COLONIZING THE POLES CLAIMING TERRITORY
1870 The question of sovereignty reappeared on the international agenda from the 1870s, first with a halfhearted Swedish push.
SVALBARD 1194-2025
1607 People become aware of the fishing opportunities that existed at Svalbard. The question of sovereignty gradually became relevant.
1906 In 1906, John Longyear formed a mining community Artic Coal Company. ”Trøndergruva” was sold to the company and was then called the ”American Mine”. Mine 1a
1901 Mine 1a, also called Trøndergruva was bought
1194 The name Svalbard dates from 1194. The Icelandic annals for this year mention the Svalbarði find in Landnámabók.
1715 After the whalers came the fur hunters. Russian fur hunters overwintered on Svalbard from 1715
1596 The Dutchman Willem Barentsz discovers Svalbard
1916 Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani AS was founded.
1920 Coal dust explosion in Mine 1 3rd of january. Of the 34 men who worked shifts that night, 26 men lost their lives.
1921 Mining accident in Ny-Ålesund and the end of mining operations.
1929 ”Girl boat” It opened for female employees in SNSK.
1939
1945 Reconstruction of the facilities in Longyearbyen and Svea. Mine 1 was put into operation for the collection and preliminary production of coal for the power station and housing needs.
Start of production in Mine 1b and development of Sverdrupbyen. 1941 German attack on Svalbard. Longyearbyen was attacked and the city burned. The town was destroyed, but in Sverdrupbyen, Mine 1 and most of the buildings were untouched by the attack.
1943 Evacuation of Svalbard and Longyearbyen. The coal depots on Svalbard were set on fire, cable cars and the power station were destroyed during the evacuation.
1946 Nybyen was laid out. The need for housing was great when SNSK took up mining operations.
1957 The cableway center was built. One of the most striking things about Longyearbyen is the cableway bucks and the cableway center. Coal transport from the mines for unloading or storage took place by cableway until 1987, and the facilities were built in step with the mines.
1959
1961
Mine 5 in operation.
End of cattle farming in Longyearbyen. so-called recombinant milk was later used via a machine which was popularly called ”Jernkua”/”iron cow”. This made it possible to serve fresh milk to the adult population as well.
1962 Gas explotion in Kings Bay mine in Ny-Ålesund on November 5, 1962. The worst mining accident in Norway’s history. 21 people died in the accident.
1951 ”Huset”/”The house” the new town hall opens. It has been served alcohol here since alcohol was first allowed to be served in the 50s. Most of the city’s institutions, including the school, hospital and post office, have been housed in the House.
1953 Landslide accident in Vannledningsdalen. June 11 three people died and 30 were injured
1963 The requirement for a driver’s license for a car was introduced in Longyearbyen
1971 Mine 3 opens for production operations.
1971 ”Nyskole”/ ”The New school” The ”new school” with gymnasium and pool was taken into use.
1973 The first plane lands at a new airport. The Norwegian state began building a year-round airport.
1983 New power plant in Longyearbyen. 1977 Store Norske becomes a state-owned company
1997 Svalbard satellite station is established as the northernmost in the world. Started with six antennas where the owners were the European Organization for Meteorological Satellites, NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the Norwegian Kongsberg satellite service.
1986 Fall in coal prices. The reason for this was the development in oil prices, but also the tougher competition between South Africa and Australia in the European market was contributing.
New color palette for Longyearbyen 1984
2000 The greatest time for coal mining on Svalbard
2003 Store Norske Gold established.
2008 Svalbard Global Seed Vault has room for 4.5 million seed samples from useful plants from around the world. The storage will ensure that the plants do not die out in local or global disasters, and for the seeds to last for many years, the mountain halls keep low humidity and a temperature of minus 18 degrees.
2015 Mine 3 was opened to visitors and became one of the tourism offerings in Longyearbyen.
2025 UN meets on Svalbard around the table at YME to discuss climate strategy.
2008 Svalbard satellite station has increased to 14 satellites. 2006 The pantodon in the ceiling. Discovered by two miners in Mine 7. The pantodon was a mammal that lived 60 million years ago. At that time there were large, flat coastal plains with rivers and marshes on Svalbard and it was much warmer and wetter than now.
2020
2016 The last coal boat departs from Svea. 2014 Opening of Lunckefjell mine
Svalbard satellite station has increased to 130 satellites.
3000 km
INTERSECTION
Exosphere
FROM CORE TO SPACE
Satelite Sentinel-1 and -2 are very important to be able to monitor the effects of climate change on our glaciers, in the Arctic. The word Sentinel means guardian in Norwegian, and it is good to have these satellites when we want to track our glaciers
The Aura satelite has four instruments working together to measure ozone, trace gases and aerosols. Scientists use the data to study the atmosphere's chemistry and dynamics, especially regarding ozone trends, changes in air quality, and their links to climate change.
Thermosphere
800 km
The International Space station is a habitable space station in low earth orbit. Its first component was launched into orbit in 1998, with the first long-term residents arriving nov 2000. The ownership and use of the space station is established by intergorvernmental treaties and agreements. The ISS serves as a microgravity and space encironment research labaratory in wich crew members conduct experimemtts in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meterology, and other firelds.
100 km
Mesosphere
Aurora is a phenomenon caused by strong solar winds, where the sun throws electrically charged particles into the earth. As the particles hit the atmosphere between 90 and 180 kilometers above the ground, electric radiation is formed which can be seen as northern lights. Svalbard is one of very few places in the world where it is possible to experience the northern lights during the day. The time of darkness lasts until February 14, when the first rays of the sun come over Longyearbyen. But you can still experience the northern lights in the evening and at night until mid-March
Stratosphere
50 km
20 km
SSR, The Sousy Svalbard Radar is a "mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere" (MST) radar. The system can determine atmospheric parameters such as winds and turbulence from a few km altitude to over 100km.
