Sun Gardens - ZEB residential - AAU msc.ark.2/2016

sun gardens

COLOPHON Ana Habijanec

Totto Tamás Rátkai

Jakob Soelberg

Piotr Zbierajewski

Jesper Søndergaard

Title:

Sun Gardens

Project module:

Sustainable Architecture

Period:

21. March - 1. June 2016

Group:

4

Semester:

MSc02 ARC

Main supervisor:

Anne Kirkegaard Bejder

Technical supervisor:

Mingzhe Liu

Number of pages:

125 (approximate)

Number of prints:

9 (approximate)

Attachment

USB stick Drawing folder

ABSTRACT The purpose of the project SUN GARDENS is to use sustainable design approaches and tools to create a new housing complex in Håndværkerkvarteret in Aalborg. The project area has been studied through different analyses. Taking them together with sustainable aspects they were considered as the basis of the task.

The design process included a research on the principal volumetric models as a start, and later a sketching and daylight phase. After numerous variants, the concept of the final propose was realized by using LEGO bricks as model experience. The results were taken through the phases later on, focused on the building program, daylight and apartment organization.

Passive solutions were implemented to meet Building Regulation energy class 2020, and active solutions were used for meeting net-zero energy building demands. At the end, the project focused on detailing and urban spaces on the site.

During the whole process, it was important to create a building complex which can be fully functional in every aspect, delivering great sustainable solutions.

PHILOSOPHY “The »global fear of climate« makes us paralysed ... you won’t get very far with doomsday and nightmare scenarios. People can’t manage the options, the solutions ... Therefore we need to show the solutions. They should be concrete, tangible – and then I’m sure there will be great popular support to solve the problem”.

– Climate and Energy Minister, Martin Lidegaard “A great building, in my opinion, must begin with the unmeasurable, must go through measurable means when being designed, and in the end be unmeasurable”.

CT ITE AR

CH

GY

ER

EN

UR

E

– Louis Kahn in Form and Design lecture 1960

ENVIRONMENT

CONTENT INTRO // Introduction

8

// Methodology

9

// Aalborg

10

// Site description

11

// The Garden City

15

// Site

16

// Climate Temperature & sun Precipitation Wind // Users Demographics of Aalborg Dwelling Types User Groups User Behavior // Sustainable Design Zero-energy Buildings Energy demand & Indoor Environment Measuring Sustainability // Summary

37

// Problem

38

// Vision

39

// Room Program

40

// Organisation

41

PRESENTATION

ANALYSIS

History Future Plans Area Functions Traffic Vegetation Noise

// Design Criteria

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 22 24 25 26 26 27 28 29 30 30 32 34 36

// Concept

44

// Housing Complex

46

Masterplan Groundfloor plan Elevations Sections

48 50 52 56

// Apartments Overview Type 01 Type 02 Type 03 Type 04

58 60 62 64 66 68

// Outdoor Spaces

70

// Sustainablity

72

Energy Demand & Key Numbers Passive / Active Solutions Indoor environment Materials / LCA DGNB Considerations

72 74 78 80 82

// Sun Hours

84

// Details

85

DESIGN PROCESS // Phase 1

92

// Phase 2

94

// Phase 3

96

// Phase 4

98

// Phase 5

102

// Phase 6

104

EPILOGUE // Conclusion

109

// Reflection

111

// References

112

// Illustrations

114

APPENDIX 116-133

INTRO

0

INTRODUCTION Illustration 8.1. Gro Harlem Brundtland lays out the current definition of sustainability.

Illustration 8.4 The DGNB logo

ECONOMICALLY SUSTAINABLE

RT: O P E DR N RE A U L T T U D BRUN OMMON F C OUR

Illustration 8.2. Children playing amongst crops on a sunny day.

Before 1987 people talked about the ecology concerning architecture and environment. Then the Brundtland Report / Our Common Future was laid out by the chairman of the WCED, Gro Harlem Brundtland. (dac.dk, 2014) The report introduced the concept of sustainability as considering both social, environmental and economic aspects.

Certifications as the DGNB are built on this concept, and it is also the main driver for the Sustainable Design (SD) approach used in this project.

According to the curriculum, the project should be the integrated design of a mixed-use zero-energy housing.

But what does it mean for this specific project, and how will sustainability be treated with regard to the economic, social and environmental aspects?

8

INTRO

SD SOCIALLY SUSTAINABLE

ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE

Illustration 8.3. The three main aspects of sustainable design

To break it up in understandable bits, mixed-use is the inclusion of different functions such as housing and offices.

This will result in a longer occupancy of the site throughout the day, which will provide a natural surveillance and a feeling of safety. So saying, an example of social sustainability.

That the housing is zero-energy means that the energy demand is low due to passive solutions such as high insulation, and that this energy demand is covered by active solutions. The design of these solutions must be handled sensitively according to the sustainability position.

The integrated design process is the feedback-loops between different phases as described in the following chapter about methodology.

The mentioned aspects are considered along with technical, logistical, functional

ANALYSIS

and spatial problems in order to reach an integrated building through a holistic design approach.

Both the environmental and economic aspects of sustainability will be dealt with especially through the passive and active solutions and considerations of materials with a simplified life-cycle assessment.

The housing complex should contain dwellings with good living conditions.

There should be a comfortable indoor environment and a high quality of spaces and daylight. It should be attractive for a family to settle here by offering suburban qualities in a dense context.

PRESENTATION

METHODOLOGY

PROBLEM / IDEA PHASE

ANALYSIS PHASE

SKETCHING PHASE

SYNTHESIS PHASE

PRESENTATION PHASE

Illustration 9.1. The 5 phases of the Integrated Design Process.

The project is based on the Integrated Design Process (IDP) as defined by Mary Ann Knudstrup. The IDP consists of five phases: problem, analysis, sketching, synthesis and presentation. When working with this method the first four phases are based on a non-linear progress and the phases are revised as many times as possible before ending up in the fifth phase (as shown below).

These methods are combining the architectural and engineering design process. (Knudstrup, 2005) The first phase is the phase where the problem is described. The problem originates in the project description and is later developed into a problem formulation.

The analysis phase is where information about the site and context is gathered

DESIGN PROCESS

and analysed. A phenomenological approach is used through observations of an early visit to the site. Further investigations of the site are done by using both qualitative and quantitative analyses such as mappings and studies of climate, users and sustainability. The collected knowledge is the foundation for the design process.

In the sketching phase, architectural and engineering knowledge is used to meet the requirements and wishes. All design criteria are considered through sketches and models, both computational as well as physical, in order to optimize the project. This phase is pushed forward by the common vision, that is shared among the group members.

In the synthesis phase, the building complex reaches its final form. All of the aspects from the sketching phase

EPILOGUE

are synthesized, interacting with each other, in order to have a more complete design. Certain aspects are optimized, and the performance is documented.

Finally, the presentation phase shows the qualities of the project. It includes spatial visualisations, technical drawings, diagrams, physical models etc. The phase points out how the aims of the project and design criteria are fulfilled.

APPENDIX

9

AALBORG Illustration 10.2. Basic demography of Aalborg

AALBORG City Population: Municipality: Area: Density:

Illustration 10.1. Location of Aalborg in the region of North Jutland

The project site is located in Aalborg in the North Jutland province. With a population of 112.194 it is the 4th largest city in the country, but takes a 3rd place as for the municipality.

Furthermore, the city of Aalborg has been elected as the happiest city in all of Europe, according to a recent EU report (Visit Aalborg, 2016) Aalborg has always been an important location on the coast of the Limfjord.

Evolving from being a minor Viking settlement, it became a prosperous commercial town in medieval times, and afterwards a “working class city”.

Nowadays, Aalborg has become an education and knowledge-based city with an attractive and public waterfront towards the Limfjord, offering a variety of options (Visit Aalborg, 2016)

10

INTRO

112 .194 21 0.3 38 1.1 52 km 178.5 pe r km

Illustration 10.3. Aerial photography of Aalborg

The building tradition is primarly brick houses. However, in more recent years Aalborg has taken on a strong identity of concrete buildings, especially in new developments along the waterfront. such as the Utzon Center and the House of Music.

Aalborg Portland is the market leader of the concrete production in Denmark, and is an international supplier of the charecteristic white concrete.

Illustration 10.4. Aalborg Waterfront

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

SITE DESCRIPTION Illustration 11.2. Nearby housing (terraced houses)

Illustration 11.1. The project site in Håndkvarteret

The site is located in the southern part of Aalborg Centrum, in a district called Håndværkerkvarteret. It is covering an area of 7452 m2, bordered by the roads Hjulmagervej and Bødkervej, a small side-stream of Østerå, and a gas station on the Sønderbro side. The district is one of the areas in the municipality chosen for development between 2020 and 30, as a green industrial zone.

The existing buildings on the site as it is now include a mosque, a car repair shop, a paintshop and a smith.

These buildings with inherent functions are only covered lightly in the project.

Illustration 11.3. Nearby housing (villas)

Surrounded by buildings with a variation in height, there is a clear boundary made by Jyllandsgade and Sønderbro.

The building blocks to the north and east have an average height of six floors. However the buildings to the south and west from those streets have an average height of two floors.

HJULMAGERVEJ

The topography is flat throughout the whole area with the exception of the small stream located south of the site.

Beside it, the height differs around 0,5 m on average in the radius of 50 m.

Meanwhile, the pedestrian and water level of the stream is 0.7 and 1.4 m below the area, respectively.

STREAM

RUINED FACTORY

Illustration 11.4. Section crossing through the project site

BØDKERVEJ

GAS TANK

SØNDERBRO

Illustration 11.5. Longitudinal section through the project site

DESIGN PROCESS

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

11

analysis

1

14

INTRO

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

THE GARDEN CITY Illustration 15.1. Diagram of a garden city with the population of 32.000.

Illustration 15.2. A cluster of garden cities and allotments around a central city.

The concept of the garden cities was fomulated by Ebenezer Howard (18581928) in his book “To-Morrow: a Peacefull Path to Real Reform” (1898).

(Reps, 2016) The garden cities are representated as radial diagrams, and thought as small cities with populations of 32.000. Even though they are outside the central city, they are still interconnected through a system of railways. (Illustration 15.1-2).

Ebenezer Howard asked the question: “Where will the people go?” as seen in illustration 15.3. He proposed that there are three magnets attracting the people; the Town, the Country and the Town-Country. When reading the diagram, one should naturally be aware that it is more than a century old, but many of the qualities and downsides seem to apply today.

DESIGN PROCESS

The Town-Country magnet resembles the suburban qualities but is set up in an utopian way. Still, allmost all of qualities are desirable for the design project of a housing complex. These include “bright homes & gardens”, “social opportunity” and “fields and parks of easy access”.

In a modern context, it is important to develop dense cities considering the environment and many other aspects.

The question is now to design with a high density in the city, including the suburban qualities that are attractive to people, from both an environmental and social perspective.

Illustration 15.3. The three magnets.a central city.

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

15

HISTORY Illustration 16.1. Aerial photography of the site and context anno 1956.

Illustration 16.3. Allotment gardens in 1956.

Illustration 16.2. Aerial photography of the site and context anno 2016.

Illustration 16.4. Decayed industry as the current conditions.

The area originally was called Kjæret and had an agricultural view of gardens at the roadside towards Gug, and also a mill and a number of clay pits where bricks were produced.

An artificial channel from Østerå stream ran across to the north-east direction.

After the industrial revolution, by the 1860s the area became a part of the new industrial zone, bordered by the freight and private railway station from north, and two big factories (new Kjærmølle Mill and Godthaab Brick Factory) at the south-western side. The eastern part (Østerkjæret) remained a garden area. It was divided into small allotments and rented by members if the Workers Association who could also have accommodation in the new nearby blockhouses of Kærvang. (Aalborg Kommune, 1999) Different species of

16

INTRO

plants could be found in these gardens: flowers, vegetables and fruit trees.

(Aalborg Stadsarkiv) This green zone ceased in the early 1950s when the construction works of Østre Alle reached and divided the zone into two parts, covering it entirely by small manufactures and factories.

(Aalborg Kommune, 1999) Most of the waterholes across the area became underground.

municipality to develop the grey area to a green area with a tight connection to the town. (Aalborgkommuneplan, 2016)

SITE IN 1956 AND 2014

The project site was the very first area that turned from green to grey. (COWI DDOland, 1954) Now in the beginning of 21st century it is a postindustrial district consisting mainly of aging and wornout buildings with limited residental use: Block houses at Kærvang, workshops and businesses, and also a mosque. In 2005 it was decided by the

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

SITE

FUTURE PLANS

Forudsætninger for omdannelsen

Illustration 17.2. Planned funtions of the area 01

5 Illustration 17.3. Planned funtions of the area 02

Illustration 17.1. Municipality plans for the area.

In April 2015 there was a discussion about the future of Håndværerkvarteret.

As a part of the new light rail which now has been swapped out with a Bus rapid transit (BRT) to cut expenses, the side is planned to undergo a transformation as the area located across Sønderbro, i.g Eternitten. Håndværkerkvarteret is supposed to be a combination of residences and light industry, so the existing industries are incorporated in to the new plans.

According to the new plans, the goal is to create a kind of self-grown diverse environment in the sense that the transformation is gradual and molds to companies’ needs for small expansions and an ongoing function replacement.

It means that diversity is supported and maintained in the future.

Around the core of activity, dwellings

DESIGN PROCESS

are planned. The interdiction of homes will introduce life in the neighborhood around the clock. Both residents and customer flows will create activity in the area, and the new applications are helping to support this.

(Aalborg Kommune, 2015)

Illustration 17.4. Proposal sketch for the building complex placed south of the site. Summary on Aalborg Kommune’s local plan meeting with the participants.

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

17

AREA FUNCTIONS Illustration 18.2. Typical industry buildings in the area.

Illustration 18.1. Functions in the area.

Illustration 18.3. The neighbouring gas tank.

The surrounding 1 km2 contains a variety of functions. In the middle of the site there is a local mosque. Furthermore there are many small businesses and workshops. Within the range of 250 m there is access to a school, and also a gym in the new multifunctional building at Eternitten. Right next to the side and toward Sønderbro there is a gas station.

Within the range of 500 m there is also a police station and a fire station, a church, a supermarket and a university building. Exceeding 500m there is also access to a shopping mall with a cinema, three more supermarkets, a school and another gas station, Aalborg’s main train station, the main bus terminal, the post centre and a hospital.

18

INTRO

INDUSTRY HOUSING GAS STATION SCHOOL SUPERMARKET FIRE STATION CHURCH HOSPITAL POLICE STATION

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

SITE

TRAFFIC

Illustration 19.2. Bus stop at Kennedy Arkaden.

Illustration 19.3. Sønderbro.

Illustration 19.1. The traffic infrastructure.

Considering the traffic infrastructure, there are two main access roads to the site area: the arterial road Østre Alle from the south, and the collector road Sønderbro from the east. The roads adjecent to the project site are local roads with low-traffic frequency.

On Sønderbro, there are three bus stations available as the nearest public transport, and the main train station is less than a kilometre away.

The project site can be accessed by car from the northern adjacent road as the main access direction, and the western adjacent road as a secondary approach.

There is also the possibility to connect with the neighbouring eastern site by introducing pedestrian pathways.

(Google maps, 2016)

DESIGN PROCESS

MAIN ROADS LOW TRAFFIC ROADS BUS STOP RAILWAY STATION ACCESS TO SITE

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

19

VEGETATION Illustration 20.2. Raised garden beds in Karolinelund KAROLINELUND

ØSTRE ANLÆG

KILDEPARKEN 500m

G LÆ

E TR ØS

AN

SCHOOL PARK

ACCUMULATION LAKE - NOT FOR PUBLIC USE-

Illustration 20.1. Vegetation in the area.

Illustration 20.3. People enjoying a sunny day in Karolinelund.

The vegetation analysis considers a mapping of existing green areas which are relevant to the project site and municipality plans of the area. Among the public green areas around the site, there are the amusement park Karolinelund within 500 m reach, and recreational park Østre Anlæg which is around 750 m away. There are also a school park right across Sønderbro and a fire accumulation lake area which is completely closed for the public.

The most relevant part in the area is the green passage with the stream which is adjacent to the southern border of the site. The northern border follows the street with a medium-dense tree belt which serves as a noise and vision barrier. (Google maps, 2016) The municipality plans for the area include a prolongation of the stream

20

INTRO

towards north, where the former freight railway station will be transformed into a recreational area.

Considering this analysis, it will be a task to incorporate green areas and vegetation as much as possible, and also to enhance the quality of the green passage along the stream.

PUBLIC GREEN AREAS MUNICIPALITY PLANS

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

SITE

NOISE

Illustration 21.2. Bus stop at Kennedy Arkaden.

Illustration 21.3. Sønderbro.

Illustration 21. 1. The traffic infrastructure.

The project side is as mentioned next Sønderbro. This street is considered a source of traffic noise. Noise pollution significantly reduces living quality and can have some serious health impacts on inhabitants (Eng.mst.dk, 2016).

Almost one in three homes in Denmark suffer from traffic noice with a value above the recommended noise limit.

The Danish Ministry of Environment and Food recommends a limit of 58 dB for traffic noise in residential city areas.

From illustration 21.1. it is noted that one quarter of the project site is above the recommended noise limits.

in the form of a tree belt, or have design it as an integrated part of the building.

