Issue 18; 2026 All Markets
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All Markets EDITION
CONTENTS Meet the ITA Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Editorial: 2026 International Titanium Association Lifetime Achievement Award . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Titanium Global Trade Statistics by AeroOutlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 IATA, Deloitte Weigh Emerging Trends for the Commercial Aerospace Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Titanium Supplier Hermith of Germany Provides a Glimpse of European Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Securing Feedstock: Sourcing Titanium and Key Alloying Elements in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Evaluating the Formability of Ti-6Al-4V At Low Temperature and High-Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 From the Wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Editorial Published by:
International Titanium Association www.titanium.org 1-303-404-2221 Telephone ita@titanium.org Email Editor & Executive Director: Jennifer Simpson EDITORIAL OFFICES
International Titanium Association PO Box 1300 Eastlake, Colorado 80614-1300 USA DISTRIBUTION LIST
Join this free distribution by emailing us at ita@titanium.org
ITA Membership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Advertiser Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
YOUR EXPERTISE. OUR INDUSTRY. YOUR STORY. Have knowledge, innovation or insight worth sharing with the global titanium community? TITANIUM TODAY is looking for editorial contributions from industry professionals. Share your technical expertise, market perspective, innovative applications, company developments or industry insights with readers throughout the titanium supply chain. www.titanium.org TITANIUMTODAY
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MEET THE ITA BOARD ITA Executive Committee
Martin Pike
Brett Paddock
Sam Stiller
Markus Holz
ITA President President ATI Specialty Materials
ITA Vice President VP Commercial Howmet Engineered Structures
ITA Secretary / Treasurer President & C.E.O Titanium Industries Inc
ITA Past President Professor, ITA Academic Member Academic Individual Member
ITA Directors
David Beddome
ITA Director Chief Executive Officer STS Metals
ITA Director Vice President Metallic Raw Material, Forgings & Castings and Fasteners Procurement - PMM Airbus SAS (France)
Steve Chavez
Frank Perryman
Jeffrey Easto
John Scherzer
ITA Director CEO All-Met Recycling
ITA Director Vice President Purchasing TIMET, Titanium Metals Corporation
ABOUT THE ITA: ITA (https://titanium.org/) is a membership-based international trade association dedicated to the titanium metal industry. Established in 1984, the ITA’s main mission is to connect the public interested in using titanium with specialists from across the globe who may offer sales and technical assistance. Working through its extensive membership resources, the ITA seeks to expand the knowledge base for the metal, providing technical literature and sponsoring seminars and conferences. 4
Olivier Maillard
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ITA Director President, Chief Executive Officer Perryman Company
ITA Director Vice President – Medical Markets Carpenter Technology Corporation
Jennifer Simpson
Executive Director Ex-Officio Member of the Board International Titanium Association
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ITA COMMITTEES ITA Committee Chairs Medical Technology
Dr. Colin McCracken Product Manager, Biomedical, Titanium Oerlikon Metco (Canada) Inc.
Colin McCracken gained his B.Sc., M.Phil. and Ph.D. in Metallurgy from Brunel University of West London, UK in 1992. Colin then joined AVX Ltd - Tantalum Division working on capacitor grade tantalum powders and left in 2005 as Head of R&D. Colin then moved to the USA to join Reading Alloys Inc. as Development Manager - Powder Products and in 2011 Colin was appointed to Director of Product and Market Development at Ametek SMP - Reading Alloys. In 2013 Colin relocated to Ontario Canada to work with H.C. Starck Canada Inc. and then later joined Tekna Advanced Materials before finally joining Oerlikon Metco Canada Inc. in 2017 as a Product Manager for Biomedical and Titanium products. In 2016 Colin was awarded a Fellow from the UK Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining.
Ti Today Contributors
Michael C. Gabriele ITA Contributor Michael Gabriele is an independent freelance writer on behalf of the International Titanium Association (ITA).
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Global Industrial Markets
Nate Fairfield
Director, Key Accounts Titanium Industries Nate Fairchild is responsible for all large long-term sales agreements and contracts for the company. Titanium Industries is a global leader in specialty metals & titanium supply for the Aerospace, Defense, Industrial, Medical and Oil & Gas markets, with a network of service centers strategically positioned around the world to support these industries.
Safety Education
Robert Lee
President Accushape™ Inc. Robert G. Lee is the President and Owner of Accushape™ Inc. Mr. Lee is Chair of the ITA Safety and Compliance Committee. During the past 50 years, Robert Lee has been directly involved in the processing of titanium and other special metals in many forms including, machining, welding, forging casting, screening, pressing and sintering of titanium powder Accushape™ was started in 1987 by Robert Lee for the purpose of scaling up the production of knife handles for Buck Knives made by pressing and sintering (P/S) of titanium sponge granules (titanium powder) (TSG) to produce a net shape finished knife handle. Accushape has produced over 500,000 titanium P/S parts including knife handles, golf club inserts, hex nuts and washers.. Accushape™ has processed and screened 100’s of thousands of pounds of titanium sponge fines to customer’s special requirements. More recently, Mr. Lee has been issued 7 patents for a new titanium based material system TiCarbonite® and the ODAK™ tile system. TiCarbonite® is a light weight, extremely hard and tough material finding applications for ballistics armor. ODAK™ tiles create many types of systems with no increase in thickness and no through gap, making possible flexible material systems that can fit contours.
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2026 International Titanium Association Lifetime Achievement Award
Honoring Sylvain Gehler Few individuals have shaped the modern titanium industry as profoundly as Sylvain Gehler, recipient of the 2026 International Titanium Association Lifetime Achievement Award. Over nearly four decades, Gehler has combined entrepreneurial vision, strategic leadership, and an unwavering commitment to industry collaboration to help build one of the world’s most resilient and trusted titanium supply networks. Beginning with the founding of Specialty Metals Company (SMC) in Brussels in 1988, Gehler recognized early that the future of advanced manufacturing would depend on secure, high-quality sources of titanium. His deep understanding of global markets and long-term industry needs led to one of the defining milestones of his career—the acquisition of a controlling interest in the Ust-Kamenogorsk Titanium and Magnesium Plant (UKTMP) in Kazakhstan during the mid-1990s. Under his leadership, UKTMP evolved from a producer of titanium sponge into a world-class manufacturer of premium titanium ingots, strengthening the global aerospace supply chain and positioning the company as a trusted partner to leading manufacturers worldwide. Throughout his career, Gehler has consistently anticipated industry challenges before they emerged. His strategic vision helped establish innovative partnerships, including the creation of UKAD and the pioneering Eco-Titanium initiative, integrating primary titanium production with advanced European recycling capabilities. These efforts not only enhanced supply chain security but also advanced sustainability while reinforcing Europe’s competitiveness in
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aerospace manufacturing. Beyond his business achievements, Gehler has become one of the industry’s most respected voices. A frequent speaker at International Titanium Association conferences, he has shared his expertise with audiences across Europe and North America while encouraging collaboration among producers, manufacturers, and customers. His willingness to mentor emerging professionals and openly exchange knowledge has helped strengthen the global titanium community for future generations. Colleagues describe Gehler as a leader whose influence extends far beyond the companies he has guided. He is widely recognized for his integrity, professionalism, and ability to build trusted relationships across the international titanium supply chain. His leadership has fostered enduring partnerships while advancing innovation, technical excellence, and long-term industry stability. The International Titanium Association’s Lifetime Achievement Award recognizes individuals whose careers have fundamentally advanced the titanium industry through sustained leadership, innovation, and service. Sylvain Gehler exemplifies these ideals. His lasting contributions have strengthened global supply chains, expanded opportunities for titanium applications, and inspired a generation of industry leaders. As the titanium community gathers in 2026, it proudly recognizes Sylvain Gehler for a lifetime of extraordinary achievement and an enduring legacy that will continue to shape the future of the industry for decades to come.
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Exclusive 2027 ITA Member Benefit:
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environment, working from an incomplete or outdated picture of trade flows is a real planning risk. AeroOutlook’s Titanium Global Trade Statistics covers 2021 through 2025 — capturing the full period of market restructuring in a single, consolidated dataset across sponge, ingot, blooms, and mill products by key producing and consuming regions.
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ACNIS GROUP SETS UP A NEW SUBSIDIARY IN CHICAGO
Polymers
Established in France (Lyon), the stockist Acnis Group is one of the world leaders in the distribution of metal alloys especially in TITANIUM, in all forms : sheets, bars, tubes and powder for 3D printing. ISO 13485 certified since 15 years , the family business has specialized in the medical field since its creation in 1991, to meet the demand of orthopedic manufacturers and dental implants, as well as surgical instruments. ACNIS Group acts as a buffer between producers and users, thanks to its 600 to 700 tons rotating stock and 1,300 references of different origins. Our unique cut-to-size service center (15 machines: waterjet, high-definition waterjet, plate sawing, bar sawing, shearing, machining, chamfering) allows us to reduce your costs by optimizing scrap rates. As a result, the company is able to deliver very quickly its customers, in barely a week, no matter the ordered quantity. Major implant manufacturers among the main American and European OEMs themselves call on ACNIS Group to source their metal alloys.
