Landscape Sketchbook

SKETCHBOOK Tracy Du History of Landscape Architecture Semester 2, 2017

ABPL90265

From 4:15pm to 5:15 pm Tutor: Anna Hooper Yuqing Du 800859

Preface Imperial gardens and royal palaces contain an abundant history of landscape. They represent the highest level of gardening at own age. Through discovering and analyzing design philosophy, landscape elements, cultural interaction, and ecological consideration, it will facilitate landscape architect to learn valuable lessons from previous experience.

Content

2

Chinese Imperial Gardens

3

Japanese Imperial Gardens

7

French Royal Gardens & Palaces

11

Britain Imperial Gardens & Places

16

Bibliography & Figures

19

Chapter 1 Chinese Imperial Gardens The Summer Palace

Harmony of Water

The Old Summer Palace

Cutural Interaction

The Imperial Garden

Pavilions

Word Count: 346

Chinese Imperial Gardens · · · · · · The Summer Palace The Summer Palace Construed in 1764 Harmony of Water

B

$UWLÀFLDO 0RXQWDLQV A

A. the Summer Palace

$UWLÀFLDO /DNH

View

of th

e Su

zhou

St.

B. the Old Summer Palace

Fig 1. The location of two imperial gardens

The Summer Palace, known as Yihe Yuan, is a garden which influenced the capital’s water system in Emperor Qianlong era (see Fig. 1).

Due to the preference of the West Lake, Qian long required designers to simulate landscapes of the Lake and used Chinese philosophy, Yin and Yang, to build a water reservoir for surrounding agriculture areas1 (see Fig. 2).

Bridges & Entrances Fig 3. The View from the Kunming Lake Mountains and the lake were made by people nearly 300 year ago, but they look like natural products.

The marble boat combined Chinese-style base with western structure.

Tiny stores by the river stimulated the market outside of the palace Fig 4. The Su Zhou Street in the Summer Palace The Qing emperors could enjoy ordinary people’s lives by the water.

In order to construct comfortable water landscape, no matter what classical buildings or exotic architectures were introduced into the garden (see Fig. 3 & 4). Furthermore, a shopping street by the river was built (see Fig. 5).

Yin and Yang of Gardening

Fig 2. The reconstruction of water system The designer took advantage of islands and divide the lake.

4

Before

After

Fig 5. The Marble Boat.

Like the Old Summer Palace, there are numerous water landscape followed the western styles.

1. Jun Jia. Summer Palace (Beijing : Tsinghua University Press, 2009), 27.

Chinese Imperial Gardens · · · · · · The Old Summer Palace The Old Summer Palace Construed from 1707 Cultural Interaction

The old Summer Palace, known as Yuanming Yuan, was one of the wonders of the world. The Qing Emperor Kangxi built the garden to his fourth son Yinzhen. Before being destructed by the French and Britsh troops in 1860, The garden was reputed as ‘Garden of gardens’ because of its combination of oriental and western art.

Outer and inner plants encompass the site. It is only a natural consideration, but also a privacy consideration of the Emperor’s life.

Chinese hip roof

Western Structure

Axis

Western Fountain & Sculptures Chinese Zodiac

Chinese Thrones The inverse surface of the roof in Chinese palaces. It provides a harmonious aesthetic effect of architecture.

Fig 7. Picture of reconstitued the Xie Qiqu Pavilion The roof of the palace and sculptures are Chinese styles, but the sorrounding elements are Western styles It proves the cultural interaction in the Old Summer Palace.

Fig 6. Arial view of Hanjing Hall The main palace is on the central axis like the palace in the Imperial Garden. Traditional chinses architectural structures connote the oriental art.

Oriental Art Every single Chinese garden took full consideration of architectural design, plants selections, implicit beauty and harmony with nature. Like the Hanjing Hall (see Fig. 6), the main building is hidden by various plants.

Victor Hugo claimed that the Old Summer Palace was a completion of chimerical art2.

Western Armorial Festoons

Fig 8. Ruins of the Western Buildings in the garden

The Xie Qiqu Pavilion (built in 1751) was inspired by both chinses styles Western styles (see Fig. 7). From the ruins of the western buildings in the garden. It is incredible to see the Western armorial festoons consisting of swords, guns and arrows could be carved in chinese thrones3.