70-75 dB 60-70 dB 60-65 dB 55-60 dB

Considering this knowledge, a task will be to reduce the noise from Sønderbro and consider the placement of dwellings in the noise-free zones. It will also be a possibility to design noise barriers

DESIGN PROCESS

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

21

20

20

15

15

10

10

5

5

0 -5

0

SUN AND TEMPERATURE -5

JAN

JAN FEB

FEB MAR MAR APR

APR MAY MAY JUN

JUN JUL

JUL AUG AUG SEP

SEP OCT OCT NOV NOV DEC

DEC

N

W W

N

W W

N

25

25

20

20

15

15

10

10

5

5

0

0

JAN

N

FEB JAN

MAR FEB APR MAR

WNW

W

WSW

S

90° 90° 60° 60° 30° 30° 0° 0° -30° -30° -60° -60° -90° -90°

E

S

56°

Rise Rise

04:2504:25

E

S

56°

Meridian Meridian

13:2213:22

Set

Set

22:1922:19

90° 90° 60° 60° 30° 30° 0° 0° -30° -30° -60° -60° -90° -90°

17:5417:54

The site can be considered as a part of the Northern Jutland macroclimate, which is approximately the same as the macroclimate of the entire Denmark.

Weather data for precipitation, temperatures and sun hours is therefore based on national observations from 2001-2009 rather than regional observations from 1961-1990, due to the matter of climate changes.

(Dmi.dk, 2016)

10°

E

10°

Rise Rise Meridian Meridian Set

Set

08:5708:57 12:1812:18 15:3915:39 Day Time Day Time

Day Time Day Time

Illustration 22.1. Sun path for project on summer solstice.

E

S

6:42 6:42

Illustration 22.2. Sun path for project on winter solstice.

10 degrees at summer solstice It is concluded that the highest utilization rate for solar cells is during the summer, though this season does not require heating. However, if the building is connected to the energy grid, generated electricity can be sold off and bought back as heating for the winter. The building should also consider the seasonal change of sun

angles and hours in terms of comfort and indoor environment.

The temperature chart shows a variation in temperature between summer and winter. The highest month average is in July, approaching 25 degrees. The coldest month is February with an average of -2 degrees.

On the chart of sun hours per month, the sunniest months are May to July which approximates 250 hours. During winter the winter months, the number drops as low as approximately 50-70 hours of sun (Timeanddate, 2016).

Looking at the sun path diagram, it is noticed that the meridian sun angle is 56 degrees at winter solstice and only

22

INTRO

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

9

CLIMATE Illustration 23.1. Average sun hours in Aalborg per month.

Illustration 23.3. An example of solar shading by Lundgaard & Tranberg.

hours

250mm

100 200 80 150 60 100 40 50 200 JAN

FEB

MAR APR

MAY JUN

JUL

AUG SEP

OCT NOV DEC

JAN

FEB

MAR APR

MAY JUN

JUL

AUG SEP

OCT NOV DEC

MARAPR APR MAY MAY JUN JUN JAN JAN FEB FEBMAR

JUL JUL

AUG DEC DEC AUG SEP SEP OCTOCTNOVNOV

0

C days

25 25

20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 0 -50

Illustration 23.4. Photovoltaics on a sloped roof.

Illustration 23.2. Monthly temperature averages for Aalborg.

Summer

Winetr

N

NNW NW

14 12

8

WNW

10

ENE

6

W

WNW

ENE

8 6

N

4

4

2

W

2

W

E

W

E

WSW

ESE

WSW

ESE

SW

E

SW

SE SSW

S

S

90° 60° 30° 0° -30° -60° -90°

NE

16

10

N

NNE

18

NW

NE

12

N

NNW

NNE

SSE

SSW

Rise

DESIGN PROCESS

Meridian

13:22

Day Time

17:54

S

E

56°

04:25

SE

Set

22:19

EPILOGUE

90° 60° 30° 0° -30° -60° -90°

SSE

S

10° Rise

08:57

APPENDIX

Meridian

12:18

Day Time

6:42

23 Set

15:39

9

PRECIPITATION & FLOODING hours

250 200 150 100 50

Illustration 24.1. Days of precipitation in Aalborg.

Illustration 24.3. An example of rainwater collection.

0 JAN

FEB

MAR APR

MAY JUN

JUL

AUG SEP

OCT NOV DEC

JAN

FEB

MAR APR

MAY JUN

JUL

AUG SEP

OCT NOV DEC

days

25 20 15 10 5 0

mm

100 80 60

Summer

Winetr

40 20

N

NNW

0

JAN

FEB

MAR APR

MAY JUN

NW

JUL

AUG SEP

OCT NOV DEC 12

NNW

NNE NW

NE

C

10

4 2

2

E

W

The chart of average monthly By collecting rainwater around 40 % 5 precipitation shows that the highest of the usage of domestic water can be 0 amount-5 is in August with almost replaced, correspondingESE to theWSW amount WSW a 100 JANwhile FEB the MARdriest APR month MAY JUN JUL AUG ofSEP OCT that NOV is DEC millimeters, water used by an average is March with around 40 millimeters. family for flushing and laundering.

SW SW SE The month with with fewest days of Also worth mentioning is the climate E precipitation is April, while NovemberSSW changes andSSE seemingly increasing risk S has the highest frequency. In general, of flooding.

Heavy and prolonged rain there is sufficient precipitation for a overloads the sewer system that fails rainwater collector to cover the needs to lead the water away. The collecting of garden watering, toilet flushing and laundering.

24

INTRO

ENE

WNW Illustration 24.4. Flooded backyard.

6 8 4

W

“Our usage of domestic water in Denmark is almost enitrely based on groundwater. In 2013, the population used an average 107 liters of water per day, which was the W equivalent of 38.9 m3 of water per person on a yearly basis”.

(Videncenter, Clasen and Frederik, 2016)

NE

10

ENE

6 WNW Illustration 24.2. Average amount of precipitation in Aalborg per month.

15

16

NNE

12

8

20

18 14

10

N 25

N

E

of rainwater helps to reduce the risk of flooding in the area, by relieving the pressure on the sewer system.ESE (Videncenter, Clasen and Frederik, 2016) SE

SSEboth economic and SSW This means that are S

environmental benefits of installing rainwater collectors in the building.

W

N

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

10 5 0

FEB

WIND

CLIMATE

MAR APR

MAY JUN

JUL

NNW

N

NNE

18

NW

NNW NW

NE

16

10

ENE

WNW

8

OCT NOV DEC

N

NNE NE

12

14 12

AUG SEP

Winetr

Summer

E

E

JAN

10 8

N

ENE

6

WNW

6

ENE

WNW

4

4

2

2

E

W

E

W

E

W

ESE

WSW

ESE

WSW

ESE

WSW

SW SSW

E

S

SE

SSE

SW

SE SSW

Illustration 25.1. Wind direction, summer (June).

S

SSE

Illustration 25.2. Wind direction, winter (December).

10° Rise of the Meridian On basis wind rose,Set the wind 08:57 is primarily 12:18 from 15:39 direction west (WSW).

Wind direction and speed are necessary Day Time for considerations of natural ventilation.

6:42 should be regarded However, the wind more locally for actual conditions on the site.

DESIGN PROCESS

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

25

DEMOGRAPHICS OF AALBORG Illustration 26.1. Total number of inhabitants according to age.

Illustration 26.3. Elder urbanites on town square in front of Toldboden.

Due to the newest prognoses (Aalborg Kommune, 2016) Aalborg Kommune’s population will increase to approx 109 % of its current size (which means almost 20.000 people in twelve years).

The municipality has annual statistics that help to contour the different groups of population by age and living area and living conditions. So does the prognosis that predicts the changes of each group within the next decade.

The tables (illustration 26.1-2) show that even though many newborns are predicted, the share of elder people increases significantly. The gap between 0-24 and 67+ year-olds nearly disappears, the youth–elder rate changes from a current 82,7% to 99,6% which means their number will be nearly equal at the time. The potential parents of newborns are generally in the 25-66 years group.

26

INTRO

The average of territorial changes has a small steep in all districts, except the high-point of the city centre (Midtbyen) and the south-west. The only district with a decreasing population is Nørresundby. Håndværkerkvarteret belongs to Midtbyen (21% growth on average), however it has common borders with Aalborg West and East (5-6 % growth on average).

NUMBER OF NEW TENANTS / OWNERS PER 100 DWELLINGS

Illustration 26.2. Population growth per district in Aalborg.

OPEN LOW DENSE LOW DENSE TALL

8 4

0

10

20

30

Illustration 26.4. New tenants / owners per 100 dwellings

ANALYSIS

40

50

60

70

80

90

AGE

PRESENTATION

USERS Y

S

VIE W

MS

UM NS

O

N O. O F

The open-low typology is considered the most desirable place to settle for many families in Denmark. It is typically a single-family house in the surburbs with a garden. As we see in the charts, occupants weights the opportunity of

Illustration 27.2. Green preferences for the apartments.

hobbies, a low energy consumption and having rooms for guests higher in this typology than the others. However, an environmental disadvantage is the larger demand for transportation, land area etc.

DW EL

VIE W

M

MS

MS

O

O

EN CO E R GY N S U M PTI O N

RO

Y

O

PTI O N

H

OM

CO

OM

O

MS

VIEW

O

N S U M PTI

HOBBY

S

VIEW

VIE W

O

Y

SIZE NG LI

VIE W

M

NO

When occupants are looking for a place to settle, there are some different preferences that are weighted high depending on which type of dwelling they are looking for. The diagrams show the priorities for the open-low, dense-low and dense-tall typologies, respectively. (Illustration 27.1).

In addition, there is a division between priorities for outdoor and indoor areas.

The diagrams (illustration 27.2-3) are based on data from a questionnaire where occupants rated the different aspects of priority. (Ærø, 2002)

DW EL

ECO

Illustration 27.1. Three of the dwelling types in Aalborg.

LCONY BA

TALL E F R– S N DE N O. O

FR

IZE GS LIN

NO

CO

EST GU

CO U ARD E N RT Y N T VIR O N M E

NO

Y

E N E R GY

DW EL

SIZE NG LI

ECO M

EST GU

N O. O

ECO

EST GU

R EN D T

MY

BAL CO

NY

W ERO–LO S N E F O D NO.

Y BB O

RG

A TY CO UR NM O E N VIR

NO

Y

ENE

DW EL IZE GS LIN

ECO M

DESIGN PROCESS

N

EST GU

N O. O

IZE GS IN

N OPE

O

N

N

R W –LF O

O

O

MY

DW EL L

EC

EC O

EST GU

O

DW EL L IZE GS IN

EST GU

O

DWELLING TYPES

N O. O

FR

Illustration 27.3. Indoor preferences for the apartments.

most cases of students and families with a low income. Having a balcony seems to be a big advantage for the occupants.

Otherwise the preferences are the same as the other typologies except a less care for energy consumption.

The dense-low typology considers terraced houses. Generally speaking, they are desirable for couples, parents and elders looking for the social and economic, perhabs also environmental, aspects of dense living.

The occupants seem to have equally distributed preferences, but they still prefer a low energy consumption.

For the dense-tall typology there are in general two types of ownerships.

Apartment owners are typically elders or young couples. Renters consist in

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

27

USER GROUPS Illustration 28.2. A family of two adults and two children.

FAMILY COUPLES

FAMILY Illustration 28.1. Couples at the waterfront.

The COUPLES group is composed by young couples or elder parents whose children have moved out.

They value living conditions that are supporting a social life. There should accordingly be rooms in the apartments that are inviting for guests, along with rooms that are more private.

The lifestyle of this user group, and the probably short time spent home in the apartments, should naturally be taken into account, when planning these apartments sustainably.

28

INTRO

Illustration 28.3. A family of two adults and three children.

The FAMILY group consists of parents with 1 or 2 children.

It is important for them to live close to a kindergarten, a school and sport activities. Generally, they prefer to have a private outdoor space and a public playground nearby for the children to play at. It is important to have safe surroundings, considering traffic and neighbours. It is the norm that both parents are working full-time during the week. In that respect, it is primarily in the the evenings and the weekends that the whole family is together.

The rooms should be flexible so they can accommodate individual priorities and changes in the family.

ANALYSIS

The FAMILY PLUS group is parents with 2 children or more.

They have the same requirements as the FAMILY group but need dwellings with a larger area to match the size of the family. With larger dwellings comes a greater need for flexibility, so the rooms and functions can be rearranged to suit the changing size and demands of the family over the years.

The large families are in many cases consisting of “patchwork families”, where the siblings are from the parents’ previous partners.

PRESENTATION

USERS

USER BEHAVIOUR Illustration 29.1. An example of re-organisation.

SPATIAL ORGANISATION

LIFESTYLE & EVERYDAY ACTIVITIES

At home

Approx sleeping hours

ELDERS ADULTS TEENAGERS CHILDREN 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0 02 04 Time of the day [h]

Illustration 29.2. Age groups and estimated home and sleep hours.

The daily routines of inhabitants can have a significant effect on energy demand of the dwellings, depending on the number of people, their age and personal background.

The number of people is usually an important design factor. However, there is a big difference between young couples without children, and elders whose children has already moved out.

Statistics can help to recognize and separate the most active hours of a day, which data can be taken into consideration in the question of room organization.

DESIGN PROCESS

Today’s need is to have a well-organized system that can be easily adopted to the most different kind of living situations. It’s usual to order rooms functionally together, such as rather common spaces (usually day area: living room, kitchen…) and private ones (usually night area: bed room, bath…). .

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

29

SU

ZERO-ENERGY BUILDINGS Illustration 30.2. BedZED housing complex with the iconic chimeys for ventilation.

GREEN LIGHTHOUSE

BEDZED Illustration 30.1. The Green Light House on a summer evening.

There are a few definitions of the Zero Energy Building (ZEB). In general, they have these aspects in comming: Energy neutrality, good indoor environment and architectural qualities in one integrated design. There are a few different goals or approaches to energy neutrality, and that is where the definitions mainly differ. Besides the basic requirements, the definitions are fairly open, resulting in numerous possible solutions.

NEARLY ZEB The Nearly ZEB definition considers the building related energy demands from heating, cooling, domestic hotwater and ventilation. It stribes to cover energy demands by only renewable sources with enerny generation on-site.

However, there is a mismatch in the

30

INTRO

annual cycle between energy demand and the solar potential, so it is almost impossible to obtain this. (BPIE, 2016) NET ZEB The definition of Net ZEB considers the user related energy demand in addition to the building related energy demand. Furthermore, the building is now connected with an energy grid.

Net ZEB neutralises the annual mismatch by having the non-renewable energy used, such as district heating during the winter, with renewable energy generated from photovoltaics during the summer, for instance.

(Wbdg,dk, 2015)

ANALYSIS

PLUS ZEB This definition of ZEB also considers the construction related energy demand, which includes the embodied energy in materials and installations during the lifetime of the building, maintainance, renovation and demolition. It must all be covered by the energy generation from renewable sources.

(Concept-bio.eu, 2016)

PRESENTATION

STAINABLE DESIGN Illustration 31.2. Diagram of the BedZED system.

HOME FOR LIFE

Illustration 31.1. Home For Life by AART Architects.

Illustration 31.3. Diagram of Home for Life.

The different strategies of designing a Zero Energy Building is considered in the following three cases.

shape with an internal core for skylight and stack ventilation.

(Activehouse.info, 2016)

THE GREEN LIGHTHOUSE

BEDZED

HOME FOR LIFE

The Green Lighthouse is an activehouse and the first example of a public CO2 neutral building in Denmark. It was design by Christensen & Co Architects, with engeneering partner COWI, and completed in 2009.

A part of the energy concept of the building is the solution of district heating being used to power a heat pump. This results in less produced CO2 and optimises the use of energy.

The indoor climate is also a large part of the sustainability considerations in the Green Lighthouse. Daylight is a part of the architectural thinking of the circular

BedZED is a pioneering example in London of how to build sustainable housing. It was designed by ZEDFactory Architecture with engineering partner ARUP, and finished in 2012.

The building is concerned about natural ventilation in unique way: Wind blows into inlet, and there is a change of heat inside the chimney. It is one of the only examples of natural ventilation with heat recovery. The chimneys have a debately aesthetic quality, but they have nevertheless become an iconic feature.

It is a succesfull mixed-use housing with happy inhabitants. (ZEDFactory, 2016)

Home For Life in Lystrup from 2008 is the world’s first example of an activehouse, and was designed by AART Architects with Esbensen Consulting Engineers. It has the goal of being a positive energy building, generating more energy than what is consumed.

It is a sustainable single-family house with an automatic facade system. (aart.dk) The inhabitants have a display where they can follow the energy uses for the building. They also have the power to control the facade system themselves, which has led to somewhat unexpected user behaviour.

DESIGN PROCESS

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

31

SU

ENERGY DEMAND & INDOOR ENVIRONMENT

REQUIREMENTS FOR ENERGY NEUTRALITY

DEMANDS FOR INDOOR ENVIRONMENT

MINIMUM ENERGY PERFORMANCE

Low-energy class 2020 by applying only energy efficiency measures.

THERMAL COMFORT

Summer: 22-26 °C Winter: 21-22 °C

ENERGY NEUTRALITY

Zero energy standards on an annual basis.

INDOOR AIR QUALITY

CO2: 500 above outside concentration

DAYLIGHT

DF preferebly above 5 % for the living spaces.

Above 2 % on average.

ACOUSTIC

Reverberation 0.5.

Noise from services: Living rooms < 32 dB Bedroom < 26 dB

Building related energy demand below 20 kWh per year.

The aim of the project is to design a building complex that will meet zero energy standard on annual basis.

The energy demand is calculated in Be15 according to BR2020 , including building energy: heating, cooling, domestic hot water, ventilation (20 kWh per year) and user related energy: appliances, lighting and cooking.

The primary energy will be calculated using energy factors for low energy class 2020. The total energy demand should be covered by renewable energy sources, and thereby reaching energy neutrality.

The building is intended to interact with the energy infrastructure, so that it can transfer excessive electrity generated during the summer, for heating in the wintertime. (Aalborg University, 2016)

32

INTRO

PASSIVE SOLUTIONS

INDOOR ENVIRONMENT

During the design process there will be passive solutions which include low-emission building envelope with U value below 0,1W/m2K for the walls and low-e windows, using design principles for natural ventilation and cooling, building placement and orientation, implementing solar shading.

