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978-84-1397-890-1

HANDBOOK ON SPANISH CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS

Xulio Ferreiro Baamonde (Coordinador)

Libros de texto para todas las especialidades de Derecho, Criminología, Economía y Sociología.

HANDBOOK ON SPANISH CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS

COORDINADOR:

Xulio Ferreiro Baamonde AUTORES:

Ana Isabel Blanco García Ana E. Carrillo del Teso Mª Ángeles Catalina Benavente Xulio Ferreiro Baamonde Anna Fiodorova Patricia Llopis Nadal

Elena de Luis García Fernando Martín Diz Ana María Neira Pena Sabela Oubiña Barbolla Agustín Pérez-Cruz Martín David Soto Díaz

manuales

HANDBOOK ON SPANISH CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS

COMITÉ CIENTÍFICO DE LA EDITORIAL TIRANT LO BLANCH María José Añón Roig

Javier de Lucas Martín

Ana Cañizares Laso

Víctor Moreno Catena

Catedrática de Filosofía del Derecho de la Universidad de Valencia

Catedrático de Filosofía del Derecho y Filosofía Política de la Universidad de Valencia

Catedrática de Derecho Civil de la Universidad de Málaga

Catedrático de Derecho Procesal de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid

Jorge A. Cerdio Herrán

Francisco Muñoz Conde

José Ramón Cossío Díaz

Angelika Nussberger

Catedrático de Teoría y Filosofía de Derecho. Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México Ministro en retiro de la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación y miembro de El Colegio Nacional

Eduardo Ferrer Mac-Gregor Poisot

Juez de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos Investigador del Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la UNAM

Owen Fiss

Catedrático emérito de Teoría del Derecho de la Universidad de Yale (EEUU)

José Antonio García-Cruces González Catedrático de Derecho Mercantil de la UNED

Luis López Guerra

Catedrático de Derecho Constitucional de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid

Ángel M. López y López

Catedrático de Derecho Civil de la Universidad de Sevilla

Marta Lorente Sariñena

Catedrática de Historia del Derecho de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid

Catedrático de Derecho Penal de la Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla Catedrática de Derecho Constitucional e Internacional en la Universidad de Colonia (Alemania) Miembro de la Comisión de Venecia

Héctor Olasolo Alonso

Catedrático de Derecho Internacional de la Universidad del Rosario (Colombia) y Presidente del Instituto Ibero-Americano de La Haya (Holanda)

Luciano Parejo Alfonso

Catedrático de Derecho Administrativo de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid

Tomás Sala Franco

Catedrático de Derecho del Trabajo y de la Seguridad Social de la Universidad de Valencia

Ignacio Sancho Gargallo

Magistrado de la Sala Primera (Civil) del Tribunal Supremo de España

Tomás S. Vives Antón

Catedrático de Derecho Penal de la Universidad de Valencia

Ruth Zimmerling

Catedrática de Ciencia Política de la Universidad de Mainz (Alemania)

Procedimiento de selección de originales, ver página web: www.tirant.net/index.php/editorial/procedimiento-de-seleccion-de-originales

HANDBOOK ON SPANISH CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS Coordinador

Xulio Ferreiro Baamonde Autores

Ana Isabel Blanco García Ana E. Carrillo del Teso Mª Ángeles Catalina Benavente Xulio Ferreiro Baamonde Anna Fiodorova Patricia Llopis Nadal Elena de Luis García Fernando Martín Diz Ana María Neira Pena Sabela Oubiña Barbolla Agustín Pérez-Cruz Martín David Soto Díaz

tirant lo blanch Valencia, 2021

Copyright ® 2021 Todos los derechos reservados. Ni la totalidad ni parte de este libro puede reproducirse o transmitirse por ningún procedimiento electrónico o mecánico, incluyendo fotocopia, grabación magnética, o cualquier almacenamiento de información y sistema de recuperación sin permiso escrito del autor y del editor. En caso de erratas y actualizaciones, la Editorial Tirant lo Blanch publicará la pertinente corrección en la página web www.tirant.com. Translating legal terms between Spanish and English is not an easy task. The diversity of institutions and legal figures is huge in our justice systems and not always, it is possible to find an exact correspondence. Therefore, translating implies a compromise between accuracy and comprehension. In this work, we have tried to use the rightest translation in any case, so the text may be comprehensible to English readers, but considering the Spanish specifics in legal terms. In any case, we have taken some choices that must be explained. First, we have decide to use the most common abbreviations for pieces of legislation in Spanish, including a translation below. On the other hand, we have included a glossary with some of the most used terms, together with the Spanish translation, in order to clarify its given meaning, specially for Spanish-speaker readers.