The EISCAT Svalbard Radar have two antennas, aligned along the direction of the local geomagnetic field.The high latitude location of this facility is particularly aimed at studies of the cusp and polar cap region.
Troposphere 560 moh
The Kjell Henriksen Observatory, KHO, is an optical observatory. Here more than 25 optical instruments as well as other non-optical instruments, are employed for research on the middle- and upper atmosphere.
Permafrost
CH A E ANGE - RE CH S
In 50 years, the Arctic basin will be ice-free in the summer, the ice will melt much earlier in the spring and freezing will occur later in the autumn. The perennial ice will be completely gone. The number of polar bears on the planet is reduced, and in Svalbard polar bears will largely be gone
The Svalbard grouse is a native subspecies of mountain grouse and the only plant-eating bird species that overwinters on Svalbard. It is the species that is most harvested in Svalbard. Knowledge of size, development and annual variations in the population is deficient. To ensure sustainable management this need to be monitored.
Foxfonna Glacier is 5 km² large. It goes 6 km from Foxtoppen in south and slides northwards over Breinosa down to Adventdalen.
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Polarlomvi is one of the native birds on Svalbard that the researchers believe is most struggling to adapt to the high temperatures. Since the mid-1990s, all colonies with Polarlomvi monitored on Svalbard have shown signs of decline. If this trend continues, in 40-50 years there will not be many Polarlomvi left on Svalbard.
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E - INTERN AT YM
- CLIM NAL AT IO
YME is an international open-source research station situated in the former Mine 7, in Svalbard, Arctic. The initiative is a long term commitment initiated by Norway, to build a common ground for shared knowledge about climate changes.
STATIO N
Rødnebbternen has the longest migration route of all birds, and is the species that experiences the most daylight during the year. Of the terns, it is the one that nests furthest north, at the same time as it pulls furthest south - from Svalbard to Antarctica, a round trip of 30-40,000 km!
When the ice melts, we get more open sea and dark surface, when the snow disappears from the land areas, thus more energy comes from the sun which causes the temperature in the north to increase drastically. In the future, the permafrost on Svalbard will continue to thaw. The active soil layer, which is the area where the ice melts in summer and thaws again in winter, is expanding.
380 moh
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Crust 100 km
CONTEXT 1:40 000
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REPROGRAMMING FROM MINIG FACILITY TO RESEARCH STATION RESEARCH ON CLIMATE CHANGE We have to work without disciplines to understand how climate change is operating as a system.
GRUVE 7
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Eddy is a oceonographer. He has witnessed five decades of accelerating change in the Arctic. He is staying at YME for one month, to participate in a field workshop, and give lectures.
GLACIER
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Kitchen Technical room Mechanical workshop
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Foajé Library Exhibition space Auditorium Weather capsule Abyss (bridge) Adventure silo Toilet/bathroom
Art can change climate change Ted is a photographer. He believes in capturing images that articulate that humans are not separate from nature. He is staying at YMEfor two weeks to work alongside scientists and have an exhibiton at YME
WRI T I
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Ian is an ice scientist who is a part of the research consortium that is monitoring developments and the effects of climate change.
BRA 178m²
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COMMON Cabins Shared work sphere Dark sphere Viewpoint / Observatory Workshop Kitchen Living space Toilet/bathroom Storage/printing
John works for NASA’s Earth Science Division. He was invited to stay at YME for a years recidency to work in collaboration with others experts.
9*5,5m² 38m² 38m² 38m² 37m² 24m² 120m² 20m² 25m²
Sarah is a geologist from Siberia. She is joining a long-term monitoring effort to explore what melting of permafrost means for arctic ecosystems.
YME
BRA 1080m² BREINOSA 726 m.o.h.
Eiscat research facility 380 m.o.h.
Foxfonna glacier
River fan Kjell Henriksen Observatory
Foxfonna morene
The lake
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Bolterd alen
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n tdale Adven
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Longyearbyen 10 km
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THE STRUCTURES AND HOW WE DEAL WITH THEM
Lifetime of things Stuff Space plan Services Skin Structure Site
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We replace some stuff, and reuse what we can. The space plan is transformed to its new purpose. The services can largely serve the new purpose. We keep. Punctuate, and reinforce it some places. The structure lives on and serve the new purpose. The site lives on and serve the new purpose.
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The existing walls and roof are punctuated and left over elements are moved and reused.
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From the former conveyer belt we have moved and reused one of the two trusses going from silo No. 1 to Silo No. 2 and 3.
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There are three silos at the site. Silo No.1 refine and sort the coal into two different qualities. From silo No. 2 the coal is shipped to Germany and used to make molds for the metal industry. From silo No. 3 the coal is transported to the powerplant in Longyearbyen. We move and transform silo No. 1 and 2. We keep and transform silo No. 3 on site.
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Space for solving issues Messanin for retireing and contemplating Messanin for discussing / stage Path to adventure The truss bridge Auditorium Cabins for half sleeping Common kitchen Common living space Capsule for processing data Path to observation and overwiev
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1 Coast and Ocean sphere 2 Glacier sphere 3 Permafrost sphere 4 Weather sphere 5 A place to exchange 6 Expert’s back door 7 Common worksphere 8 A place to exhibit 9 Atelier 10 Print space 11 Main entry 12 Foaje 13 Peak in/out 14 Wardrobe 15 Weather capsule 16 To the solving space 17 Library / service space 18 Industrial kitchen 19 Mechanical workshop 20 Logistics / storage / technical 21 To archives and abyss
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