ISSUE 1 | OCTOBER 2022
In this issue: ARTIFICAL INTELLIGENCE IN ART Learn about how this technological development has both led to breakthroughs and questions of what "art" truly is.
POISONOUS PIGMENTS Explore the various hues of colors in paints, and their feature of having deadly chemical compositions.
There is an art to science, and a science in art. Learn about their intersections with one another, their applications, and everything in between.
administration. EDITOR-IN-CHIEF + PRES / ASHWIKA AGRAWAL VICE-PRES / NAVYAA GUPTA ADMIN ASSISTANT / GRACE CHO ADMIN ASSISTANT / CECILIA HUANG ADVISOR / MRS. PLAT LEAD CONTENT MANAGER / CONTENT MANAGER / SARA AGRAWAL CONTENT MANAGER / RISHIK BUNETI CONTENT MANAGER / CLARABELLE WANG CONTENT MANAGER / KAREN YAN PUBLICITY DIRECTOR / MAISHA GUPTA PUBLICITY DIRECTOR / SHREYAS GOSAKAN PUBLICITY DIRECTOR / ARNAV GUPTA BRANDING DIRECTOR / CARRIE CHEN BRANDING DIRECTOR / SERENE KIM
staff. Ashwika Agrawal, Sarthaki (Sara) Agrawal, Rishik Buneti, Muskan Chauhan, Carrie Chen, Grace Cho, Shreyas Gosakan, Arnav Gupta, Maisha Gupta, Navyaa Gupta, Adia Gurtu, Cecilia Huang, Khushi Jain, Prutha Kelkar, Serene Kim, Dayun (Day) Lee, Ira Lele, Ally Nguyen, Naman Yadav, Clarabelle Yang
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Contents. 1
Capturing Art Through Photography
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Photography has been an integral method of documenting and sharing human activity in the past decades. Learn more about the history and evolution about photography.
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Role of Artificial Intelligence in Art
Discover how one scientist utilized their engineering skills to design a robot that can express creativity.
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Engineers have been exploring the intersection of art and Artificial Intelligence, and its implications can be seen on many popular platforms. Discover how AI is used to enhance the artistic world.
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Marianne North: Botanical Painter Explore how this Victorian artist led many botanists to making pivotal developments.
AI-DA: The 1st Realistic Painting Robot
Till Death Do Us Part: All About Poisonous Pigment Pigment can be found in almost every human product. Learn about how some of these were discovered to be poisonous and their consequences.
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Misconceptions about the Golden Ratio It is a common conception that the golden ratio is equal to phi. Learn more about the Golden Ratio, and why the Golden Ratio might not equal exactly phi.
We hope you enjoy Tino Explore Magazine's first issue of the 2022-2023 school year!
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Capturing art through
Photography Serene Kim, Grace Cho
T
oday, photography has become a prevalent part of the modern world. And while often taken for granted, it serves the purpose of preserving small, valuable moments and capturing glimpses of the real world. And despite people of this modern age are most used to taking photos through their smartphones or portable cameras, cameras have not always taken this form. This is due to the long history of cameras that originates from the mere idea of using a small hole on a surface to project images. Throughout the centuries, the camera has evolved through the work and experimentation of scientists until it has finally reached what it is today. Photography has also risen in ubiquity due to its many applications, including fields of science like medicine and architecture, as well as art. Because there has been some controversy surrounding whether photography is a form of art or simply a means of documenting reality, there have been numerous claims on both sides of the debate, which brings to light the potential intersections between photography as an art form and creative outlet as well as a means of scientific documentation for research. The concept of photography has been around for a long time, but it was only first put into action during the 11th century when an Iraqi scientist named Ibn alHaytham invented the camera obscura. The camera obscura was more of a projector than a camera at the time; it used a pinhole to project a scene to a dark area. Then the world’s first camera was developed in 1826 by a man named Joseph Nicéphore Niépce. He used a pewter plate with silver nitrate, and at that time sunlight was necessary to produce a photographic image, so the exposure time needed to take a photo was about eight hours. However those hours became minutes when Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre invented the daguerreotype, which was the first photographic process available to the public.