© TIRANT LO BLANCH EDITA: TIRANT LO BLANCH C/ Artes Gráficas, 14 - 46010 - Valencia TELFS.: 96/361 00 48 - 50 FAX: 96/369 41 51 Email: tlb@tirant.com www.tirant.com Librería virtual: www.tirant.es ISBN: 978-84-1397-891-8 Si tiene alguna queja o sugerencia, envíenos un mail a: atencioncliente@tirant.com. En caso de no ser atendida su sugerencia, por favor, lea en www.tirant.net/index.php/empresa/politicas-de-empresa nuestro procedimiento de quejas. Responsabilidad Social Corporativa: http://www.tirant.net/Docs/RSCTirant.pdf

Índice Preface.................................................................................................................................. 15 Xulio Ferreiro Baamonde Abbreviations........................................................................................................................ 17 Most common legal terms and Spanish correspondence........................................................ 19

Lesson 1 DIFFERENT SYSTEMS AND PRINCIPLES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE Fernando Martín Diz Professor of Procedural Law Universidad de Salamanca

I. WHAT ARE CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS FOR?..................................................... 21

II. SYSTEMS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE.......................................................................... 22

III. PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS........................................................ 22

IV. CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE............................. 24 1. Right to obtain effective protection of the Judges and Courts.............................. 25 2. Right to be present at the trial in criminal proceedings......................................... 26 3. Right of access to the regular judge pre-established by law.................................. 26 4. Right to presumption of innocence....................................................................... 26 5. Right to defence and legal counsel........................................................................ 27 6. Right to be informed of the charges..................................................................... 28 7. Right to a Fair Trial............................................................................................. 28 7.1. Right to a public trial.................................................................................. 28 7.2. Right to be tried without undue delay and due process of law.................... 28 7.3. Right to the use of appropriate evidence (to defence).................................. 29 7.4. Right to remain silent and right not to incriminate oneself.......................... 29

Lesson 2 CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS: A GENERAL OVERVIEW Sabela Oubiña Barbolla Professor of Criminal Procedure Law Universidad Autómoma de Madrid

I. THE SPANISH LAW OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE................................................ 31

II. INITIATION OF THE CRIMINAL PROCEEDING: CHANNELS........................... 33 1. The citizen’s report............................................................................................... 34 2. The criminal police report.................................................................................... 35 3. The criminal complaint........................................................................................ 36 4. In summary: report vs. criminal complaint........................................................... 38

III. THE STRUCTURE OF THE CRIMINAL PROCEEDING........................................ 39 1. A general overview............................................................................................... 39 2. Outline of the phases............................................................................................ 40

IV. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE CRIMINAL PROCEEDING.............................. 42

Índice V. CONNECTIVITY..................................................................................................... 43 1. Concept................................................................................................................ 43 2. Cases.................................................................................................................... 44 3. Effects.................................................................................................................. 45

VI. CRIMINAL AND CIVIL ACTIONS.......................................................................... 47

Lesson 3 JURISDICTION: CRIMINAL COURTS IN THE SPANISH JUDICIAL SYSTEM. SPANISH JURISDICTION ON CRIMINAL MATTERS. VENUE Agustín Pérez-Cruz Martín Professor of Procedural Law Universidad de Oviedo

I. LIMITS ON ORDINARY CRIMINAL JURISDICTION........................................... 49

II. JURISDICTION........................................................................................................ 56 1. Concept and basis................................................................................................ 56 2. Characteristics...................................................................................................... 56 3. Criteria used to determine criminal jurisdiction.................................................... 57