To achieve a healthy and comfortable indoor environment several aspect have to be considered such as: the daylight factor in living spaces, keeping the pollution ratio under recommended values, achieving recommended temperatures in order to have thermal comfort and application of healthy materials.

The requirement for thermal comfort in summertime is based on: Class II from EN 15251:2007 standard, and the requirement for indoor air quality on: Class II from CR1752 standard.

The calculations and simulations are executed in BSim. The acoustic demands are listed in accordance with (2016, Anne Bejder), but are only scarcely considered.

ACTIVE SOLUTIONS Active solutions consider renewable energies such as solar photovoltaic panels which should cover total en- ergy demand on annual basis in order to reach energy neutrality.

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

STAINABLE DESIGN Illustration 33.1. Excess of solar energy swapped for district heating

Illustration 33.2. Energy demand according to different ZEB definitions.

Energy demand [kWh/(m2year)]

Energy production [kWh/(m2year)]

Plus ZEB

DESIGN PROCESS

Net ZEB

Nearly ZEB Fossil-based primary energy production that is not counterbalanced by renewable energy Energy demand that is covered by renewable energy production

Building related Energy (heating, cooling, domestic hot water, ventilation)

User related Electricity

40

65

20

20

20

20

20

0-10

20

(appliances, cooking, lighting)

Construction related

25

(embodied energy in materials and installations during the buildings lifetime, and for construction, maintenance, renovation and demolition)

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

33

SU

MEASURING SUSTAINABILITY DGNB CRITERIA ENVIRONMENT

1.1. Life cycle impact assessment 1.2. Local Environmental impact 2.1. Life cycle assessment Primary energy 2.2. Drinking and waste water

ECONOMY

1.1. Life cycle cost 2.1. Flexibility and adaptability

SOCIAL

1.1. Thermal comfort 1.2. Indoor air quality 1.4. Visual comfort 1.6. Quality of outdoor spaces

TECHNICAL

Economic Quality 22.5%

Sociocultural and Functional Quality

Environmental Quality

22.5%

22.5%

Process Quality

Site Quality

1.3. Building envelope quality

Technical Quality 22.5%

10%

100%

1.2. Integrated design

PROCESS

Illustration 34.1. The DGNB flower of qualities.

DGNB was chosen by the Danish Building Council in 2010, out of BREAM, LEED and DGNB. Likewise, it is chosen as a sustainability measurement for the project, due to its adequate balance of social, economical and environmental aspects in consideration. (DGNB system Denmark, 2015)

Looking more critically at the subject, one of the disadvantages could be that the certification does not consider the qualities that cannot be measured.

Furthermore, it tends to focus on points instead of architectural qualities.

(Steen Larsen, T, 2016)

The DGNB criteria listed above will be the main aspects of consideration in housing complex.

The advantages of designing towards a sustainability certication are many.

Firstly, it helps making sure that every or many criteria are fulfilled. Also, it supports the integrated design process, considering important parameters from the beginning. The building becomes overall more sustainable, and it is easier to compare buildings in relation to sustainability. The certication also works as a qualility stamp.

Illustration 34.2. LEED.

34

INTRO

Illustration 34.3. DGNB.

ANALYSIS

Illustration 34.4. BREEAM.

PRESENTATION

STAINABLE DESIGN Illustration 35.2. Light bricks.

RESOURCE PACKAGING AND ACQUISITION MANUFACTURE TRANSPORTATION

USE

Illustration 35.1. The five phases considered in the Life Cycle Assessment.

When designing with the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in mind, it is mainly considering the environmental impact of the building, including the resource effects of materials and energy, and also health effects. It takes up a large percentage of points in the DGNB, so it is necessary to calculate in order to reach a certificate. (source) Normally the LCA for building parts are calculated in programs as LCAbyg. For this project a simplified version is used, estimating the environmental impacts and embodied energy of materials through considerations of resource aquisition, manufacture, packaging and transportation, use and end-of-life.

END-OF-LIFE

Illustration 35.3. (below) Different kinds of PV.

INE LL A T S RY C NO MO

INE STALL Y R C POLY

M THIN FIL

Photovoltaic (PV) Cells Type

Embodied Energy [MJ per m2]

Carbon [kg CO2 per m2]

Efficiency [%]

Monocrystalline (average)

4750

242

12 – 15

Polycrystalline (average)

4070

208

10 – 13

Thin film (average)

1305

67

5–9

Illustration 35.4. Embodied energy, carbon footprint and efficiency of different kinds of PV.

DESIGN PROCESS

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

35

SUMMARY

Analyses contain basic research studies of the site relevant for project development.

Gathered information serve as guidelines and restrictions in design process, emphasising the qualities and potentials of the site. History readings revealed existence of urban, community gardens on the area prior to its transformation into industrial zone.

Considering that fact, one of the approach is to implement garden idea into design process. Taking into account that that Karolinelund is the nearest (within 500m) public park and the municipality plan is to transform old railway station into recreational zone, it was decided to embrace the new recreational zone on the north and emphasise potential of the green area around the stream, while connecting it with the new healthy open spaces. The stream is also planned to prolong along the new recreation zone, so it has a great potential of creating quality outdoor areas. The noise analyses have shown that the quarter of east part is affected by traffic noise, so this will affect the building or function placement, or application of vegetation noise barriers. Climate studies are showing some information for application of sustainable approaches such as rainwater collection, thermal comfort or natural ventilation and also renewable energies. Research on demographic of Aalborg showed current and future housing demands which will be taken into consideration in the design process; and user groups correspond to apartment types and sizes. Summarizing, accumulated knowledge helps to set priorities and determines design criteria for proposed project. Gathered information are crucial for proper understanding of the site context which ensures that proposals will correspond to the user’s needs. Overall, architectural interventions should respect the surrounding context and create healthy sustainable living environment.

36

INTRO

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

DESIGN CRITERIA TECHNICAL

– Meet the requirements for energy neutrality on an annual basis through the use of passive and active solutions.

– A Zero Energy Building in the definition of Net ZEB, being connected to the grid and having its primary non-renewable energy use balanced out by primary renewable energy fed in to the energy grid, over the year.

– Meet the demands for good indoor environment – Consider the chosen DGNB criteria.

– Ensure that the dwellings are not disturbed by traffic noice comming from east towards Sønderbro.

FUNCTIONAL

– An average height of min 3 storeys – A FAR above 150 % and maximum 200 % – Approximately 20 % of profession besides the dwellings.

– Minimum 3 different unit types, considering the user groups: Couples, Family and Family Plus.

– One unit of 3 bedrooms with a max gross area of 115 m2 including access area.

– Every apartment should have their own private outdoor space in the form of a garden of minimum 20 m2.

– Integrated bicycle parking, and 1/2 parking space for cars pr. housing unit.

AESTHETIC

– An architecture that relates to the context in the use of material, and expresses suburban qualities in a building complex with a high density.

– Emphasis on the green area along the stream, creating opportunity for walking and stops for views and play.

– A strong visual connection between the building and the urban spaces. The architecture should support a safe outdoor environment.

PROBLEM How can a housing complex be designed so it considers the social, environmental and economic aspects of sustainability? How can it help to turn the socially abandoned area into a more attractive, green site and an organic part of Aalborg Centrum? How can it fit with the demands and wishes of the users groups of couples, family and family plus?

38

INTRO

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

VISION

The vision is to design a housing complex that ensures good living conditions for the inhabitants. In a world that is increasingly becoming more aware of our impact on the environment, it will be an attractive place to live and settle a family. Not only are the apartments going to be comfortable and flexible, every apartment will have a private outdoor space, in the form of outdoors spaces that feel like a small gardens Here the family can enjoy good weather, grow tomatoes and other crops, and the children can play.

Furthermore, there will be safe and active outdoor area enclosed by the running stream and the apartments. The housing complex will have integrated passive and active solutions towards sustainability, considering the climate among other aspects. It will be a sustainable landmark in an industrial part of Aalborg with a bright future.

ROOM PROGRAM APARTMENT TYPE 01 COUPLES 45-55 m2

APARTMENT TYPE 02 FAMILY (1-2 CHILDREN) 60-80 m2

APARTMENT TYPE 03 FAMILY+ (2-3 CHILDREN) 100-125 m2

40

FUNCTION

m2

DF

EQUIPMENT

Access hall Kitchen Dining room Living room

2-4 6-10 5-12 14-20

>2% >2% >5% >5%

Bathroom Master bedroom Outdoor area Storage

5-8 10-14 10-15 3-5

>2% >4% -

Wardrobe for coats and shoes Working platform, kitches appliances Table with chairs Couch for min. 3 people, small table, shelves for books and a TV Toilet, two sinks, shower / bath Bed, wardroom, night tables Raised garden bed, seating, greenhouse Bikes, tools and miscellaneous

Access hall Kitchen Dining room Living room

3-5 8-12 12-15 18-25

>2% >2% >5% >5%

Toilet for guests Bathroom Master bedroom Children room Studio Outdoor area Storage

3-5 6-9 12-14 8-12 8-12 15-20 3-6

>2% >4% >4% >4% >4% -

Access hall Kitchen Dining room Living room

5-6 8-10 12-16 18-25

>2% >2% >5% >5%

Toilet for guests Bathroom Master bedroom Child room 01 Child room 02 Studio Outdoor area Storage

3-5 6-8 12-16 8-12 8-12 8-12 20-25 4-8

>2% >4% >4% >4% >4% >4% -

INTRO

ANALYSIS

Wardrobe for coats and shoes Working platform, kitches appliances Table with chairs Couch for min. 3 people, small table, shelves for books and a TV. Toilet, sink Toilet, two sinks, shower / bath Bed, wardroom, night tables Single bed, desk, chair, wardrobe, shelves Table, chair(s), shelves for books Raised garden bed, seating, greenhouse Bikes, tools and miscellaneous

Wardrobe for coats and shoes Working platform, kitches appliances Table with chairs.

Couch for min. 3 people, small table, shelves for books and a TV. Toilet, sink Toilet, two sinks, shower / bath Bed, wardroom, night tables Single bed, desk, chair, wardrobe, shelves Single bed, desk, chair, wardrobe, shelves Table, chair(s), shelves for books Raised garden bed, seating, greenhouse Bikes, tools and miscellaneous

PRESENTATION

AREA DWELLINGS

OUTDOOR AREA

OUTDOOR AREA

DWELLINGS OUTDOOR OUTDOOR AREA

OUTDOOR AREA

ORGANISATION DWELLINGS OFFICES OFFICES OUTDOOR AREA

DWELLINGS +PARKING STORAGE

WC

OUTDOOR AREA

OUTDOOR AREA BATHROOM

ROOM STUDIO

MASTER-BEDROOM

ROOM

HALLWAY

WC

PRIVATE SPACES

MASTER-BEDROOM

ROOM

HALLWAY

STUDIO

KITCHEN

KITCHEN

ROOM

SOCIAL SPACES

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

BATHROOM

STORAGE +PARKING

Illustration 41.1. Room organisation.

DESIGN PROCESS

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

41

presentation

2

Urban room & connections Along the stream a green urban area is introducing a connection with a neighbourhood network of pedestrian pathways, already studying the possibilities where to divide the long site into smaller partitions.

Extrusion The base grid for the units is extruded up and rotated by 45° to open views and increase the daylight inside the buildings, offering two different façade possibilities towards the southern side of the site.

Landscaping The roof is manipulated as a slope, to give every apartment access to a sunny outdoor space.

This southern part of the buildings is reduced in height to relate to human scale in the site.

Illustration 44.1. Concept diagrams.

44

INTRO

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

CONCEPT

Light & privacy The buildings are split in two parts also along the longer axis, in order to enhance skylight exposure for the northern units. The corridor-like space between the buildings is creating a unique entrance area for the inhabitants.

Parking The corridor area is elevated to enhance the feeling of privacy, decreasing the corridors’ inner height. The space below is used for a closable and safe car parking, storage and technical rooms.

DESIGN PROCESS

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

45

THE

Illustration 46.1. Bird view.

HOUSING COMPLEX

THE

MASTERPLAN

Illustration 48.1. Masterplan.

48

INTRO

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

HOUSING COMPLEX

floor area ratio = 163 % Given site had 7 452m2. The decision was made to rebuild the sidewalk both on the northern and western parts of the site as well as combine the stream area into the project’s direct region. Thanks to this, area has raised up by 21,9% up to 9 541,97m2. With the complex’s total floor area of 15 554,04m2 as result the final Floor Area Ratio (FAR) is 163%.

In the same time offices’, retails’ and grocery’s area is 2 074,73 m2 resulting their share in the complex of 13,33%.

As a result of the pro ject’s task brief it was resulted to keep 0,5 of car unit per dwelling. Building A and B are sharing 19 parking spaces (following 8 and 25 apartments) followed by buildings C and D with 13 units (12 and 8 apartments). Surplus of the parking area was considered as an option to rent a parking space for more demanding working units in the office area. Each from pairs of buildings have one parking place for disabled people.

DESIGN PROCESS

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

49

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

THE

Illustration 50.1. Ground plan

50

INTRO

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

HOUSING COMPLEX

DESIGN PROCESS

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

51

THE

ELEVATIONS

Illustration 52.1. Street view.

Illustration 52.2. Bird view from the street.

52

INTRO

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

HOUSING COMPLEX

Illustration 53.1. Elevation, east.ife Cycle Assessment.

Illustration 53.2. Elevation, west.ife Cycle Assessment.

DESIGN PROCESS

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

53

THE

ELEVATIONS

Illustration 54.1. Elevation, south. he Life Cycle Assessment.

Illustration 54.2. Elevation, north. he Life Cycle Assessment.

54

INTRO

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

HOUSING COMPLEX

DESIGN PROCESS

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

55

THE

SECTIONS

detail

B

Illustration 56.1. Section AA. Details with mark * can be found in the appendix.

56

INTRO

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

HOUSING COMPLEX

Illustration 57.1. Section BB..

detail

E*

detail

C

DESIGN PROCESS

detail

A

detail

D*

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

57

Illustration 58.1. Living room.

Illustration 58.2. The gardens of the apartments.

APARTMENTS

Illustration 59.1. Kitchen / living room

Illustration 59.2. Kitchen / living room

OVERVIEW Illustration 60.1. Overview of the housing complex.

TYPE 01

23 x

TYPE 03

TYPE 05

7x TYPE 02

8x

1x TYPE 04

STAIRCASES OTHER

14 x

D

C 60

INTRO

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

APARTMENTS A NET AREA: 99 m2

B

DESIGN PROCESS

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

61

9

18

10

17

11

16

12

15

14

13

TYPE 01 8 7 6

Illustration 62.1. Type 01, plan 1:100.

18 x =

4

5

7 16 0, 1

2

3

0 00 3,

R D

Bathroom 6 m2

W

Bedroom 9 m2

F

Wardrobe 2 Storage 4 m 1 m2

Hallway 13 m2 Kitchen and Livingroom 27 m2

Bedroom 9 m2

100.100

62

INTRO

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

APARTMENTS Illustration 63.1. Type 01, axometric drawing.

COUPLES

DF GSPublisherVersion 0.0.100.100

8.00 7.00 6.00

NET AREA: 70 m2 GARDEN AREA: 25 m2

5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 Illustration 63.2. VELUX daylight.

DESIGN PROCESS

Illustration 63.3. Type 01 location.

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

63

TYPE 02 Illustration 64.1. Type 02, plan 1:100.

15

14

13 18

10

17

11

16

12

9 8

6

7

Bedroom 9 m2

18

Wardrobe 4 m2

x =

4

5

7 16 0,

Bedroom 9 m2

1

2

3

0 00 3,

R D

Wardrobe 2 m2

Bathroom 6 m2

F

F

W

Hallway 11 m2

Kitchen and Livingroom 26 m2

64

INTRO

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

APARTMENTS Illustration 65.1. Type 02, axometric drawing.

COUPLES

DF 8.00

GSPublisherVersion 0.0.100.100

7.00 6.00

NET AREA: 68 m2 GARDEN AREA: 25 m2

5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00

GS

Pu

bli

sh

erV ers

ion

0.0

.10

0.1

00

1.00 Illustration 65.12 VELUX.

DESIGN PROCESS

Illustration 65.3. Type 02 location.

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

65

TYPE 03 18

17

16

Illustration 66.1. Type 03, plan 1:100.

15

14

13 18

10

17

11

16

12

9 8 7

R D

6

W

Bedroom 13 m2 18

Wardrobe 5 m2

x 1

2

3

0 00 3,

Bathroom 6 m2

=

Bedroom 9 m2 Bedroom 7 m2

4

5

7 16 0,

Toilet 3 m2

F

F

Bedroom 15 m2

Kitchen and Livingroom 30 m2

66

INTRO

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

APARTMENTS Illustration 67.1. Type 03, axometric drawing.

FAMILY

DF 8.00 7.00

GSPublisherVersion 0.0.100.100

6.00

NET AREA: 91 m2 GARDEN AREA: 25 m2

5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 Illustration 67.2. VELUX daylight.

DESIGN PROCESS

Illustration 67.3. Type 03 location.

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

67

TYPE 04 Illustration 68.1. Type 04, plan 1:100.

18

17

16

15

14

13

N Bedroom 9 m2 Bedroom 9 m2

13

Hallway 12 m2

= 9

18

10

17

11

16

12

15

14

0 00 3, 8 7

F

Bathroom 5 m2

Bedroom 12 m2 6

Wardrobe 6 m2

18 x =

4

5

7 16 0, 3

0 00 3,

D R

W

2

Bathroom 9 m2

1

Kitchen and Livingroom 40 m2

Bedroom 11 m2

68

INTRO

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

APARTMENTS Illustration 69.1. Type 04, axometric drawing.

FAMILY

DF 8.00 GSPublisherVersion 0.0.100.100

7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00

NET AREA: 114 m2 GARDEN AREA: 50 m2

3.00 2.00 1.00 Illustration 69.2. VELUX.