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IATA, Deloitte Weigh Emerging Trends For the Commercial Aerospace Industry [Editor’s note: The following feature on the commercial aerospace industry’s mid-year outlook and business conditions is a compilation of press releases from the International Air Transport Association (IATA), and the Deloitte 2026 Aerospace and Defense Industry Outlook report. The hope here is that this information will provide insights on the near-term status of the titanium industry’s showcase, end-use business sector, which ties into the purchase of titanium materials and components.] By Michael C. Gabriele
“The commercial airline industry entered 2026 in the strongest position since the pandemic years. Airlines carried record passenger numbers, rebuilt financial reserves, and invested in fleet renewal and sustainability programs. Within the space of weeks, that position was severely compromised. Airlines now face unprecedented and simultaneous challenges: a doubling of their principal cost input, a genuine threat of physical fuel shortage in important regional markets, a sharply deteriorated macroeconomic environment in its key demand geographies, and geopolitical disruption to the network architecture that underpins long-haul connectivity.” The above statement comes from the IATA’s June 2026 report “Global Outlook for Air Transport; Energy in Crisis,” page 11 (https://www.iata.org/en/publications/ economics/reports/global-outlook-for-air-transportjune-2026/ ). The major concern, as cited in the report, is the uncertainty over the price and potential disruption in the supply of jet fuel. The report stated that “the single most important factor determining the outlook is the reopening of the Strait of Hormuz. However, even if reopened, its closure will have a lasting impact on fuel prices and traffic.” “The summer 2026 travel season, typically the most commercially critical period for European and North American carriers, is already being shaped by these realities. Airlines must balance conserving scarce and expensive fuel through capacity reductions, while retaining enough revenue-generating flights to service high fixed costs and debt obligations, preserving liquidity above all else. At the same time, airlines have faced persistent supply constraints in aircraft availability and maintenance capacity since the pandemic. The silver lining this has brought is that airlines have realized significant efficiency gains, and they now operate fleets at record high utilization rates. However, the scope for further cost optimization is limited as a result, reducing the ability to adjust supply in response to shifting market conditions compared to previous cycles. It also reinforces the need to prioritize yield over growth.” 12
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No sooner did we put COVID behind us than we faced aerospace supply chain failures, war in Ukraine, geopolitical tensions, and tectonic shifts in trade policies. And, when war broke out in the Middle East in March, oil prices jumped, and jet fuel prices skyrocketed. The aircraft order backlog is over 18,000. And the average fleet age has reached a record 15.2 years. Being short over 5,000 more fuel-efficient replacement aircraft that we had counted on means missed efficiency gains, not to mention higher lease rates and increased maintenance costs. In total, supply chain failures cost airlines at least $11 billion in 2025. Today’s higher fuel prices will only make that worse. —Willie Walsh, the IATA’s director general
In June, Willie Walsh, the IATA’s director general, weighed in on the state of the global air transport industry [https://www.iata.org/en/pressroom/2026-speeches/ willie-walsh-speech-iata-82nd-agm-report-state-globalair-transport-industry/]. “No sooner did we put COVID behind us than we faced aerospace supply chain failures, war in Ukraine, geopolitical tensions, and tectonic shifts in trade policies. And, when war broke out in the Middle East in March, oil prices jumped, and jet fuel prices
IATA, Deloitte Weigh Emerging Trends For the Commercial Aerospace Industry (continued)
Aircraft Deliveries and Backlog Charts; IATA
Global Airlines Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT); IATA
skyrocketed. As a result, we expect average jet fuel prices to be 70-percent higher, year-on-year. That will add $100 billion to our collective fuel bill this year.” “The positive, however, is that demand is holding up, even as airlines are raising fares and rates to cope. But growth will inevitably be slower, 2.1 percent for the passenger business and 0.7 percent for cargo. Considering all this, we expect profitability to halve from 2025. Net profits will fall from $45 billion to $23 billion in 2026, and net margins from 4.2 percent to 2 percent.” While higher fuel costs have captured the headlines, Walsh pointed to a related dilemma, which involves problems in the global aerospace supply chain, of which the titanium industry is a key player. “Airlines face higher fuel costs with fleets that are less efficient than planned. Why? Because the aerospace supply chain continues its failure to deliver aircraft and engines as promised. The aircraft order backlog is over 18,000. And the average fleet age has reached a record 15.2 years. Moreover, being short over 5,000 more fuel-efficient replacement aircraft that we had counted on means missed efficiency gains, not to mention higher lease rates and increased maintenance costs. In total, supply chain failures cost airlines at least $11 billion in 2025. Today’s higher fuel prices will only make that worse.” ‘Main Takeaways’ from the IATA In the same Global Outlook for Air Transport report, the IATA provided a bullet-point list as its “main 14
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takeaways” in assessing business conditions for the global aerospace market: The closure of the Strait of Hormuz on Feb. 28, 2026 triggered an oil-and-refinery shock without modern precedent, cutting crude oil supply by around 10 million barrels per day (approximately 10 percent of global consumption)—or 15 million barrels per day when refined products and liquid natural gas (LNG) are included—and briefly pushing physical crude prices toward $150 per barrel. The disruption has fractured established supply chains: even net-exporting regions are affected, as refined product markets and logistics constraints are driving sharp regional price dislocations. Jet fuel availability is threatened, and the price has roughly doubled since late February. The crack spreads hit a record $80 per barrel in April, highlighting that refinery outages and constrained throughput are amplifying the impact beyond the crisis in crude oil. With Hormuz-linked flows representing roughly one-fifth of global seaborne jet fuel trade, competition for limited supply has intensified, particularly in Europe, the U.S. West Coast, and parts of Asia, raising the risk of localized shortages alongside higher costs. The macro-economic backdrop is deteriorating as the energy shock feeds through to inflation, real incomes, and consumption. In our central scenario, global gross product growth slows from around 3 percent toward 2.5 percent in 2026 with risks skewed to the downside should the disruption persist into 2027. Global inflation is set to rise above 5 percent, increasing the risk of stagflation, i.e., higher inflation and stalling economic activity, particularly in energy importing economies where the policy space is already constrained.
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IATA, Deloitte Weigh Emerging Trends For the Commercial Aerospace Industry (continued) Global passenger demand is adjusting to this supply driven shock. Higher fuel costs, airspace disruptions, and longer routings are weighing on growth yet underlying willingness to travel has not collapsed, only moderated. Passenger traffic is now forecast to grow by 2.1 percent in 2026, a material slowdown from recent years, with pronounced regional divergence: the Middle East faces a deep contraction due to airspace restrictions, while Africa and Asia Pacific grow thanks to traffic rerouting. • Beyond the near term shock, the crisis exposes structural fragilities in the geographic distribution of refining capacity and underscores the strategic case for accelerating the energy transition. With fossil fuels still accounting for more than 80 percent of global energy consumption, today’s disruption shows the urgent need to develop alternative energies for energy security, if not for the climate. • Air cargo continues to play a stabilizing role in global trade, but growth is slowing as the Middle East conflict curtails effective capacity and disrupts hub connectivity. After a strong start to the year, cargo demand is now expected to grow by just 0.7 percent in 2026. Capacity shortages, especially in passenger belly hold, are tightening the market and pushing adjustment toward higher yields rather than volume expansion. • Airlines remain profitable in aggregate, but margins are under severe pressure from the fuel cost shock and limited scope for further efficiency gains. Industry revenue is projected to rise by 9.4 percent in 2026, supported by higher yields, yet net profit is expected to fall to $23 billion, cutting the net margin to 2 percent, the weakest outcome since the Covid years. Some growth in demand, constrained capacity, and hedging provide modest buffer, but cost pass through is challenging, leaving profitability highly exposed to prolonged fuel market disruption and further macro-economic deterioration. Trends Identified by Deloitte Offering a different perspective, the Deloitte Center for Energy and Industrials, in its “2026 Aerospace and Defense Industry Outlook: Midyear Update” posted online on Aug. 3, identified trends that reflect an outlook for aerospace: https://www.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/ aerospace-defense/midyear-update-aerospace-and-defenseindustry-outlook.html The Deloitte Center is a business unit of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, a global professional services firm based in London. The following is a condensed version of that online report. The Deloitte outlook stated that aerospace and 16
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defense companies are increasingly focused on ensuring reliable delivery, sustaining commercial operations, and strengthening the industrial base while managing quality, cost, supply chain, and workforce pressures. “However, limited production and overhaul capacity, fuelprice volatility, and workforce pressures are increasingly influencing how much of that demand can be translated into revenue and cash flow. Meanwhile, defense spending priorities continue to shift toward munitions, drones and counter-unmanned aircraft systems, autonomy, missile defense, space, cyber, and industrial-base expansion. While this is creating new avenues for growth across the sector, it is also placing greater emphasis on production readiness and scale.” “Against this backdrop, the second half of 2026 may depend less on market appetite and more on the industry’s ability to navigate supply chain, labor, and industrial capacity challenges while converting demand and funding into measurable output.” Five Trends to Consider Deloitte’s midyear update identified the five trends that shaped its 2026 outlook—trends that will affect the titanium industry. The first is that AI and agentic AI are transforming aerospace and defense. According to the report, artificial intelligence has moved rapidly from experimentation toward mission- and enterprise-scale deployment. The focus is shifting from productivity gains to operational advantage. The 2026 US defense AI strategy calls for the “AI-first” force. The main constraint to AI integration is no longer model capability; it is trusted deployment. The second trend is that aftermarket is reshaping maintenance, repair, and overhaul. Maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) is becoming more than just a service revenue stream; it is increasingly serving as a capacity and readiness buffer. The production backlog is forcing airlines to keep older aircraft flying, face engine delays, absorb higher fuel costs, and manage parts scarcity. Engine services remain a strong anchor across the aftermarket ecosystem. An analysis of the top four original equipment manufacturers for engines reveals that engine aftermarket revenue grew by 20 to 40 percent in the first quarter of 2026. Some MRO companies are expanding capacity, but the ramp-up is constrained by insufficient certified labor, test cells, tooling, repair approvals, parts availability, inspection capacity, and engine-module supply. The third trend involves building resiliency and efficiency into supply chains amid volatility. Supply chain resilience has become more strategic and defense-linked, as both commercial production and military readiness are
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IATA, Deloitte Weigh Emerging Trends For the Commercial Aerospace Industry (continued) affected by the same constrained inputs. Critical minerals and rare earths have become a strategic chokepoint for the industry. These are essential for critical defense products and capabilities such as advanced aircraft, munitions, naval systems, satellites, and secure communications. However, the sector continues to rely on foreign-controlled supply chains, leaving it exposed to geopolitical disruptions. Engines, electronics, castings, forgings, titanium, high-temperature alloy, and energetics are influencing the ability to ramp up aircraft, missiles, munitions, drones, satellites, and naval platforms. Additive manufacturing is becoming a targeted resilience tool for low-volume, longlead, or hard-to-source mission-critical parts. Contractors are increasingly exploring additive manufacturing and digital production tools to augment constrained casting and forging supply chains, accelerate qualification of replacement parts, and enable more localized production of the selected aerospace and defense (A&D) components. Contracting and procurement to unlock competitive advantage for A&D is the fourth trend cited by Deloitte.
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Procurement reforms appear to have moved from signal to implementation, but speed does not remove the hard aspects of defense contracting. A&D contractors still have to manage cyber compliance, classified-environment readiness, quality systems, cost transparency, intellectual property and data rights, sustainment obligations, and production scale. The fifth trend in the Deloitte report is that AI-driven workforce transformation is shifting from ‘big data’ to multidisciplinary skill sets. The emphasis has shifted from data skills to operational AI readiness. For example, in April 2026, the Department of the Air Force approved an AI talent strategy focused on recruiting, training, and retaining AI professionals. The strategy includes streamlined hiring, incentives, mission matching, a dualtrack technical career model, baseline AI literacy, and proof-of-skill requirements. A&D companies may face intensified competition for trained AI talent and may need large-scale internal upskilling to adapt to AI-enabled workflows.