5

2. Daiheng Guo. China’s lost imperial garden : the world’s most exquisite garden rediscovered (New York: Better Link Press, 2016), 33.

3. Guo, China’s lost imperial garden : the world’s most exquisite garden rediscovered, 205.

Chinese Imperial Gardens · · · · · · The Imperial Garden Fig 9: The plan of the Imperial Gardens (Yuhua Yuan) The main palace is on the central axis and demonstrates imperial centralization of authority due to Chinese philosophy.

Axis

Round-crown roof Cloud Shape C

Summer

Square Base

G

D

Axis

Spring

B

Autumn

Fig 10. The shape of the Pavilion of Myriad Spring (B) The shape is popular in Chinese Imperial gardens. The round-crown roof is 2 decorated by cloud shapes The square base adds interests of contrast .

F

E

Spring

A A. Kunning Gate

B. Pavilion of Myriad Spring

F. Tianyi Gate

G. Hall of Imperial Peace

The Imperial Garden Construed in 1420 Pavilions

6

C. Pavilion of Floating Greenning

D. Pavilion of Everlasting Sunshine

E. Pavilion of Crimson Snow

The Imperial garden in China was built for the Ming Emperor Yongle. The pattern has not changed for nearly 600 years. It is independently designed in the north of the Kunning Gate and has distinct axes because of Chinses Fengshui5(see Fig. 9).

Pavilions play important roles in imperial Chinese gardens. Four pavilions are at the corners of the garden(see Fig. 9). They (B, C, D & E) symbolize four seasons. For the balance of the picture, two of them are symmetrical on the east-west axis. Their architectural structures are different(see Fig. 10 & 11).

5. Jun Jia, Chinese imperial gardens (Beijing : Tsinghua University Press, 2013), 67.

Upward stairs

Fig 11. The Pavilion of Floating Greenning (C) The spring pavilion and it form a group. Visitors may go upstairs through pavilions.

The design can enable people to stay in the pavilion for shade and water lamdscape.

2. Jia, Chinese imperial gardens, 68.

Chapter 2 Japanese Imperial Gardens The Sento Imperial Villa

Bridges & Nature

The Shugakuin Imperial Villa

Pavilions & Simplicity

The Kyoto Imperial Palace

Shinden & Red Pillars

Word Count: 328

Japanese Imperial Gardens · · · · · · The Sento Imperial Villa The Sento Imperial Villa

In the stone bridge, vegetation covers the top and climbing plants may bring effects of obstructive scenery (see Fig.3).

Materials of bridges

Completed in 1630 Bridges & Nature

A. The Sento Imperial Villa B. Momijiyama A

C. Yatsuhashi D. Seikatei

B C

D

Fig 1. Plan of the Sento Imperial Villa

The Sento Imperial Villa was built for the retired Emperors Gomizuno’o.

The garden interprets how Japanese artists designed with nature.

There are 111,000 rather flat and oval stones laid on the ground surface1.

Stone Bridges

Climbing Plants

Fig 3 . The Yatsuhashi Bridge is hidden by climbing plants. Soft vegetation make hard stones integrated with nature.

Stepping Stones Mouldiness Seasonal Channge Weather Impacts

Impermaence & Pershibility

Vulnerability Perishable Wood Expanding mosses

Rollinbg stones Slippery Mosses

Moldy stones

Light stones

Fig 2. Stepping stones in Seikatei

8

Compared to the strong references to humanism, individualism, in western gardening design, the symbolism of Japanese gardens is a deep veneration of the natural beauty2. Sometimes it seems to deliberately group unpopular natural elements, like perishable woods, moldy stones and slippery mosses (see Fig. 2 & 4). They are the impermanence and perishability of things which can reflect the appreciation of Japanese use of old and worn materials3.

Fig 4. The surface of the Momijiyama Bridge is covered by little stones and mosses These natural elements can introduce the passage of time.