DESIGN PROCESS

Illustration 69.3. Type 04 location.

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

69

Illustration 70.1. Space in-between.

OUTDOOR SPACES

Illustration 71.1. Apartment gardens

Illustration 71.2. Central outdoor area.

ENERGY DEMAND / KEY NUMBERS Illustration 72.1. Key numbers.

NECESSARY PV PRODUCTION BR2020

37.0 kWh/m2 per year 1.8

20 kWh/m2 per year

BUILD. RELATED ENERGY USE 8.1 kWh/m2 per year

The performance of the building has been evaluated in relation to the total energy demand, passive and active solutions and indoor environment.

The results are calculated in softwares Be15 (total energy demand), BSim (indoor environment), Velux (daylight factor) and Grashopper and Ladybug (calculations of sun hours and radiation).

such as: Area of all heated rooms, area of building envelope, U-values of all building elements, window properties, linear losses, ventilation data etc.

The energy frame for buildings in BR2020 is set to 20 kWh/m2 per year, which has to cover all building related energy use without applying active solutions.

ENERGY DEMAND

All calculations are presented for Building B which reflects the performance of the whole building complex. The result of the final building performance shows the total energy requirement of 8,1 kWh/m2 per year.

The total energy demand for the building related energy use (heating, ventilation, domestic hot water) and user related energy use (appliances, lighting and cooking) is calculated in the software Be15 according to Danish building regulations BR2020. The calculations are done by collecting geometric and material information

72

INTRO

ANALYSIS

USER. RELATED ENERGY USE 32.3 kWh/m2 per year 1.8

The distribution of the different types of energy use shows that most of the energy consumption is from the appliances, and after that heating. (illustration 73.1).

The detailed number for all types of use are shown in the appendix C.

PRESENTATION

SUSTAINABILITY Illustration 73.1. Energy useing diversion

16 %

24 %

57 % 3%

DESIGN PROCESS

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

73

PASSIVE & ACTIVE SOLUTIONS Illustration 74.1. ClimaGuard triple layer glazing.

LIGHT TRANSMITTANCE 71 %

U-VALUE 0.6 W/m2 HEAT GAINS

Illustration 74.2. Diagram for the integration of PV panels on the roof.

PASSIVE SOLUTIONS Orientation The whole building complex is set on a grid which is rotated by 45° in order to get a larger span of sun hours starting from southeast to southwest for living spaces, and nortwest to northeast for bedrooms. In order to reach maximum daylight and heat gains with minimum heat losses, the living spaces on the southern part have larger openings than the ones on the northern side.

Building Envelope Zero-energy standard requires the building envelope with a high thermal performance in order to prevent heat losses. The external walls and roof areas are designed to reach the U-value

74

INTRO

of < 0.1 W/m2K, therefore the most efficient thermal insulation is used. The chosen insulation is 18 cm thick rigid polyurethane foam (PUR/PIR) with thermal conductivity of 0.018 W/mK. The material also fulfils fire regulation demands and it is easy to install on the wall with ordinary working methods.

(Excellence-in-insulation.eu, 2016) With reinforced concrete as a loadbearing layer, PUR insulation and brick as a final layer, the total U-value is 0.095 W/m2K, while the roof areas have the U-value of 0.096 W/m2K (see appendix D2).

The windows are using ClimaGuard Premium triple glazing (4+14+4+14+4) with argon filling, high light transmittance of 71% and total U-value of 0,6 W/m2K. (Illustration 74.1).

(Guardian.com, 2016)

ANALYSIS

The chosen frames are standard passive house wooden frames with the U-value of 0.75 W/m2K.

PRESENTATION

SUSTAINABILITY kWh per year 2000 2000

1500 1500

1000

Solar cell

1000

Heating

500

500

Solar cell Heating

Building Operation Dec

Nov

Nov

Equipment

Dec

Okt

Okt

Sep

Aug

Jul

Aug

Sep

Jun

Jul

Maj

Jun

Apr

Mar

Maj

Feb

Apr

Jan

Building O Mar

Feb

0

Jan

0

Equipmen

Illustration 75.1. Comparison between the energy production from PV and use.

ACTIVE SOLUTIONS In order to reach zero-energy standard, active solutions were introduced to cover heat and electricity building demands and user related energy (appliances, lighting). The proposal includes photovoltaic panels placed on the roof areas along the whole complex (illustration 74.2).

An example of a calculation with standard efficiency coefficients is shown in appendix D1.

Photovoltaics (PV) The chosen type is Panasonic N330 with the output energy of 330 W and cell efficiency with the whole module efficiency of 19.7%. (Panasonic, 2016).

The total electricity production equals 136.647 kWh per year (building B)

DESIGN PROCESS

which exceeds the total electricity demand including appliances. (See B15 calculations in appendix A) The excess of produced electricity could be transferred to the building A which contains some office areas with higher electricity demand. (Assumption) The placement of the panels was determined by pre-analysis in Ladybug software which showed the highest rates of sun radiation on the roof areas. (illustration 103.1) The electricity production differs along the seasons of the year which is shown on the graph (illustration 75.1). The excess electricity production during summer would be transferred to the grid using primary energy factors (1.8/0.6).

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

75

PASSIVE & ACTIVE SOLUTIONS

Illustration 76.1. Section of the building showing the sustainable princibles.

76

INTRO

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

SUSTAINABILITY

DESIGN PROCESS

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

77

INDOOR ENVIRONMENT Illustration 78.1. Temperature for 24 hours during the summer (July).

Illustration 78.3. CO2 level for 24 hours during the summer (July).

Temperature Summer 1.7.2002

CO2 levels Summer 1.7.2002

25,4

500

25,2

480

25,0

460

24,8

440 24,6

420 TopMean(livingroom-bedrooms)°C

24,4

Co2(livingroom-bedroo

400 24,2

380

24,0

360

23,8

23,6 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

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Hour

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

Hour Temperature Winter 1.2.2002

CO2 levels Winter 1.2.2002

21,6

800

21,5

750

21,4

700

21,3

650

21,2

600 21,1 TopMean(livingroom-bedrooms)°C 550

Co2(livingroom-bedroo

21,0

500

20,9

450

20,8

400

20,7 20,6 1

2

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350 1

2

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Hour

THERMAL COMFORT The thermal comfort is evaluated through temperature analysis in different seasons showing temperature drops/rises over 24 hours. The targeted

78

INTRO

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

Hour

Illustration 78.2. Temperature for 24 hours during the winter (February).

The indoor environment of the apartments is simulated in software BSim in relation to thermal comfort, air quality (ventilation and CO2 levels) and daylight. The two types of the most critical appartment were chosen to simulate indoor environonment: apartment type 04 (114 m2) and apartment type 01 (70 m2) which is shown in appendix E. BSim systems are adjusted with appropiate controls and schedules in order to fulfil the following demands (illustration 79.2).

7

Illustration 78.4. CO2 level for 24 hours during the winter (February).

temperatures are folowing Eurocode standards EN 15251, which corresponds to 22-26°C for summer and 21-22°C for winter. Overheating is prevented by applying constant natural venting during July and August without the use of shading (illustration 78.1-2).

AIR QUALITY The air quality is simulated through CO2 levels which had to be lower than 850 ppm according to EN 15251 (illustration 78.3-4). In the apartment type 04 it was essential to apply some sort of ventilation every single hour because of high pollution produced by 5 people. Mechanical ventilation is set for winter months and nights of the spring and fall months, since it was too cold to naturally vent during nights.

ANALYSIS

Natural venting is applied during the days of summer and fall months and whole days during July and August (illustration 79.2).

In all the apartments cross ventilation is ensured in the living room and kitchen by means of large openings and accesses to the terraces (illustration 76.1) DAYLIGHT The daylight conditions are the main factor for achieving a proper atmosphere and living quality in the apartments. The daylight analysis were made in Velux software which shows a distribution of daylight factor in the rooms. The goal was to reach minimum 5 % in living spaces, 3-4 % in bedrooms, and average 2 % in the auxiliary spaces.

PRESENTATION

SUSTAINABILITY Illustration 79.1. Velux daylight calculation of apartment type 04

Illustration 79.2. Systems set up for calculations in BSim.

BSim SYSTEMS

DF 8.00 7.00 6.00

heat load 0,9061 kWh

51,5% 47% 41% 38,4%

Jan-Dec Feb-March-Oct-Nov Apr-May-Aug-Sep Jun-Jul

max power 5 kW

+22°C +22°C +19°C

weekdays 17-22h weekends 8-22h nights 23-7h

0,13 /h

100%

always

5 pers 0,18 kW/pers

+22°C +22°C +19°C

weekdays 17-22h weekends 8-22h nights 23-7h

supply 0,1 m/s total eff. 0,853

18°C 18°C 18°C

winter weekday 17-8h winter weekend 1-24h May-Jun-Sep 23-8h

comb. venting air change 3/h

>24°C >24°C >24°C

Jul-Aug 1-24h May-Jun-Sep 17-23h May-Jun-Sep, w 8-23h

5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00

TYPE 04

The choice of the orientation played a major role for ensuring the maximum daylight quality. The rotated placement of the building provides light from the early afternoon (south-east) to late afternoon (south-west).

The results in the Velux calculation (illustration 79.1) show apartment type 04 with bright living spaces and around 2% in the entrance areas.

DESIGN PROCESS

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

79

MATERIALS & LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT Illustration 80.1. Reinforced concrete for the construction.

Illustration 80.2. Petersen, Kolumba brick (dark).

Illustration 80.4. Wooden flooring.

Illustration 80.3. Petersen, Kolumba brick (light).

The materials of the building complex have been considered for construction, building envelope, indoor and outdoor spaces. The choice of the materials was determined by measures of local context, sustainability, economy, performance and aesthetics.

would require much more material use and it is more expensive because it has to be processed in order to meet fire regulations. In terms of a life cycle, the concrete is more durable and have almost no maintenance when compared to wood.

CONSTRUCTION

ENVELOPE

The construction is made of reinforced concrete (illustration 80.1) which was the best choice in terms of performance and economy. The structure is based on a 5x5 m grid which requires a relative small thickness of the walls and columns when made in concrete. The wooden structure was considered because of its low embodied energy compared to concrete, but it was not sustainable in terms of economy. Wooden structure

The building envelope represents the largest and the most expressed surface in the building. Therefore, the choice for its material was crucial for the whole project. After evaluating all factors and criteria regarding sustainability, context or economy, the importance of the local context prevailed. The chosen material is locally produced facade brick (illustration 80.2-3) from the manufacturer Petersen, Kolumba

80

INTRO

ANALYSIS

series (En.petersen-kolumba.dk, 2016).

In terms of life cycle impact, the bricks are considered sustainable because of their long term life performance, low maintenance, energy efficiency and they are fully recyclable (Brick.org.uk, 2016). The chosen type of brick is also handcrafted in wooden modules where they are dried and fried.

INDOOR MATERIALS The indoor areas have concrete load bearing walls and and partition walls made of concrete blocks. The concrete walls can store a lot of thermal mass which is good for regulating indoor temperatures and prevent temperature swings (Larsen, O. 2016). The floors are imagined to be covered with hardwood (illustration 80.4) for all living spaces

PRESENTATION

SUSTAINABILITY Illustration 81.1. Grass.

Illustration 81.2. Hardwood flooring.

and bedrooms. Wood is also the best material because of its low embodied energy, having reduced CO2 emissions, and can be recycled or reused again for another purpose.

OUTDOOR MATERIALS The outdoor areas are including private terraces with gardens and public areas on the site. The terraces are partially covered with wooden deck (illustration 81.2), and the rest is grass (illustration 81.1). The grass area can be used for growing small plants.

DESIGN PROCESS

A lot of aspects have been considered when choosing materials, and the sustainable aspects were not always on the first priority if they influenced the performance or aesthetics.

The construction and the envelope represent the major use of materials and for the rest, the wood was introduced whenever possible.

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

81

DGNB CONSIDERATIONS Illustration 82.2. Simplified LCA of brick.

CRADLE

GATE

50

30 year period

150 year period 42,25

40

30 27,8

27,8

20

CO2 emissions/m2 10

MATERIAL

8,45

0

wooden cladding

brick facade

wooden cladding

brick facade

Illustration 82.1. Embodied energy considering CO2 of wooden cladding and brick facade.

The DGNB scheme assesses sustainability from six major quality groups. The groups are divided into 40 criteria which are addressing sustainable qualities. 12 of them are chosen as guidelines in the design process of this project. The quality groups that are considered for this project are: environment, economy, social, technical and process qualities.

ENVIRONMENT There are four criteria from the environment group that were playing a major role in measuring sustainability during the design process.

1.1. Life cycle impact assessment includes total environmental impact of a building through its lifecycle.

82

INTRO

VOLUME (m3)

CO2 (kg)/m3

total CO2 (kg)

BRICK (0,52x0,1x0,0375m)

0,0778

357,32

27,8

WOOD (cladding)

0,035

241,40

8,45

Illustration 82.3. CO2 emissions per m2.

This involves material production, construction, maintenance, operation, demolition and removal of the building (Steen Larsen, T. 2016.). All of these factors have been considered through the design process. Materials have been considered in terms of local availability, maintenance and embodied energy. It was not always possible to use materials of the lowest embodied energy since other factors such as performance and maintenance had to be considered.

The brick for the facade (illustration 82.1) prevailed as the choice because of its local availability, context, low maintenance, long life performance and end-of-life recycling possibilities (illustration 82.2).

(DGNB system Denmark, 2015)

ANALYSIS

1.2. Local Environmental Impact is considering the toxicity and health impact of the materials. The materials that are containing volatile organic compound (VOC) are hazardous air pollutants so the goal is to lower this impact and use as much natural materials as possible. Therefore it is important to carefully choose coatings and decorative paints with environmental properties. (DGNB system Denmark, 2015) 2.1. Life cycle assessment Primary energy takes into account total energy demand of the building and ratio of renewable and non-renewable energies.

In this project this requirements are fully covered because of the low energy demand and energy neutrality reached by renewable technologies using PV.

PRESENTATION

SUSTAINABILITY JOB

SERVICE LIFE

Illustration 83.1. Petersen, Kolumba brick (dark).

2.2. Drinking and waste water criteria is about lowering drinking water consumption and management of a grey water and rainwater. The main solution for this point is rainwater collection from the rooftops and its use for toilet flushing and watering plants (illustration 83.2).

ECONOMY 1.1. Life cycle cost includes construction costs, operation costs, maintenance, replacement costs and cleaning expenses. The major cost from the construction part would be concrete structure and brick facade with windows. When comparing to wooden structure, the concrete solution would be less expensive, but chosen brick is quite expensive, so it can justified for

DESIGN PROCESS

GRAVE

Illustration 83.2. Rainwater havesting.

its long lifetime performance and low maintenance.

2.1. Flexibility and adaptability refer to changing requirements for building use in order to prolong the service life of the building and reduce costs through the lifecycle. In this project, another function except housing was introduced in a form of flexible office areas, business, shops or workshops.

Furthermore, the housing units are based on repetitive square modules, so there is possibility to organise the units differently or change functions in the future. (DGNB system Denmark, 2015) SOCIAL Social criteria include user related qualities in terms of comfort, health,

EPILOGUE

visual preferences and safety. These criteria from this group that are considered in the indoor environment chapter (p. 76).

TECHNICAL 1.3. Building envelope quality is about reducing the heat demand while ensuring thermal quality. The envelope in this project is designed with the best thermal properties in order to reduce heat losses to minimum (p. 74).

PROCESS 1.2. Integrated design means interdisciplinary work between collaborators using holistic approach in the design process which is used in this project. (DGNB system Denmark, 2015)

APPENDIX

83

SUN HOURS

Illustration 84.1. Ladybug studies. A) Simulation for 21. June. B) Simultion for 21. Jan.

Ladybug is an add-on for Rhino Grasshopper; a parametric tool for calculating the exposure of the sun on different geometries. It was used here to examine the amount of sun hours and connecting values on the surfaces of the building, testing the model in the two extreme states summer and winter (illustration 84.1.A-B.; 21st of March in appendix G). When setting down the apartments, it was mandatory to find the places with the highest results of sun hours.

84

INTRO

The height of buildings and orientation of terraces were developed to reach the min. 12 hrs/day during summer and min.

5 hrs/day during winter. The medium valuable areas are occupied by offices where natural and artificial lighting are considered to be used together, while the sun-free zones got the parking and storage places.

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

5 180 10

4. 3.

5.

9.

6.

SL-R1 5 40-80 5 180 5 180 10

12.

13.

DETAILS

1.

2.

3.

4.

Waterproof membrane Concrete with incline Protection layer Waterproof membrane PIR insulation Vapour control layer Reinforced concrete slab Slopeon2% a mesh Gypsum plaster

8.

10.

11.

Vapour control layer Reinforced concrete slab Gypsum plaster on a mesh

7.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Gap between the solar panels for draining the water Solar panels - Panasonic HIT N330 Support for solar panels - steel frames Flat steel profile welded between the solar panels' structures and the panels.

5. Strut between steel profiles for stiff joint 6. Steel profiles - structure for the solar panels 7. Steel bolts connecting steel structure to the light concrete layer 8. Steel profile 9. Plastic drain basket 10. Seailing gasket 11. Cap with bituminous sealing flange, bonded between two layers of coating coverage 12. Thermally insulated groove of bitumen sealing flange glued to the vapor barrier layer 13. Rubber ring to prevent backflow of water dammed in the pipe 14. 6cm of PIR insulation 15. Concrete blocks 16. Gypsum plaster on a mesh

Gap between the solar panels for draining the water Solar panels - Panasonic HIT N330 Support for solar panels - steel frames Flat steel profile welded between the solar panels' structures and the panels.