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Titanium Supplier Hermith of Germany Provides a Glimpse of European Market By Michael C. Gabriele
[Hermith GmbH, a Munich, Germany-based company and a manufacturer and global supplier of titanium and titanium alloy products, was invited by the International Titanium Association (ITA) to provide a guest article and answer questions regarding the titanium industry in Europe. Company executives responded to questions posed by the ITA.]
The status of titanium usage for the European aerospace market (as we understand it, there’s a bit of a slowdown these days from Airbus). Specifically, when it comes to the usage of titanium, it has increased in the last few years due to demand across different aerospace sectors. While Airbus has recently experienced a slowdown in production chain (e.g., ongoing supply chain constraints affecting A320neo targets), titanium demand remains structurally strong. Additionally, following recent concerns around nonconforming or counterfeit materials entering the aerospace supply chain, Airbus and other OEMs have made their qualification and traceability requirements stricter. This has increased the importance and attention towards working with approved suppliers and certified materials. Since Hermith has been supporting Tier 2 and Tier 3 suppliers, especially through additional third-party laboratory testing and verification, we have seen a
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noticeable increase in demand from customers seeking higher compliance and reliability. Supporting sources: https://www.airbus.com/en/products-services/commercialaircraft/global-market-forecast https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/aerospacegiants-form-coalition-stop-unauthorized-parts-entering-supplychain-2024-02-22
What is the status of the European titanium supply chain? The European titanium supply chain has become more regionalized and risk-aware. There has been growth in the development and demands of private aircraft sectors, domestic aircraft sectors, helicopters, and various other prototypes such as drones. This has helped in developing a keen overall growth in aerospace business, which is linked with other areas such as the energy market. Due to further economical and geo-political events that happened after Covid-19, the industry has been changing and adapting in a broader way and is moving deeper into supplier diversification, increased stockholding strategies and stronger focus on European and nonRussian sources. This has led to a more resilient but also more cost-sensitive supply chain.
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Titanium Supplier Hermith of Germany Provides a Glimpse of European Market (continued) Supporting sources: https://single-market-economy. ec.europa.eu/sectors/rawmaterials/areas-specific-interest/ critical-raw-materials_en
Aside from aerospace, what is the status of other important titanium enduse markets? (Medical, energy, industrial, automotive, jet engines, consumer, etc.) According to our scope of business, we contribute approximately 75 percent of our production towards aerospace sector, whereas 20 Quality Testing; Hermith percent goes to the medical sector and remaining 5 percent to the other sectors. In spite of our geographical structure, denoting that the majority of our contribution goes to the aerospace, we have recently identified that we are going a little closer to the renewable energy, especially wind energy, sector. Therefore, we can give confident expertise comments predominantly about the aerospace sector since our experience in other business areas is yet to be growing. Nevertheless, looking at the amount of demand we have been receiving in the last five years, we can assure that each titanium-related sector has been growing rapidly. In particular, the medical sector continues to expand due to the growing demand for biocompatible implants and an ageing population in Europe. The energy sector, especially offshore wind and emerging hydrogen applications, is becoming increasingly relevant due to titanium’s performance in corrosive and high-pressure environments. Additionally, industrial applications such as chemical processing, desalination, and heat exchangers are seeing stable demand, driven by the need for durability and reduced maintenance costs. While automotive and consumer sectors remain smaller in terms of titanium usage due to cost sensitivity, there is growing interest in high-performance and lightweight applications, particularly in motorsport, premium automotive components, and high-end consumer products. Supporting sources: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024-titanium.pdf https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/sectors/rawmaterials_en
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The European titanium supply chain has become more regionalized and riskaware. There has been growth in the development and demands of private aircraft sectors, domestic aircraft sectors, helicopters, and various other prototypes such as drones. This has helped in developing a keen overall growth in aerospace business, which is linked with other areas such as the energy market. —Hermith https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/policy-issues/the-future-ofhealth-systems.html https://health.ec.europa.eu/medical-devices-sector/overview_en
Are there any emerging growth markets for titanium emerging in Europe? Yes, several emerging growth markets for titanium are developing in Europe. Based on our global market experience, key areas include renewable energy (where titanium is used in offshore and hydrogen applications due to its corrosion resistance), the drone and light aviation sector (which is driven by demand for lightweight, high-strength materials), and the medical industry (which is supported by increasing
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Titanium Supplier Hermith of Germany Provides a Glimpse of European Market (continued) need for biocompatible implants). Additionally, additive manufacturing for 3D printing and high-end industries such as watchmaking and precision engineering are contributing to growing demand. Overall, Europe’s focus on sustainability and advanced technologies continues to support the expansion of titanium applications. Are there any new technology trends driving the European titanium market? Yes, several key technology trends are currently shaping the European titanium market. One of the most important is the shift toward recycled titanium and circular supply chains, driven by Europe’s interest in reducing import dependency and improving sustainability. Closely linked to this is the development of lower-CO2 production methods, where recycled and secondary titanium play a crucial role in reducing emissions. At the same time, additive manufacturing for 3D printing is gaining significant role, especially in aerospace and medical applications, as it is extremely useful for complex geometries, reduces material waste, and supports more efficient production. Additionally, the continued demand for lightweight, high-performance components remains a strong driver, especially in aerospace and advanced engineering sectors. Emerging areas such as hydrogen and clean technologies
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are also beginning to create new opportunities, given titanium’s high corrosion resistance in challenging environments. Overall, these trends reflect Europe’s focus on sustainability, technological innovation, and supply chain resilience. Supporting sources: https://www.eos.info/metal-solutions/metal-materials/titanium https://www.airbus.com/en/innovation/energy-transition/ hydrogen/zeroe-our-hydrogen-powered-aircraft https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/operations/our-insights/ to-unleash-productivity-growth-in-europe-rewire-your-operations https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/sectors/rawmaterials/areas-specific-interest/critical-raw-materials_en https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ TXT/?uri=LEGISSUM:circular_economy https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/ priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en
What is the status of the European additive manufacturing (AM) market for titanium? Are there emerging markets for titanium AM parts? The European additive manufacturing (AM) market for titanium is well developed and continues to grow, particularly in aerospace and medical applications, where titanium offers clear advantages.
Titanium Supplier Hermith of Germany Provides a Glimpse of European Market (continued)
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In aerospace, AM is increasingly used for lightweight structural components and complex material designs, while in the medical sector it is widely applied in customized implants and prosthetics. And a strong network of OEMs, research institutions, and specialized AM suppliers significantly contribute to European market for the last few years. At the same time, new markets are emerging. These include advanced mobility and unmanned systems, where lightweight and high-performance materials are essential, as well as energy and industrial applications, where AM enables more efficient and corrosion-resistant components. Overall, while the market is already mature in key sectors, continued innovation and broader industrial adoption are expected to drive further the growth of titanium AM in Europe. Supporting sources: https://www.rolls-royce.com/~/media/Files/R/Rolls-Royce/ documents/annual-report/2026/rolls-royce-holdings-plc-annualreport-2025-accessible.pdf https://www.airbus.com/en/newsroom/stories/2026-01-howairbus-is-pioneering-aircraft-manufacturing-with-titanium-3dprinting https://www.airbus.com/en/newsroom/stories/2026-01-recycledand-ready https://www.airbus.com/en/newsroom/stories/2025-07-wastenot-want-not-increasing-titanium-and-aluminium-circularity https://www.cecimo.eu/publications/additive-manufacturing-astrategic-enabler-for-europes-industrial-future/ https://www.cecimo.eu/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/AdvancedManufacturing-Trends-2025.pdf
What is the business impact from the ongoing war in Ukraine? Has this war upended the European titanium supply chain? In the titanium industry we all know that Russia and Ukraine were a trusted and consistent source of the titanium for a lot of areas, especially for the European Economic Zone. Due to the conflict, there was a huge disruption of the supply chain in these regions, which has caused the shortage in raw material supply, which on the other hand has influenced the rise in material pricing and, therefore, cut down the sourcing options and thus slowed down the processes in the titanium industry. Supporting sources: https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/jrc-news-and-updates/ closing-loop-eus-titanium-supply-chain-2025-01-23_en https://sjms.nu/articles/10.31374/sjms.303 https://www.fitchratings.com/research/corporate-finance/ russiaukraine-crisis-disrupts-european-aerospace-supplychains-03-05-2022
Is there any demand for new, higher-performance titanium alloys? If so, please identify the alloys and the market demand. Yes, based on our extensive experience, there is growing demand for higher-performance titanium alloys in Europe due to the increasing need for improved strength, temperature resistance, and weight reduction, especially in aerospace and advanced engineering. Key alloys include: • Ti-6242 (Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo) – high-temperature stability, used in engine components. • Ti-6246 (Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo) – higher strength, suited for demanding aerospace applications. • Grade 662 (Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn) – good combination of strength and corrosion resistance. • VT9 (Ti-6Al-4Mo) – high strength for structural applications such as aerospace structural parts and fasteners. • Beta alloys (e.g. Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al) – excellent strength-toweight ratio and formability, widely used in aerospace structural components, landing gear parts, and forgings. Overall, demand is increasing as industries require lighter, stronger, and more heat-resistant materials.
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Titanium Supplier Hermith of Germany Provides a Glimpse of European Market (continued) Supporting sources: https://www.datamintelligence.com/research-report/titaniumalloy-market https://www.eraumalloy.com/blog/future-tech-innovationstitanium-alloy-guide-2025/
What are the dominant business trends and conditions driving the near-term European titanium market? The near-term European titanium market is driven by aerospace production boost, supply chain localization, and increasing sustainability requirements. At the same time, cost related challenges from energy and raw materials remain a key factor, while demand is gradually expanding into aerospace, medical, energy, and advanced manufacturing sectors. Supporting sources: https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/jrc-news-and-updates/ closing-loop-eus-titanium-supply-chain-2025-01-23_en
https://rmis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/220616_Briefing_Titanium. pdf https://www.argusmedia.com/es/news-and-insights/marketinsight-papers/aerospace-minor-metals-titanium-marketoutlook-2026-2027 [Editor’s note: Hermith GmbH (Website: https://www.hermith. com/) specializes in the production and supply of titanium semifinished products, including titanium round bars, rectangular bars, billets, plates, sheets, seamless and welded tubes, and titanium wire. Hermith supplies certified titanium materials such as Grade 2 (CP Titanium), Grade 5 (Ti-6Al-4V), Grade 9 (Ti-3Al2.5V), Grade 23 (Grade 5 ELI) and other high-performance titanium alloys. Products are manufactured and delivered in accordance with international standards including AMS, ASTM, ISO, and EN, meeting strict technical and quality requirements for critical applications. Serving customers on a global basis, the company is producer and distributor for the aerospace, medical, automotive, additive manufacturing, chemical, energy, and advanced industrial sectors across the entire titanium supply chain.