III. OBJECTIVE JURISDICTION.................................................................................... 57 1. Ordinary or common objective jurisdiction.......................................................... 58 2. Rationae personae jurisdiction............................................................................. 59 3. Rationae materiae jurisdiction.............................................................................. 60

IV. FUNCTIONAL JURISDICTION............................................................................... 62 1. Concept................................................................................................................ 62 2. Manifestations of functional jurisdiction.............................................................. 63

V. TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION............................................................................... 65

VI. JURISDICTION DUE TO A CONNECTION........................................................... 66 1. Cases involving a connection................................................................................ 67 2. Effects.................................................................................................................. 68 3. Territorial jurisdiction and connectivity............................................................... 68

Lesson 4 PARTIES PARTICIPATING IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS: PUBLIC PROSECUTOR. PARTICULAR AND POPULAR PROSECUTORS. DEFENDANT. CIVIL PARTIES. THE POLICE. THE VICTIM Ana María Neira Pena Professor of Procedural Law Universidad da Coruña

I. PUBLIC PROSECUTOR............................................................................................ 71

II. PARTICULAR AND POPULAR PROSECUTORS..................................................... 73

III. DEFENDANT........................................................................................................... 75

IV. CIVIL PARTIES......................................................................................................... 75

V. THE POLICE............................................................................................................ 76

VI. THE VICTIM............................................................................................................ 78

Índice

Lesson 5 INQUIRY Patricia Llopis Nadal Assistant Professor of Procedural Law Universitat de València

I. GENERAL ISSUES.................................................................................................... 81 1. Overview of the inquiry as the first stage of the Spanish criminal procedure........ 81 2. Individuals that participate in the inquiry............................................................. 82 2.1. Jurisdiction to investigate the crime: the Investigative Magistrate................ 82 2.2. The role of the Public Prosecutor during the inquiry................................... 83 2.3. The active role of the other prosecutors and the defence during the inquiry. ............................................................................................................... 84 2.4. The role of the Judiciary Police during the inquiry...................................... 85 3. The secret nature of the inquiry............................................................................ 86 4. The deadlines of the inquiry................................................................................. 87

II. THE ACTS OF INVESTIGATION............................................................................ 87 1. Definition and types of acts of investigation......................................................... 87 2. The ordinary acts of investigation........................................................................ 88 2.1. The visual inspection................................................................................... 88 2.2. Acts of investigation on the corpus delicti................................................... 89 2.3. Acts of investigation regarding the identity of the perpetrators and their personal circumstances................................................................................ 89 2.4. The statement of the person charged........................................................... 89 2.5. The statement of the witnesses.................................................................... 90 2.6. The confrontation of witnesses and the person charged.............................. 91 2.7. The expert’s report...................................................................................... 91 2.8. The controlled movement or delivery and the undercover agent.................. 92 3. The extraordinary acts of investigation................................................................ 93 3.1. Common requirements that shall be fulfiled................................................ 93 3.2. The entry and search in domiciles............................................................... 93 3.3. The search of books and papers.................................................................. 95 3.4. The seizure, opening and examination of private correspondence............... 95 3.5. Acts of investigation on the human body.................................................... 96 3.6. The technological acts of investigation........................................................ 97 3.6.1. The interception of telephone and telematic communications —Art. 588 ter a) to m)—............................................................................ 97 3.6.2. The capturing and recording of oral communications using electronic devices —Art. 588 quater a) to e)—................................................. 98 3.6.3. The use of electronic devices in order to capture images, monitor and trace —Art. 588 quinquies a) to c)—............................................... 99 3.6.4. The search of mass data storage devices —Art. 588 sexies a) to c)—.................................................................................................. 99 3.6.5. The remote search of computer equipment —Art. 588 septies a) to c)—.................................................................................................. 99

Índice

Lesson 6 PREVENTIVE MEASURES IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS Anna Fiodorova Assistant Professor of Procedural Law Universidad Carlos III de Madrid

I. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 101

II. PREVENTIVE DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY: NATIONAL MEASURES................. 102 1. Conditional release............................................................................................... 102 2. Detention............................................................................................................. 103 3. Provisional imprisonment..................................................................................... 103 4. Procedural guarantees in cases of detention and imprisonment............................ 105