5. Strut between steel profiles for stiff joint 6. Steel profiles - structure for the solar panels 7. Steel bolts connecting steel structure to the light concrete layer 8. Steel profile 9. Plastic drain basket 10. Seailing gasket 11. Cap with bituminous sealing flange, bonded between two layers of coating coverage 12. Thermally insulated groove of bitumen sealing flange glued to the vapor barrier layer 13. Rubber ring to prevent backflow of water dammed in the pipe 14. 6cm of PIR insulation 15. Concrete blocks 16. Gypsum plaster on a mesh

1.

1.

2.

Project Module

Period

Sustainable Architecture Project Title

Sun Gardens

Drawing Scale

5. Detail E 6.

Group Members

Ana Habijanec

Period

Sustainable Architecture

Jakob Soelberg 21. March - 1. June 2016

SL-R1

Project Title

Group Number

Sun Gardens

5.

Drawing Title

4. 3.

04

Drawing Scale

Jesper Søndergaard

6.

Drawing Nr. SL-R1

1:10

D.5

5 Waterproof membrane 40-80 Concrete with incline Tamás Rátkai- Protection layer 5 Waterproof membrane Piotr Zbierajewski 180 PIR insulation 5 Vapour control layer 180 Reinforced concrete slab 10 Gypsum plaster on a mesh

Drawing Nr.

1:10

Detail E

D.5

1.

2.

3.

4.

SL-R1 Group Members

Ana Habijanec

Tamás Rátkai

Jakob Soelberg

Piotr Zbierajewski

Slope 2% 9.

10.

10.

Slope 2%

11.

11.

12.

13.

12.

13.

Gap between the solar panels for drain Solar panels - Panasonic HIT N330 Support for solar panels - steel frames Flat steel profile welded between the s and the panels.

5. Strut between steel profiles for stiff join 6. Steel profiles - structure for the solar p 7. Steel bolts connecting steel structure t layer 8. Steel profile 9. Plastic drain basket 10. Seailing gasket 11. Cap with bituminous sealing flange, bo layers of coating coverage 12. Thermally insulated groove of bitumen the vapor barrier layer 13. Rubber ring to prevent backflow of wa 14. 6cm of PIR insulation 15. Concrete blocks 16. Gypsum plaster on a mesh

Slope 2%

9.

Jesper Søndergaard

Slope 2%

04

4. 3.

Drawing Title

2.

Project Module

21. March - 1. June 2016 Group Number

8.

7.

8.

7.

14.

15.

16.

Project Module

Period

Sustainable Architecture Project Title

14.

Sun Gardens Drawing Title

15.

Drawing Scale

Detail E

16.

Group Members

Illustration 85.1. Detail A: Solar panel and gutter, scale 1:10.

Ana Habijanec

T

Jakob Soelberg

Pio

Jesper Søndergaard

herVersion 0.0.100.100

DESIGN PROCESS

21. Ma Group Number

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

85

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

7.

10.

11.

12.

13.

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Windows with ClimaGuard Premium Tripple glazing with argon filling Wooden panel Concrete blocks with 0,5cm of mortar in between Concrete block 1.

Wooden panel

2. 3.

Reinforced conrete foundation concrete flattening layer 16. 17. 18.

Light 6.

Highly dense conrete block Waterproof membrane 18cm 12.of PIR13.insulation 15. the plinth bricks's support Concrete block as foundation 14. for 30x60mmWooden suports of the wooden planks Wooden planks 11. plinth's bricks Steel profile support for the Petersen Kolumba K43 bricks Project Module Stainless steel profile Sustainable Architecture 10.

Protection layer Project Title Styrodur 9.

Sun Gardens WIELKOŚĆ PROFILI OKREŚLIĆ

1.

Wood Reinforced conrete foundation Light concrete flattening layer Highly dense conrete block Waterproof membrane 18cm of PIR insulation Concrete block as foundation for the plinth bricks's support 30x60mmWooden suports of the wooden planks Wooden planks Steel profile support for the plinth's bricks Petersen Kolumba K43 bricks Stainless steel profile Protection layer 18. Styrodur SL-01 5.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

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Concrete slab XPS insulation Leca® 10-20 coated Sand

NA PODSTAWIE OBLICZEŃ STATYCZNYCH

200 240 300 150

Drawing Title

1. A Detail 2. 3.

8.

Project Module

Sustainable Architecture Project Title

Period

21. March - 1. June 2016

Period

21. March - 1. June 2016 Group Number

04 Drawing Scale

Drawing Nr.

1:10

4.

D.1

Tamás Rátkai Piotr Zbierajewski

NA PODSTAWIE OBLICZEŃ STATYCZNYCH

Ana Habijanec Jakob Soelberg

WIELKOŚĆ PROFILI OKREŚLIĆ

30 5 200 240 300 150

Wooden floor Protection layer Concrete slab XPS insulation Leca® 10-20 coated Sand

Windows with ClimaGuard Premium Tri with argon filling 2. Wooden panel 3. Concrete blocks with 0,5cm of mortar i 4. Concrete block 5. Wooden panel 6. Reinforced conrete foundation 7. Light concrete flattening layer 8. Highly dense conrete block 9. Waterproof membrane 10. 18cm of PIR insulation 11. Concrete block as foundation for the p 12. 30x60mmWooden suports of the wood 13. Wooden planks 14. Steel profile support for the plinth's bri 15. Petersen Kolumba K43 bricks 16. Stainless steel profile 17. Protection layer 18. Styrodur 1.

Group Members

16. 17. 18.

SL-01

Jesper Søndergaard 6.

5.

SL-01

Group Number

12. Sun Gardens 13.

Drawing Title

04

15.

14. 1:10

Drawing Scale

Detail A

Drawing Nr.

7.

D.1

Group Members

Ana Habijanec

11.Tamás Rátkai

Project Module

Piotr Zbierajewski

Jakob Soelberg

Period

Sustainable Architecture

Jesper Søndergaard

Project Title

21. Ma Group Number

Sun Gardens

10.

Drawing Title

Drawing Scale

Detail A 9.

Group Members

Ana Habijanec

T

Jakob Soelberg

Pio

Jesper Søndergaard

erVersion 0.0.100.100

8.

6.

7.

Illustration 86.1. Detail B: Foundation, scale 1:10.

86

INTRO

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

Projec

2.

4.

3.

Projec

50 5 5 40-80 180 5 180 10

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

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DETAILS

W-01

SL-02a Soil Filter mat Dreinage mat Waterproof membrane Concrete with incline Protection layer PIR insulation Vapour control layer Reinforced concrete slab Gypsum plaster on a mesh

108 180 180 10

Petersen Kolumba K43 bricks PIR insulation Concrete Gypsum plaster on a mesh

Drawin

Group

GSPublisherVersion 0.0.100.100

XPS fill Gypsum plaster on a mesh Windows with ClimaGuard Premium Tripple glazing with argon filling Petersen Kolumba K43 bricks Ytong Energo concrete blocks (ힴ=0,095 W/mK) Waterproof membrane Concrete planters (10cm thick) Styrodur with incline XPS insulation - protection layer for conrete planters Waterproof membrane Soil for crops Small gutter for excess amount of water in planters

11.

10.

9.

12.

8.

7.

Project Module

6.

Sustainable Architecture Project Title

Period

SL-02a

21. March - 1. June 2016 Group Number

Sun Gardens

04

Drawing Title

Drawing Scale

Drawing Nr.

1:10

Detail B

D.2

Group Members

Ana Habijanec

Tamás Rátkai

Jakob Soelberg

Piotr Zbierajewski

Jesper Søndergaard SL-02a

5.

50 5 5 40-80 180 5 180 10

Soil Filter mat Dreinage mat Waterproof membrane Concrete with incline Protection layer PIR insulation Vapour control layer Reinforced concrete slab Gypsum plaster on a mesh

12.

W-01

1.

2.

3.

SL-02a

1.

2.

4.1:10.

Illustration 87.1. Detail C: Raised garden bed / floor deck, detail

W-01 DESIGN PROCESS

3.

EPILOGUE

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

XPS fill Gypsum plaster on a mesh Windows with ClimaGuard Premium Tripple glazing with argon filling Petersen Kolumba K43 bricks Ytong Energo concrete blocks (ힴ=0,095 W/mK) Waterproof membrane Concrete planters (10cm thick) Styrodur with incline XPS insulation - protection layer for conrete planters Waterproof membrane Soil for crops Small gutter for excess amount of water in planters

APPENDIX

87

design proces

ss

3

sketching

phase 2 Light sketching

phase 3 LEGO

concept 1

daylight

phase 4 apartments

building program

cells phase 5 solar materials

phase 6 detailing urban space

phase 1 brainstorm modeling

part one part two

part one part two

phase 1 brainstorm modeling

sketching

phase 2 Light sketching

phase 3 LEGO

concept 1

daylight

phase 4 apartments

building program

cells phase 5 solar materials

phase 6 detailing urban space Illustration 90.1. Working with lego bricks in the Utzon Center.

p

In the analysis phase the foundation for the project was created, having the design criteria and vision as a common basis for generating ideas.

Through the design process different architectural tools have been used, including physical and digital modelling, sketching and various simulation software.

The process is divided into six phases which have all contributed to the final outcome of the project.

Phase 1 and 2 are working with the conceptual ideas of the project, leading to the concept presented for the mid-term seminar.

Phase 3 is a lego workshop, starting after the mid-term critique which lead to the decision of taking a few steps back.

Phase 4 focuses on developing the lego concept, searching for a pattern for organising the building elements. Furthermore, the apartment plans are made, considering daylight, functions and indoor environment.

Phase 5 incorporates sustainable solutions and materials, investigating the different expressions of photovoltaics.

Phase 6 considers the outdoor spaces and their qualities.

CLIMATE, VOLUME & ORIENTATION Illustration 92.1. S-shaped concept.

1 2 Illustration 92.2. S-shaped concept by shifting in one direction.

Phase 1 starts with the first workshop „Climate, volume, orientation and access“. The aim of the workshop was to explore different building forms and volumes in relation to floor area ratio (FAR), orientation and access to the site.

Different typologies and densities were investigated considering the urban context, private and outdoor spaces.

The idea was not to come up with a final solution but rather to point out possible problems and challenges as part of the learning process.

The workshop resulted in six variations of the building volumes placed in the physical context model. The models were discussed in relation to density, orientation and organisation of the different dwelling units.

The first model represents a compact

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3 Illustration 92.3. Concept rethinking the urban block.

structure stretched in an S-shape along the site. A challenge of this variation was the depth of the building and organising the apartments.

The second model followed a similar pattern as the first, but the building volume was divided in dwelling units shifted a few meters from each other.

The third variation explores the possibility of improving the building block volume which consists of individual units rotated from each other. The challenge in this one was to provide adequate daylight into the entrance atrium.

The fourth variation investigates having the garden areas on the roofs but is still not optimal with the orientation and apartment distribution.

The fifth model presents a cluster of individual units with random placement in order to get different qualities for

ANALYSIS

each apartment and create variating relationships between the private and public spaces.

The sixth variation explores terraced units combined in the longitudinal building creating V-shapes along the site.

In this case the density was too low in relation to the site and outdoor spaces.

PRESENTATION

PHASE 1 Illustration 93.1. Concept with raised garden areas.

Illustration 93.3. V-shaped concept.

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All the models were evaluated after the workshop in relation to the qualities which should be developed further in the design process. The considered qualities in this phase were daylight, access to the site, apartment orientation and possibilities for outdoor spaces. The sketches and further development of the first and second model were taken into the next phase in order to develop optimal orientations for the apartments.

The qualities of the terraced complex (illustration 93.3) were also taken into consideration, while other variations were not developed further.

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SKETCHING FOR LIGHT Illustration 94.4. Sloped roof concept.

Illustration 94.1. Shifted concept.

Illustration 94.2. Section 01.

Phase 2 started with the development of the chosen physical models from phase 1. The process involved sketching the volumes and solving the sections by splitting up the longitudinal volumes in two parts. The aim of this phase was to ensure proper daylight conditions and create a central outdoor space for the inhabitants.

The S-shape volume from the previous phase was divided in two longitudinal structures with a northsouth orientation. The sections have been explored with various terraces, solar shading and privacy elements (illustration 94.2).

There were also some iterations of the basic shape of the structure, moving towards a more diverse relationship between the buildings and eventually

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Illustration 94.3. Section 02.

having two structures with shifted individual units along the stream (illustration 94.1). The sections started to include shifted floors from each other in order to increase the terraces (illustration 94.3).

During this process, the inclined roof was introduced with integrated solar panels in order to get optimal conditions for solar generating energy (illustration 94.4).

The outdoor area between the buildings was analyzed in terms of daylight, atmosphere and function.

The development went from a narrow atrium (illustration 95.1), a green passage (illustration 95.2), to a widespread longitudinal lawn which would serve as a major gathering space for inhabitants (illustration 95.3).

ANALYSIS

CONCLUSION After further analysis of the ideas presented above, several problems were detected. The main idea of the outdoor space in-between wouldn’t have optimal daylight conditions because of the shadow from the southern building. Even though the building was only 2-3 storeys high, it was still enough to provide a lot of shading to the outdoor area. Furthermore, the apartments had a strict north-south orientation without western afternoon light. Considering all information mentioned above, the design process was taken few steps back in order to reach improvements in phase 3.

PRESENTATION

PHASE 2 Illustration 95.1. Narrow atrium.

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PLAYING WITH LEGO BRICKS Illustration 96.1. Apartment units with lego bricks 01.

Illustration 96.2 Apartment units with lego bricks 02.

Illustration 96.3 Apartment units with lego bricks 03.

The third phase in the design process started after the midterm seminar when the progress was taken a few steps back. The goal was to redefine the concept idea and use lego blocks to create different solutions. The lego was also used to introduce a modular organisation in the form of a terraced housing placed on a square grid (5x5 m) rotated by 45°. The scale was used in a way that one lego module matched the dimensions of 5x5 m. In this way it was possible to create repetitive dwelling units and still ensure an optimal orientation and access to the outdoor garden from each apartment.

the 4 iterations (illustration 97.2-5) in height, building mass and FAR. The first solution introduced terraces that are connected in one line, and therefore causing some privacy issues (illustration 97.2). In the second iteration, the two units were paired and shifted by one module, while stretching further into the site. In the other variations the units were shifted differently in order to reach the best possible orientation.

After the evaluation of the models, the second solution (illlustration 97.3) was taken for further development which had to include apartment distribution, daylight and organisation.

All variations are developed from two main volumes facing the outdoor area on the southern part of the site (illustration 97.1). The difference between

The apartment units were also made in a larger scale to show relation between the units and the complex section.

(Illustration 96.1-3).

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The most problematic spaces were identified in the lower part of the section where there is no access to daylight. The quality of the private gardens was the main focus of this workshop.

These considerations were taken into the next phase together with apartment organisation and orientation.

PRESENTATION

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Illustration 97.1. Site model with lego bricks.

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Illustration 97.3. Lego iteration 02.o bricks.

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Illustration 97.2. Lego iteration 01.o bricks.

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DAYLIGHT, APARTMENTS & ORGANISATION Illustration 98.3. Space in-between.

Illustration 98.1. Section sketch 01.

Illustration 98.2. Section sketch 02.

The fourth phase includes building zoning, apartment organisation, daylight considerations and pattern finding.

The process includes both sketching and digital simulation analysis.

The development starts with redefining the volume from phase 3, and zoning the functions through the section. As it was already discussed on the previous phase, the section of the structure was too deep and had too much area without any access to the daylight.

Therefore, the building mass was split in two in order to ensure proper light conditions for all spaces (illustration 98.1-3). The space between the buildings would serve as an access area to the apartments and bicycle parking.

The next step was to define the apartment types and combine them into repetitive pattern structure (illustration 98.1-3). The variations were made in order to find best FAR and position on the site related to the outdoor activity spaces. Different heights and combinations of the modules were also introduced. Considering the typology in patterns, there were two approaches: the repetitive modules with the same expressions in each apartment, and an iteration with a half-module shifting in order to get more diverse outdoor areas (illustration 98.4-5)

Illustration 98.4. Apartment patterns on site grid.oks.

Illustration 98.5. Apartment patterns on site grid.oks.

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Illustration 99.2. Apartment pattern types 03 and 04.

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DAYLIGHT, APARTMENTS & ORGANISATION Illustration 100.1. Ladybug daylight conditions for winter season.

Illustration 100.3. Ladybug daylight conditions for summer season. Light on vertical surfaces.

Illustration 100. Ladybug daylight conditions for winter season (raised storey)

Illustration 100.4. Ladybug daylight conditions for winter season. Shadow in most of the passage.

Even after the building seperation, it was still a challenge to ensure proper lighting and to find the qualities of the space in-between. The first step was to simulate daylight conditions in Ladybug software for winter season (illustration 100.1). The results showed that some apartments in the building A have no daylight in the garden area during the winter. Therefore, these apartments were raised by one storey (illustration 100.2). The access plateau is still not exposed to direct sunlight, but has enough diffused light like in an atrium.

The apartment types were developed together with the pattern structure in a way so all apartments have access to private outdoor areas. In this process, various apartments have been considered in relation to orientation,

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size and user group. (101.1). All apartments were developed on a basic grid of 5x5 m, but with different module combinations, orientations and sizes.

The combinations were made from two, three, four or five modules, having in consideration that terraces are having an optimal orientation from southeast to southwest.

After all apartments have been organised and fit to different user group needs, it was time to analyse the indoor environment and energy use. Four basic types of apartments were taken to the next phase for energy calculations.

Even though all apartments had proper orientations, it was necessary to run daylight simulations and adjust the technical systems for proper functioning.

ANALYSIS

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SOLAR CELLS, MATERIALS & DETAILS Illustration 102.1. PV panels on sloped roof.