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Securing Feedstock: Sourcing Titanium and Key Alloying Elements in Europe By Fiona Macdonald
Project Blue, London
Over the past three years, Europe’s titanium industry has shown remarkable resilience. Once heavily dependent on Russian products, the sector has successfully diversified its supply base, drawing on producers in the United States, Japan, Kazakhstan, Saudi Arabia, and China. Yet this achievement has not eliminated risk. Instead, it has shifted the challenge upstream. Today, the real test for Europe is not titanium itself, but the feedstocks and alloying elements that make aerospace‑grade Ti‑6Al‑4V possible. Scrap, master alloys, vanadium, and aluminium have become the critical determinants of supply security. As aerospace production recovers, securing reliable access to these materials will be just as important as securing titanium sponge. This shift reflects a broader truth as titanium supply security is no longer a single‑issue challenge. It is a web of interconnected dependencies, stretching from primary sponge production to alloying elements and recycling streams. Understanding these upstream constraints is now just as important as tracking aircraft deliveries or melt capacity. Europe’s Structural Position Europe remains significantly short of titanium. Globally, sponge production is increasingly concentrated in China, which now accounts for more than 60 percent of output. Outside China, production is distributed among Japan, Kazakhstan, and Saudi Arabia. Within this landscape, Europe’s upstream position is weak. Although the EU maintains a strong downstream manufacturing base, it accounts for only 2–5 percent of global melt supply and 9–10 percent of global mill demand, making it a very small producer in a highly concentrated global market. Aerospace remains the primary driver of demand for highperformance titanium alloys such as Ti6Al4V. Whilst there is some expansion into industrial sectors such as chemical processing and energy, aerospace continues to dominate. Because titanium consumption is closely tied to aircraft and engine production, demand is inherently cyclical, rising with delivery schedules and slowing during downturns. 30
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Europe’s position is structurally imbalanced, with the EU possessing adequate melt capacity that still falls short of meeting the demand for mill products. Consequently, it continues to depend on imports. The EU’s primary trade partners are the United States and China, with the United States mainly supplying aerospace-grade melt and China focusing on industrial-grade melt. Additionally, Russia’s contribution of aerospace-grade melt to the EU has significantly declined in recent years. Diversification has reduced dependence on any single supplier, but it has also increased procurement complexity. Europe’s titanium supply chain remains externally exposed, with limited domestic sponge capacity ensuring that upstream vulnerability persists. This reliance on imports is not inherently negative; global trade has long supported aerospace supply chains, but it does leave Europe exposed to geopolitical shocks and commodity cycles. Even after moving away from Russian supply, Europe’s titanium industry continues to operate with a fundamental imbalance: strong downstream demand paired with limited upstream capacity. That structural gap, filled by imports, defines the region’s position in the global titanium market.
Image 1: Estimated EU sponge vs melt imports (kt Ti) Source: Global Trade Tracker, HS code: 810820, unwrought titanium; titanium powders; Notes: represents EU (27)
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Securing Feedstock: Sourcing Titanium and Key Alloying Elements in Europe (continued) Scrap as a Strategic Feedstock Perhaps the most significant change in the Ti64 supply chain has been the rise of scrap as a dominant feedstock. Today, scrap accounts for 60–70 percent of melt feedstock in both Europe and the United States, making recycled material the backbone of titanium ingot production. Sponge now represents only 30–40 percent of titanium materials for the melt charge.
sources over the coming decade, broadening the scrap pool.
Image 3: Forecast of titanium scrap generation from industries (kt Ti) Source: Project Blue
Image 2: Estimated breakdown of European Ti usage (kt Ti) Source: Project Blue
Scrap offers both economic and sustainability advantages. It provides a cost‑effective alternative to primary sponge and improves the environmental profile of titanium production. Investments in melting capacity, particularly in the United States, highlight how central scrap utilisation has become to competitiveness. Yet scrap is not a perfect substitute. Its availability is driven by industrial activity rather than demand, meaning supply cannot be scaled quickly in response to market shifts. Quality is also critical. Aerospace applications demand strict chemistry control, and scrap introduces variability, especially oxygen contamination, which can compromise mechanical properties. Therefore, scrap must be carefully sorted, cleaned, and blended with virgin sponge. However, using cold hearth melting can more easily overcome issues related to inclusions, and this technology is widely adopted in the United States. Aerospace manufacturing revert is the largest source of scrap, generated by high buy‑to‑fly ratios that leave substantial volumes of high‑quality material available for recycling. End‑of‑life components from airframes and engines are expected to become increasingly significant 32
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Scrap will continue to grow in importance as recycling technology improves, and recovery rates rise. Advanced sorting systems and AI-driven quality control are likely to improve scrap traceability, quality and utilisation, while OEM-led closed-loop programmes are increasingly supporting the recovery and return of titanium revert to aerospace manufacturing. These initiatives will help maximise the value of available scrap, reduce dependence on primary feedstocks, and support a more circular titanium industry in line with broader sustainability goals across aerospace and industrial sectors. But scrap cannot fully replace primary titanium. Aerospace‑grade alloys will always require a blend of recycled and virgin feedstock to meet rigorous performance standards. The challenge for Europe is to build recycling systems that are both technologically advanced and resilient to industrial cycles. Master Alloys and Alloying Elements Are the Bottleneck Whilst sponge and scrap dominate the discussion, master alloys are among the least appreciated constraints in titanium alloy production. These alloys enable the controlled addition of elements during melting, ensuring consistent chemistry and performance. Their importance is most evident in Ti‑6Al‑4V, where roughly 80 percent of titanium master alloys are vanadium‑based, predominantly aluminium‑vanadium
Securing Feedstock: Sourcing Titanium and Key Alloying Elements in Europe (continued) (VAl). These materials are not easily substituted, making secure access to vanadium essential. Master alloy production is highly specialised, with only a handful of qualified producers worldwide. Aerospace qualification requirements create significant barriers to entry, meaning capacity cannot be expanded quickly. This makes master alloys a critical bottleneck in the titanium supply chain. Vanadium Supply Chains Are Becoming Increasingly Complex Vanadium has become one of the most sensitive elements in titanium production — not because of scarcity, but because of cost volatility. Its primary demand comes from the steel industry, where consumption rises and falls with construction and infrastructure cycles. This makes vanadium prices highly volatile, often moving independently of aerospace demand. For titanium alloy manufacturers, there is a significant mismatch in the market. The aerospace sector requires qualified vanadium of the highest purity—specifically, vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) with a purity exceeding 99.5 percent. However, the pricing these producers face is largely influenced by broader dynamics in the steel market. Subsequently, these alloy manufacturers find themselves vulnerable to cost fluctuations beyond their control, despite their requirements being considerably more stringent. Historically, Europe relied heavily on Russian vanadium, often indirectly. Despite sanctions, Russian feedstock has continued to reach the European market through intermediaries. Supplies are now being redirected towards Brazil, China, and South Africa, but this diversification adds complexity to already fragile supply chains. Europe remains dependent on imports, with up to 70 percent of V2O5 entering the EU from Russia in recent years, with only a limited number of producers capable
Image 4: EU (27) V2O5 imports (kt gross V2O5) Source: Global Trade Tracker, HS code: 282530, vanadium oxides and hydroxides; Notes: represents EU (27), excl. UK
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The real test for Europe is not titanium itself, but the feedstocks and alloying elements that make aerospace‑grade Ti‑6Al‑4V possible. Scrap, master alloys, vanadium, and aluminium have become the critical determinants of supply security. As aerospace production recovers, securing reliable access to these materials will be just as important as securing titanium sponge. —Fiona Macdonald
of supplying aerospacegrade feedstock. This creates two main risks: exposure to price volatility driven by the steel sector, and vulnerability to disruptions in global trade flows. Vanadium has moved from a background alloying element to a strategically important material, representing both a technical necessity and a source of cost uncertainty. Ensuring reliable access will require continued variation and closer coordination across the titanium value chain. In the near term, the global vanadium market is expected to move into a shortage during 2026–2028, which will be largely offset by stocks built up in 2022–2024. These inventories will keep prices subdued and delay the need for new capacity, which is unlikely to be required until the mid2030s. In the meantime, supply is adequate, but cost volatility and shifting trade flows will continue to shape the market. Aluminium is Becoming More Policy Driven Aluminium poses different challenges, as availability is less of a concern compared to cost and policy. Prices have been volatile, influenced by energy costs, tariffs, sanctions, and geopolitical disruptions. In Europe, procurement decisions are increasingly shaped by carbon intensity. Aluminium is transitioning from a commodity to a policy‑constrained material. Environmental considerations, including carbon border adjustment mechanisms (CBAM), are now influencing purchasing alongside cost and quality. This reflects a broader trend as upstream risks in titanium are shifting from production capacity to geopolitical and regulatory factors. For aluminium, sustainability policies are becoming as important as supply security. The titanium industry must therefore adapt not only to market dynamics but also to evolving policy
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Securing Feedstock: Sourcing Titanium and Key Alloying Elements in Europe (continued) frameworks that redefine procurement strategies. Aerospace Remains the Industry’s Anchor Despite growth in other sectors, aerospace defines the titanium market. Total aircraft deliveries exceeded 1,500 units in 2025, generating over 17 kilotonnes of delivered titanium demand annually across airframes and engines. Engines, among the most titaniumintensive components, remain a bottleneck, slowing the pace at which demand translates into material requirements. This cyclical link means disruptions in aerospace manufacturing ripple across the entire upstream supply chain, shaping demand for sponge, scrap, master alloys, and alloying elements. For Europe, this dependence underscores the importance of aligning titanium supply strategies with aerospace production forecasts. The industry must be prepared not only for growth but also for cyclical downturns that can reshape demand patterns overnight.
