ISSUE 3 | APRIL 2022
Explore
In this issue: WEIGHING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF TOTE BAGS Learn about our day-to-day consumerism choices and their potential impacts on the environment.
THE PROCESS OF FORMING BETTER HABITS Learn about how habits are formed, and what it takes to form healthier habits.
Our lifestyles define us. Learn about how we can live healthier and be more sustainable.
Contents. 1 ST3M: Three Unique
Occupations
4
Genes play an important role in making us who we are. Gene editing is a recent process in which scientists can add, remove, or modify genetic materials at specific points. This article takes a closer look at how gene editing works, its ethicality concerns, and some of its incredible prospects.
The world of opportunities that STEAM has to offer is endless. In this article, learn about three unique and rare jobs in STEAM fields, including forensic science technicians, bioinformatic scientists, and underwater archaeologists. 2
Weighing the Sustainability of Tote Bags Tote bags are gaining increasing popularity as one of the most environmentally friendly products out there. However, the effects of using these trendy bags may not be as straightforward as they seem. Through this piece, learn about some of the internal processes that go into producing, using, and disposing tote bags.
3
Genetic Future
5
Creating a Quadcopter Drone Using Leonardo Da Vinci's Helicopter Design Drones are unpiloted aircrafts that can be used in a variety of situations. While well known for his artwork, Leonardo Da Vinci was not well recognized for his aircraft design. Dive into Da Vinci's design vision for a small, unmanned quadcopter drone.
The Process of Forming Better Habits Habits can make or break your lifestyle. This article describes the psychological processes involved in habit forming, and what it takes to form healthier habits.
We hope you enjoy Tino Explore Magazine's third issue of the 2021-2022 school year!
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tinyurl.com/exploremag Issue 1: Recent Advancements in Technology
Issue 2: Controversies in Technology
ST3M: Three Unique Occupations Written by Ally Nguyen, Edited by Sri Krishna Jandhyala, Designed by Grace Cho
Introduction
The subjects that comprise STEM
Evidently, the distinct personalities of any given person have spawned a variety of professions, such that everyone can find something that incorporates their interests or passions into a work environment. Now, let’s take a deeper look at the three unique and rare jobs introduced prior.
encompass a wide variety of occupations, and as a result there are a multitude of jobs that often aren’t well-represented in everyday life. This diversity of disciplines allows for an extensive range of expertise, and permits people with Forensic Science Technician different passions to find a job Interested in solving crime but prefer unique to their own interests. Seeing to connect the dots over getting in on as there are so many different the action? A career as a forensic people in the world– each of them with their own aspirations– there are science technician (FST), working for a law enforcement agency, might be for bound to be a multitude of unique you. occupations. For example, have you ever wanted to become a criminal investigator, but hesitated because you would rather not take part in any violence? Perhaps pursuing em forensic science is right for you. Do you enjoy biology, but specifically wonder about what each gene and protein does in a sequence of DNA? You could become a bioinformatics scientist. Or, it may be that you enjoy history but also have a fascination with the ocean. You might become an underwater archeologist!
“Forensic science technician” is actually considered a broad term, for there are many different forms it can take. FSTs come from a variety of backgrounds and often don’t have just one expertise. Despite the different subdivisions of this field, all FSTs are experts in the analysis of evidence from crime scenes. FSTs were once considered unsung heroes, but in today’s society, the employment of FSTs is outpacing the growth rate of the average occupation. So even though this profession might not be as obscure anymore, it is still an intriguing occupation that the average person has little knowledge of. What exactly do FSTs analyze, anyway? FSTs specifically look into the physical evidence present on a crime scene. This includes stray pieces of hair, fibers, and tissues, as well as fingerprints and more. Additionally, FSTs may also be called in for more niche consultations, such as those of handwriting analyses or ballistics (gun-related). Because of the nature of their work, there is a possibility they can testify under oath during criminal trials. Overall, FSTs and the broad spectrum of their backgrounds, as well as the unique option they present to those interested in the law enforcement field, should not be overlooked.