The phase 5 started with calculations for energy demand, also considering materials and details. After calculations in Be15 and reaching the demands for BR2020, the active solutions had to be integrated. There were several approaches on how to install PV panels on the building envelope. In the previous concepts, the idea was to integrate PV’s into the inclined roof, which was explored in the workshop about materials and materiality (illustration 102.1-2). Furthermore, while developing the terraced and grid based concept, the idea of an inclined roof was abandoned. Another approach included integrated panels in the strip line above the openings (illustration 102.3), but it didn’t fit to the desired aesthetic expression. There was also an attempt to put them on the clear walls

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Illustration 102.2. PV panels integrated on facade.

Illustration 102.3. PV panels integrated on facade.

Illustration 102.4. PV panels integrated on facade.

Illustration 102.5. PV panels integrated on facade.

along the facade (illustration 102.4) or integrate the panels into the whole facade (illustration 102.5). Eventually, the panels were placed on the flat roofs, so the surfaces were exposed to the most solar radiation, calculated in Ladybug software (illustration 103.1).

Materials were considered in relation to sustainability, local context and aesthetics. Different approaches were used for choosing the materials for construction, envelope and outdoor spaces. The four possible options for the building envelope included wooden cladding, brick, concrete plates or plaster (illustration 103.2-5). In the end, the importance of local context prevailed, so the brick was chosen for the whole facade.

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details were developed. The details show the raised beds of the gardens and the transition from the garden to the indoor spaces (illustration 103.6-7). All the technical aspects and material properties have been addressed in order to have proper building performance, organisation and orientation.

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Illustration 103.1. Annual solar radiation simulation in Ladybug

Illustration 103.2. Concrete panels on facade

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Illustration 103.6. Raised beds at the terraces.

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Illustration 103.7. Terrace+Interior connection.

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Illustration 104.1. Three iterations of the meeting between path, private outdoor space and building.

The sixth phase considers the outdoor spaces and the activity area.

The outdoor area is imagined as a playground and a gathering space with a visual connection to all the apartments. This also contributes to the safety feeling, in cases when parents want to supervise their children on the playgrounds from their terraces.

The first ideas also included a lot of activities in the centre of the site including a basketball field, a sand playground and a central sculpture (illustration 105.1). The inspirations for the outdoor spaces were taken from natural playgrounds for children integrated into nature.

The area along the stream is naturally lowered from the rest of the site which created possibilities for various interventions. The possible solutions

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included wooden plateaus, concrete slabs or natural terrain adjusted to have some connection with the central area (illustration 104.1).

After setting the building units, the complex has taken a lot of space which made the outdoor area quite narrow.

Therefore, the space is designed as an extension of the existing stream area with activities for residents (illustration 105.3). One of the approaches involves footpaths flowing through the green belt covering the whole area without following the main grid of the buildings.

The other approach follows the grid and involves central part which is covered in vegetation, while the pavement is following the building contour. The road from the north is connected with a small square that continues to the central green park. Different materials have

ANALYSIS

also been considered, such as wood cladding, brick or concrete pavement, both connecting with the stream.

PRESENTATION

PHASE 6 Illustration 105.1.

Illustration 105.2. Proposal for a central park.

Illustration 105.3. Proposal for a central park.

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CONCLUSION This project has been designed as a new housing complex for community of Aalborg.

It is located near the city’s centre. The buildings are trying to fit to the Kommune’s plans of changing existing area to the east and south of the site into big mix-use development zone.

Sun Garden’s architecture is underlining the suburban qualities of individual access to open green areas (terraces). This makes the opportunity for the inhabitants to escape from everyday rushing life and find their own inner peace place in a big city. What is more, all the terraces are giving the chance to grow smaller crops and promote more sustainable way of living.

Sustainable and integrated design is a core for Sun Garden’s existence. The light is a central element for shaping the complex. Rotated structural grid is not only giving great access to the sun through out the whole day but also to get very good cross ventilation conditions. The last one is made due to the decision on splitting the units the allow ease of venting. With huge solar panels’ area all the needs for yearly electricity demands are being covered.

Outdoor areas are made in the considerations of Jane Jacobs’ research on the crime and mix-used functions. In this project buildings are being occupied through out the whole day to reduce possible crime factors. Also view from every apartment into the common space on southern part of the site is making not only better conditions for inhabitants to spend their time enjoying the green outdoor spaces but also to keep the area safe and on sight. Construction module grid is being underline through out the big, rectangular divisions of the outdoor area floor texture. Separated, low positioned places for at-stream recreation are underlining the possibility for direct interaction with the water.

The project fulfilled sustainable criteria. Complex investigated different possible combinations such as the usage of the daylight factors and indoor environmental needs (indoor climate, ventilation, venting, heating, overheating, etc.). In a result apartments fulfilled BR2020. What is whole complex headed into net-zero energy class (covering also the needs for the users’ appliances).

Sun Gardens used DGNB criteria as a reference for creating better quality housing complex. In many ways it merged with sustainable demands and thus helped with creating good place to live in.

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REFLECTION This project introduced new way of approaching the architecture design. Problem Based Learning (PBL) approach and integrated design the project went through different phases, delivering a lot of new knowledge, helping with the design process.

Project started with the workshop orientation and volume and gave a lot of outputs to work with. Having big amount of different models helped a lot with researching on the possibilities of the site and mentioned volumes. Unfortunately, the group’s workflow was disturbed after this period, partly because of the 2nd workshop (daylight) which was too early, and partly because of the midterm critique, which despite its helpful outcome was in an unluckily late time of process.

New tools like BSim, Be15, Velux’s Daylight Visualizer, LadyBug plugin for Grasshopper and many more gave variety of possibilities to research different areas of the project.

Project has included several sustainable simulations although it was still not fully covered. For example, there could be more focus on the offices’ and retails’ zones. This is a mix-used complex, therefore simulations should also take into the consideration other users than inhabitants of the apartments.

Although there has been a lot of daylight factors and radiations analysed in the project, there was still too little work done on the solar shadings and their optimisation.

This lack of the research has concluded with simple overheating during the summer which was threated with forcing venting in the apartments instead of trying to solve it partially with shading. There could be more work done also on the matter of zero-energy buildings and technologies that could be provided. As far as the active solutions are concerned there was too little research done on other technologies. For example, even though there is a lot of new vertical, quite wind turbine technologies, there was no bigger research done on this matter. The same goes for heating or cooling solutions which would require one story below the street level.

When it comes to the outdoor area, there could be more focus on the qualities between the buildings. Even though there was a lot of research and optimisation done in the aspects of atmosphere in the apartments, there could be more focus on their presentation.

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Excellence-in-insulation.eu. (2016). PU-Europe Excellence Insulation: Home. [online] Available at: http://www.excellence-in-insulation.eu/site/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/Thermal_insulation_materials_made_of_rigid_polyurethane_foam.pdf [Accessed 23 May 2016].

Gepowerconversion.com (2016) http://www.gepowerconversion.com/sites/gepc/files/product/ProSolar%20Central%20Solar%20Inverter_fact%20sheet.pdf Guardian.com. (2016). Residential Thermal Glass - Guardian ClimaGuard. [online] Available at: https://www.guardian.com/europe/GuardianGlass/ glassproducts/ClimaGuardResidentialGlass/Low-emissivity/ClimaGuardPremium/index.htm [Accessed 23 May 2016].

Google maps. (2016). Google maps. [online] Available at: https://www.google.dk/maps [Accessed 23 Mar. 2016].

Gehl, J. (2010). Cities for people. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Grönlund, B. (1998). Sibeliusparken Crime Prevention. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: http://www.veilig-ontwerp-beheer.nl/publicaties/sibeliusparken-rodovre-denmark [Accessed 22 Mar. 2016].

Gram-Hanssen, K, (2005) Domestic electricity consumption. Consumers and appliances.

Larsen, Olena: Modeling of Natural andHybrid Ventilation -1, Lecture no.11, 2016.

Knudstrup, M. (2005). Arkitektur som integreret design. In: O. Pihl and L. Botin, ed., Pandoras boks : metode antologi, 1st ed. Aalbog: Aalborg Universitetsforlag, pp.13-29.

Kommuneplan, (2016). 1.1.H1 Hjulmagervej m.fl. - Kommuneplan. [online] Aalborgkommuneplan.dk. Available at: http://www.aalborgkommuneplan. dk/kommuneplanrammer/midtbyen/aalborg-midtby/11h1.aspx [Accessed 21 Mar. 2016].

Panasonic, (2016). High Performance. 1st ed.

Reps, J. (2016). E. HOWARD, GARDEN CITIES OF TO-MORROW. [online] Urbanplanning.library.cornell.edu. Available at: http://urbanplanning. library.cornell.edu/DOCS/howard.htm [Accessed 22 May 2016].

Steen Larsen, T.: Life cycle assessment of a building, Lecture no. 11, 2016 Timeanddate.com. (2016). Current Local Time in Aalborg, Denmark. [online] Available at: http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/denmark/aalborg [Accessed 22 Mar. 2016].

Videncenter, B., Clasen, G. and Frederiksen, S. (2016). Bolius: Genbrug af regnvand. [online] Bolius.dk. Available at: https://www.bolius.dk/genbrug-af-regnvand-16051/ [Accessed 21 May 2016].

Visit Aalborg. (2016). The history of Aalborg. [online] Available at: http://www.visitaalborg.com/ln-int/aalborg/history-aalborg [Accessed 20 May 2016].

Wbdg.org. (2016). Net Zero Energy Buildings | Whole Building Design Guide. [online] Available at: https://www.wbdg.org/resources/netzeroenergybuildings.php [Accessed 25 May 2016]. zedfactory. (2016). zedfactory. [online] Available at: http://www.zedfactory.com [Accessed 19 May 2016]. Ærø, T. (2002). Boligpræferencer, boligvalg og livsstil. 1st ed. Copenhagen: By og Byg, Statens Byggeforskningsinstitut.

DESIGN PROCESS

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

113

Ill.3.

Ill. 8.1 Ill. 8.2 Ill. 8.3 Ill. 8.4 Ill. 9.1 Ill. 10.1 Ill. 10.2 Ill. 10.3 Ill. 10.4 Ill. 11.1-5 Ill. 15.1 Ill. 15.2 Ill. 15.3 Ill. 16.1 Ill. 16.2 Ill. 16.3 Ill. 16.4 Ill. 17.1-4 Ill. 18.1-19.1 Ill. 19.2 Ill. 19.3- 20.1 Ill. 20.2 Ill. 20.3 Ill. 21.1 Ill. 21.2 Ill. 21.3 Ill. 22.1-2 Ill. 23.1-2 Ill. 23.3 Ill. 23.4 Ill. 24.1-2 Ill. 24.3 Ill. 24.4 Ill. 25.1-2 Ill. 26.1-2 Ill. 26.3 Ill. 26.4 Ill. 27.1 Ill. 27.2-3 Ill. 28.1 Ill. 28.2

114

http://www.cfmoller.com/log/imagestore_CFM/7444/CIVCVI01.jpg https://www.eh-resources.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/brundtland2.jpg https://rushallgarden.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/open-day-2015-1a.jpg Own Illustration http://www.bgbc.bg/uploads/news/big_83.jpg Own illustration Own illustration http://www.aalborg.dk/om-kommunen/statistik-og-noegletal https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Aalborg_2010_-_125_ubt.JPG http://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5601/caf3/e58e/ce09/3300/007d/slideshow/Sketch_4.jpg?1442958056 Own illustration http://www.necsus-ejms.org/beheer/wp-content/uploads/Fig7_opt.jpg https://collagelab.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/garden_city_concept_by_howard.jpg https://alicesroom.files.wordpress.com/2015/12/the-three-magnets.jpg?w=490 http://apps.aalborgkommune.dk/teknisk/Historiske_kort/Historiske/gamlebykort.htm https://www.google.dk/maps/place/Aalborg/ http://www.aalborgstadsarkiv.dk/AalborgStadsarkiv.asp Own illustration http://apps.aalborgkommune.dk/images/teknisk/PLANBYG/komplan/01/Fordebat_Haandvaerkerkvarteret.pdf Own illustrations http://static.wixstatic.com/media/83347b_f13b121b071fc1cf0302a832e5a67f46.jpg_1024 Own illustrations http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qsqgzE20wgQ/UhUPle8dVcI/AAAAAAAAB9w/JRbPcWESKHk/s1600/sommerferie+2013+082.JPG http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NAWhqjael6Y/U5W3r6GzS4I/AAAAAAAAGyQ/Vg_8RgbxLmg/s1600/IMG_8404.jpg Own illustration http://multimedia.pol.dk/archive/00532/St_j_532005a.jpg Own illustration based on https://www.google.dk/maps/place/Aalborg/ Own illustration based on http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/denmark/aalborg http://www.dmi.dk/vejr/arkiver/normaler-og-ekstremer/klimanormaler-dk/vejrnormal/ https://copenblogen2011.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/img_7422.jpg https://logicfreezone.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/photovoltaic-panels.jpg http://www.dmi.dk/vejr/arkiver/normaler-og-ekstremer/klimanormaler-dk/vejrnormal/ http://mykukun.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/sustainable-landscaping-1.jpg http://multimedia.pol.dk/archive/00562/lol_vandskade2_30-0_562517a.jpg https://www.windfinder.com/windstatistics/aalborg http://www.aalborg.dk/om-kommunen/statistik-og-noegletal/befolkning http://m.dac.dk/media/35610/Aalborg.jpg http://www.aalborg.dk/om-kommunen/statistik-og-noegletal/befolkning Own illustration Own illustration based on data from (Ærå, 2002) http://www.visitaalborg.no/sites/default/files/asp/visitaalborg/h_havnefronten/pige-is-aalborg-havnefront.jpg http://static1.squarespace.com/static/51ba465fe4b0d141638d0430/54ff7acce4b0edb2623c6d7a/55a02b26e4b002e514e8bb40/1436560179982/Familie-1-4.jpg

INTRO

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

ILLUSTRATIONS Ill. 28.3

http://fdf.dk/_Resources/Persistent/2b3a2ce244b36ac231d8a3f3732ffaf331b32f1a/Nils%20Krogh%20-5760x32451280x721.jpg Ill. 29.1-2 Own illustrations Ill. 30.1 http://www.ramboll.dk/~/media/Images/RDK/Projects/Buildings/GHI/Green%20Lighthouse%20Image%20Viewer/green-lighthouse_1280x720.png Ill. 30.2 Own illustration Ill. 31.1 http://www.nordicinnovation.org/PageFiles/5384/ImageGallery/s121016110553.jpg Ill. 31.2 http://twinnsustainabilityinnovation.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/BedZED-Building-Physics-Twinn.jpg Ill. 31.3 http://freshome.com/2010/04/28/home-for-life-in-denmark-produces-more-energy-than-it-consumes/ Ill. 33.1-2 Own illustrations based on (Bejder, 2016) Ill. 34.1 http://www.dgnb-system.de/fileadmin/de/dgnb_system/_system/nachhaltigkeitskonzepty-en.png?id=5556&time=1406299946 Ill. 34.2 http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qISHC0iySdE/UWwHCr7nFpI/AAAAAAAAAiA/AFo-tSIoCCo/s1600/Long+Island+is+LEED-iculous.++LEED+Certified+Building+Long+Island.png Ill. 34.3 http://www.bgbc.bg/uploads/news/big_83.jpg Ill. 34.4 http://www.realestate.bnpparibas.cz/news_img/Breeam_green_rgb.jpg Ill. 35.1 http://www.ideatre60.it/upl/ckfinder/images/life_cycle_assessment_web.jpg Ill. 35.2 http://f.building-supply.dk/26p9c2qfgms1rvxb.jpg Ill. 35.3 http://www.eshops.gr/media/catalog/product/cache/11/thumbnail/960x/a50a30a0489cdab61a1021e067d28302/l/u/luxor-140w-12v-poly.jpg Ill. 35.4 Marszal, A. (2016) Aalborg University: Zero-energy Buildings 2 Ill. 37, 39. http://www.cfmoller.com/log/imagestore_CFM/7444/CIVCVI01.jpg Ill. 41.1 Own illustration Ill. 44.1-73.1 Own illustration Ill. 74.1. http://www.rikker.hu/fotok/termekek_csoportok_reszletek/original/Clima%20guard%20premium%203%20 r%C3%A9teg.jpg Ill. 74.2-79.2. Own illustration Ill. 80.1. https://hu.pinterest.com/pin/472174342156412481/ Ill. 80.2. http://en.petersen-kolumba.dk/products/k43 Ill. 80.3. http://en.petersen-kolumba.dk/products/k51 Ill. 80.4. http://www.psdgraphics.com/file/basketball-floor-texture.jpg Ill. 81.1. http://www.textures.com/download/grass0003/3409 Ill. 81.2. http://www.ashtimber.co.uk/images/Optimized-lighter_background.jpg Ill. 82.1-3.

Own illustration Ill. 83.1. http://en.petersen-kolumba.dk/products/k43 Ill. 83.2-103.1. Own illustration Ill. 103.2. http://chatterbox.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8341c86d053ef0120a4d33757970b-600wi Ill. 103.3. http://www.jadricarchitects.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Back2.jpg Ill. 103.4. http://www.stylepark.com/db-images/cms/hagemeister/img/l2_p327039_2200_1515-1.jpg Ill. 103.5. https://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2015/07/Rue-Auvry-housing-by-Tectone-Architectes_dezeen_468_22.jpg Ill. 103.6-105.3. Own illustration Ill. 109., 111. http://www.cfmoller.com/log/imagestore_CFM/7444/CIVCVI01.jpg

DESIGN PROCESS

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

115

appendix

5

5 180 10

SL-03

SL-02b 30 30 30 5 40-80 180 5 180 10

Vapour control layer Reinforced concrete slab Gypsum plaster on a mesh

30 50 0,5 50 180 10

Wooden planks Wooden bars (6x3cm) - supports positioned perpendicular to the incline direction Wooden bars (6x3cm) - supports positioned in the incline direction Waterproof membrane Concrete with incline Protection layer PIR insulation Vapour control layer Reinforced concrete slab Gypsum plaster on a mesh

Floor layer Light concrete Protection and vibration cancelling layer Acoustic insulation Reinforced concrete slab Gypsum plaster on a mesh

SL-03 30 50 0,5 50 180 10

Floor layer Light concrete Protection and vibration cancelling layer Acoustic insulation Reinforced concrete slab Gypsum plaster on a mesh

Project Module

Period

Sustainable Architecture Project Title

21. March - 1. June 2016 Group Number

Sun Gardens Drawing Title

SL-02b

04 Drawing Scale

Detail C

Drawing Nr.

