ISSUE 1 | NOVEMBER 2021
Explore
In this issue: THE FUTURE OF QUANTUM COMPUTATION Learn about what quantum computation is, how it works, and how it is used in the real world.
THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Learn about what artificial intelligence is, the role it plays in educational tools, and how such tools can impact learning.
Technology is constantly evolving. Learn about recent developments in technology and how we are impacted.
Contents. 1
COVID Vaccine Effects on Humans
4
With over half of the American population now vaccinated, it remains imperative to understand the science behind the jab. Learn about the COVID-19 vaccine, how it helps protect our bodies, and the side effects it comes with.
2
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Education
Glass bottles were put into the ocean as part of an experiment to learn about ocean currents. One of these bottles was found 37 years later. Explore the science behind this event and what we can learn.
5
Artificial intelligence is constantly evolving. Learn about the role of AI in educational tools, and how such tools can impact learning.
3
Pushed Past the Limit - Stories of the Endangered Learn about species such as the Steller's Sea Cow and Chinese Paddlefish, as you explore their journey to extinction, and the role humans play in loss of biodiversity.
A Bottle's Exploration Through the Kuroshi
The Purpose of Quantum Computation Take a dive into the world of quantum computation. This article describes what quantum computation is, how it works, and its uses in the real world.
6
How Language Acquisition Makes Us Human Language is a powerful tool that we use in our everyday lives. Learn about how humans acquire and use new languages through fascinating linguistic theories and psychological concepts.
We hope you enjoy Tino Explore Magazine's first issue of the 2021-2022 school year!
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COVID VACCINE EFFECTS ON HUMANS Sara Agrawal, Carrie Chen, Swapnil Das
The arrival of the COVID-19 vaccine instills the hope of an end to the pandemic after more than a year of quarantine and physical distancing. As the vaccines are now being distributed across the US, nearly 57 percent of the population have been fully vaccinated. With the increasing vaccination rate, many started to wonder about the COVID-19 vaccine’s effect on the human body. Currently, the three main types of COVID-19 vaccines that are authorized in the US are Pfizer, Moderna, and Johnson&Johnson.
Since the pandemic, the Pfizer and Moderna scientific teams have been working to develop the mRNA vaccine technology. In fact, this is the first time that any mRNA vaccine has been approved for human vaccination uses. Both Pfizer and Moderna vaccines produce spike proteins that instruct our immune system to build up antibodies against the COVID virus. While the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are made using messenger RNA(mRNA), the Johnson & Johnson is a type of vector vaccine that utilizes a disabled adenovirus to activate our immune system and defend our body against the COVID disease.
Side effects that have been reported with the COVID vaccine on the human body include muscle pain, swelling, fever, and headache. A side effect is an indication that our body is building up the immune system by producing antibodies. Most human bodies react to the vaccine differently, many believe that if one has more obvious side effects after vaccination then it signals that one has stronger immunity. However, this is an unreliable myth that has not yet been proven by scientists. The COVID-19 vaccine has benefited most humans from infection, it builds protection and strengthens our immune system. With the COVID vaccine, social lives are being guaranteed and cases are slowly decreasing. It has established the hope to bring the pandemic to the end.
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Education Rishik Buneti, Raybo Ghosh, Shreyas Gosakan Artificial intelligence (AI), is the ability of the digital machine or computercontrolled robot to accomplish jobs generally associated with intelligent organisms. This term is often used to describe the work of evolving organizations endowed with the mental processes characteristic of humans. For example, the ability to create and discover ideas, generalize, or learn from past experience. Since the growth of the digital machine in recent decades, it has been proven that computers will be programmed to carry out difficult tasks such as, finding proofs for mathematical theorems or playing chess with great proficiency. But that begs the question: "How does artificial intelligence tie into our daily lives as students?
Nowadays, we find Al incorporated into our daily lives in several ways. All applications and smart machines like Siri, Alexa, Bixby, Cortana, and Google AI assistant all represent common applications we have to perform daily jobs. These assistants can be used to take data from the network, go on household appliances, put reminders, speak to each other, and a lot more. These types of machine learning and smart systems assistants are always developing, so the need for engineers and computer scientists is at an all-time high for the industry. However, Al seems to be impacting students' lives in more ways than just basic organizational tasks. They can even help with an individual's academics and education. For instance, a few widely known applications used by students to aid in mathematics are Symbolab, Mathway, and Photomath. Each application has its own graphical user interface, with several features ranging from scanning questions to chatbots to walk the user through a step-by-step guide on how to approach a problem. Aside from logical subjects such as math and science, AI has had the most significant impact on subjects regarding humanities.
