sub-arterial roads are quite busy all through out the day.

Few sub-arterial roads and collector streets are moderately busy in the peak hours.

Planning for Sustainable Paratransit System in Howrah City

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12. REFERENCES

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12. REFERENCES

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1. ARAI. (n.d.). Indian Emissions Regulations.

2. Bhat, J. J. (2009). Development of a Paratransit Microsimulation Patron Accessibility Analysis Tool for Small and Medium Sized Communities.

3. CapaCITIES. (n.d.). Assessment of the E-rickshaw operations in Delhi . CapaCITIES. 4. CapaCITIES. (n.d.). Assessment of the E-Rickshaw Operations in Siliguri, West Bengal.

5. Centre For Policy Research. (n.d.). Integrating Intermediate Public Transport Within Transport Regulation In A Megacity: A Kolkata Case Study.

6. CENTRE FOR POLICY RESEARCH. (n.d.). INTEGRATING INTERMEDIATE PUBLIC TRANSPORT WITHIN TRANSPORT REGULATION IN A MEGACITY: A KOLKATA CASE STUDY. 7. CEPT University, Ahmedabad. (n.d.). SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARK IN URBAN TRANSPORT FOR INDIAN CITIES. 8. Corporate Partnership Board. (n.d.). Transport Innovations from the Global South.

9. CPPR Policy Brief Series II Vol 1. (2014). E-Rickshaws:- The Road ahead.

10. Deepa Sharma, D. P. (2020). Determining the level of service measures to evaluate service quality of fixed-route shared motorized para-transit services.

11. Deepa Sharmaa, D. P. (2020). Determination of service quality attributes based on user perception for paratransit services in developing country like India. Elsevier B.V. 12. Dessouky, M. ,. (2003). Benchmarking Best Practices of Demand Responsive Transit Systems.

13. Geetam Tiwari, C. P. (2021). Development of public transport systems in small cities: A roadmap for achieving sustainable development goal indicator 11.2.

14. Hlavackova, D. B. (2019). Analysis of Sustainable Transport for Smart Cities.

15. ICLEI. (2017). E- Rickshaw Operational and Deployment Strategy: Case of Kakinada.

16. ICLEI. (2019). E-RICKSHAW DEPLOYMENT IN INDIAN CITIES- Handbook.

17. IRC. (1990). Guidelines for capacity of urban roads in plain areas.

18. IRC. (1996). Space standards for Roads in Urban Areas.

19. IRC. (2017). APPLICATION OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEM FOR URBAN ROADS. 20. IRC. (2017). GUIDELINES ON REGULATION AND CONTROL OF MIXED TRAFFIC IN URBAN AREAS. 21. Lindsey Morse, M. T. (2017). Development of a Key Performance Indicator System to Benchmark Relative Paratransit Performance.

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board

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REFERENCES

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22. Ministry Of Urban Development. (2008). Study on Traffic and Transportation Policies and Strategies in Urban Areas in India.

23. Pal, P. T. (2019). REGULATORY MECHANISMS FOR ELECTRIC THREE-WHEELERS. 24. PanagiotisTsoutsanis. (2018). Extended bounds limiter for high-order finite-volume schemes on unstructured meshes.

25. Pandit, S. D. (2013). Methodology to Determine Level of Service for Bus Transit in a Developing Country Like India .

26. Pattamaporn WONGWIRIYA, F. N. (2019). The Role of Paratransit to Support Sustainable Transportation: Case Study of Khon Kaen City, Thailand.

27. Prasanta Kumar Bhuyan, K. V. (2011). Defining level of service criteria of urban streets in Indian context.

28. Saxena, S. N. (2019). Revolution in growth of three-wheeler electric vehicles in India: Providing job opportunities to semi-skilled and unskilled people. Journal of Global Tourism Research.

29. Shandilya, V. S. (2019). E-RICKSHAW DEPLOYMENT IN INDIAN CITIES- Handbook (Supporting Sustainable Mobility under Smart.

ICLEI- Local Governments for Sustainability, South Asia (ICLEI South Asia).

30. The Energy and Resources Institute - TERI. (2014). Sustainable Urban Transport Indicators.

31. UEMI Solutions. (2018). Scoping Paper Kochi - India. Berlin.

32. United Nations. (n.d.). Good Practices of Accessible Urban Development.

33. Varhelyi, Z. T.-S. (2012). Indicator framework for measuring sustainability of transport in the city.

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THANK YOU