Tino Explore Issue 4 (21-22)

ISSUE 4 | MAY 2022

Explore

In this issue: THE PLASTIC POLLUTION TREATY Learn about the UN's plan to create a new global plastics treaty to address the full lifecycle of plastic.

WHAT ARE GARBAGE PATCHES? Explore garbage patches; the underwater pollutants posing threats to marine life.

Planet Earth is our home.

Learn about various forms of pollution and how we can contribute to environmental preservation efforts.

Contents.

1

The Problem with Space Junk

4

Space junk is a term to describe nonuseful artificial objects in space, particularly in Earth's orbit. Such objects have the potential to cause future damage. In this article, learn more about what space junk is and how it affects our world.

2

Human Induced Evolution

With environmental health remaining one of the world's most pressing issues present day, the ocean's garbage patches embody the issue. Learn about the composition of garbage patches and their consequences on our oceans.

5

Scientists have been artificially inducing evolution and battling natural selection to control the food chain and natural ecosystem that we live among. This article covers the journey and impact of such scientists.

3

23 Centuries and Counting: Archimedes’ Legacy One of the world's best known math mathematicians, Archimedes' left behind a legacy that leaves a lasting impact on the STEM world today. Read this article to understand some of his greatest discoveries and impacts in math and physics.

Ocean Enemies: Garbage Patches

Military Technology Amidst the recent international wars, military technology is becoming more prevalent to today's world. Explore stealth aircrafts, nuclear weapons, drones, space weapons, and tomahawk missiles in this article.

6

The Beginning of a Global Plastic Treaty Through this article, take a look at the UN's roadmap to a more sustainable future, with a new global plastics treaty to address the root cause of plastic pollution.

We hope you enjoy Tino Explore Magazine's fourth issue of the 2021-2022 school year!

Interested in joining our staff? Email tinoexplore@gmail.com or reach out to one of our existing staff members for more information. We'd love to have you!

Space junk, also known as space debris, can be referred to as artificial objects in Earth's orbit that are no longer functional. Space junk can be as large as dead satellites or as small as paint flecks that have fallen off a rocket.

According to NASA, more than 27,000 pieces of space junk are tracked by the Department of Defense's global Space Surveillance Network (SSN) sensors. What’s more, there is space junk that is too small to be tracked, but large enough to pose a threat to Earth's space environment.

"...There is space junk that is too small to be tracked, but large enough to pose a threat.."

With the increased amount of space junk, the potential danger to all space vehicles, space stations, and other spacecraft increases. In fact, space junk can travel at rapid speeds occasionally reaching over 22,300 mph causing objects in the lower Earth orbits to collide.

As a result, because of the high speeds at which objects orbit Earth, a collision with even a small piece of space debris can cause damage to satellites and spacecraft.

The Problem with

Space Junk By: Carrie, Cecilia & Sarthaki For example, in February 2009 the operational Iridium 33 communications satellite collided with a defunct Russian Kosmos satellite. This crash was considered one of the worst space equipment collisions because the crash unleashed some 1,800 pieces of space debris that are still being tracked, and it increased the total amount of space junk in lowEarth orbit by about 10 percent.

Human Induced Evolution Shreyas Gosakan, Raybo Ghosh, Naman Yadav Since the beginning of hominids, humans have exploited wild populations of animals for food, clothing, and tools. Human exploitation of natural populations is always nonrandom. Individuals of a given size, morphology, or behavior are more likely than others to be harvested from the community. If the chosen characteristic has at least a partly genetic foundation, then selective elimination will result in genetic change in harvested populations. For example, the proportion of elephants without tusks grew from 10% to 38% in South Luangwa National Park, Zambia, owing to elephant poaching for ivory.

Similarly, trophy hunting for bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in Alberta, Canada reduced horn size because rams with longer horns were more likely to be eliminated from the population by hunting.

In the case of fishes, depending on the peculiarities of the specific fishery, fish might be killed as immature or adult individuals by fishing; the point in the life cycle at which fishing mortality is exacted has crucial implications for fisheriesinduced evolution. Because many fish have very high fecundities and high natural death rates, especially early in life, fishing mortality can be significant, although it is seldom as high as natural mortality.

Concerns regarding capture fisheries for a range of species have grown in recent years. Nonetheless, fishery management practically never includes evolutionary concerns, in part because concrete evidence for fisheries-induced evolution in specific situations remains elusive.