Image 5: Delivered Ti-6Al-4V alloy in aerospace (kt Ti-6Al-4V) Source: Project Blue
Conclusion Europe’s titanium industry has successfully diversified its supply sources, although the landscape has become more complex. The primary vulnerabilities are now upstream of the production process. Scrap material has
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emerged as the primary feedstock, but its availability is influenced by industrial activity levels. Additionally, key elements such as vanadium and aluminium present challenges shaped by market dynamics and sustainability policies. As aerospace production continues to grow, ensuring reliable access to these upstream materials will be as crucial as securing titanium itself. For European manufacturers, future competitiveness will depend not only on producing titanium alloys but also on establishing resilient supply chains for the feedstocks essential to those alloys. It is evident that the security of titanium supply encompasses more than just sponge production. It involves a multi-faceted approach that includes scrap, master alloys, and alloying elements. Addressing these challenges will be vital for the stability of Europe’s titanium industry in the coming years. For businesses and policymakers, this entails strengthening recycling infrastructure, encouraging diversification of supply sources for alloying elements, and integrating sustainable practices into procurement processes. Manufacturers should focus on investing in closed-loop systems, forming long-term collaborations with alloy producers, and being prepared for fluctuations in upstream markets. Overall, Europe’s titanium industry is at a pivotal moment. Its resilience has been demonstrated, but its future competitiveness will depend on effectively securing the essential feedstocks for aerospace-grade alloys. Whilst the challenges are intricate, there is a clear opportunity to enhance supply chain resilience. [Editor’s note: Fiona Macdonald is a senior analyst with Project Blue, London (website: https://projectblue.com/). She was a speaker at TITANIUM EUROPE 2026, held last April in Toulouse, France. According to information on its website, Project Blue provides market intelligence, business research and consulting on energy transition supply chains and the critical materials which underpin them. The group’s focus is “understanding the complexities of rapidly evolving markets and translating our knowledge into accurate data and actionable insight for industry and government decision makers.”]
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Evaluating the Formability of Ti-6Al-4V At Low Temperature and High-Pressure [The following technical paper is a guest article written by Quintus Technologies executives for the International Titanium Association.] By Sture Olsson, Dr. Björn Carlsson and Björn Helgesen, Quintus Technologies
Current hot-forming processes for sheet forming of titanium Ti-6Al-4V are surrounded by high processing cost, rigorous procedures for processing, severe quality inspection and still requiring a fair amount of manual corrective measurements, with for example a frequent need for pickling or chemical milling after the forming. Hence, other methods have been explored to potentially overcome said hurdles and to reduce manufacturing costs. An alternative new forming method has in this paper been evaluated, where an elevated pressure is used, combined with only a fraction of the temperature required at hot forming or at super plastic forming (SPF). This paper will review the forming limits, the forming repeatability and the process predictability of the high-pressure, warmforming process. The forming results will be compared with forming simulation results by the usage of the ESI PAM-Stamp software. Tests are carried out in the Quintus High-pressure Application Center in Sweden during 2021 and in 2022. Two different demonstrators have been used to form Ti-6AI-4V sheets at a moderate temperature, 270°C (520°F), combined with a high-pressure, 140 MPa (20,000 psi). The process has demonstrated a capacity to form titanium sheets into intricate shapes, at high accuracy and with excellent repeatability, indicating a good fit for typical aerospace parts, but only using a fraction of the temperature required at hot forming. Introduction Due to the low temperature used (below 300°C; 572°F) the risk of oxidation may be eliminated and the process may as one advantage therefore significantly simplify the production process, eliminating the need for surface preparations and for any post process surface cleaning steps. Further the investment in forming tools 38
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is greatly reduced in the evaluated process vs. hot forming tools, the life of the forming tools may be extended and the tool maintenance is significantly reduced when applying the lowtemperature processing. Finally, due to processing time counted in minutes the evaluated highpressure, warm-forming process indicate a significant potential for productivity and production capacity improvements. This compared with alternative hot forming processes, where the cycle time typically requires several hours. Process Technology Background Fluid cell pressing is a hydroforming high-
1. Flexform High-Pressure, WarmForming Process, Step by Step 2. Tools may be pre-heated to maximize system productivity 3. Blanks may be pre-heated to maximize system productivity 4. Blank is mated with the forming tool and induction heating is applied. The system can handle more than one forming tool in each forming operation 5. Kept together as a package, the blank and forming tool are automatically transported into the press, exposed to the highpressure process, and then sent to a part unloading station. The process parameters are carefully monitored and tracked. 6. The other shuttling tray may be used either form traditional cold forming or be used to increase the system’s warm-forming capability. 7. After forming and cooling, the parts are ready for assembly 8. Alternatively, if required, the parts are ready for final heat treatment or hot-forming calibration.
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Evaluating the Formability of Ti-6Al-4V At Low Temperature and High-Pressure (continued) pressure technology, used by the airframe industry for decades. The technology requires only one single rigid tool half as the bottom tool and a pressurized flexible reusable rubber diaphragm as the upper tool. The technology is used for low-volume production where a high mix of parts and shapes are required, providing a low tool cost and a rapid lead time for new product development. The technique allows sheet metal to be formed at high quality and intricate shapes. The process is typically used to form double-curved surfaces. The flexible rubber diaphragm, or fluid cell, will also ensure a gentle forming, providing excellent sheet metal surface quality. Several tools, sheet metal qualities and thicknesses may be used simultaneously in the pressing operation.
Quintus Flexform Technology—The flexible rubber diaphragm forms scratch-free parts of complex shape, including undercuts, with different thicknesses in all materials. High- and ultra-high uniform forming pressures ensure high-quality parts with close tolerances direct off the press. Pressure: 1,400 bar/20,000 psi; temperature: 270°C/518°F
Combining Moderate Temperature with HighPressure Forming In this study a moderate temperature elevation to approximately 270°C (520°F), has been introduced and combined with a high-pressure forming step at 140 MPa (20,000 psi), a temperature significantly lower than the temperature required in current hot-forming processes, which typically operate at some ~700°C/1,300°F. Process Evaluation The main objective in this study has been to evaluate the forming limits, the forming repeatability and the process predictability of the discussed high-pressure, warmforming process. Sheet material from titanium Grade 5, or Ti 6Al-4V, has been evaluated. The study also includes an evaluation of the potential opportunity to use the highpressure, warm-forming process to form aluminum alloy 40
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2024 sheets, in T3 condition, without changing its temper during the forming process. In all titanium process tests the tool and the blanks are pre-heated to 270°C (520°F), then kept at the set-temperature by isolation during a high-pressure forming operation at 140 MPa/1400 bar (20,000 psi). The time to reach full pressure and back to room atmospheric pressure again is approximately two minutes, equal for all tests. (In the alloy designation 2024-T3 aluminum, the part that indicates the temper designation is “T3.” The “T” signifies that the alloy has undergone a thermal treatment, which is a process involving solution heat treatment and aging to enhance its mechanical properties. The numeral “3” specifically denotes a sequence of treatments; in this
The main objective in this study has been to evaluate the forming limits, the forming repeatability and the process predictability of the discussed high-pressure, warm-forming process. Sheet material from titanium Grade 5, or Ti6Al-4V, has been evaluated. The study also includes an evaluation of the potential opportunity to use the highpressure, warm-forming process to form aluminum alloy 2024 sheets. case, it means the alloy was solution heat-treated, then cold worked (strain hardened), and subsequently naturally aged to a substantially stable condition. Copper is the main alloying element for aluminum 2024. Source: https://www. thomasnet.com/articles/metals-metal-products/2024aluminum/) The forming results have also to so some degree been compared with forming simulation results by the usage of the LS-Dyna software. In this study demonstrators with two different shapes have been used for evaluation purpose. One main objective for the study has been to evaluate the material spring-back, in order to potentially compensate the tool design correspondingly in future tool designs. Challenges at Cold Forming Shrink flange with undercut. Tool size 1500 x 450 mm. Both the evaluated materials are perceived impossible to form in cold/ambient condition. The objective with the study was to evaluate the formability at a lower temperature than typically used for hot forming, and/or used for superplastic forming.
RETECH
Evaluating the Formability of Ti-6Al-4V At Low Temperature and High-Pressure (continued) Process Evaluation Titanium Grade 5, Ti6Al-4V General airframe demonstrator Material evaluated Supplier: Baoji Titanium Industry Co., LTD Material specification: AMS 4911N Mechanical properties (double tests): Testing direction Transverse Longitudinal Tensile strength (MPa) Yield strength (MPa) 1 110 / 1 113 1 105 / 1 100 Elongation A50 (percent) 1 073 / 1 076 991 / 989 13 / 10.5 11.5 / 11.5 The test illustrated that bending radii of 2mm and larger could successfully, at a blank thickness of 2mm, be formed at the high-pressure, warm-forming process.
This image is an example of a Quintus fluid cell press cold-forming operation, where several forming tools are loaded in a shuttle tray, then processed inside the pressure chamber; all tools at the same time in one and the same forming operation.
Fluid penetrant detection analysis only indicated one crack and crack initiation at bend radii of 1.5mm and smaller. i.e. a forming relation of Ri/t of about 1 may be achieved. General demonstrator designed with several features, like joggles, dents, various bend radius, shrink and stretch flanges, typical challenges in airframe part manufacturing. R=2mm successfully formed, i.e. Ri/t=1 In order to check the material formability the test tool is designed with a bend radii, ranging from 1mm to 3.5mm, in steps by 0.5mm. At the flange having a 2mm radii a standard deviation of 0.2 degree was measured in a test batch of five samples and a max variance of 0.4 degree. The standard variation of the spring back of the shrink and the stretch flange was 0.2 respective 0.3 degree. All measurements are well within typical required tolerances for this type of shape and part.
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Process Evaluation Titanium Grade 5/Ti6Al-4V (Nacelle Demonstrator) The introduction of larger sized parts provides new forming challenges. A nacelle-shaped design was for this purpose chosen as a demonstrator (nacelle demonstrator, one-meter length test results for the nacelle). A demonstrator designed to represent an engine nacelleshape, introducing potential challenges for full-size part production. Titanium parts could successfully be formed at the chosen process parameters and no cracks could be detected in follow-up inspections. Initial tests however provided severe spring back in all directions, x, y and z direction. The introduction of locking pins proved that the spring back could be dramatically reduced. The test also concluded that some level of hand correction was feasible after forming and after an intermediate heat treatment. The level of required and allowable part adjustments after forming are yet to be evaluated and concluded. 3.5 Forming Simulation An initial effort has also been made to establish a correlation between actual forming and a simulated theoretical result. More work is however required in this subject and a good model will be of great assistance in new tool designs, providing an estimated spring back compensation into future tool designs. Further simulation model work is required in order to better understand how to compensate for spring back already in the tool design phase, limiting the amount of correction work required after forming. (Process evaluation, aluminum 2024-T3 – General airframe demonstrator) A forming test at elevated temperature was also made to check if aluminum 2024, t=1.6mm, could be formed in T3 condition, and if the material properties could be maintained also after forming. For this test the forming pressure of 1400 bar was used, and three different process temperatures tested. A hardness test was then performed to evaluate the result. A simple visual part inspection was made to check the material formability, as well as micrograph analysis. Indicative mechanical properties for 2024-T3, from two different references aerospace design according to MMPDS The tensile testing results were compared with target values for the same grade and tempers. The most relevant comparison is with the MMPDS reference in case of aerospace alloy. In the same table data from Gilbert and Kaufman is also given, which typically is more conservative. Micro hardness measurements were performed on cross sections of bend profiles in order to
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Evaluating the Formability of Ti-6Al-4V At Low Temperature and High-Pressure (continued) assess if hardness alone can be used to assess possible drop in strength during forming.