Bioinformatic Scientist Interested in biology but have an admiration for computer science? Well now you don’t need to choose between the two, because a career in bioinformatics connects both subjects. Bioinformatics is not a particularly wellknown field of study, but it recently underwent rapid progression as a discipline and there has been a new surge in the development of new bioinformatics-specific tools. But what exactly does the field focus on? Bioinformatics, connecting biological science, informatics, and math, especially emphasizes the procuration, storing, analyzation, and promotion of biological data. This data includes DNA, RNA, amino acid sequences, and protein, all of which you were introduced to in freshman biology. The field of bioinformatics uses computer science to look more closely at this data.
Bioinformatic scientists are often found determining the functions of various genes and proteins, discovering diverse evolutionary pathways, predicting the shape of proteins (in a 3D plane, courtesy of computer technology), and more. Bioinformatics is especially useful when focusing on common patterns while examining genes and sections of protein. These types of bioinformaticians can be likened to the “linguists of biology”– an allusion to linguists, who look for patterns within the human language. To summarize, bioinformatics is a field that focuses on looking at biological data using computer technology and informatics. It combines two fields to produce new research and is slowly beginning to gain recognition as a future occupation for many. Today, many universities assign mandatory bioinformatics courses to students majoring in biology, biochemistry, microbiology programs, and more. Perhaps one day even you may consider a career within this extensive field.
Underwater Archeologist Owing to the fact that only 15 universities around the globe offer a degree in underwater archeology, it is objectively the least common of the three professions discussed here and could be considered one of the rarest professions in the world.
As its name suggests, underwater archeology is a branch of archeology that focuses on oceans and other bodies of water. This field recovers artifacts from within these areas and examines them to glean information about humans who may have lived there in the past. Intelligence regarding past human activities, civilization, and animals that lived long ago is derived from the location of the artifacts as well as the artifacts themselves. Underwater archeologists' work can be intrusive (requiring excavation and selective recovery of objects) or non-intrusive (leaving the site undisturbed). Archeologists will examine sites such as shipwrecks, submerged habitation sites, historic landings, anchorages and more. For example, when inspecting a shipwreck, archeologists will research the surroundings and determine whether or not the site can be preserved. If the site is in an area with favorable conditions (i.e. Black Sea), they may try to protect the area from biochemical deterioration, coastal development, illegal looting, or site damage.
This field is able to systematically approach the conservation of important sites, artifacts, and information that is not excavated. Archeologists may gather jewelry, cutlery, human remains or other artifacts before taking them to the laboratory to be examined. This practice is incredibly valuable and significant. For one, there is much worth in the cultural and historical properties of the artifacts and discoveries. Artifacts are capable of possessing unique information about the past relating to specific cultures and heritages based on where it can be found. As previously mentioned, underwater archeology can also ensure the preservation of sites for future generations.
Additionally, underwater archeology has the potential to provide insight on voyaging and nautical technology, as well as cultural contact and trade, marine resource use, and ancient habitation. All in all, this field is incredibly underappreciated, despite its many contributions to conservation, cultural and historical knowledge, and much more. It is a field that deserves respect and awareness, and should not remain largely unknown by the masses.
Conclusion
In short, there are a myriad of underrepresented and unthanked STEM fields and jobs in the world. The three discussed in this article– forensic science, bioinformatics, and underwater archeology – just scratch the surface. Going forward, it would be prudent to keep in mind that there is a profession out there for everyone, even if it might take a little expedition to find it.
Weighing the Sustainability of
Totebags
By: Aahelie Bhattacharya, Serene Kim, Emily Tsai, and Clarabelle Wang
Today, in an age where people are constantly attempting to find new ways to preserve our valuable environment, tote bags seem to be an easy and affordable solution. Preventing single-use plastic bags from floating in the ocean and harming marine life, these reusable and stylish bags can be used in various situations such as visiting the library or purchasing groceries. Many choose to personalize their bags with paint or other decorations, while others even create their own. Through these examples, the relevance of tote bags in daily life is clear. It is challenging to fathom how such a seemingly foolproof idea can be integrally flawed, with some bringing up the question: “Are tote bags truly sustainable?".