Fisheries are controlled solely based on demographic factors, especially adult abundance. Unfortunately, fisheries tend to impose selection that modifies the distributions of features that impact fitness and population survival, mostly through the removal of larger and older fish with different growth, development, and reproductive characteristics. To the extent that such fish have heritable qualities such as size, age, and linked variables, fishing selection will tend to diminish means and modify variability for these traits over time.

Sexual selection has largely gone unnoticed as a component that can impact evolution in the face of exploitation. The impacts of fishing on the distributions of features amenable to sexual selection throughout the life cycle of an Atlantic cod may have a significant impact on the rate and amplitude of fisheries-induced evolution. It is unclear how mating patterns impact wild animals' resilience to exploitation and their ability to rebound when conditions improve. At low levels of abundance, mate rivalry, mate choice, and other mating system components are almost guaranteed to affect population growth rate. For example, if larger individuals had higher reproductive success, sexual selection for increased body size might counteract fishing-induced selection against larger size.

Human exploitation of wild animals has an essential but generally overlooked consequence of selection, and adaptation to exploitation can result in negative evolutionary change. Fisheries and wildlife management that does not take evolutionary considerations risks diminishing wild productivity and output because exploitation removes phenotypes that may be favored by natural and sexual selection in the wild. Accounting for selection that is at conflict with natural adaptation processes is thus a critical component of a complete and effective long-term management approach. At least three questions must be answered for this scenario to change: What are the most important genetic repercussions of exploitation, and what research supports them? Do these effects have an impact on demography in a way that affects yield and concerns managers? How effective is management in detecting and mitigating these effects? Promising steps have recently been made toward answering the first question, although the evidence is still primarily circumstantial. Recovery following selective harvest relaxation, or even reversal, is likely to be slower than the original accumulation of detrimental genetic alterations. This is because harvesting can result in large selection differentials, but relaxing this selective pressure will typically result in weaker selection in the other direction. This phenomenon has been dubbed "Darwinian debt," and it is thought to have broad applicability. That is, evolutionary recovery time scales are likely to be far longer than those on which negative evolutionary changes occur.

23 Centuries and Counting:

’ Legacy

Archimedes

Many are amazed when they hear of the lengths ancient inventors went to in pursuit of advancements in their respective fields. It is only natural, given the comforts enjoyed by modern civilization. Yet, even acknowledging this sense of admiration, it seems that the true scale of these revered figures’ efforts is often underappreciated by society at large and few more so than Archimedes of Syracuse.

Born in the third century BCE on the island of Sicily, Archimedes is considered by scholars to be one of the greatest mathematicians in human history. Although not much is known of his personal life, his legacy – of which, this article will outline but three discoveries – is undeniably magnitudinous.

The first of these discoveries is Archimedes’ Lever Law. Archimedes first described his law of the lever using the words, “Magnitudes are in equilibrium at distances reciprocally proportional to their weights.” A lever – defined as a rigid object with a fulcrum (a point upon which the object pivots) – is integral to many processes encountered in daily life, and thus defining its mechanics mathematically was quite a step

toward fully quantifying simple occurrences.

This aforementioned mathematical definition relies on the axiom that the by product of force and distance is torque, where F1 × d1 = F2 × d2 (F = force, d = distance at which the respective fulcrum force is applied).

Archimedes proved this by making four initial assumptions about physical behavior. From those four assumptions, he postulated successive propositions until he reached his Seventh Proposition, stated at the beginning of this paragraph. While the full proof is too extensive to be printed here, the manner in which this law described the most basic of systems thoroughly contributed to the mechanical progress made in Archimedes’ wake.

Employing many of the same principles was Archimedes’ pulley system. A pulley system is a mechanism by which one can lift dead weight with relative ease, as opposed to doing so by hand. A single pulley, when experiencing a force, changes the direction in which it is applied. When two or more pulleys are present in a system, said system not only modifies the vector but also compounds its force. Pulleys are of three sorts:

1. Fixed pulleys: The wheel and axle stay in place (think flagpole). When one pulls down on the attached rope, their force is redirected, and the appended object is raised.

2. Movable pulleys: A pulley that freely functions upon a vertical axis, possessing the ability to ascend and descend (think cranes or elevators). Whereas in a fixed pulley, proceeding along a vertical axis is prohibited, movable pulleys are defined by their ability to do so.

3. Compound pulleys: A term encompassing any amalgamation of fixed and movable pulleys in a singular or interconnected system(s).