As aforementioned, the debate on the support or negation of the notion that photography is an art form has emerged, especially because of the dual nature of photography- its ability to both expressively portray art and scientifically document. For instance, the 1936 black and white photo, “Milk Drop Coronet” by Harold “Doc” Edgerton, which is currently displayed in the SF Museum of Modern Art, captures a moment that happens too quickly to be seen by the human eye, making it “scientifically groundbreaking.” First, within the field of art, photography is viewed as a “language” because it is open to the interpretation of the viewer. Furthermore, because photos are able to tell a story, it often affects emotion in the viewer. On the other hand, photography has made a lasting mark on the field of science, as it has been used to enlight and deepen the understanding of scientists. For example, photos have been used to document medical research and surgical procedures, as well as record the work of professionals to help plan treatment and educate the public. Additionally, the photos of the wounds from the Civil War, recorded by the U.S. Surgeon General's office, helped to advance the study of anatomy. And because photography is able to reveal things not visible to the human eye, photographic maps taken through telescopes have been successful in making significant scientific breakthroughs including the discovery of Pluto.
Role of Artificial Intelligence in Art Shreyas Shriram, Naman Yadav, Rishik Buneti Artificial Intelligence Generating Art is a project that seeks to create new artworks by combining the skills of an Artificial Intelligence machine with the creative talents of humans. The AI generates images and text based on a set of rules, which human artists then interpret. How does it work? The AI has been trained using thousands of photographs and videos from sources such as Flickr, YouTube, and Vimeo. Each image is assigned a unique ID number, allowing us to track its evolution over time. We can also see how many times each image was viewed in order to learn about the popularity or interest in each piece. The statistical information is used to then generate a piece based on the user’s topic given as the input.
How accessible and accurate is it? Today, AI generators can be found anywhere on the internet. In fact, one of the more popular trends on TikTok happens to be a question of how accurate AI-generated art truly is. Users type in a word or phrase to the program, which spits out an image of the machine's interpretation, which is then compared to the user’s intended creation. With each use, this technology grows, and as of today, artificial intelligence can abstractly and literally depict anything through a myriad of colors.
Community? When it comes to submissions, art, being a very subjective term, has little to no guidelines. However, when Jason M. Allen won the annual painting competition at the Colorado State Fair, artists were outraged and accused him of cheating. Some artists supported Mr. Allen, claiming that utilizing A.I. to make a piece was no different than using Photoshop or other digital image-manipulation tools and that human ingenuity was still necessary to generate an awardwinning picture. Even those who are impressed with AI-generated art are concerned about how it is created. A.I. image generators are "borderline magic in what it's capable of conjuring but present so many ethical problems, it's impossible to keep track of them all," noted Andy Baioa—a technological expert and writer—in his most recent piece.
Moving to the future, it’s still unclear whether AI art will have a positive impact and further the progression of art as a whole or whether it will have an adverse effect and instead ruin the lives of millions of artists. However, one thing is certain: since the creation of artificially generated art, this industry will forever change.
MAISHA GUPTA, ADIA GURTU, IRA LELE
Marianne North: Botanical Painter How one Victorian artist lead numerous scientists to new discoveries You might have heard her name through her defiance of Victorian conventions, perhaps through her unique connection with renowned biologist Charles Darwin, or you might not know her at all. Nevertheless, the distinctive way Victorian artist Marianne North and her famous solo trips shaped both the scientific and artistic world is undeniable and incredibly inspiring. Marianne North held a very close relationship with her widowed father. The two would be seen traveling together often, without the interference of other
governesses or influencers. North’s peculiar upbringing, absent of Victorian trappings, led her to grow outside of classic gender spheres and follow her path of naturalism. After her father’s death in 1869, she began to embark on a series of solo trips all across the globe, traveling to over 15 vastly different countries. From the marvelous beaches of Jamaica to the wild jungles of India, she truly saw it all. This was a considerable achievement, as it was unseen at the time for women to be traveling without male chaperones, or even
traveling at all. Undeterred by these societal obstacles, North continued with her travels and work. Allowing herself to be fully immersed in these travels eventually influenced her to produce outstanding pieces. North’s work transcended the traditional way that flora was depicted during the 19th century. Rather than focusing on making plants appear delicate by utilizing watercolor on top of light backgrounds, North portrayed botanical scenes in their natural habitats. She preferred oil paints instead of watercolors, as they would amplify vibrancy and boldness. On all of North’s trips, she came across numerous wild foliage unrecorded by other botanists at that time. Through her writings and paintings, she recorded detailed information on the locations, habitats, and even uses of these plants. This resulted in various new discoveries (most named after her, such as the Kniphofia northiae and Areca northiana) and a new lens to how scientists perceived the natural world.