III. EXTRADITION AND EUROPEAN ARREST WARRANT....................................... 106

IV. PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR THE PROTECTION OF VICTIMS...................... 110

V. PREVENTIVE MEASURES IN REM........................................................................ 112

Lesson 7 INTERMEDIATE STAGE Mª Ángeles Catalina Benavente Professor of Procedural Law Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

I. PROCEDURAL MEANING...................................................................................... 115

II. THE ACCUSATORY PRINCIPLE IN THE INTERMEDIATE STAGE...................... 116

III. DISMISSAL............................................................................................................... 118 1. Types of dismissal: full and provisional................................................................ 118 1.1. Full dismissal (sobreseimiento libre)............................................................ 118 1.2. Provisional dismissal (sobreseimiento provisional)...................................... 119 2. Consequences of dismissal.................................................................................... 120 3. Binding of the judicial body to the request for dismissal....................................... 120 4. Appeals of dismissal orders.................................................................................. 121

IV. GUILTY PLEA (CONFORMIDAD).......................................................................... 122 1. Scope of application............................................................................................. 123 2. Guilty plea requirements...................................................................................... 123 3. Timing of guilty pleas........................................................................................... 124 3.1. Guilty pleas during the pre-trial stage......................................................... 124 3.2. Guilty pleas during the intermediate stage................................................... 125 3.3. Guilty pleas at trial..................................................................................... 126 4. Binding the judge to the defendant’s guilty plea.................................................... 127 5. Appealing a judgement entered pursuant to a guilty plea..................................... 128

Índice

Lesson 8 TRIAL Ana E. Carrillo del Teso Assistant Professor of Procedural Law Universidad de Salamanca

I. GENERAL ISSUES.................................................................................................... 129

II. ARTICLES OF PRE-TRIAL RULINGS...................................................................... 129

III. INITIAL PLEADINGS............................................................................................... 131

IV. EVIDENCE PRESENTATION. INTRODUCTION OF INVESTIGATIVE ACTIVITIES DURING THE TRIAL............................................................................................... 134 1. Evidentiary procedure.......................................................................................... 134 1.1. Proposition................................................................................................. 134 1.2. Admission................................................................................................... 134 1.3. Examination............................................................................................... 135 2. The introduction of investigative acts................................................................... 136

V. CLOSING ARGUMENTS......................................................................................... 137

VI. THE POWERS OF THE COURT UNDER ART. 733, LECRIM................................ 140 VII. ORAL TRIAL PROCEEDINGS. EXCEPTIONS........................................................ 141 1. Exceptions to the publicity of the deliberations.................................................... 141 2. Suspension........................................................................................................... 142

Lesson 9 EVIDENCE Elena de Luis García Assistant Professor of Procedural Law Universitat de València

I. GENERAL ISSUES.................................................................................................... 145 1. Concept of evidence............................................................................................. 145 2. Principles of evidence........................................................................................... 146

II. MEANS OF EVIDENCE........................................................................................... 147 1. Defendant’s deposition......................................................................................... 147 2. Witnesses and experts.......................................................................................... 148 2.1. Witnesses.................................................................................................... 148 2.2. Experts........................................................................................................ 150 3. Documents........................................................................................................... 151 4. Judicial inspection................................................................................................ 151 5. Circumstantial evidence....................................................................................... 151

III. ILLEGAL EVIDENCE............................................................................................... 152 1. Concept of illegal evidence................................................................................... 152 2. Rules that exclude the sanction of nullity............................................................. 153

Índice

Lesson 10 VERDICT AND SENTENCE Ana Isabel Blanco García Professor of Procedural Law Universitat de València

I. SENTENCE............................................................................................................... 157 1. Acquittals............................................................................................................. 158 2. Convictions.......................................................................................................... 158

II. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS OF THE FINAL DECISION....................................... 159 1. Oral criminal sentences........................................................................................ 159 2. Written criminal sentences.................................................................................... 159