Though historians are unable to delineate the exact date or location of the inception of the pulley, Archimedes has been accredited with perfecting the usage of pulleys in a crane, thereby creating the first-ever block-and-tackle system. Block-and-tackle systems see widespread use in the present day, again cementing Archimedes as the forefather of the mechanics scholars would later use as foundations for modern society.

However, neither of the above two apparatuses are Archimedes’ most well-known.

Although known by a peculiar moniker, Archimedes’ Screw is considered by many to be his magnum opus. Simply put, this brainchild of his is an instrument to lift water while mitigating the cumbersome effects of buckets. It is said that Archimedes formulated it when asked to remove water from a ship of his own design – a flaw overlooked while he was satisfying his king’s

request for the largest ship possible. The Screw is, at its core, a type of positivedisplacement pump – a pump that entraps fluid emanating from a source and channels it to a discharge location. While it takes many forms, it can be generalized as a hollow cylinder and a spiral either within or without the cylinder. One end of this instrument is placed in a low-lying collection of fluid and the other is angled to a comparatively elevated endpoint, in most cases the discharge location. Rotating this implement then collects and transposes the water to successive pockets located within.

Each rotation shifts the fluid located in one pocket to the next until it reaches the endpoint, and forces liquid from the originating end into the first pocket. The physics of the Screw is precipitated upon the theorems of input and output force: input force being the force used on an inclined plane to push or pull an object, and the output force the force needed to move said object disregarding the existence of the inclination. Although invented before 200 BCE to clear leaks from naval vessels, its usage is diverse and prevalent. Its design was repurposed to reclaim land (like in the Netherlands!), irrigate crops, and by spiders to fashion their spiderwebs (though they likely formulated it first). Even today, Archimedes’ Screw is utilized in wastewater treatment plants and water parks. Archimedes’ Screw is always in vogue.

Clearly, if anything has a legitimate claim to the title of timeless, it must first reckon with the legacy of Archimedes. His ingenuity and mathematical prowess have served human society for millennia after his death, and none of it seems to be on the precipice of fading out any time soon. For his twenty-three centuries of service to the human race and counting, Archimedes is but one of many inventors who deserves to rest on his laurels.

Designed by Ally Nguyen, Researched by Dayun Lee, Edited by Grace Cho, Written by Sri Krishna Jandhyala

Ocean Enemies: Garbage Patches

By Aahelie Bhattacharya, Serene Kim, and Clarabelle Wang What are garbage patches? On the NOAA

These large patches of the ocean are

and Troy Kitch conversed on this topic. When

collections of large and small marine debris, including fishing gear and litter.

ask to define what this term means, Dianna

According to National Geographic, “In 1992,

Parker explained, “A lot of people hear the

rubber duckies floated in the Pacific when a

word patch and they immediately think of

ship lost tens of thousands of bathtub toys. The

Ocean Podcast: Episode 14, Dianna Parker

almost like a

blanket of trash that can

ducks were accompanied by turtles, beavers,

easily be scooped up, but actually these

and frogs.” However, not all the debris is so

areas are always moving and changing with

noticeable. Some of the debris is so small that

the currents, and it's mostly these tiny

it is less than 5mm in size. These tiny pieces of

plastics that you can't immediately see with

debris are called microplastics. As an example,

the naked eye”. Unfortunately, these areas

even tiny plastic microbeads found in facial

are present around the world. One way in

cleansers can end up in the ocean.

which to improve the situation and come up with solutions is to spread knowledge on what garbage patches are: how they come to be and when they can be prevented.

Up front, it is essential to grasp the idea of a “gyre” in order to understand how garbage

rotating ocean currents that pull in objects that may be patches occur. Gyres are

A section from the Office of Response and Restoration’s Marine Debris Program describes garbage patches as “pepper flakes swirling in a soup than something you can skim off the surface”. All types of the debris extends from the surface of the ocean to the ocean floor. As stated by oceanographers and ecologists,

floating around in the ocean. Of the five

about 70% of marine debris actually sinks to the bottom of the ocean”. Due to moving

gyres, one is located in the Indian Ocean,

ocean currents and changing winds, it is

two are in the Atlantic Ocean, and two more

difficult to accurately measure the size of each

can be found in the Pacific. The calm and

garbage patch. Despite this fact, The National

stable center of the gyre is where marine

Ocean and Atmospheric Administration’s

debris collects; this is what is called a

Marine Debris Program states that “if you tried

garbage patch.

to clean up less than

“

one percent of the North Pacific Ocean it would take 67 ships one year to clean up that portion”.