“…a new lens to how scientists perceived the natural world.” Before color photography had officially begun, she presented scientifically accurate yet brilliantly colored pieces which brought to life other ecosystems and areas/regions beyond the Eurocentric themed scope of other botanists. North had the ability to introduce botanical portraits in their rightful habitats, rather than in preserved dried specimens that most scientists were used to.
Throughout her career, Marianne North made quite a few revered acquaintances in both the art and scientific world. Charles Darwin, a naturalist, geologist, and biologist –most known for his theories on evolution and natural selection– was one of her strongest supporters for many years. North admired Darwin greatly for his work and considered him to be “the greatest man living”. Darwin thought just as highly of North and her paintings, referring to them as, “excellent examples of his theory of natural selection”. He would be seen packing her works and placing them into carriages with his own hands, an awfully kind gesture at that time. This sparked a friendship between the two naturalists, along with a shared admiration for one another’s knowledge and interpretation of the natural world. What Marianne North brought to the Victorian art scene and what she showed the botanists at her time is certainly not far from astounding. The ways in which she challenged gender-based restrictions, facing them with determination as she went advertently on with her travels, was a feat that will stay inspiring new generations just as they liberated older ones. To the pleasure of many, Marianne North was able to open a gallery of her own at the Royal Botanic Kew Gardens due to the wealth accorded by her father. There, 832 of her works stay well preserved where modern-day naturalists, botanists, scientists, and the open public can come to view the art exhibits. As a whole, Marianne North depicts how by applying an artistic lens to scientific ways of thinking, a larger understanding of our world can be gained.
AI-DA: THE 1ST REALISTIC PAINTING ROBOT ALLY N., MUSKAN C., CLARABELLE W., PRUTHA K.
PERHAPS THE BEGINNING OF A NEW ERA IN ROBOTICS, AI-DA, THE ROBOT ARTIST, MERGES THE GAP BETWEEN MODERN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ART. AI-DA (SHE/HER), IS DEVISED BY AIDAN MELLER AND LUCY SEAL WITH CONSIDERABLE CONTRIBUTION FROM MULTIPLE HIGHLY SKILLED OXFORDIANS, WHO BROUGHT MUCH TO THE TASK. AI-DA WAS NAMED AFTER ADA LOVELACE, A MATHEMATICIAN AND HISTORICAL FIGURE COMMONLY REMEMBERED AS THE WORLD’S FIRST COMPUTER PROGRAMMER. AI-DA USES HER SPECIALLY MADE ROBOTIC ARM– DESIGNED BY PROGRAMMERS SALAH EL ABD AND ZIAS ABASS – AND SMART EYE CAMERAS TO CREATE HUMAN-LIKE MASTERPIECES THAT RAISE QUESTIONS OVER THE VALIDITY OF THE ART. BECAUSE AI-DA IS SUCH A RADICAL AND NEW IDEA, PEOPLE OFTEN QUESTION IF AI-DA’S WORK OR THE ROBOTITSELF IS ART, BUT THAT CAN BE UP TO INTERPRETATION. AI-DA’S ART HAS BEEN SHOWCASED IN MULTIPLE EXHIBITIONS, SUCH AS LEAPING INTO THE METAVERSE AT VENICE BIENNALE GIARDINI AND THE 2021
AI-DA PORTRAIT OF A ROBOT AT THE DESIGN MUSEUM IN LONDON. HER FIRST EXHIBITION WAS UNSECURED FUTURES AT ST. JOHNS COLLEGE IN OXFORD, THE ALMA MATER OF HER CREATORS, IN 2019. ONE OF HER MOST FAMOUS PIECES (AND HER FIRST) WAS TITLED “ALGORITHM QUEEN,” EXHIBITED IN LONDON IN HONOR OF THE QUEEN’S PLATINUM JUBILEE. IN APRIL