To answer this question, we can provide an overview of the total impacts. In one article from the Atlantic, Noah Dillon states, “[tote bags] are green in principle, but not in the way people use them”. The article goes on to cite the results of a 2008 study from the UK Environment Agency. In their research, they included High Density Polyethylene with prodegradant additive bags (or
common plastic bags found in grocery stores) as well as a cotton bag (or the popular tote). They calculated the impact each bag had on the environment after each use, and the results were riveting. Standard plastic bags had the least consequences, while the cotton tote bags exhibited the most critical repercussions of all those tested. In fact, they claimed that the cotton tote bags should be reused “131 times respectively to ensure that they have lower global warming potential than conventional HDPE carrier bags that are not reused.”. To add more context, this is not the only study on this topic. In 2018, a similar study from the Ministry of Environment and Food of Denmark reported that it would be necessary for one cotton bag to be used about 20,000 times in order to offset its environmental footprint, proving how tote bags might not be as sustainable as they seemed, unless used the right way.
The reason for which these bags have such a severe impact lies in its material. This brings us to the dangers of cotton. A popular and acceptable crop, cotton is used worldwide for clothing, furnishing, and much more. Being a natural fiber, cotton is one of the most environmentally demanding crops. The Aral Sea, once the 4th largest lakes in the world, has completely dried up due to cotton cultivation. It requires more than 10,000 liters of water just to grow one kilogram of cotton, which is only equivalent to about a shirt and a pair of jeans. Conventional cotton is also considered the dirtiest crop on earth, consuming “16% of the world’s insecticides and requiring $2 billion in pesticides each year” according to the Swedish Linens. It contaminates rivers and wetlands because of the toxic pollutants it contains, not to mention the carbon emissions from cotton that mount up to 220 million metric tons yearly.
Some may wonder how paper bags factor into this situation. To answer this question, in 2019, BBC did research on the differences between paper and plastic bags. Many would assume that a paper bag would be decisively and completely superior to the plastic. However, through this piece, you may have already guessed that these ideas aren’t as simple as they seem. Aligning with this idea, the article referenced a Northern Ireland Assembly research paper from 2011 that stated that it "takes more than four times as much energy to manufacture a paper bag as it does to manufacture a plastic bag.". They reasoned that this was due to the fact that paper was
heavier than plastic (transportation) and the fact that they result in trees being cut down. In addition, they found that since single-use plastic bags are created using “waste products of oil refining”, the production of paper bags actually results in more toxic chemicals. In conclusion, the effects of our actions (while we may have good intentions) are far more complex than they seem at first glance. Though tote bags are reusable, they have an high environmental footprint. While plastic bags have low environmental footprint at a cost of it's ability to biodegrade. Then what do we use? Well, it'll always tie back to the 3 R's: reduce, reuse, recycle. Make use of what you have at home and reuse it as much as you can, reduce the purchase of new bags, and recycle once you are done with it. It may seem that the simplest actions we take have negative ramifications on the environment and that there is no use trying. However, the most essential steps we can take to improve are to stay positive and continue questioning the simple actions we take every day.
The Process of Forming Better Habits Sarthaki Agrawal, Carrie Chen, Cecilia Huang Habits are a set of routines or psychological behaviors that someone is accustomed to doing, and– depending on its benefits or drawbacks–are widely considered to be the systems for life progress. For example, a common morning routine would include waking up, changing clothes, and eating a proper breakfast. They are essential for achieving their goals, or allowing individuals to focus on more important means; habits are automated, and are accomplished by an individual naturally, making life more efficient. By breaking down the main components of habit formation, it is possible to create and consistently follow new habits for self improvement.