Undoubtedly, the largest and most

There are some misconceptions about the

infamous garbage patch is the “Great

definition of a garbage patch and how they look.

Pacific Garbage Patch”. This patch

Unfortunately, there are various detrimental

can be pinpointed between Hawaii

effects, such as damage to vessels in the ocean as

and California, at the center of the

well as issues with navigation. These negative

North Pacific Gyre. The majority of the

effects can only worsen over time. While it may be

debris in this area are microplastics.

impossible to remove 100% of a garbage patch

Multiple accomplished scientists have

since plastic never really breaks down completely,

explored this area, including the very

the situation can still be greatly improved over time

first to discover it, Charles Moore.

through thoughtful prevention and cleanup from

After his revelation in 1997, he used

the shore. Changes must be made in the

aerial drones to observe the area in

government, powerful corporations, and in

2014. The drones ascertained that

individual households. Some institutions including

100 times more plastic by

there is “

the Plastic Pollution Coalition and the Plastic

weight than previously measured. The

Oceans Foundation are “using social media and

team also discovered more permanent

direct action campaigns to support individuals,

plastic features, or islands, some over

manufacturers, and businesses in their transition

15 meters (50 feet) in length”.

from toxic, disposable plastics to biodegradable or

Scientists have observed numerous consequences on the surrounding habitats as a result of garbage patches, especially the infamous “Great Pacific Garbage Patch”.

fish and seabirds accidentally ingest harmful materials from the ocean. Eating Predictably,

plastics fills their stomach and gives them the false impression that they are full and that there is no need to eat real foods. Since plastics both leach out and absorb pollutants, these

injurious chemicals enter the food chain.

reusable materials”. Individuals interested in helping can make an effort to create less waste, effectively manage the waste that is created, stop littering, join a local beach cleanup, and remember to recycle.

Joan Thyagarajan, Rishik Buneti, Archana Krishnan

For a while now, international conflicts have been apparent in our society. Amidst the recent Afghanistan War and the Ukraine-Russia War, it’s evident that technology in warfare is gradually becoming more prevalent. Yet, to the public eye, the question still remains: “What technology is currently being used in war and how has it changed over the years?” After several centuries of evolution, here are five pieces of technology that have completely changed warfare worldwide.

stealth aircrafts Stealth aircraft, as the name implies, assist pilots in avoiding detection in the skies. While planes cannot be fully invisible to radar detection, stealth aircraft utilize a variety of modern technologies to decrease reflectivity, radio frequency spectrum, and radar and infrared emissions. Stealth technology enhances the likelihood of a successful strike since adversaries have a more difficult time identifying, tracking, and defending against these aircraft.

nuclear weapons Nuclear bombs are the most lethal weapons ever devised by humanity. The destructive force of these weapons is derived from nuclear reactions, which unleash massive amounts of explosive energy. Physicists working on the Manhattan Project during World War II produced the world's first nuclear weapons, or atomic bombs.

drones Combat drones, utilized as unmanned aerial vehicles, allow troops to deliver weaponry in battle while remaining thousands of kilometers distant from the front lines. As a result, the lives of drone pilots are not jeopardized, allowing the military to reduce the number of combat deaths. Drones are increasingly being used by the United States military across all branches of operational forces.

space weapons Space weapons comprise a variety of warheads that may be launched from space to strike targets on Earth, intercept and disable missiles passing through space, or destroy space systems or satellites in orbit. As political tensions rose during the Cold War, both the United States and the former Soviet Union researched space weaponry.

Tomahawk Missiles The Tomahawk is a long-range cruise missile intended to fly at extremely low altitudes and at subsonic speeds, allowing the weapons to attack a variety of surface targets.

These jet-engine-powered missiles had their first operational usage in 1991 during Operation Desert Storm. The missiles move at speeds of around 550 miles per hour (880 km/h) and employ GPS sensors to more precisely locate their targets.

GLOBAL PLASTIC TREATY

the beginning of a Maisha Gupta, Sarah Zuo

Earlier this month a UN Environment Assembly was held in the capital of Kenya, Nairobi. The assembly was attended by nearly 200 nations and at the end of the event the beginnings of a global treaty were formed. The treaty’s aim is to restrict the increasing growth of plastic pollution globally. The UN Environment Program Executive Director Inger Andersen commented, “for the first time in history, we are seeing unprecedented global momentum to tackle the plague of plastic pollution.”