2022, AI-DA LAUNCHED HER NEW PAINTING ARM, PROVIDING HER WITH UNIQUEABILITIES, SUCH AS USING A PALETTE. AI-DA FIRST DRAWS A SIMPLE PICTURE, SUCH AS A TREE, TO CREATE HER SPECTACULAR WORKS OF ART. RESEARCHERS THEN PLOT HER DRAWING COORDINATES ONTO A CARTESIAN PLANE GRAPH, WHERE THE POINTS ARE INSERTED INTO A BRAIN-LIKE COMPUTING SYSTEM THAT “READS” THE COORDINATES. THE HUMAN AND NEURAL BRAINS PERCEIVE THE CARTESIAN PLANE VERY DIFFERENTLY; PEOPLE LIKE YOU AND ME THINK OF IT AS A SIMPLE X-AXIS AND Y-AXIS INTERSECTION GRAPH, BUT TECHNOLOGY SEES IT AS A TOOL FOR MANY REAL-LIFE APPLICATIONS. FOR EXAMPLE, THE CARTESIAN PLANE CAN BE USED TO MODEL POSITIONS ON COMPUTER DISPLAYS, RENDER VIRTUAL REALITY, AND FOR 3D MODELS. VIRTUAL REALITY, AND FOR 3D MODELS. THE OUTCOME OF AI-DA'S COMPLICATED PAINTING PROCESS IS A PRISM-LIKE PAINTING EFFECT INFLUENCED BY GENIUS WORKS OF TECHNOLOGY. SIMILAR TO AI-DA, ANOTHER ROBOT THAT CREATES ART IS SOUGWEN CHUNG. THE ONLY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO IS AI-DA’S SOLO WORK ETHICAND CHUNG’S COLLABORATION WITH ROBOT ARTISTS. THROUGH HER COCREATIVE ART-MAKING PROCESS,
SOUGWEN INTERROGATES NOTIONS OF AUTHORSHIP, AGENCY, LEARNING, AND SENSING MODES, EXPLORING EMERGING FORMS OF JOINT WORK BETWEEN BIOLOGICAL AND ARTIFICIAL SYSTEMS. INTERNATIONALLY KNOWN AS A MULTIDISCIPLINARY ARTIST, SHE IS CURRENTLY A RESIDENT AT BELL LABS AT THE NEW MUSEUM OF CONTEMPORARY ART IN NEW YORK. SHE ALSO RECEIVED JAPAN MEDIA ART’S EXCELLENCE AWARD IN 2016 FOR PROJECTS LIKE DRAWING OPERATIONS, AND HER WORK HAS ALSO BEEN EXHIBITED INTERNATIONALLY.
Till Death Do Us Part: All About Poisonous Pigment Sarthaki Agrawal, Carrie Chen, Karen Yan
Beautiful but deadly. The world has always been enamored with beauty and art, however, lurking in the vivid shades of paint are unsuspecting killers. Lead White This deadly poison was the main ingredient of brilliant white pigments created as early as the fourth century BCE by the ancient Greeks. Little did its creators know that in humans, lead is directly absorbed into the body and distributed throughout the body into the blood and other soft tissues. Upon entering the nervous system, lead mimics the function of calcium in the body, disrupting the processes carried out by the body, even leading to high blood pressure, seizures, and even maladies. However, lead white continued to be used due to the fact that it was the only option for white paint until the19th century. The artists’ method of grinding the lead into dust, releasing highly toxic particles which were then ingested, became known as “painter’s colic”, now known as lead poisoning.
Despite its deadly side effects ranging from anemia and abdominal pain to blindness, its luminosity was irresistible to painters during the impressionist period. It wasn’t until the 1970s that lead white was finally banned from the market.
Scheele’s Green and Paris Green First introduced in the 18th century, these two new pigments took the artistic world by storm due to their vibrancy and richness that far outshone that of previous green pigments made from natural pigments. Soon, they could be found everywhere, from wallpapers to soap, toys to fabrics, and even candy. Unbeknownst to those who used them, both of these pigments were made from cupric hydrogen arsenic.