This is an illustration of a high-pressure heating station set up, linked to a high-pressure fluid cell press. The forming process may be executed in minutes, where up to three forming tools can be processed at the same time.
Summary As a conclusion, the forming at 150°C (302°F) resulted in significantly better formability compared to room temperature. The material qualifies for the same tempers according to the reference values used for aerospace applications, MMPDS. There is however a 14MPa loss in strength meaning that a starting material closer to the limit could fall below the limit after forming. Forming at 180°C (356°F) resulted in good bending performance, but too low strength to meet the same temper. Forming at 120°C (248°F), performed for a single sample of 2024-T3, did not improve the bendability significantly. The results were overall satisfactory and promising forming window likely to be in the range of 130 to 140°C (266 to 284°F). Suggested future work at the said temperatures should also include the studying of the reproducibility and more accurately any loss in strength as a function of the used temperature. Reproducibility could include both mechanical properties and shape tolerance. The study indicate that the formability is good when combining high-pressure forming with a relatively lowtemperature process, significantly lower than temperatures typically used for SPF and for hot forming. The evaluated process thereby provides an interesting alternative to the
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said hot forming process methods. For simple shapes the study indicates that parts may be formed to close and to final tolerances directly from the process. For more complicated part shapes, the high-pressure, warmforming process may still require a downstream final hand correction step, which in this study proved possible after an intermediate heat treatment. The technology indicates a significant cost reduction and a high productivity improvement opportunity for Ti 6Al-4V parts, formed from sheet metal vs. currently used hot-forming processes. Further efforts need to be made in order to properly calibrate forming simulation data with actual formability data, as this will be an important feature in future tool design efforts. The study further illustrated the capacity to form Al 2024 directly in T3 blank condition, with no major change in the material properties after the forming step, potentially simplifying the production process and eliminating manufacturing steps vs. the current quite complex manufacturing process. This may be a very interesting topic for future deeper forming studies. References: Formability of Titanium Ti-6Al-4V, paper presented at ICAS 2020 by Sture Olsson, Quintus Technologies; Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization Handbook (MMPDS); Gilbert and Kaufman, (2000), DOI:10.1361/iaat2000p039; Results from mechanical analysis by Swerea, Sweden. Copyright Statement: This paper was initially presented and published at the ICAS conference, International Council of Aeronautical Sciences, in Stockholm, Sweden in September 2022. See link: www.icas2022.com [Editor’s note: Quintus Technologies (website: https:// quintustechnologies.com) is a global leader in high-pressure technology. The company designs, manufactures, installs, and supports high-pressure systems in four main areas: densification of advanced materials; sheet metal forming; battery processing; and high-pressure processing for food and beverage innovation, safety, and shelf life. Quintus has delivered systems to customers within industries from energy, medical implants, space, aerospace, automotive and food processing. The company is headquartered in Västerås, Sweden, with a presence in 45 countries worldwide.]
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From the Wire
IPERIONX VALIDATES GENX™ CONTINUOUS TITANIUM PRODUCTION • Advancing titanium beyond batch production: GenX™ has validated continuous HAMR™ processing, advancing beyond the batch model used in conventional Kroll titanium production. Major operating gains support the potential for lower unit costs, higher titanium throughput, and a modular capital-efficient expansion pathway • Verified oxygen results: All valid product samples met the relevant oxygen benchmark: ASTM Grade 5 for angular powder and the more stringent Grade 23 specification for spherical titanium powder • Six times throughput volume: Total throughput for the GenX™ furnace was six times the volume of the batch HAMR™ system, on a like-for-like run time basis • Lower energy intensity: Power consumption reduced by more than 75% versus batch HAMR™ processing • Substantially lower measured input use: More than 45% less magnesium and over 60% less hydrogen required per kilogram of titanium powder, relative to batch HAMR™ • Further efficiency potential: Operational data highlights potential for far lower capex intensity (installed capital per ton of capacity) and the potential for significantly lower labor unit costs • Next stage in Q4 2026: IperionX will continue to optimize the current GenX™ furnace; integrate the continuous furnace into a full titanium powder production line; and advance technoeconomic and engineering work for the first industrial-scale GenX™ production line SOUTH BOSTON, Va., Sept. 16, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — IperionX Limited (IperionX) (NASDAQ: IPX, ASX: IPX) is pleased to announce that GenX™, its next-generation continuous HAMR™ titanium production platform, has been successfully validated through the first four production campaigns, completed on the commercial-scale GenX™ system at IperionX’s Virginia R&D facility. GenX™ validation opens a pathway to a step change in titanium production economics. Moving beyond the batch model used in conventional Kroll titanium production, continuous processing offers the potential for higher throughput, significantly lower unit costs, improved equipment utilization and reduced processing time. 46
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Successful testing demonstrates low-oxygen titanium powder production The GenX™ system processed more than 500 kg of titanium powder across four separate continuous runs totaling 41 hours, at an average rate of approximately 12 kg per hour. Product from each run was collected separately, with samples randomly selected from different locations for oxygen analysis. Measure
Angular powder
Spherical powder
Starting oxygen
0.250% – 0.323%
0.215%
Product oxygen range
0.104% – 0.144%
0.072% – 0.084%
Average product oxygen
0.126%
0.078%
Relevant oxygen specification
Grade 5: 0.200% / Grade 23: 0.130%
Runs and combined duration
2 runs / 18 hours
2 runs / 23 hours
Analyzed samples
7
8
Table 1: GenX™ continuous titanium production results
Seven of the eight angular powder samples collected met the Grade 5 oxygen limit applicable to Ti-6Al-4V plate and bar under ASTM B265 and B348. Four of the eight also met the more stringent Grade 23 oxygen limit. One sample collected during an interrupted furnace run did not complete the HAMR™ cycle and was excluded from the validation assessment. IperionX anticipates that minor process refinements will enable angular powder to meet the Grade 23 oxygen limit. All spherical titanium powder samples met the Grade 23 oxygen limit and therefore also satisfied the Grade 5 oxygen specifications. GenX™ continuous processing – potential to materially shift the titanium cost curve The patented HAMR™ process is IperionX’s hydrogenenabled, low-temperature process for low-oxygen titanium powder, currently in operation on a batch basis in Virginia. GenX™ applies that process continuously, eliminating the repeated furnace heat-up, cool-down, loading and unloading time inherent in batch cycles. Measured GenX™ data has firmly established the potential to materially reduce the cost base for HAMR™ titanium production.
From the Wire (continued) IPERIONX VALIDATES GENX™ CONTINUOUS TITANIUM PRODUCTION (continued) Measured GenX result
Comparison basis (batch HAMR)1
Magnesium consumption
>45% lower
Per kg
Hydrogen consumption
>60% lower
Per kg
Power consumption
>75% lower
Per kg
6 times throughput
Like-for-like run time
Operating measure
Processing time
1. Actual operating data based upon current batch HAMR operations Table 2: GenX™ measured inputs and throughput compared to batch HAMR™
All comparisons are measured results against the batch HAMR™ reference; power use was measured directly on the GenX™ system. Magnesium is HAMR’s largest reagent cost, and lower use also reduces the by-product requiring downstream leaching and handling, which will be evaluated and quantified in further production campaigns. Continuous GenX™ operation is expected to improve equipment utilization, eliminate ancillary process steps and support expansion through replicated and scaledup production lines. Operational data highlights the potential for far lower installed capital per ton of annual capacity, and IperionX estimates significant potential labor cost savings. Engineering the next stage During Q4 2026, IperionX will continue to run and optimize the GenX™ furnace, integrate the current furnace into a full powder production line; and conduct technoeconomic and engineering evaluation for the first
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industrial-scale GenX™ production line. GenX™ remains a high capacity, low cost development platform but is not required to achieve low cost production for the existing 200 tpa production ramp or planned expansions in Virginia. Similar industrial scale furnace types in service are achieving throughputs measured in 1000s of tons per annum per unit. GenX™ also complements continuous HSPT™ development, supporting a pathway from continuous titanium powder production to finished titanium components. U.S. Army Task Order 2, awarded on August 31, 2026 under IperionX’s US$99 million SBIR Phase III contract, funds a continuous HSPT™ development furnace and industrial-scale continuous HSPT™ and dehydrogenation capacity in Virginia. IperionX CEO Taso Arima said: “Achieving continuous primary titanium production has long been the ultimate aspiration for the titanium industry. IperionX’s GenX™ process is a continuous titanium production platform that is more efficient to operate and easier to scale. These first results exceeded our expectations: more than 500 kilograms of recycled titanium powder processed across four separate runs, with every sample meeting its relevant oxygen specification. Substantially lower magnesium, hydrogen and power consumption at steady state, together with processing throughput increasing by six times, give us a strong basis for industrial development. Our next step is the engineering and economic evaluation of the first industrial-scale GenX™ production line. We aim to establish a scalable platform for expansion that lowers production costs and brings titanium within reach of a broader range of applications.”