1. Yukio Futagawa, Celestial gardens: Kyoto Imperial Palace and Villa (Edita Tokyo, 2015), 172 2. Seiko Goto and Takahiro Naka, Japanese Gardens : Symbolism and Design (Taylor and Francis, 2015), 156.

3. Geeta K. Mehta and Kimie Tada, Japanese Gardens : Tranquility, Simplicity, Harmony, (Tuttle Publishing, 2012), 17.

Japanese Imperial Gardens · · · · · · The Shugakuin Imperial Villa The Shugakuin Imperial Villa Completed in 1659 Pavilions & Simplicity Fig 5. The Plan of the Shugakuin Imperial Villa Upper Villa

Water A

Afforestation

Lower Villa

Fig 6. Kysuitei at the Upper villa (A). The surface of the roof is simple

Fig 7. Rakushiken at the Middle villa(B). The roof is simply composed of stones and tiles

Fig 8. Kyakuden at the Middle villa(C). The surface and materials of the roof are simple

Fig 9. Jugetsukan at the Lower villa(D). The roof is simply composed of tiles

D

Middle Villa

B C 0m

50m

A. Kyusuitei

100m

B. Rakushiken

C. Kyakuden

D. Jugetsukan

The Shugakuin Imperial Villa was also built for the retired Emperor Gomizuno’o. Three villas are at different heights on the site4 (see Fig.5).

Pavilions at these villas represent the simplicity of Japanese gardens.

Shape

Chinese

Materials

Surface of the roof

Japanese

As images shown before, there is an inverse surface on the Chinese pavilion. The curve shape interprets the complexity of Chinese aesthetic5. However, simple straight surfaces are more common on Japanese pavilions(see 6, 7 & 9). The plain shape represents simplicity of Japanese aesthetic.

Tiles

Stones

Without being decorated by cloud shapes and covered by golden materials like Chinese garden, the roof of Japanese gardens is only composed of tiles and stones.

9

4. Yukio Futagawa, Celestial gardens: Kyoto Imperial Palace and Villa (Edita Tokyo, 2015), 83.

5. Xianda Li and Yu liu “ The ‘shape’ and ‘meaning’ of the roof arts in Chinese classical architecture,” IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 61 (2017): 95.

Japanese Imperial Gardens · · · · · · Kyoto Imperial Palace Shishiden

Visual line 2

A

Visual line 1

Fig 11. Watch through red pilliars (Visual line 1)

Sorrounding buildings

Fig 10. Scale model of the Kyoto Imperial Palace

A. Shishiden

Shinden Style

Shiden Style

Undeveloped spaces

Red Pillars at Dantei

Symmetrical line

A symmetry of the group of buildings is surrounded by undeveloped spaces

The Kyoto Imperial Palace Established in 1331 Rebuilt in 1855 Shinden & Red Pillars

The palace was built for Emperor Kogon 1331. Most current views of the palace date from 18556. Shinden style of the palace was widely used at that time. These buildings were used for official ceremonies.

Red is the color of vigor and power, but unlike China, it is seldom used in the imperial palace. At the Kyoto Imperial Palace, people can make sense of solemness though red pillars (Fig. 11 & 12). The pillars at Dantei combined with white walls are designed for enthronement ceremony in the Shishiden.

Fig 12. Watch through red pilliars (Visual line 2)

10

6. Thomas Daniell, Houses and Gardens of Kyoto, (Tuttle Publishing, 2012), 37.

3

Chapter 3 French Royal Gardens & Palaces The Palace of Rambouillet

Sculptures & Architecture

The Palace of Fontainebleau

Architecture & Forest

The Palace of Saint-Cloud

Fountains & Cascades

Word Count: 280

French Royal Gardens & Palaces · · · · · · The Palace of Rambouillet The Palace of Rambouillet Established from 1547 Sculptures & Architecture

The Palace of Rambouillet

A. The Palace of Rambouillet B. Original Forest

B

C. Original Hunting Ground

A

C

0m

50m

100m

Fig 2. Statues in hunting ground. They represent the powerful strength of humans.

Fig 1. Plan of the Palace of Rambouillet

Rambouillet is one of the most famous of the minor royal chateaux of France1. From the death of King Francis in 1547 to the fall of Napoleon III in 1870, the ownership of the palace had changed several times, but its location, by the river, was well saved (see Fig.1).