Arsenic, commonly known as a deadly poison, can impair cell communication leading to cancer and other heart diseases. Women in green dresses reportedly fainted from prolonged exposure to arsenic and even Napoleon’s death is speculated to have been caused by his wallpaper, painted with Scheele’s green. The humidity of Napoleon’s bedroom caused by his penchant for long baths led to the formation of mold which released arsenic gas from his wallpaper. It wasn’t until 1822 that the recipe for these arsenic pigments was published that it was taken off of the market and repurposed into an insecticide. Uranium Oxide
The creator of brilliant hues of red and orange and a main pigment used coloring ceramic dishware. However, it emitted radiation which is deadly for the human body. Although uranium oxide was briefly confiscated by the US government for bomb creation during World War II, it returned to factories by 1959 after a relaxation of restrictions. To this day, orange and red dishes that were made during the last decade may still be radioactive and it is highly advised to not consume food that has made direct contact with these dishes seeing that
it can lead to cancer and other health risks. Overall, the increased scientific understanding of the chemical components of these pigments have helped scientists identify potentially deadly pigments and restrict them from further contact by consumers. The next time you shop around a vintage yard sale, be careful of the objects you pick up and the potentially deadly history behind the colors that make them.
MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT
THE GOLDEN RATIO
“Biologists, artists, musicians, historians, architects, psychologists, and even mystics have pondered and debated the basis of its ubiquity and appeal. In fact, it is probably fair to say that the Golden Ratio has inspired thinkers of all disciplines like no other number in the history of mathematics.” This excerpt from The Golden Ratio: The Story of Phi, the World’s Most Astonishing Number written by Mario Livio emphasizes how the golden ratio is seen in various fields, such as architectural engineering and biology. Many may be familiar with the idea that famous works of art such as the Mona Lisa, Great Pyramid, and Parthenon have measurements that use this ratio, but reality is slightly different. The golden ratio is also known by other names: the divine proportion, the golden section, and the golden mean. Represented by the irrational number 1+52and the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet “phi,” it is the ratio when two numbers are equal to “the ratio of their sum to the larger of the two numbers”. When it is split across a rectangle with a golden section, it creates a continuous logarithmic spiral that looks like an ammonite.
By: Cecilia Huang, Khushi Jain, Dayun Lee
Mathematicians and astronomers that were inspired by this concept created great masterpieces, discovered additional theories, and expanded the world of science. In ancient Greece, the golden ratio was first discovered and symbolized with ϕ, or “the section.” During the 4th century BCE, Plato was passionate about finding the essence of human beings and discovering the birth of a universe. He argued that all matter was made up of earth, water, air, and fire – each associated with different Platonic solids with dimensions based on the golden section. Eventually, according to an article on the history of the golden ratio, Euclid, best known as the “father of geometry,” mentioned that “dividing a line in the extreme and mean ratio” measures out to be around 1.618.
Artists believed that there was a universal beauty standard and therefore used the divine proportion to attract people to their works unconsciously. Some famous examples that are credited for their use of the golden ratio include the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci, David by Michelangelo, Venus de Milo by Alexandros of Antioch, and the Pathenon. Then why is it nonexistent in the East, despite it being a “universal” method? This can be explained with the idea that the measurements of these masterpieces are not exactly equal to ϕ. Misconceptions about the Golden Ratio written by George Markowsky, a professor in the Missouri University of Science and Technology, refers to this common yet erroneous claim, saying that the golden ratio only exists in theory. In reality, the ratio for David is 1:1.535, Venus de Milo is 1:1.55, and the Parthenon is 1:1.565. Furthermore, the golden ratio is not always used as a universal beauty standard given that our definitions of it are completely subjective.
ϕ
The individual responsible for these false claims was Luca Pacioli, who shared using the golden ratio in artworks in Divina Proportione. Art critics had misunderstood his opinion, forcing audiences to believe the so-called “divine proportion” in these works. Even when drawing the golden spiral in the Mona Lisa, the lines are vague in its attempt to support these incorrect statements. Humans easily trust things based on mathematical analysis; by taking advantage of this mentality, the golden ratio is easily paraded as the standard of beauty. Although exaggerated, the golden ratio is still notable for its contribution to the development of computer data structures, sorting algorithms, audio compression, and architectural engineering. Its inspiration to artists and connections to nature cannot be denied. Auguste Rodin, sculptor of The Thinker, claims that “beauty is everywhere” – simple aspects of our lives are not “lacking to our eye”, but rather that “our eyes fail to perceive [them].” Similarly, the golden ratio may not be universal, but we can certainly appreciate it as everyone and everything has its own unique beauty.