From the Wire (continued)
IPERIONX SECURES SECOND U.S. ARMY TASK ORDER TO ACCELERATE INDUSTRIAL-SCALE AMERICAN TITANIUM PRODUCTION SOUTH BOSTON, Va., Aug. 31, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — IperionX Limited (IperionX) (NASDAQ: IPX, ASX: IPX) IperionX Limited announces that the U.S. Army has awarded Task Order 2 under the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Phase III Indefinite Delivery, Indefinite Quantity (IDIQ) contract for LowCost, Domestic Titanium for Defense Applications. IperionX’s SBIR Phase III IDIQ contract enables qualifying U.S. Government agencies to place projectspecific orders collectively capped at US$99 million (refer to details in the release dated June 5, 2025 “IperionX Awarded U.S. DoD SBIR Contract for up to US$99M”). Task Orders 1 and 2 have an aggregate stated value of approximately US$19.8 million, with US$79.2 million remaining available under the IDIQ contract ceiling. Task Order W911QX26FA097 is firm-fixed-price and has a stated base value of US$18.5 million. Of this amount, US$11.5 million is currently funded and obligated. A further US$6.9 million of unexercised and unfunded options could increase the maximum potential task order value to US$25.4 million if exercised and funded at the U.S. Government’s discretion. The SBIR funding supports equipment and manufacturing systems to expand IperionX’s domestic titanium powder-to-part manufacturing capacity. The program will increase titanium component-processing capability, bring critical manufacturing steps in-house and support shorter lead times, providing the potential to lower acquisition and production costs for U.S. defense applications. Highlights: • Second U.S. Army task order under SBIR Phase III contract: Task Order 2 issued under IperionX’s existing US$99 million SBIR Phase III contract for Low-Cost, Domestic Titanium for Defense Applications. • US$11.5 million obligated, up to US$25.4 million potential value: Current funding fully covers three priority industrialization work packages and provides an initial allotment to a fourth. Unexercised and unfunded options could increase Task Order 2’s value to a maximum of US$25.4 million. • Industrial-scale American titanium capacity: The program advances integrated titanium powder-to-
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finished-component operations, with continuous HSPT™ and dehydride furnace capacity, together with equipment that will bring titanium fastener finishing fully in-house at IperionX’s Virginia facility. • Continuous titanium powder-to-part manufacturing platform: Continuous HSPT™ processing is the downstream complement to GenX™, IperionX’s nextgeneration continuous HAMR™ titanium production platform. Together, the technologies are designed to increase throughput and reduce unit costs from titanium powder through to finished titanium components for the U.S. defense sector. • Expanded U.S. defense manufacturing capability: Manufacturing program for titanium track pins, bolts and fasteners for defense applications, with inspection and acceptance planned at Detroit Arsenal and Army Research Laboratory’s Aberdeen Proving Ground. • Potential expansion into aerospace and refractory alloys: Future option line items could extend IperionX’s patented technologies into an aerospace-grade titanium component program with a leading global aerospace and defense supplier, C103 alloy scrap recycling for a large advanced materials company, and spherical niobium and C103 powder development with Global Advanced Metals. CEO Commentary “This second U.S. Army task order represents an important step in scaling IperionX’s titanium powderto-part manufacturing platform. The SBIR Phase III award aims to advance continuous and industrial-scale HSPT™ and dehydride capacity and bring titanium fastener finishing fully in-house at our Virginia titanium manufacturing facility. This award aligns with GenX™, our next-generation continuous HAMR™ production platform, which together will provide an integrated American titanium manufacturing system. The program will expand our capacity to manufacture titanium track pins, bolts and fasteners for the U.S. Army, shorten production lead times and strengthen the domestic titanium manufacturing capabilities required to support U.S. defense supply chains.” – Taso Arima, IperionX CEO
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From the Wire (continued)
PYROGENESIS SIGNS FIRST CONTRACT TOWARD NEW TITANIUM POWDER SUPPLY AGREEMENT WITH U.S. MATERIALS DISTRIBUTOR Agreement geared towards potential orders of up to 1 tonne of titanium powder per month
MONTREAL, Sept. 15, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- PyroGenesis Inc. (“PyroGenesis” or the “Company”) (TSX: PYR) (OTCQX: PYRGF) (FRA: 8PY1), a leader in ultra-high temperature processes and engineering innovation, and a plasma-based technology provider to heavy industry & defense, today announces its first contract toward a new titanium powder supply agreement with a U.S.-based materials distributor (the “Client”). The powder for this order has been produced by PyroGenesis’ NexGen™ plasma atomization process and is to be shipped this week. The Client’s identity and contract details will remain confidential for competitive reasons. As disclosed in the Outlook section of the Company’s Q2 2026 earnings release, dated August 6, 2026, the Company has been in discussion with several companies regarding titanium powder orders, including a US-based materials distributor for a monthly supply agreement of up to 500 kg. Today’s contract represents the first commercial order arising from those discussions. The Client has since indicated that its potential monthly requirements could reach 1,000 kg (1 tonne); however, no commitment for recurring orders at that volume has been made. The order is for Ti64 “fine” cut powder, with a particle size range of 20-80µm (microns). This powder is typically used in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), an additive manufacturing technology widely used to produce complex, high-density components for aerospace, healthcare, and automotive industries. The Client supplies U.S. customers in the aerospace, defense, energy, and broader advanced manufacturing sectors. “The contract announced today directly supports the strategic goals outlined in our April 29, 2026, press release: positioning the Additive Manufacturing Division for its next level of growth, with operations anticipated to be several times larger than those currently in place,” said Mr. P. Peter Pascali, President and CEO of PyroGenesis. “This relationship with a well-connected materials distributor serving both the aerospace and defense sectors will help us expand our customer base in these two key industries that we have identified as central to achieving those strategic goals.” 52
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PyroGenesis’ Technology Development for Additive Manufacturing PyroGenesis is the inventor of the plasma atomization process and in fact coined the term “plasma atomization” in its original patent. Plasma atomization is often considered the gold standard process for the production of metal powder for additive manufacturing, also referred to as metal 3D printing. After years of R&D, PyroGenesis redesigned its plasma atomization technology and launched NexGen™ to re-enter the powder production market by targeting higher quality and yields, at lower operating costs. The Company has since taken a deliberate approach to commercialization, progressing from gram-scale customer samples to 100-kg orders, and its first tonnescale order in May 2023. PyroGenesis produces titanium powders in particle size distribution ranges across three “cuts”: • Fine Cut, in particle sizes between 15–63 µm for use in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). • Coarse Cut, in particle sizes between 45–106 µm for use in electron beam melting (EBM) and 45–150 µm in directed energy deposition (DED). • Off-Cuts, in particle sizes not currently used by the existing range of commercial printers, but which offers a high-quality feedstock for use in the production of high-quality metal alloys. PyroGenesis’ titanium metal powder as produced by its NexGen™ plasma atomization system. INDUSTRY AND MARKET CONTEXT • The global 3D printing market specific to titanium powder is expected to increase from $214 million in 2023 to $1.4 billion by 2032.1 • Titanium is classified as a critical mineral by both Canada2 and the U.S.3 • Titanium is used by multiple industries, including space, aerospace, defense, consumer electronics, medical, hydrogen, and electric vehicles, due to its high strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance.
From the Wire (continued)
PYROGENESIS ANNOUNCES SECOND TITANIUM POWDER CONTRACT WITH METAL ADDITIVE OEM CLIENT $102,000 order is second with the same additive manufacturer in a week
MONTREAL, Aug. 31, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- PyroGenesis Inc. (“PyroGenesis” or the “Company”) (TSX: PYR) (OTCQX: PYRGF) (FRA: 8PY1), a leader in ultra-high temperature processes and engineering innovation, and a plasma-based technology provider to heavy industry & defense, today announces a second contract for US$73,700 (CA$102,132) with a U.S.-based original equipment manufacturer (the “Client”) serving the additive manufacturing industry. PyroGenesis will provide coarse cut titanium powder produced by PyroGenesis’ NexGen™ plasma atomization process. The Company announced an initial order with this Client last week [press release dated Aug. 24, 2026]. The Client’s name and material volume will remain confidential for competitive reasons. The powder for this order has been produced and is expected to be shipped over the coming days. As previously announced, the Client is a US-based technology provider to the additive manufacturing industry. Today’s contract marks the second commercial order with this Client. As with the previous order, the order announced today is for Ti64 “coarse” cut titanium metal powder with a particle size of 45-150µm [microns] for use in directed energy deposition (DED), a technology
widely used in the aerospace and defense industries to print or repair structural metal parts and components. Laser-based DED can be used to build large-scale aerospace components that span up to five meters, among the largest items printable in metal 3D format. “Although we had anticipated additional orders with this client in the course of the year, we did not anticipate the speed with which this second order was placed. I believe this is particularly noteworthy as it indicates a growing demand for titanium powder at the quality and price level produced by PyroGenesis, while also reflecting the strength of our customer response and support,” said Mr. P. Peter Pascali, President and CEO of PyroGenesis. “Developing repeat customers is a key part of the sixpoint plan which we announced in our April 29, 2026, press release, to position the Additive Manufacturing Division for the next level of growth anticipated to be several times larger than that which is currently in place. Combined with last week’s announcement [dated Aug. 26, 2026] of a second titanium powder order with a major DOD and NASA-supported U.S. applied research facility client, today’s announcement of a separate such order from a serious client moves us closer to reaching the critical mass required to execute on our strategic goal.”
PYROGENESIS ANNOUNCES SECOND TITANIUM POWDER CONTRACT WITH DOD AND NASA-SUPPORTED U.S. APPLIED RESEARCH FACILITY CLIENT Company continues to expand presence, attract repeat customers, in aerospace and defense
MONTREAL, Aug. 26, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- PyroGenesis Inc. (“PyroGenesis” or the “Company”) (TSX: PYR) (OTCQX: PYRGF) (FRA: 8PY1), a leader in ultra-high temperature processes and engineering innovation, and a plasma-based technology provider to heavy industry & defense, today announces a second contract within a month with a large U.S. applied research facility (the “Client”). PyroGenesis will provide coarse cut titanium powder for use in research and development of critical materials. This powder was produced by PyroGenesis’ NexGen™ plasma atomization process. The Client recently placed an initial order with the Company [press release dated Aug. 20, 2026]. The name of the Client, and terms of the contract, will remain confidential for competitive reasons. As previously announced, the Client operates one of the largest applied research laboratories supported by 54
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the U.S. Department of Defense and NASA. Prior to the awarding of these contracts, PyroGenesis was confirmed as compliant with the Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement (DFARS), which includes security-related requirements applicable to certain U.S. Department of Defense contractors. Today’s contract marks the second commercial order with this Client, who has indicated a further need for a series of follow-up orders. As with the previous order, the order announced today is for a Ti64 “coarse” cut titanium metal powder (particle size: 45-106µm [microns]) for use in electron beam melting (EBM), a technology widely used in the aerospace and biomedical manufacturing industries to print lightweight, robust, and intricate structural components. The powder for this order will be shipped to the Client over the coming days.