According to Atomic Habits, written by James Clear, four aspects to forming better habits are as follows: cue, craving, response, and reward. The cue is a signal that triggers your brain to initiate a habit. It also conveys the rewards like food, water, or money that convinces your brain to perform the habit. Cravings relate to the level of motivation of accomplishing a goal to earn a good result – such as when we brush our teeth for the motivation of having a clean mouth. The third step is response, which is actually performing the habit in the terms of an action. The rewards are the end goal of every performed habit. When utilized correctly, the final ‘habit loop’ is created, and continuous use of the process produces the desired results. Conversely, in order to break one, either create a new habit or remove the cue, craving, response, or reward from the original.
The four steps include the terms of creating a good habit. The first step “cue” introduces the idea to make a habit noticeable. Identifying habits that already exist in your daily routine helps eliminate the bad and possibly neutral habits, and keep the good ones. When it comes to starting a new habit, there are two strategies that can be used. The first strategy is “implementation intention”, which forms habits in terms of a specific time and location. Stringing together various habits together also creates obvious cues and automatically creates a clear plan to move forward. Other cues include the environment someone is in. It is best demonstrated why “taking a vacation is so relaxing”, because you are no longer cued into your working habit loops at home. Making the cues of good habits obvious, and removing the cues of bad ones will ensure that they run smoothly. For the “response” step, reducing the steps taken makes the habit easier to complete. The next step is to prepare your environment to perform your habits in an easier way. Decisive moments help us make better choices by trying to decide if the options are a good or bad choice. The third step applies to the twominute rule, which incorporates incremental steps that will contribute to a much larger goal, or become easily faster towards doing your actions. Invest into something that makes your habits easier, such as using online food services or using app blockers to prevent being distracted. Focusing on yourself instead of being defined by your bad habits helps lead to making better choices in the future.
The “craving” introduces the second law, which is “Make it attractive.” The 1st strategy is “temptation bundling”, which is a way to make your habits more attractive. This habit can be formed when placing a clear reward as incentive. Additionally, joining a group where your desired behavior is considered normal encourages similar goals, easily serving as motivation. Reprogramming your brain to enjoy your difficult habits relates to remembering why you started that habit or what motivated you to take the next step. This also helps us figure out the benefits of your hard habits, avoid our bad habits and move towards bettering ourselves.
The fourth and last “reward” step involves rewards after finishing a habit. Not only does it make boring habits enjoyable, it makes the benefits clear to “put more effort in the right direction”. Habit tracking helps with seeing if you made progress and been consistent with your habits. Being consistent with your habits comes with not breaking the chain, but making progress. Getting a partner who can watch your behavior and making a habit contract are other helpful ways to break bad habits and make progress with good ones. Overall, the four steps cue, craving, response, and reward have a law attached to each which help us form better habits. Forming habits in this way makes us more consistent and makes progress throughout life, and builds improvement in ourselves to create a successful future.
Genetic Future Shreyas Gosakan, Raybo Ghosh
Gene editing refers to a process that allows scientists to add, remove, or modify genetic material at specific points in the genome. The whole field of gene editing is a new field that was often disregarded because of its numerous complexities and hardships when implemented in the real world. The CRISPRCas9 system is a new system that helps solve these issues as it is quicker, more financially feasible, and more accurate than other existing genome editing methods. It often helps to think of certain new gene-editing technology as a pair of scissors and DNA on paper. These technologies allow us to cut pieces of “paper” with our “scissors” and rearrange them or replace them.
It is important to work out the intricate aspects of gene editing because of its incredible prospects. Genetic editing would greatly advance our ability to treat diseases and would help advance our understanding of how to cure diseases. We could greatly reduce certain genetic disorders. The time it takes to get an accurate diagnosis would reduce significantly and it would be easier to customize treatments for each patient. Diseases that have been tricky to cure such as HIV and sickle-cell disease might become easier to solve. There has also been some recent discussion over the use of somatic genome editing to enhance athletic performance. These benefits could help save many lives and even enhance the lives of people who are healthy today.