Sculptures Château style

Renaissance

Romanesque

Unlike Chinese sculptures that mostly symbolize superstition because of Fengshui. Frech sculptures, even western statues are placed for memorizing movements2(see Fig.2).

Architecture Syncretism

Syncretism architectures were popular with French architects from the 19th century to the 20th century. It is common to see different architectural styles combined in one palace (see Fig.3).

Fig 3. Syncretism architecture of the Palace of Rambouillet

12

1. Francisco Mansfield and Blanche McManus. Royal Palaces and Parks of France (Project Gutenberg, 2008), 310 2. Crary W. Brownell. French Art : Classic and Contemporary Painting and Sculpture. (Project Gutenberg, 2005)

French Royal Gardens & Palaces · · · · · · The Palace of Fontainebleau The Palace of Rambouillet Established from 1528 Architecture & Forest

On 28 April 1528, Francois contracted with Gilles Le Breton for rebuilding a palace in the new Renaissance at Fontainebleau3(see Fig. 4). Similarly, the Palace was also built by the canal.The most appearances of buildings have existed nearly 600 years from that time.

Renaissance Architecture

Architecture

Except for the new architectural style, there were numerous elaborate details in the Palace. For instance, a horseshoe staircase was constructed in 1580 (see Fig. 5). The two arcs were taken into account security and symbolism of triumph4.

Fig 5. The West front of the Palace Fontainebleau

Horseshoe Staricase

A

Deciduous Plants

B A. The Palace of Fontainebleau B. The Grand Canal of Fontainebleau

C

C. The Forest of Fontainebleau —— The Jardin Anglais

Forest

The scenic forest is well-known among Parisians, as well as for the Palace (see Fig.4 & 6). Today, it is the Jardin Anglais, English-style garden, with a large mix of deciduous plants.

Fig 4. The Palace of Fontainebleau and gardens early in the 17th century

13

Fig 6. The Forest in the Southwest of the Palace

3. Ian Dunlop, The royal palaces of France (New York : Norton, 1985), 33.

4. Dunlop, The royal palaces of France, 43.

French Royal Gardens & Palaces · · · · · · The Palace of Saint-Cloud Historic Sculpturs

A

B

Fountains

Fig 8. The Fountain (A)

Fig 7. Plan of the Palace of Saint-Cloud,1720

The Palace of Saint-Cloud

Trees

A. The Cascade

B. The Fountain

Fountains and cascades could construct a rural seclusion to Paris

The Palace of Saint-Cloud Burned out 1870 Rebuilt since 2006 Fountains & Cascades

The Palace of Saint-Cloud, originally owned by the Parc de Saint-Cloud, located near the river as well. It had been appointed for the reception of royal family. Emperor preferred to stay here in summer from the 17th century to the 19th century.

The cascades and fountains were set on the high ground across the river because the Saint-Cloud enjoyed the rural proximity to Paris5. They are in the front of the palace and can form an artifitial shield.

Fig 9. The Cascade (B)

14

5. Dunlop, The royal palaces of France, 253.

3

Chapter 4 Britain Imperial Gardens & Places The Conwy Castle

Walls & Lives

The Royal Garden of Kew

Chinese Elements

The Windsor Great Park

The Long Walk & Biodiversity

Word Count: 395

Britain Imperial Gardens & Places · · · · · · The Conwy Castle Windows

A

B

D

C I

Site of kitch and stables J

Inner Ward

Outer Ward

Town

H

Hall

Great Hall

Chapel

E

F

Machicolations Fig 3. Distant view of the castle.

G

In the Castle Boiling water Thick stones

Outside Attackers A. NW Tower B. Kitchen Tower C. Stockhouse Tower D. Chapel Tower E. SE Tower G. Prison Tower H. SW Tower H. Site of Granary J. Site of Drawbridge

F. Bakehouse Tower

Upstanding Walls

Fig 1. Plan showing location of Edward I’s loding in the inner ward Outer Ward for the King’s household and companions Inner ward for the King’s lodgings survive 1 Sperate chamber with a chapel

The Conwy Castle Completed in 1289 Walls & Lives The Conwy Castle was built by Edward I to demonstrate English power. The emperor could lead a protective life in the fully functional castle (see Fig. 1).