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From the Wire (continued)
GE AEROSPACE TO ACQUIRE CONSOLIDATED PRECISION PRODUCTS (CPP), EXPANDING MISSION-CRITICAL CASTINGS CAPACITY • Investing in castings capacity to support strong demand across commercial engines, aftermarket and defense • $11.75 billion transaction, expected to be accretive-a) to adjusted EPS* and free cash flow* in the first year • Strong near and long-term value creation for customers and shareholders CINCINNATI—September 8, 2026—GE Aerospace (NYSE:GE) announced today that it has signed an agreement to acquire Consolidated Precision Products (CPP), a leading manufacturer of highly engineered castings, from private investment firms Warburg Pincus and Berkshire Partners. GE Aerospace Chairman and CEO H. Lawrence Culp, Jr., said, “Investing in mission-critical casting capacity is needed to support the strong simultaneous demand across commercial engines, aftermarket and defense. By combining GE Aerospace’s technology capabilities and FLIGHT DECK with CPP’s manufacturing experience, we expect to expand capacity, improve performance and accelerate new engine technologies for the current fleet and next-generation platforms.” CPP, headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio, manufactures highly engineered castings and sub-assemblies primarily for the commercial aerospace and defense markets. Founded in 1991, CPP is one of the world's largest producers of investment and precision sand castings, producing complex super alloy, titanium, aluminum, magnesium and steel castings for a variety of leading commercial and military aircraft, weapon systems, commercial and regional/business jets, helicopters and industrial gas turbines. CPP has a global team of ~6,600 employees across more than 20 facilities. GE Aerospace has been a CPP customer for over fifteen years. Culp added, “We will leverage FLIGHT DECK to drive process and quality improvements, supporting higher output, and integrate design and manufacturing to bring engine technologies to market faster for our customers. These improvements also will ensure manufacturing readiness to deploy enhanced airfoil technology for a more reliable ramp.”
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CPP CEO James Stewart, said, “GE Aerospace has been a great partner to CPP for many years, and we are excited to further strengthen this long‑standing relationship. As we advance our position as an industry leader in castings, GE Aerospace has expressed strong enthusiasm for supporting our continued growth and expanded vision. Together, we look forward to delivering meaningful value and advancing the success of both organizations.” Warburg Pincus Managing Director Dan Zamlong, said, “We are incredibly proud of the platform we have built in partnership with Berkshire Partners and CPP’s talented management team. CPP has been transformed into a leading precision casting company in the industry, with significant investments in its operations, technology, quality systems and talent, while expanding its ability to support customers across the commercial aerospace, defense, and power generation markets.” Berkshire Partners Managing Director Blake Gottesman said, “Berkshire Partners is grateful to have partnered with CPP’s management team and Warburg Pincus during a critical chapter of the company’s growth. Together, we have strengthened CPP’s leadership in the castings industry, and we are excited for the company’s continued success as part of GE Aerospace.” Transaction Details This transaction will deliver strong near and long-term value creation for customers and shareholders: • Purchase price of $11.75 billion to be financed with $7 billion in cash, with the remainder in new debt • Values CPP at ~18x 2027 EBITDA including expected net synergies, multiple of ~26x without • The acquisition is expected to be accretive-a) to adjusted EPS* and free cash flow* in the first year • No change to GE Aerospace’s capital allocation plans GE Aerospace and CPP are committed to a disciplined, well-planned integration. The transaction is expected to close in the second half of 2027 and will be subject to regulatory approvals and other customary closing conditions.
From the Wire (continued)
NEW KASTO SAW STRENGTHENS IN-HOUSE METALLURGICAL TESTING CAPABILITIES Hermitage PA, September 14, 2026 – Solar Atmospheres of Western PA is pleased to announce the purchase and installation of a new KASTO saw for its metallurgical laboratory, strengthening the company’s capabilities in the preparation and analysis of difficult-to-machine materials including Inconel and titanium.
material characteristics can make sample preparation particularly challenging,” said Bob Hill President of Solar Atmospheres of Western PA. “The addition of the KASTO saw represents an important investment in our laboratory infrastructure and our ability to deliver timely, reliable metallurgical analysis.” (continued)
The new saw will provide the metallurgical laboratory with a dedicated, high-performance solution for cutting advanced alloys into samples for metallographic evaluation, tensile specimens, materials characterization, and quality assurance. Bringing this capability further inhouse will help the company improve sample preparation efficiency while maintaining greater control over the testing process.
The investment reflects Solar’s continued commitment to technical excellence, quality, and the development of advanced in-house materials engineering capabilities.
“Inconel and titanium are critical materials for many demanding applications, but their strength and other
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“We’re continually looking for ways to strengthen our technical capabilities and provide better vertical support to our customers and engineering teams,” Bob added. “This equipment gives our metallurgical laboratory another important tool for working with some of the most demanding materials used in industry today.”
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Solar Atmospheres heat treated the titanium manifold weldment used on the Orion Launch Abort System for the NASA Artemis I Program.
1-855-WE-HEAT-IT solaratm.com Eastern PA
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International Titanium Association
ITA Member Roster 2026 ITA Member
ITA Member
3M Abrasive Systems Division
Element Materials Technology
A.M. Castle & Co.
ELG Utica Alloys, Inc.
Accushape Inc.
Elgiloy Specialty Metals
ACNIS ® International
ERNST KREBS KG
Advanced Metal Industries CO (AMIC)
eXtralloys
Aeropro Industries
FE Mottram OÜ
Airbus SAS France
Fort Wayne Metals
ALD Vacuum Technologies, Inc.
FRIGGI N.A. Inc.
Alleima Tube AB
GfE Metalle und Materialien GmbH
All-Met Recycling
Goldman Titanium
Alta Alloys
Grand Valley Mfg.
AMC Alloy Metals Co.
Grandis Titanium
AMETEK Specialty Metal Products
Greystone Alloys, LLC
Argus Media Inc.
heatTek
Aries Manufacturing
Hempel Special Metals AG
ATI
Hermith Advanced Technologies GmbH
AW Bell Pty. Ltd.
Hitachi High-Tech America, Inc.
Bahco
HORIE Corporation
Baoji Hongsen Titanium Metal Manufactory Co.,Ltd
Howmet Aerospace
Baoji Sino-Swiss Titanium Co.,Ltd
Hunan Xiangtou Goldsky Titanium Metal Co., Ltd.
Baoji Titanium Industry Co., Ltd
ICD Alloys & Metals, LLC
Beijing Shougang Machinery and Electric Co., Ltd.
Independent Forgings & Alloys Ltd
Billions Europe Ltd.
Industrial Metals Limited IML
Bodycote
Inteco Melting & Casting Technologies
Boeing Commercial Airplanes
IperionX Limited
Butech Bliss
Jiangsu Hongbao High-Precise Pipe & Tube Co., Ltd.
Carpenter Technology Corporation
KASTO Inc.
CCMA, LLC
Keywell Metals LLC
CHAOYANG JINDA TITANIUM CO., LTD.
KineTic Engineering
CKOE
Kings Mountain International (KMI)
Consarc Corporation
Kittyhawk
Coogee Titanium PTY LTD
Kymera International
CSM Tech Co., Ltd.
Laboratory Testing Inc.
DONALD MCARTHY TRADING PTE LTD
Largo Inc.
Dr. Markus Holz
Leybold USA Inc
Duferco SA
Lockheed Martin Corporation
DUST IDENTITY
Luoyang Sunrui Wanji Titanium Industry Co Ltd.
For complete company profiles, products and services, visit
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ITA Member Roster 2026 (continued) ITA Member
ITA Member
M3 Metals
Solar Atmospheres
Macrodyne Technologies Inc.
Specialty Metals Company
Medart Processing Technologies
Specialty Metals Processing Company (SMP)
Messer LLC
Star Tradex EZ LLC
Metalswerks, Inc.
State Nuclear Baoti Zirconium Industry Co.,Ltd.
METAVIA BRAMI & BRAMI SUPERALLIAGES
STS Metals
Mistras Group, Inc.
Sumitomo Corporation of Americas
Monico Alloys, Inc.
TiFast s.r.l.
MPS Technology Sp. Z o.o.
TIMET, Titanium Metals Corporation
NEOTISS High Performance Tube
TiPro International Co., Ltd.
NOTZ Metall AG
Tirus US
NSL Analytical
TITAN Metal Fabricators, Inc.
NUTEC Bickley
Titanium Consulting & Trading S.r.l.
Nu-Tech Precision Metals
Titanium Engineers
Oerlikon Metco (Canada) Inc.
Titanium Fabrication Corporation
Osaka Titanium technologies CO., Ltd.
Titanium Industries, Incorporated
Paris Saint-Denis Aero
Titanium International Group SRL
Perryman Company
Titanium Processing Center
Plaxys Inc.
Toho Titanium America Co., Ltd.
Plymouth Engineered Shapes
Tricor Metals
Precision Abrasives
TW Metals LLC
President Titanium Co., Inc.
Uhr Corp.
Product Evaluations Systems, Inc
Ulbrich Stainless Steels & Special Metals
PTC Industries Limited
United Alloys & Metals, Inc
Quaker Houghton
United Performance Metals
RENTON COIL SPRING CO. INC.
United Titanium
Retech Systems LLC
Universal Alloy Corporation
Rex Heat Treat
US Vanadium LLC
Rolled Alloys Inc
Vested Metals International, LLC
ROMEMET, LLC
Vulcan Specialty Products
Ross Precision Manufacturing
Weiler Abrasives Group
S+D Metals / Bibus Metals
Wellmet International Inc.
SAN-EKI, Ltd.
WST Western Superconducting Technologies Co., Ltd.
Schaffer Grinding Co Inc.
Xi’an Metals & Minerals Import & Export
Service Steel Aerospace
XI’AN XRUN NEW MATERIAL
SES, LLC
Zhejiang Shenji
Shaanxi Lasting Titanium Industry Co. Ltd
COMING SOON:
Shaanxi Tian Cheng Aerospace Co., Ltd.
Aero Metals Alliance
Simple Life Recycling
SKP MERCHANTS PVT LTD
SlipNaxos US LLC
Project Blue
For complete company profiles, products and services, visit
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Advertiser Index
Company
Pg
Company
Pg
STS Metals
2
Butech Bliss
5
Baoji Hongsen Titanium Metal Manufactory Co.,Ltd
25
Inteco Melting & Casting Technologies
7
Kymera International
27
ALD Vacuum Technologies, Inc
28
Tricor Metals
9
IperionX Limited
29
ACNIS® International
11
Xi’an Metals & Minerals Import & Export Co
31
13
Titanium Industries Incorporated TIPRO International
33
Bahco
15
Kittyhawk Inc
35
KASTO Inc.
17
A.M. Castle
37
Shaanxi Lasting Titanium Industry Co. Ltd
18
United Performance Metals (UPMET)
39
Metalwerks, Inc.
19
Retech Systems LLC
41
Elgiloy Specialty Metals
21
Remal
23
Ulbrich Stainless Steels & Special Metals
43
Aries Manufacturing
45
Company
Pg
Laboratory Testing Inc.
47
Medart
49
Perryman Company
51
TIMET, Titanium Metals Corporation
53
TCAE
55
UhrCorp.
57
Solar Atmospheres
59
Rolled Alloys Inc
61
Precision Abrasives
63
Product Evaluations Systems, Inc (PES)
65
Messer LLC
67
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