Though this concept might seem life-changing, it must be used responsibly and moderated carefully to ensure that it doesn't become detrimental to humanity. One of the central debates regarding gene editing is the implications of editing reproductive cells. Modified reproductive cells would carry those genes onto future generations which might produce unwanted results. Also, some argue such technologies would be used to further the physical and mental divide in humans which might eventually lead to increased conflict. On the other hand, this new technology might reduce the biodiversity in genes as people chose to adopt genes that they feel would be more favorable.
Another topic of discussion is whether editing a child’s DNA would be an infringement of the rights of the child. The inequality in the access to new technologies like gene editing might one day result in some countries using gene editing to achieve what society perceives as the best possible humans while other countries wouldn’t have the option to do so. This would make parts of humanity far different from others which would lead to more racism and conflict. Gene editing might also be considered a technology that holds too much power for humanity to handle. What would happen if certain people reject gene editing for their children? Would it be enforced upon them or would they forever be seen as inferior? Overall, CRISPR-Cas9 and genetic editing, in general, have made us ponder important questions that involve unique and high stakes that are crucial to address before the technology becomes easily accessible.
In conclusion, gene editing might interfere with eternal concepts like the creation of life and the hardships of disease. It could give humans a power that we have never had before that could save our species or lead to its destruction. We could completely eradicate certain diseases or systematically erase certain differences that make us unique as a species. What we do now with this technology might immensely change humanity.
Creating a Quadcopter Drone Using Leonardo Da Vinci's Helicopter Design Joan Thyagarajan, Hyunjun Kim, Meghana Vinjamury, and Archana Krishnan
Drones are unpiloted aircrafts and can do a wide range of tasks. Different drones can travel different heights and different distances. Drones can be used in emergency situations, such as an earthquake, law enforcement, and even with the military. Drones can even help with photography. Just like most devices we use today there are
the Archimedes’ screw to push against air to fly. The drone has four wings made of plastic. Da Vinci proposed having someone spin the wings however the drone the engineers at the University of Maryland created has the wings powered by batteries and electric motors. Many of the engineers were surprised that it worked. The drone works by creating a vortex of air on the
many variations of drones such as
edge of each wing that spirals downward
close range, VTOL, GNSS and many
and create an upward thrust.
more. Leonardo Da Vinci is most famous for the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. The Mona Lisa is a very realistic portrait and one of the best art pieces from the period. The Last Supper is the final meal and is very important in Christianity. Being the most famous for his art pieces, most do not know that he sketched a design for an aircraft. Lacking the means to get the materials for his aircraft, Da Vinci never built the aircraft. Recently a team of engineers at the University of Maryland used Da Vinci’s sketches to create a drone for a flight contest. This drone is a small, unmanned quadcopter drone with wings. It was inspired by da Vinci’s “aerial screw” design which used
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administration. EDITOR-IN-CHIEF + PRES / ASHWIKA AGRAWAL VICE-PRES / JESSICA XIAO ADMIN ASSISTANT / TIFFANY HO ADMIN ASSISTANT / NAVYAA GUPTA ADVISOR / MRS. PLAT LEAD CONTENT MANAGER / JOAN THYAGARAJAN CONTENT MANAGER / SARTHAKI AGRAWAL CONTENT MANAGER / SWAPNIL DAS CONTENT MANAGER / MAISHA GUPTA CONTENT MANAGER / HYUNJUN KIM PUBLICITY DIRECTOR / RISHIK BUNETI PUBLICITY DIRECTOR / SHREYAS GOSAKAN BRANDING DIRECTOR / CECILIA HUANG BRANDING DIRECTOR / ARCHANA KRISHNAN BRANDING DIRECTOR / MEGHANA VINJAMURY
staff. Sarthaki Agrawal, Aahelie Bhattacharya, Carrie Chen, Grace Cho, Raybo Ghosh, Shreyas Gosakan, Cecilia Huang, Sri Krishna Jandhyala, Hyunjun Kim, Serene Kim, Archana Krishnan, Ally Nguyen, Yashica Prasad, Joan Thyagarajan, Emily Tsai, Meghana Vinjamury, Clarabelle Wang
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