1:10

D.3

SL-03

Group Members

Ana Habijanec

Tamás Rátkai

Jakob Soelberg

Piotr Zbierajewski

Jesper Søndergaard

Project Module

Period

Sustainable Architecture Project Title

21. March - 1. June 2016 Group Number

Sun Gardens Drawing Title

04 Drawing Scale

Drawing Nr.

1:10

Detail C

D.3

Group Members

Ana Habijanec

Tamás Rátkai

Jakob Soelberg

Piotr Zbierajewski

Jesper Søndergaard

Detail D: Terrace + Interior connection, scale 1:10

118

INTRO

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

A) DETAILS W-02

1.

2.

108 180 180 60 5

3.

SL-03

W-02 108 180 180 60 5

Petersen Kolumba K43 bricks PIR insulation Ytong Energo concrete blocks (ힴ=0,095 W/mK) PIR insulation Waterproof membrane

SL-03 1.

2.

3.

Petersen Kolumba K43 bricks PIR insulation Ytong Energo concrete blocks (ힴ=0,095 W/mK) PIR insulation Waterproof membrane

Slope 2%

1.

1. Aluminium drain profile 2. Concrete block 3. Technical path for solar panels maintenance

1.

2.

3.

1. Aluminium drain profile 2. Concrete block 3. Technical path for solar panels maintenance

2.

3.

Project Module

Period

Sustainable Architecture Project Title

21. March - 1. June 2016 Group Number

Sun Gardens

W-02

04

Drawing Title

Drawing Scale

Detail D

Drawing Nr.

1:10

Slope 2%

D.4

Group Members Project Module

Period

Sustainable Architecture Project Title

21. March - 1. June 2016 Group Number

Sun Gardens Drawing Title

Detail D

Tamás Rátkai Piotr Zbierajewski

Jesper Søndergaard

04 Drawing Scale

Ana Habijanec Jakob Soelberg

Drawing Nr.

1:10

D.4

Group Members

Ana Habijanec

Tamás Rátkai

Jakob Soelberg

Piotr Zbierajewski

Jesper Søndergaard

Detail E: Wall+Roof connection, scale 1:10

DESIGN PROCESS

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

119

15

14

13 18

10

17

11

16

12

9

Kitchen Kitchen and Livingroom21 m2 21 m2

8

6

7 18

F

=

4

5

7 16 0, 0 00 3, 1

2

3

F

x

Hallway 12 m2 Bathroom 5 m2

Bedroom 13 m2

120

INTRO

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

B) APARTMENTS

DF GSPublisherVersion 0.0.100.100

8.00 7.00 6.00

NET AREA: 70 m2 GARDEN AREA: 25 m2

5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00

DESIGN PROCESS

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

121

SBi Beregningskerne 8.16.1.6 Be15 results: Building B Energy requirement MWh Jan Feb Mar Apr May Heating 8,86 5,96 3,38 0,00 0,00 El. 2015 0,27 -0,42 -1,95 -3,89 -5,27 El. 2020 0,09 -0,84 -2,96 -5,59 -7,47 Excess temperature in rooms 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 Total energy requirement MWh Jan Feb Mar Apr May Existing building 9,53 4,91 -1,50 -9,73 -13,17 kWh/m² 2,6 1,3 -0,4 -2,6 -3,6 BR 2015 7,75 3,72 -2,17 -9,73 -13,17 kWh/m² 2,1 1,0 -0,6 -2,6 -3,6 Buildings 2020 5,47 2,06 -3,29 -10,06 -13,44 kWh/m² 1,5 0,6 -0,9 -2,7 -3,6 Heat requirement. External supply to building MWh Jan Feb Mar Apr May Boiler/district heating 8,86 5,96 3,38 0,00 0,00 Total 8,86 5,96 3,38 0,00 0,00 kWh/m² 2,4 1,6 0,9 0,0 0,0 El. requirement. External supply to building. Building service kWh Jan Feb Mar Apr May Ventilation plant 725 655 626 461 382 Boiler/district heating 6 5 6 6 6 Total for building service 731 661 632 467 388 kWh/m² 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,1 0,1 El. requirement. External supply to building. Other el. consumption kWh Jan Feb Mar Apr May Other lighting 0 0 0 0 0 Equipment 9622 8691 9622 9311 9622 Total for other 9622 8691 9622 9311 9622 kWh/m² 2,6 2,4 2,6 2,5 2,6 El. requirement. External supply to building. Total el. requirement kWh Jan Feb Mar Apr May The building 10353 9351 10254 9779 10009 VE-el indregnet 2015 464 1080 2583 4359 5654 Resulterende elbehov 2015 267 -420 -1951 -3892 -5267 VE-el indregnet 2020 645 1501 3587 6054 7853 Resulterende elbehov 2020 87 -840 -2955 -5587 -7466 Room heating, Heating requirement MWh Jan Feb Mar Apr May In rooms 7,98 5,14 2,30 0,00 0,00 Heat coil 0,88 0,82 1,08 0,00 0,00 Total 8,86 5,96 3,38 0,00 0,00 Total, kWh/m² 2,4 1,6 0,9 0,0 0,0 Room heating, Fulfilment of heat requirement MWh Jan Feb Mar Apr May Boiler/district heating 8,86 5,96 3,38 0,00 0,00 Total 8,86 5,96 3,38 0,00 0,00 Domestic hot water, Hot-water requirement m³ Jan Feb Mar Apr May Total consumption 78,5 70,9 78,5 75,9 78,5 Domestic hot water, Supply m³ Jan Feb Mar Apr May Central heating plant 78,5 70,9 78,5 75,9 78,5 Total 78,5 70,9 78,5 75,9 78,5 Domestic hot water, Heating requirement MWh Jan Feb Mar Apr May Central water container 4,12 3,72 4,12 3,99 4,12 Local el. heater 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 Local gas heater 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 Heating total 4,12 3,72 4,12 3,99 4,12 Total 4,12 3,72 4,12 3,99 4,12 kWh/m² 1,1 1,0 1,1 1,1 1,1

122

INTRO

ANALYSIS

Jun 0,00 -5,33 -7,54 0,00

Jul 0,00 -5,61 -7,90 0,00

Aug 0,00 -4,84 -6,83 0,00

Sep 0,00 -2,99 -4,30 0,00

Oct 0,00 -1,24 -1,93 0,00

Nov 4,05 0,04 -0,20 0,00

Dec 9,32 0,37 0,23 0,00

Year 31,57 -30,87 -45,24 0,00

Jun -13,33 -3,6 -13,33 -3,6 -13,56 -3,7

Jul -14,03 -3,8 -14,03 -3,8 -14,22 -3,8

Aug -12,09 -3,3 -12,09 -3,3 -12,29 -3,3

Sep -7,49 -2,0 -7,49 -2,0 -7,74 -2,1

Oct -3,11 -0,8 -3,11 -0,8 -3,48 -0,9

Nov 4,16 1,1 3,35 0,9 2,06 0,6

Dec 10,25 2,8 8,38 2,3 6,01 1,6

Year -45,59 -12,3 -51,91 -14,0 -62,48 -16,9

Jun 0,00 0,00 0,0

Jul 0,00 0,00 0,0

Aug 0,00 0,00 0,0

Sep 0,00 0,00 0,0

Oct 0,00 0,00 0,0

Nov 4,05 4,05 1,1

Dec 9,32 9,32 2,5

Year 31,57 31,57 8,5

Jun 328 6 334 0,1

Jul 279 6 285 0,1

Aug 285 6 291 0,1

Sep 355 6 360 0,1

Oct 522 6 528 0,1

Nov 669 6 675 0,2

Dec 725 6 731 0,2

Year 6013 70 6083 1,6

Jun 0 9311 9311 2,5

Jul 0 9622 9622 2,6

Aug 0 9622 9622 2,6

Sep 0 9311 9311 2,5

Oct 0 9622 9622 2,6

Nov 0 9311 9311 2,5

Dec 0 9622 9622 2,6

Year 0 113289 113289 30,7

Jun 9645 5666 -5332 7870 -7536

Jul 9907 5895 -5610 8187 -7903

Aug 9913 5127 -4836 7120 -6829

Sep 9672 3355 -2994 4659 -4299

Oct Nov 10150 9986 1772 633 -1244 42 2462 879 -1934 -204

Dec 10353 361 370 502 230

Year 119372 36950 -30867 51319 -45236

Jun 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,0

Jul 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,0

Aug 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,0

Sep 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,0

Oct 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,0

Nov 3,59 0,47 4,05 1,1

Dec 8,45 0,88 9,32 2,5

Year 27,45 4,13 31,57 8,5

Jun 0,00 0,00

Jul 0,00 0,00

Aug 0,00 0,00

Sep 0,00 0,00

Oct 0,00 0,00

Nov 4,05 4,05

Dec 9,32 9,32

Year 31,57 31,57

Jun 75,9

Jul 78,5

Aug 78,5

Sep 75,9

Oct 78,5

Nov 75,9

Dec 78,5

Year 923,7

Jun 75,9 75,9

Jul 78,5 78,5

Aug 78,5 78,5

Sep 75,9 75,9

Oct 78,5 78,5

Nov 75,9 75,9

Dec 78,5 78,5

Year 923,7 923,7

Jun 3,99 0,00 0,00 3,99 3,99 1,1

Jul 4,12 0,00 0,00 4,12 4,12 1,1

Aug 4,12 0,00 0,00 4,12 4,12 1,1

Sep 3,99 0,00 0,00 3,99 3,99 1,1

Oct 4,12 0,00 0,00 4,12 4,12 1,1

Nov 3,99 0,00 0,00 3,99 3,99 1,1

Dec 4,12 0,00 0,00 4,12 4,12 1,1

Year 48,50 0,00 0,00 48,50 48,50 13,1

PRESENTATION

C) BE15 NUMBERS SBi Beregningskerne 8.16.1.6 Be15 results: Building B Energy requirement MWh Jan Feb Mar Apr May Heating 8,86 5,96 3,38 0,00 0,00 El. 2015 0,27 -0,42 -1,95 -3,89 -5,27 El. 2020 0,09 -0,84 -2,96 -5,59 -7,47 Excess temperature in rooms 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 Total energy requirement MWh Jan Feb Mar Apr May Existing building 9,53 4,91 -1,50 -9,73 -13,17 kWh/m² 2,6 1,3 -0,4 -2,6 -3,6 BR 2015 7,75 3,72 -2,17 -9,73 -13,17 kWh/m² 2,1 1,0 -0,6 -2,6 -3,6 Buildings 2020 5,47 2,06 -3,29 -10,06 -13,44 kWh/m² 1,5 0,6 -0,9 -2,7 -3,6 Heat requirement. External supply to building MWh Jan Feb Mar Apr May Boiler/district heating 8,86 5,96 3,38 0,00 0,00 Total 8,86 5,96 3,38 0,00 0,00 kWh/m² 2,4 1,6 0,9 0,0 0,0 El. requirement. External supply to building. Building service kWh Jan Feb Mar Apr May Ventilation plant 725 655 626 461 382 Boiler/district heating 6 5 6 6 6 Total for building service 731 661 632 467 388 kWh/m² 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,1 0,1 El. requirement. External supply to building. Other el. consumption kWh Jan Feb Mar Apr May Other lighting 0 0 0 0 0 Equipment 9622 8691 9622 9311 9622 Total for other 9622 8691 9622 9311 9622 kWh/m² 2,6 2,4 2,6 2,5 2,6 El. requirement. External supply to building. Total el. requirement kWh Jan Feb Mar Apr May The building 10353 9351 10254 9779 10009 VE-el indregnet 2015 464 1080 2583 4359 5654 Resulterende elbehov 2015 267 -420 -1951 -3892 -5267 VE-el indregnet 2020 645 1501 3587 6054 7853 Resulterende elbehov 2020 87 -840 -2955 -5587 -7466 Room heating, Heating requirement MWh Jan Feb Mar Apr May In rooms 7,98 5,14 2,30 0,00 0,00 Heat coil 0,88 0,82 1,08 0,00 0,00 Total 8,86 5,96 3,38 0,00 0,00 Total, kWh/m² 2,4 1,6 0,9 0,0 0,0 Room heating, Fulfilment of heat requirement MWh Jan Feb Mar Apr May Boiler/district heating 8,86 5,96 3,38 0,00 0,00 Total 8,86 5,96 3,38 0,00 0,00 Domestic hot water, Hot-water requirement m³ Jan Feb Mar Apr May Total consumption 78,5 70,9 78,5 75,9 78,5 Domestic hot water, Supply m³ Jan Feb Mar Apr May Central heating plant 78,5 70,9 78,5 75,9 78,5 Total 78,5 70,9 78,5 75,9 78,5 Domestic hot water, Heating requirement MWh Jan Feb Mar Apr May Central water container 4,12 3,72 4,12 3,99 4,12 Local el. heater 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 Local gas heater 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 Heating total 4,12 3,72 4,12 3,99 4,12 Total 4,12 3,72 4,12 3,99 4,12 kWh/m² 1,1 1,0 1,1 1,1 1,1

DESIGN PROCESS

EPILOGUE

Jun 0,00 -5,33 -7,54 0,00

Jul 0,00 -5,61 -7,90 0,00

Aug 0,00 -4,84 -6,83 0,00

Sep 0,00 -2,99 -4,30 0,00

Oct 0,00 -1,24 -1,93 0,00

Nov 4,05 0,04 -0,20 0,00

Dec 9,32 0,37 0,23 0,00

Year 31,57 -30,87 -45,24 0,00

Jun -13,33 -3,6 -13,33 -3,6 -13,56 -3,7

Jul -14,03 -3,8 -14,03 -3,8 -14,22 -3,8

Aug -12,09 -3,3 -12,09 -3,3 -12,29 -3,3

Sep -7,49 -2,0 -7,49 -2,0 -7,74 -2,1

Oct -3,11 -0,8 -3,11 -0,8 -3,48 -0,9

Nov 4,16 1,1 3,35 0,9 2,06 0,6

Dec 10,25 2,8 8,38 2,3 6,01 1,6

Year -45,59 -12,3 -51,91 -14,0 -62,48 -16,9

Jun 0,00 0,00 0,0

Jul 0,00 0,00 0,0

Aug 0,00 0,00 0,0

Sep 0,00 0,00 0,0

Oct 0,00 0,00 0,0

Nov 4,05 4,05 1,1

Dec 9,32 9,32 2,5

Year 31,57 31,57 8,5

Jun 328 6 334 0,1

Jul 279 6 285 0,1

Aug 285 6 291 0,1

Sep 355 6 360 0,1

Oct 522 6 528 0,1

Nov 669 6 675 0,2

Dec 725 6 731 0,2

Year 6013 70 6083 1,6

Jun 0 9311 9311 2,5

Jul 0 9622 9622 2,6

Aug 0 9622 9622 2,6

Sep 0 9311 9311 2,5

Oct 0 9622 9622 2,6

Nov 0 9311 9311 2,5

Dec 0 9622 9622 2,6

Year 0 113289 113289 30,7

Jun 9645 5666 -5332 7870 -7536

Jul 9907 5895 -5610 8187 -7903

Aug 9913 5127 -4836 7120 -6829

Sep 9672 3355 -2994 4659 -4299

Oct Nov 10150 9986 1772 633 -1244 42 2462 879 -1934 -204

Dec 10353 361 370 502 230

Year 119372 36950 -30867 51319 -45236

Jun 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,0

Jul 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,0

Aug 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,0

Sep 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,0

Oct 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,0

Nov 3,59 0,47 4,05 1,1

Dec 8,45 0,88 9,32 2,5

Year 27,45 4,13 31,57 8,5

Jun 0,00 0,00

Jul 0,00 0,00

Aug 0,00 0,00

Sep 0,00 0,00

Oct 0,00 0,00

Nov 4,05 4,05

Dec 9,32 9,32

Year 31,57 31,57

Jun 75,9

Jul 78,5

Aug 78,5

Sep 75,9

Oct 78,5

Nov 75,9

Dec 78,5

Year 923,7

Jun 75,9 75,9

Jul 78,5 78,5

Aug 78,5 78,5

Sep 75,9 75,9

Oct 78,5 78,5

Nov 75,9 75,9

Dec 78,5 78,5

Year 923,7 923,7

Jun 3,99 0,00 0,00 3,99 3,99 1,1

Jul 4,12 0,00 0,00 4,12 4,12 1,1

Aug 4,12 0,00 0,00 4,12 4,12 1,1

Sep 3,99 0,00 0,00 3,99 3,99 1,1

Oct 4,12 0,00 0,00 4,12 4,12 1,1

Nov 3,99 0,00 0,00 3,99 3,99 1,1

Dec 4,12 0,00 0,00 4,12 4,12 1,1

Year 48,50 0,00 0,00 48,50 48,50 13,1

APPENDIX

123

ELECTRICITY REQUIREMENT COVERED BY PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) CELLS BUILDING B

D1. PV PANELS

CALCULATION FOR ENERGY USE FOR APPLIANCES AND LIGHTING C × D × E = energy use 𝐶𝐶 =

𝐴𝐴 × 𝐵𝐵 100

energy use for appliances and lighting = 61.522 kWh/year (formula: 340kWh+area of appartment × 11kWh + number of pers. × 350kWh) [Gram-Hansen, 2005.]