Although the castle was designed for wars, like stone machicolations in Britain (see Fig4), private royal chambers in England and Wale were preserved in the castle. It provides visitors to understand the history of the site.

16

Store military and living supplies

Worship

Living Room

Fig. 2 Function of the Living Site Conwy

Besides adequate facilities (see Fig. 2) in the castle, the design of walls took account of the security and practicability. In order to carve windows in the walls, sandstone was selected to replace the local gray stones (see Fig. 3).

Fig. 4 the bird eye of the Conwy

1. Simon Thurley, The royal palaces of Tudor England : architecture and court life, 1460-1547 (New Haven : Published for the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art by Yale University Press), 1993.

Britain Imperial Gardens & Places ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ The Royal Garden of Kew

Brentford Gate

Woodland Glade

Chinese inversed-curve roof

Evolusion House

English decoration Palm House

The Great Pogada

Orgnery Restaurant Princess of Wales Conservatory

Temperate House

Steel pillars Main Gate

Museum No.1 Victoria Gate

Fig 6. Chinses-style Pavilion. It is a pavilion restaurant today.

Fig 5. Plan of the Royal Garden of Kew

Chinese Elements Kew was the residence of the Princess Dowager of Wales and her son, George III1. It became a royal botanical garden from 1840.

Chinses Elements

10 stories 253 stairs

Established from 1759

In the south-east of the garden, a Chinses pagoda (see Fig. 5) designed by William Chambers in 1762. He had been China twice. The Great Pagoda has stood for nearly 250 years. As mentioned in chapter 1, the western architectural design was also introduced in the Old Summer Palace. It confirms the prosperous communication of two cultures in the middle of the 18th centruy.

Pogada tapers in Kew

50 meters

The Royal Garden of Kew

- There is a pavilion combined features of two countries (see Fig. 6).

- The Great Pogada could incredibly stand steadily during World War II because of the special tapers (see Fig.7 ). )URP WKH ÀUVW OD\HU WR WKH WRSPRVW cm less in diameter and height is lesser than the preceding one

17

Fig 7. The Great Pogada in the Royal Garden of Kew

2. William Jackson Bean and William Thiselton-Dyer, The Royal botanic gardens, Kew : historical and descriptive (London Cassell, 1908), 15.

Britain Imperial Gardens & Places · · · · · · The Windsor Great Park The Windsor Great Park Established from 13th century

The Long Walk & Biodiversity

The Windor Great Park was composed of two private hunting grounds until the end of the 17th century3. From 1680, the Long Walk (see Fig.8 ) was started to be built. Through the 4.26 km alndscape corridor, visitors can cross the deer park in the Windsor Great Park Such nearly 4.26 km landscape corridor cannot be built now and in the future.

The Windsor Great Park contributes a lot to biodiversity.

The Windsor Castle

D

Greenbelt The Long walk provided convenience for people with entertainment. Today it provides convenience for deer to migrate.

The oldest tower of the Windsor Castle can be dated back to 1070, the round tower we can see today was remodeled by George IV in the 1820s4

Copper House

E

Fig 9. Deer cross the Long Walk. Habits of animals are preserved.

On the light of current landscaping requiremenb, such long walk is not humanistic, but the connectivity was important for hunting, even for marching.

A. Virginia Water B. Valley Garden C. Savil Garden D. Flemish Farm C

E. South Forest The Long Walk

Rose

Perennial grass or specimen trees with architectural edges

B

A 0

1km

2km

Fig 8. Plan of the Royal Garden of Kew and the Windsor Castle

18

Fig 10. The rose garden at the Savil garden. Soft and Dynamic plants used in the park.

3. Jane Roberts, the Gardens and Parks of Windsor (Yale University Press, 1997), 261

4. John Eric Adair, The royal palaces of Britain (Thames and Hudson, 1981), 55

Bibliography

Figures

Chapter 1

Chapter 1

Clancy, Judith. Kyoto Gardens. Masterworks of the Japanese Gardener’s Art. North Clarendon : Tuttle Publishing, 2015.