This is not a new topic of discussion yet it is an important topic that has to be revisited. Every year, our countries produce 400 million tons of plastic and 40 percent of that is single use plastic. 8 million tons out of the 400 million, are deposited into our planet’s oceans each year and they take years to break down.

400

MILLION TONS

of plastic produced each year

8

MILLION TONS

deposited into Earth's oceans

Some may argue that plastic can be recycled yet the United Nation Environment Program estimates that only 9 percent of all the plastic ever produced has been recycled. The other 91 percent is made up of both plastic that is too expensive to recycle and plastic that is deposited in landfills or our oceans.

Plastic waste causes harm throughout its whole life cycle. Toxic greenhouse gases are released into our atmosphere during the production, use, and incineration of plastic materials. So much toxic gas is released that plastics have been estimated to be the cause of 4.5 percent of global greenhouse gas emission in 2015 and that number has only grown since then.

In 2020, more than 180 nations agreed to limit the exports of plastic waste from wealthier countries to relatively poorer countries.

91%

4.5%

produced is not recycled

gas emissions are from plastic

OF PLASTIC

GREENHOUSE

This treaty that is now being formed, will build on that agreement as well as many others made in the past. The topic of discussion was brought up in a joint proposal by Peru and Rwanda. Rwanda has been one of the developing nations that are in the forefront of the efforts to suppress plastic pollution. The nation of Rwanda has already implemented strict bans on imports, production, use or sale of plastic bags and packaging. The Rwandan environment minister, Jeanne d’Arc Mujawamariya, stated at the UN meeting, “plastic pollution is a planetary crisis, a threat that affects all of us.”

"plastic pollution is a planetary crisis, a threat that affects all of us."

That is where the proposal of a treaty comes in. The treaty will be an international legally binding agreement that addresses all parts of plastic pollution. The proposal by Peru and Rwanda aimed to address raw material extraction, plastic production, plastic use and disposal, plastic waste clean up, improvement of recycling plastics, microplastics in our water systems, the possible banning of single use plastics, and much more. Significant refusals were not made but Japan did submit another resolution that focuses mainly on marine plastic pollution. The Japanese delegate, Yutaka Shoda, did ultimately agree to the Peru and Rwanda proposal as he said, “The important thing, is that we are united in developing an international, legally binding instrument.”

Throughout 2022 and following years details for this treaty will be discussed in the hopes to finalize by 2024.

Inger Anderson evaluated that if this treaty is endorsed, it “would be the most significant global; environmental governance decision since Paris (Climate) Agreement in 2015.” A large number of nations including the European Union, the United Kingdom, Colombia, Switzerland, and more, have already declared their support for the global plastic treaty. Our planet is in grave need for a change and the goals of this possible treaty may be a step forward in the right direction for our future.

TREATY AIMS Address raw material extractions Address plastic pollution, use, and disposal Address plastic waste clean-up Improvement of recycling plastics Microplastics in our water systems The possible banning of single use plastic

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administration.

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF + PRES / ASHWIKA AGRAWAL VICE-PRES / JESSICA XIAO ADMIN ASSISTANT / TIFFANY HO ADMIN ASSISTANT / NAVYAA GUPTA ADVISOR / MRS. PLAT LEAD CONTENT MANAGER / JOAN THYAGARAJAN CONTENT MANAGER / SARTHAKI AGRAWAL CONTENT MANAGER / SWAPNIL DAS CONTENT MANAGER / MAISHA GUPTA CONTENT MANAGER / HYUNJUN KIM PUBLICITY DIRECTOR / RISHIK BUNETI PUBLICITY DIRECTOR / SHREYAS GOSAKAN BRANDING DIRECTOR / CECILIA HUANG BRANDING DIRECTOR / ARCHANA KRISHNAN BRANDING DIRECTOR / MEGHANA VINJAMURY

staff.

Shreyas Shriram Gosakan, Raybo Ghosh, Naman Yadav, Ally Nguyen, Grace Cho, Dayun Lee, Sri Krishna Jandhyala, Clarabelle Wang, Aahelie Bhattacharya, Serene Kim, Cecilia Huang, Sarthaki Agrawal, Carrie Chen, Joan Thyagarajan, Rishik Buneti, Archana Krishnan, Maisha Gupta, Sarah Zuo

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OUR PLANET,

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