III. INTERNAL REQUIREMENTS OF THE FINAL DECISION: REASONING AND COHERENCE........................................................................................................... 161 1. Justification and reasoning: the rule of sufficiency................................................ 161 2. Consistency or coherence..................................................................................... 162 3. Voting on the judgement: the majority rule.......................................................... 162 4. On ancillary consequences................................................................................... 163

IV. PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE.......................................................................... 165 1. Meaning of the principle...................................................................................... 165 2. Burden of proof.................................................................................................... 166 3. In Dubio Pro Reo................................................................................................. 167 4. Assessment of evidence......................................................................................... 167

V. PUBLICISING JUDGEMENTS.................................................................................. 168

VI. RES JUDICATA AND NE BIS IN IDEM................................................................... 168 1. Formal res judicata............................................................................................... 168 2. Substantive res judicata........................................................................................ 168 VII. CLARIFICATION, RECTIFICATION, CORRECTION OR COMPLETION OF THE JUDGEMENT........................................................................................................... 169

Lesson 11 APPEAL AND OTHER REMEDIES Xulio Ferreiro Baamonde Professor of Procedural Law Universidade da Coruña

I. SYSTEM OF REMEDIES IN SPANISH CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS...................... 171 1. General Issues...................................................................................................... 171 2. Types of remedies................................................................................................. 172 3. Requirements....................................................................................................... 173

II. REMEDIES AGAINST COURT CLERK DECISIONS............................................... 174

III. REMEDIES AGAINST INTERLOCUTORY DECISIONS......................................... 174 1. Reform................................................................................................................. 174 2. Appeal for reversal............................................................................................... 175 3. Appeal.................................................................................................................. 175 4. Complaint............................................................................................................ 176

IV. APPEAL AGAINST JUDGMENTS............................................................................ 176 1. Scope of the remedy............................................................................................. 176

Índice

2. Proceedings.......................................................................................................... 177 3. Appeal judgment.................................................................................................. 178

V. CASSATION.............................................................................................................. 179 1. General Issues...................................................................................................... 179 2. Challengeable Decisions and Reasons for Cassation............................................. 180 3. Proceedings.......................................................................................................... 182

VI. CRIMINAL REVIEW................................................................................................ 183 VII. JUDGMENT ANNULMENT FOR ABSENT DEFENDANT..................................... 185

Lesson 12 ABBREVIATED PROCEEDING David Soto Díaz Asistant Professor of Procedural Law Universidade da Coruña

I. ABBREVIATED PROCEEDING................................................................................ 187 1. Introduction......................................................................................................... 187 2. Investigative stage................................................................................................ 189 3. Intermediate stage................................................................................................ 190 4. Trial and plea bargaining..................................................................................... 192 5. Remedies.............................................................................................................. 194

II. FAST-TRACK PROCEEDINGS FOR CERTAIN CRIMES........................................ 194 1. Scope of application............................................................................................. 194 2. Tasks of the judicial police................................................................................... 195 3. Urgent judicial proceedings before the Duty Court............................................... 195 4. Trial..................................................................................................................... 196

III. DECREE ACCEPTANCE PROCEDURE................................................................... 197 1. Scope of application............................................................................................. 197 2. Procedure............................................................................................................. 197

IV. PROCEEDINGS FOR MINOR OFFENCES............................................................. 198 1. Fast-track proceedings before the duty court........................................................ 198 2. Ordinary regime................................................................................................... 199 3. Trial..................................................................................................................... 199

V. JURY TRIALS............................................................................................................ 200 1. Scope of application............................................................................................. 200 2. The jurors and the presiding magistrate............................................................... 201 3. The proceeding..................................................................................................... 203 4. The verdict........................................................................................................... 204 5. Remedies.............................................................................................................. 205

VI. JUVENILE JUSTICE PROCEEDINGS....................................................................... 206 1. Scope of application............................................................................................. 207 2. The parties to the proceeding............................................................................... 207 3. Investigative stage................................................................................................ 208 4. Intermediate stage and trial.................................................................................. 209 5. Judgement and remedies....................................................................................... 210 6. Precautionary measures........................................................................................ 210