Figure 1: Jia, Jun. 2009. ‘The location of two imperial gardens’, Summer Palace, 21.

Figure 2: Jia, Jun. 2009. ‘The reconstruction of water system’, Summer Palace, 27.

Figure 3: Jia, Jun. 2009. ‘The View from the Kunming Lake’, Summer Palace, 01.

Figure 4: Jia, Jun. 2009. ‘The Marble Boat’, Summer Palace, 267.

Figure 5: Jia, Jun. 2009. ‘The Su Zhou Street in the Summer Palace’, Summer Palace, 111-112.

Figure 6: Guo, Daheng. 2016. ‘Arial view of Hanjing Hall’, China’s lost imperial garden : the world’s most exquisite garden rediscovered, 52.

Figure 7: Guo., ‘Picture of reconstitued the Xie Qiqu Pavilion’, China’s lost imperial garden : the world’s most exquisite garden rediscovered, 193.

Figure 8: Guo., ‘Ruins of the Western Buildings in the garden’, China’s lost imperial garden : the world’s most exquisite garden rediscovered, 205.

Figure 9: Jia, Jun. 2013. ‘The plan of the Imperial Gardens’, Chinese imperial gardens, 67.

Figure 10: Jia., ‘The shape of Pavilion of Myriad Spring’, Chinese imperial gardens, 69 Figure 11: Jia., 2013. ‘The Pavilion of Floating Greenning’, Chinese imperial gardens, 70

Futagawa, Yukio. Celestial gardens: Kyoto Imperial Palace and Villa . 2015.

Mehta, Geeta K., and Kimie Tada. Japanese Gardens. Tranquility, Simplicity, Harmony. New York : Tuttle Publishing, 2012.

Chapter 2 Daniell, Thomas. Houses and Gardens of Kyoto. North Clarendon: Tuttle Publishing, 2012.

Futagawa, Yukio. Celestial gardens: Kyoto Imperial Palace and Villa. Edita Tokyo, 2015.

Goto, Seiko, and Takahiro Naka. Japanese Gardens : Symbolism and Design. Taylor and Francis, 2015.

Li, Xianda, and Yu liu “ The ‘shape’ and ‘meaning’ of the roof arts in Chinese classical architecture� IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 61 (2017): 95.

Mehta, Geeta K., and Kimie Tada. Japanese Gardens. Tranquility, Simplicity, Harmony. New York : Tuttle Publishing, 2012.

Chapter 3 Brownell, W. Crary. French Art : Classic and Contemporary Painting and Sculpture. Project Gutenberg, 2005.

Dunlop, Ian. The royal palaces of France. New York : Norton, 1985.

0DQVĂ€HOG 0 ) DQG %ODQFKH 0F0DQXV Royal Palaces and Parks of France. Project Gutenberg, 2008

Chapter 4 Adair, John Eric. The royal palaces of Britain. Thames and Hudson, 1981.

Bean,William Jackson, and William Thiselton-Dyer. The Royal botanic gardens, Kew : historical and descriptive .

London Cassell, 1908.

Chambers, William, Sir. Plans, elevations, sections, and perspective views of the gardens and buildings at Kew, in Surry the seat of Her Royal Highness, the Princess Dowager of Wales. London : Printed by J. Haberkorn, 1763.

Roberts, Jane. the Gardens and Parks of Windsor, Yale University Press, 1997.

Thurley, Simon. The royal palaces of Tudor England : architecture and court life, 1460-1547. New Haven : Published for the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art by Yale University Press, 1993.

Word Count: 1349

Chapter 2 Figure 1: ‘Plan of the Sento Imperial Villa’, from https://sankan.kunaicho.go.jp/english/guide/institution_sento.html.

Figure 2: Futagawa, Yukio. 2017, ‘Stepping stones in Seikatei’. Celestial gardens: Kyoto Imperial Palace and Villa, 213.

Figure 3: Futagawa., ‘The Yatsuashi Bridge is hidden by climbing plants’. Celestial gardens: Kyoto Imperial Palace and Villa, 200.