Sources. 1. O’Hanlon, G. (2013, June 7). Stack Process White Lead: Historical Method of Manufacture. Naturalpigments.com; Natural Pigments. https://www.naturalpigments.com/artistmaterials/white-lead-historical 2. TED-Ed. (2017). History’s deadliest colors - J. V. Maranto [YouTube Video]. In YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKfjHTk8KrY 3. Vine, B. (2019, July 15). When Color Kills: Toxic Pigments Through the Ages. ARTpublika Magazine. https://www.artpublikamag.com/post/when-color-kills-toxic-pigments-through-theages 4. Cascone, S. (2022, April 14). Ai-Da, the Robot Artist Powered by AI, Is Heading to Venice for a Show During the Biennale—and She’s Bringing Her New Painting Arm. Artnet News. Retrieved September 13, 2022, from https://news.artnet.com/art-world/ai-da-robot-venice-biennale-2092643 5. Corrigan, H. (2022, May 19). AI robot painter holds an exhibition and her art is really cool. Pcgamer. Retrieved September 13, 2022, from https://www.pcgamer.com/ai-robot-painter-holds-anexhibition-and-her-art-is-really-cool/ 6. DailyArt Magazine. (n.d.). Page not found. Retrieved September 13, 2022, from https://www.dailyartmagazine.com/ai-da-the-ai-powered-robot-artist/+ 7. Exhibitions. (n.d.). Ai-Da. Retrieved September 13, 2022, from https://www.aidarobot.com/exhibitions 8. Ai-Da: The Ai Powered Robot artist 9. https://www.dailyartmagazine.com/ai-da-the-ai-powered-robot-artist/ 10. “'Mind-Blowing': Ai-Da Becomes First Robot to Paint like an Artist.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 4 Apr. 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/apr/04/mind-blowingai-da-becomes-first-robot-to-paint-like-an-artist 11. Bright, Richard. “Ai-Da: Robot Artist - Interalia Magazine.” Interalia Magazine, 17 Sept. 2019, www.interaliamag.org/audiovisual/ai-da 12. “Sougwen Chung – Artist Profile (Photos, Videos, Exhibitions) — AIArtists.Org.” AIArtists.Org, aiartists.org/sougwen-chung. Accessed 27 Sept. 2022 13. “Sougwen On Human and Machine Collaboration – Sougwen Chung ( ).” Sougwen On Human & Machine Collaboration – Sougwen Chung ( ), sougwen.com/machinecollaboration. Accessed 27 Sept. 2022. 14. Contributor, TechTarget. “What Is Cartesian Coordinates (Rectangular Coordinates)? - Definition from Whatis.com.” WhatIs.com, TechTarget, 3 Oct. 2016, https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/Cartesian-coordinates-rectangular-coordinates 15. Mchale, E. (2020, May 8). Things you should know about Marianne North. Kew. Retrieved September 27, 2022, from https://www.kew.org/read-and-watch/marianne-north-botanicalartist 16. Anonymous. (2017, November 20). The Steamy Relationship Between Art and Science: Ebscopost. EBSCO Information Services, Inc. | www.ebsco.com. Retrieved October 2, 2022, from https://www.ebsco.com/blogs/ebscopost/steamy-relationship-between-art-and-science 17. White, R. (2016, April 18). The Extraordinary Life of Marianne North. The Cabinet of Curiosity. Retrieved October 2, 2022, from https://thecabinetofcuriosity.net/2016/04/18/the-extraordinarylife-of-marianne-norththe-victorian-gentlewoman-who-travelled-the-world/
愫君
愫君
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THANK YOU FOR READING!
THE INTERSECTION OF
ART & SCIENCE We hope you've enjoyed reading the first 2022-2023 issue of the Tino Explore Magazine. If you find any typos or errors, or if you have suggestions for future issues, email us at tinoexplore@gmail.com. Interested in joining our staff? We're always looking for writers, editors, and designers, so DM us on Instagram or Facebook, or send us an email to get information on becoming a staff member.