Preface EMI (English as a medium of instruction) is slowly being introduced into our Universities. Every time more and more Schools are offering courses in English as a way to internationalize their studies and to provide home students with greater opportunities to adapt their careers to a globalized evironment. Spanish Universities are not alien to this trend, and we can find now a growing number of Law Schools including bilingual degrees, English programs and international courses as part of their academic offerings. However, considering this situation, Professors who engage themselves into EMI teaching have struggles providing their students with appropriate material in order to follow the courses. This need is specially felt in those subjects where there is a specific national approach, what is common in Law courses. This work is an attempt to fill this gap and to provide Professors and students with a simple but rigorous textbook that can help them to follow an EMI course on Spanish Criminal Proceedings. The handbook is adapted to an average undergraduate course (12-14 weeks), but it can be useful also for shorter terms or even as a starting point to higher purposes. The reader can find here a general overview to Spanish Criminal Proceedings, with an explanation of their main stages, institutions and procedural varieties. Given the lack of English academic literature on Spanish Criminal Proceedings, this book may also be useful for international scholars and professionals who look for an introduction to the Spanish criminal justice system and do not have knowledge enough to address Spanish textbooks. This is especially interesting in an academic environment where getting to know comparative law is often required for research and teaching purposes. The authors are Spanish professors who have been teaching Spanish Criminal Proceedings for years and who have experience on EMI courses at their universities, so they know the needs of international and home students in English teaching. I hope both, students and professors, can find an useful tool on this work.

XULIO FERREIRO BAAMONDE A Coruña, July 30th, 2021

Abbreviations CE:

Constitución Española. (Spanish Constitution).

CP:

Código Penal. Ley Orgánica 10/1995, de 23 de noviembre. (Criminal Code).

EOMF:

Estatuto Orgánico del Ministerio Fiscal (Public Prosecutor’s Office Statute).

EVD:

Estatuto de la víctima del delito. Ley 4/2015, de 27 de abril. (Crime Victims Statute).

LEC:

Ley de Enjuiciamiento Civil (Law of Civil Procedure).

LECrim: Ley de Enjuiciamiento Criminal (Law of Criminal Procedure). LOFCSE: Ley Orgánica de Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad del Estado. (Law Enforcement Agencies Act). LOPJ:

Ley Orgánica 6/1985, de 1 de julio, del Poder Judicial. (Judiciary Organic Act).

LOTJ:

Ley Orgánica del Tribunal del Jurado (Jury Court Organic Act).

STC:

Sentencia del Tribunal Constitucional (Constitutional Court decision).

STS:

Sentencia del Tribunal Supremo (Supreme Court decision).

Most common legal terms and Spanish correspondence Accusatory pleading: Escrito de acusación. Arrest / Preventive detention: Detención. Bail / bond: Fianza. Central Criminal Court: Juzgado Central de lo Penal. Central Investigative Court: Juzgado Central de Instrucción. Civilly liable party: Responsable civil. Civil plaintiff: Actor civil. Conditional release: Libertad condicional. Constitutional Court: Tribunal Constitucional. Court clerk: Letrado de la administración de justicia. Court representative: Procurador/a. Criminal complaint: Querella. Criminal Court: Juzgado de lo Penal. Custody / provisional imprisonment: Prisión preventiva. Duty judge / Judge on call: Juez de guardia. False denuntiation: Delito de denuncia falsa. Fast-track proceedings: Juicios rápidos. Full dismissal: Sobreseimiento libre. Guilty Plea: Conformidad High Court of Justice: Tribunal Superior de Justicia. Indictment: Imputación judicial. Interim / Precautionary measures: Medidas cautelares. Investigative judge (court): Juez (juzgado) de instrucción. Juvenile Courts: Juzgados de Menores. Minor Crimes: Delitos leves. Misdemeanours: Delitos menos graves. National Court: Audiencia Nacional. Offering of actions: Ofrecimiento de acciones. Order of dismissal: Auto de sobreseimiento. Penitentiary Supervision Courts: Juzgados de Vigilancia Penitenciaria. Provincial Court: Audiencia Nacional. Security: Fianza. General Public Prosecutor: Fiscal General del Estado. Violence against Women Court: Juzgado de Violencia contra la Mujer.