A = total area of modules, m² B = module efficiency, % C = installed power, kW D = evaluation of the system factor E = solar radiation intensity, kWh/m²

In order to calculate total area of the solar cells, the eqasion is modified as: A=

A=

61522kWh × 100 B ×D ×E 6.152.200 kWh

15 ×0,8 ×999

kWh m2

= 513,20m² - area of PV panels for total building

ELECTRICITY FOR OPERATION OF BUILDING (from Be15)

Total electricial requrement for operating the building = 6.083 kWh/year 6083kWh ×100

A = 15 ×0.8 ×999 kWh/m² = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕² - area of PV panels

124

INTRO

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

D) CALCULATIONS ENERGY REQUIREMENT FOR HEATING (from Be15)

Total energy requirement for heating = 31.570 kWh/ year 1,8 =3 0,6 1𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘(𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒) = 3𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘ℎ(ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒)

𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 =

31.570𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘ℎ(ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒) = 10.523,33𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘ℎ (𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒) 3 A=

10.523,33 kWh ×100

13 ×0.75 ×1163 kWh/m²

= 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖, 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕² - area of PV panels

TOTAL AREA REQUREMENT FOR PV PANELS 513,20 + 50.75 + 87,78 = 651,73 m²

- all the required area for PV pannels will be placed on the roof area - total available roof area of building B is 1312m2, and the rest will be used to cover electrical demand for building A

Refference: Kirsten Gram-Hanssen, Domestic electricity consumption. Consumers and appliances, 2005.

DESIGN PROCESS

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

125

D2. U-VALUES

𝑈𝑈𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 =

Ǧ

1

𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑙 𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 1 + 2 … + 𝑛𝑛 + 𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜆𝜆1 𝜆𝜆2 𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛

𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ǣ ͲǡͲͶ ʹ Ȁ 𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ǣ Ͳǡͳ͵ ʹ Ȁ 𝜆𝜆ǣ 𝑙𝑙ǣ

ǣ

ǡ 𝜆𝜆 ൌ ͳǡ͹ Ȁ ǡ ൌͲǡͳͺ ሺ Ȁ ሻǡ 𝜆𝜆 ൌ ͲǡͲͳͺ Ȁ ǡ ൌͲǡͳͺ ǡ Ͷ – ǡ ǡ ͳͳ Ǧ ǡ

1

= 𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝐖𝐖/𝐦𝐦𝟐𝟐 𝐊𝐊

𝑈𝑈𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 =

0,04m2 K/W+

0,18𝑚𝑚 0,18𝑚𝑚 + +0,13m2 K/W 1,7W/mC 0,018W/mC

𝑈𝑈𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 =

0,04m2 K/W+

0,18𝑚𝑚 0,18𝑚𝑚 0,06𝑚𝑚 + + 0,13m2 K/W 1,7W/mC 0,018W/mC 0,4W/mC

ǡ 𝜆𝜆 ൌ ͳǡ͹ Ȁ ǡ ൌͲǡͳͺ ሺ Ȁ ሻǡ 𝜆𝜆 ൌ ͲǡͲͳͺ Ȁ ǡ ൌͲǡͳͺ ǡ 𝜆𝜆 ൌ ͲǡͶ Ȁ ǡ ൌͲǡͲ͸ –

1

= 𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝐖𝐖/𝐦𝐦𝟐𝟐 𝐊𝐊

ሺ ሻǣ Ͷ൅ͳʹ൅Ͷ൅ͳʹ൅Ͷ ǣ ǣ ͹ͳΨ Ǧ ൌͲǡ͸ Ȁ ;

ൌͲǡ͹ͷ Ȁ ;

Ǧ ǣ Ͳǡ͹ Ȁ ; – Ͳǡ͹ͻ Ȁ ; ሺ Ȁ ሻ

126

INTRO

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

D3. NATURAL VENTILATION NATURAL VENTILATION

The calculation is done in an excel sheet provided at Lecture 11 of the ZEB course at Aalborg University [Larsen, O. 2016]. The main wind directions in the complex are south-west and south-east, so the calculations are made for the openings on those sides.

Input data:

Dimension of the openings (terrace): 1,8m*2,1m= 3,78m²

Wind pressure coefficient: winward: 0,25, leeward: -0,6 [Larsen, O. 2016].

SOUTH-WEST DIRECTION

Results for average wind velocity of 6,9m/s in Aalborg [Danish Meteorological Institute] -

Windward Wind Pressure Difference: 4,97 pa Windward Air Change Rate: 6.93 m3/s Leeward Wind Pressure Difference: -3,24 pa Leeward Air Change Rate: -5.59 m3/s

Results for maximum wind velocity of 21,1m/s in Aalborg -

Windward Wind Pressure Difference: 25,16 pa Windward Air Change Rate: 15,59 m3/s Leeward Wind Pressure Difference: -51,68 pa Leeward Air Change Rate: -22,34 m3/s

SOUTH-EAST DIRECTION

Results for average wind velocity of 5,6m/s in Aalborg -

Windward Wind Pressure Difference: 4,15 pa Windward Air Change Rate: 6,33 m3/s Leeward Wind Pressure Difference: -1,26 pa Leeward Air Change Rate: -3,49 m3/s

Results for maximum wind velocity of 16,5m/s in Aalborg -

Windward Wind Pressure Difference: 16,38 pa Windward Air Change Rate: 12,58 m3/s Leeward Wind Pressure Difference: -30,61 pa Leeward Air Change Rate: -17,19 m3/s

DESIGN PROCESS

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

127

D4. VENTILATION DIMENSIONING VENTILATION DIMENSIONING Rarefaction equation 𝑞𝑞 𝑐𝑐 = 𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑖 + 10 ∙ 𝑉𝑉𝑙𝑙

c =concentration [db] from table A.5 CR1752=1.4 q =smell [olf] from GKB table 1.6 siding person =1 [olf] low-olf building (no smokers) =0,2[olf] Vl = Vr∙ n ci = outside air from GKB table 1.7 =0.05 Ventilation 𝑞𝑞

𝑉𝑉𝑙𝑙 = 10 ∙ 𝑐𝑐−𝑐𝑐

𝑖𝑖

To get the air change rate we have to convert the unit l/s -> m3/h [𝑥𝑥]𝑙𝑙/𝑠𝑠 → 𝑚𝑚3 /ℎ [𝑥𝑥] ∙ (𝑙𝑙/1000)/(𝑠𝑠/3600) [𝑥𝑥] ∙ 3.6 Now we can use 𝑉𝑉𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 It is presume that the ventilation is in night mode 12 hours of the day from 22:0006:00. In this period the air change rate is reduce by half. To insure good air quality when the employee meet at 8:00. It is calculated by. 𝑐𝑐 =

𝑞𝑞 (1 − 𝑒𝑒 −𝑛𝑛∙𝜏𝜏 ) + (𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑜 − 𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑖 ) ∙ 𝑒𝑒 −𝑛𝑛∙𝜏𝜏 + 𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑖 𝑛𝑛 ∙ 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟

𝑉𝑉𝑙𝑙 = 𝑛𝑛 ∙ 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 n = the air change rate [h-1] Vr = volume of the room [m3] 𝜏𝜏 = time [hours] c0 = beginning air quality from GKB = 0 [ppm] Big office 150m2 450m3

Smell OLF

128

Ventilation flow INTRO

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

15[𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜] + (0.1[𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜] + 0.05[𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜])150[𝑚𝑚2 ] 1.4[𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝] − 0.05[𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝] 𝑙𝑙 𝑉𝑉𝑙𝑙 = 444.45 [ ] 𝑠𝑠 Converting of ventilation flow 𝑉𝑉𝑙𝑙 = 10 ∙

𝑚𝑚3 𝑙𝑙 444.45 [ ] ∙ 3.6 = 1600 [ ] 𝑠𝑠 ℎ

Air change rate

𝑚𝑚3 ] 1 ℎ = 3.56 [ ] 450[𝑚𝑚3 ] ℎ

1600 [

Bisection of air change rate

Concentration after 12 hours 𝑐𝑐 = Co2

60

3.56[ℎ𝑟𝑟 −1 ] = 1.825[ℎ−1 ] 2

1 3.56 [ ] ∙ 450[𝑚𝑚3 ] ℎ𝑟𝑟

(1 − 𝑒𝑒 −3.56∙12 ) + (0 − 0.05) ∙ 𝑒𝑒 −3.56∙12 + 0 𝑐𝑐 = 0.0375

Category B – 20% dissatisfied Figure A.8-CR1752 Co2 max consecration over outside air =660 ∙ 10−6 [ppm] Table A.6.CR1752 Co2 consecration for office (no smoker) =19

One person polluting = 1 [

DESIGN PROCESS

15 ∙ 19 𝑙𝑙 ] = 120 [ ∙ 𝑚𝑚2 ] 3600(660 ∙ 10−6 ) 𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑙 120 [𝑠𝑠 ∙ 𝑚𝑚2 ] 𝑙𝑙 = 0.8 [ ] 2 150[𝑚𝑚 ] 𝑠𝑠

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

129

TYPE 01

E) B Temperature Summer 1.7.2002

CO2 levels Summer 1.7.2002

24,6

440

24,4 24,2

430

24,0

420

23,8

410 400

23,6

TopMean(livingroom-bedrooms)°C 23,4

Co2(livingroom-bedrooms)pp

390

23,2

380

23,0

370

22,8

360 1

22,6 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Hour

Hour

Temperature Winter 1.2.2002 - 2

CO2 levels Winter 1.2.2002

22,0

650 21,8

600

21,6

550 500

21,4

TopMean(livingroom-bedrooms)°C

Co2(livingroom-bedrooms)pp

450

21,2

400

21,0

350 20,8 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Hour

Hour

Energy gains and loses kWh/year 6000

6000

4000

4000

2000

2000 qHeating

0

0

qSunRad qPeople qEquipment qInfiltration

-2000

-2000

qVenting qVentilation qTransmission

-4000

-4000

-6000

-6000

-8000

130

-8000

livingroom-bedrooms

INTRO

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

BSIM CALCULATIONS HEAT BALANCE RESULTS APARTMENT 2+1 Thermal zone living room-bedrooms qHeating qCooling qInfiltration qVenting qSunRad qPeople qEquipment qLighting qTransmission qMixing qVentilation Sum tOutdoor mean(°C) tOp mean(°C) AirChange(/h) Rel. Moisture(%) Co2(ppm) PAQ(-) Hours > 21 Hours > 26 Hours > 27 Hours < 20 FanPow HtRec ClRec HtCoil ClCoil

Sum/Mean

January

February

March

April

May

Juni

July

August

September

October

November

December

2298,95 0 -1471,53 -2425,12 3037,88 1757,82 1883,64 0 -3090,83 0 -1990,81 0,01 8,1 21,8 2,4 38,5 468,3 0,4 7480 0 0 478 955,48 6177,96 0 1367,49 0

493,44 0 -198,77 0 78,55 149,11 158,58 0 -451,06 0 -229,86 -0,02 0,7 21,5 2 24,2 473,7 0,6 666 0 0 0 113,72 908,41 0 241,45 0

357,13 0 -182,97 0 144,37 134,85 181 0 -418,62 0 -215,79 -0,03 0,4 21,6 2 24,1 472,7 0,6 663 0 0 0 104,19 855,64 0 228,25 0

298,39 0 -217,11 0 279,93 149,56 200,54 0 -466,04 0 -245,3 -0,03 -0,7 21,7 2 21,5 471,5 0,7 742 0 0 0 117,53 1029,78 0 289,66 0

85,42 0 -136,19 0 354,82 144,36 120,3 0 -300,04 0 -268,65 0 7,1 22,5 2 29,8 474,8 0,5 720 0 0 0 110,54 640,24 0 83 0

59,25 0 -81,4 -456,02 369,8 149,11 125,77 0 -77,34 0 -89,15 0,02 11,5 21 2,7 43 498,7 0,4 354 0 0 261 57,39 244,04 0 44,19 0

37,79 0 -57,01 -333,05 327,97 144,8 151,74 0 -178,96 0 -93,26 0,03 14,2 21,3 2,7 53 495,1 0,3 348 0 0 185 55,06 164,19 0 25,68 0

14,89 0 -33,96 -670,08 363,96 149,11 154,89 0 21,23 0 0 0,03 17,8 22,2 3,7 59,5 407,9 0,1 613 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

13,71 0 -31,21 -616,62 380,49 149,33 120,3 0 -15,96 0 0 0,03 17,9 21,9 3,6 58,7 409,5 0,1 632 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0

19,91 0 -57,69 -349,35 328,06 144,58 114,83 0 -93,64 0 -106,68 0,02 14,5 21,7 2,7 51,7 497,4 0,2 629 0 0 21 55,27 151,85 0 8,9 0

81,79 0 -111,32 0 243,32 149,11 200,27 0 -291,13 0 -272,05 0 9,8 22,4 2 41,1 474,6 0,3 715 0 0 1 113,72 484,55 0 32,97 0

330,45 0 -165,64 0 102,44 144,58 193,98 0 -370,4 0 -235,44 -0,02 3,4 21,7 2 29,7 472,1 0,5 709 0 0 0 112,45 779,76 0 170,97 0

506,78 0 -198,25 0 64,17 149,33 161,45 0 -448,88 0 -234,63 -0,03 0,7 21,5 2 25,6 472,3 0,6 689 0 0 0 115,62 919,52 0 242,43 0

Sum/Mean

January

February

March

April

May

Juni

July

August

September

October

November

December

2849,75 0 -2570,07 -3557,73 4949,51 3666,89 3108,65 0 -6157,17 0 -2289,83 0 8,1 22,5 1,7 36,2 527,2 0,4 8411 0 0 4 955,48 6271,8 0 1266,75 0

698,66 0 -326,39 0 121,47 308,38 252,26 0 -831,8 0 -222,58 -0,01 0,7 21,3 1,3 24,4 557,3 0,6 574 0 0 3 113,72 903,09 0 246,76 0

506,78 0 -303,76 0 226,51 281,38 287,92 0 -776,98 0 -221,86 -0,01 0,4 21,7 1,3 24 558,3 0,6 649 0 0 0 104,19 859,95 0 223,94 0

389,92 0 -361,16 0 451,14 315,72 319,02 0 -858,61 0 -256,05 -0,02 -0,7 21,9 1,3 21,4 559,9 0,6 744 0 0 0 117,53 1037,53 0 281,9 0

81,47 0 -232,96 0 571,35 299,38 191,37 0 -608,19 0 -302,41 0,01 7,1 23 1,3 29 558,9 0,5 720 0 0 0 110,54 656,52 0 66,7 0

0 0 -163,25 -510,42 627,47 308,38 200,07 0 -310,58 0 -151,64 0,01 11,5 22,8 1,7 37,8 523,6 0,4 710 0 0 1 57,39 272,47 0 12,97 0

0 0 -124,17 -540,84 579,7 306,72 293,58 0 -353,85 0 -161,12 0 14,2 23,4 2,1 46,5 524,7 0,2 703 0 0 0 55,06 180,13 0 5,35 0

0 0 -71,53 -1109,5 636,6 308,38 306,41 0 -70,36 0 0 0 17,8 23,3 2,9 55,5 420,7 0,1 744 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 -64,5 -976,08 606,33 312,05 191,37 0 -69,16 0 0 0 17,9 22,8 2,7 55,3 423,9 0,1 737 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 -120,35 -420,88 511,82 303,05 182,67 0 -292,76 0 -163,52 0,03 14,5 23,4 1,7 46,4 525,2 0,2 718 0 0 0 55,27 158,47 0 2,55 0

46,8 0 -199,02 0 363,43 308,38 318,58 0 -504,98 0 -333,19 0 9,8 23,3 1,3 38,9 557,2 0,3 744 0 0 0 113,72 499,87 0 17,66 0

416,29 0 -275,68 0 157,37 303,05 308,58 0 -665,93 0 -243,68 -0,01 3,4 21,8 1,3 29,6 558,5 0,5 710 0 0 0 112,45 784,95 0 165,78 0

709,82 0 -327,29 0 96,34 312,05 256,83 0 -813,97 0 -233,79 -0,01 0,7 21,5 1,3 25,7 558,2 0,6 658 0 0 0 115,62 918,82 0 243,13 0

HEAT BALANCE RESULTS APARTMENT 2+3 Thermal zone living room-bedrooms qHeating qCooling qInfiltration qVenting qSunRad qPeople qEquipment qLighting qTransmission qMixing qVentilation Sum tOutdoor mean(°C) tOp mean(°C) AirChange(/h) Rel. Moisture(%) Co2(ppm) PAQ(-) Hours > 21 Hours > 26 Hours > 27 Hours < 20 FanPow HtRec ClRec HtCoil ClCoil

DESIGN PROCESS

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

131

F) WIND FLOW

Since the complex was divided into 4 buildings, there started to be a matter not only on the sun analysis but also wind flow. Relatively narrow corridors in the middle of the site forced to investigated how the wind can behave and will the problem of aerodynamic tunnels will appear. In this case smooth wind flow can change in to rapid boosts, making the space uncomfortable during more windy days. The simulation has been made with use of the Autodesk FLOW First iteration of the post 3rd phase project, although having many cuts and openings, delivered very good results, actually lowering the wind much in some areas. Multiple simulation ran throughout the later iterations in the

132

INTRO

design process only brought good results.

Last, final reproduction of the wind conditions proved that air flow behaves fluidly without any issues. South-east direction of the wind showed even very good cover between building A and B with circa 33% of windspeed reduction.

No rapid boosts were noticed.

In conclusion, project turned out not to make any wind problems for the habitants of the complex as well as for other people. Also the lack of cut-outs of the wind flow around the buildings also means that the cross-ventilation should not face any challenges made by the volume and position of the buildings.

ANALYSIS

Single-side and cross ventilations were designed to utilize natural air moving inside dwellings and offices.

PRESENTATION

G) LADYBUG

21st MARCH

DESIGN PROCESS

EPILOGUE

APPENDIX

133