Figure 4: ‘The surface of the Momijiyama Bridge is covered by little stones and mosses’, from https://guiadejapon.es/kyoto/palacio-imperial-sento.

Figure 5: ‘The Plan of the Shugakuin Imperial Villa’, http://sankan.kunaicho.go.jp/english/guide/institution_shugaku.html.

Figure 6: Futagawa., ‘Kysuitei at the Upper villa (A)’. Celestial gardens: Kyoto Imperial Palace and Villa, 42.

Figure 7: ‘ Rakushiken at the Middle villa(B)’, from http://bbs.qyer.com/thread-2538596-1.html.

Figure 8: Futagawa., ‘Kyakuden at the Middle villa(C)’. Celestial gardens: Kyoto Imperial Palace and Villa, 76.

Figure 9: Futagawa., ‘Jugetsukan at the Lower villa(D)’. Celestial gardens: Kyoto Imperial Palace and Villa,61.

Figure 10: ‘Scale model of the Kyoto Imperial Palace’, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scale_model_of_Kyoto_imperial_palace.jpg.

Figure 11: Futagawa.,‘Watch through red pilliars (Visual line 1)’. Celestial gardens: Kyoto Imperial Palace and Villa, 225.

Figure 12: Futagawa.,‘Watch through red pilliars (Visual line 2)’. Celestial gardens: Kyoto Imperial Palace and Villa, 228.

Chapter 3 Figure 1: ‘Plan of the Palace of Rambouillet’, from Google Map. Figure 2: Richard, ‘Statues in hunting ground’. from http://www.everycastle.com/Chateau-de-Rambouillet.html.

Figure 3: ‘Syncretism architecture of the Palace of Rambouillet’, https://au.pinterest.com/pin/271412315013551832/.

Figure 4: Francini, Tommaso. ‘The Palace of Fontainebleau and gardens early in the 17th century’, from http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Palace_of_Fontainebleau.

Figure 5: Dunlop, Ian. 1985. ‘The West front of the Palace Fontainebleau’. The royal palaces of France, 43.

Figure 6: ‘The Forest in the Southwest of the Palace’, from https://au.pinterest.com/pin/355432595575343547/ Figure 7: Andrieu, 1720. ‘Plan of the Palace of Saint-Cloud,1720’, from Bibliothèque nationale de France, dĂŠpartement Estampes et photographie.

Figure 8: ‘The Fountain (A)’. from https://www.gardenvisit.com/uploads/image/image/164/16476/parc_de_saint-cloud_1757a_jpg_original.jpg.

Figure 9: Dunlop, Ian. 1985. ‘The Cascade (B)’. The royal palaces of France, 267.

Chapter 4 Figure 1: Thurley, Simon. 1993, ‘Plan showing location of Edward I’s loding in the inner ward’. The royal palaces of France, 7.

Figure 2: ‘Function of the Living Site Conwy’. The royal palaces of France, from https://au.pinterest.com/pin/575475658606761545/.

Figure 3: ‘Distant view of the castle’, from Royal Collection Trust.

Figure 4: DeAgostini 2011, ‘the bird eye of the Conwy’, from http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/license/480824631.

Figure 5: ‘Plan of the Royal Garden of Kew ’, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Kew_Map.jpg.

Figure 6: Chambers, William. 1763, ‘Chinses-style Pavilion’. Plans, elevations, sections, and perspective views of the gardens and buildings at Kew, 51.

Figure 7: ‘The Great Pogada in the Royal Garden of Kew’. from http://www.bangli.uk/55394.html.

Figure 8: ‘Plan of the Royal Garden of Kew and the Windsor Castle’. from http://jiang.co.uk/visituk/category/%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD/.

Figure 9: Ward, Patrick. 2005. ‘Deers cross the Long Walk’, form Alamy Stock Photo.

Figure 10: ‘The rose garden at the Savil garden’. The royal palaces of France, IURP KWWSV ID\G\NH Ă€OHV ZRUGSUHVV FRP YLVXDO URVH JDUGHQ MSJ

SKETCH BOOK History of Landscape Architecture