Online, there are hundreds of tools to help writers to brainstorm ideas, complete sentences, rephrase words, and improve grammar. After conducting surveys and studies, conclusions have been drawn that AI, if used responsibly, can actually boost a student’s learning tremendously. Many teachers approve and even encourage the use of external sources as long as students themselves can enhance their skills. Consequently, AI used incorrectly can impede one’s efforts as it can place a heavy reliance on tools that a student may not always have with them. All in all, the impact that artificial intelligence has upon our lives is highly dependent on the rationale of its user.
These technologies can aid in student’s learning by letting them freely express their ideas without the added pressure of also focusing on writing, therefore, they are helpful in certain scenarios. On the other hand, students might depend too much on such resources negatively. Due to these circumstances, skeptics have begun questioning the integrity of utilizing machines to complete tasks designed to explicitly test humans. An argument on whether tools like Grammarly and even Google Doc spell check should be allowed in assessments. According to Source Expert, Such resources actually help students and teachers as it helps avoid plagiarism, most writing assistance also include plagiarism checkers and thesaurus which enhance the student’s knowledge.
Pushed Past the Limit - The Stories of the Endangered Grace Cho, Maisha Gupta, Ally Nguyen Have you ever seen the bulbous, 30-foot long, 22,000 pound Steller’s Sea Cow? Its friendly, docile behavior makes it an adorable sea creature to witness. But chances are, you probably haven’t. How about the legendary chinese paddlefish, its long, swordfish-like nose is definitely a sight to see. No? The thing both of these species have in common is their extinction status. Both suffered from the hands of humans before they came to an unfortunate end. For the Steller’s Sea Cow, it was hunted by Russians because of its easy-going behavior and inability to submerge below the water. The Chinese paddlefish was driven to a similar fate when its populations were overfished and its natural habitats destroyed by humans. As distressing as it sounds, humans are at fault for the loss of much of the biodiversity on Earth. Whether it’s our unfeasible harvesting and hunting techniques, or our water pollution and deforestation habits, humans are often found at the root of the problem for a good amount of the 15,000 species facing extinction today. “It’s [extinction] happening faster than organisms can respond evolutionarily,” notes David Wagner, a professor at the University of Connecticut, who specializes in ecology and evolutionary biology. “That means new species generation won’t be able to keep pace with the loss of the species.” Experts say that this disruption to the natural ecosystems' interactions between animals, plants, and humans can also be detrimental to human health. Take bees and their fellow pollinators as an example. As their populations decline, crops grown by humans will steadily become an unsustainable food resource, as the crops will not be able to spread their seeds and sprout the next generation of plants. Besides human health, most can also agree that it is morally right to help species that are suffering from near-extinction by our actions. This article features two of many species of animals that have been endangered and pushed to the point of extinction by humans..
Northern White Rhino First discovered in 1907, northern white rhinos were once abundant in number, throughout parts of Uganda, Chad, Sudan, Central Africa, and Congo. But by the 1960’s, their population size dropped drastically to about 2,000, and within a decade, the number was further reduced to only 700. Fast forward to December 20th of 2009, and there were only four rhinos living in Dvůr Králové Zoo located in the Czech Republic. From there, they were transported to Kenya to be surrounded by a more natural habitat and possibly increase the chance of reproduction. After many futile attempts at breeding, one of the males, Suni, died in 2013, and just five years later, Sudan, the last male soon followed, marking March 19, 2018 the day that the northern white rhino population was declared extinct. Today, there are only two living northern white rhinos left in the world, Najin and Fatu, both females who currently reside in the Ol Pejeta Conservancy surrounded by armed guards. The demand for rhino horns traces back to the mid 1900’s when people began obsessively poaching and illegally trading rhino horns to use for decorative Yemeni dagger handles, trophies, and most commonly for traditional medicine believed to alleviate headache, prevent vomiting, and cure snakebite. The horns of one rhino could be sold at $325,000. In addition to poaching, habitat loss due to political instability in the countries that the northern white rhinos inhabited was another cause of the sharp decline in their population.
During the 1970’s and early 1980’s, armed conflict in Central Africa removed much of the northern white rhino population. Being a keystone species, the extinction of the northern white rhinos is predicted to have a widespread impact on the ecosystem. As herbivores, northern white rhinos fed mostly on plants, meaning that they helped to clear land for other plants to grow and controlled the population of certain vegetation. And without them, animals like gazelles, zebras, and antelopes would become endangered due to vegetation overgrowth. This would overall lead to the irreversible impact of significantly lessened biodiversity in our ecosystems. To stop these serious consequences from occurring, the international consortium, BioRescue, started a project in 2019 to bring back the species and reverse the damage that humans had been causing for the past century. This project entailed using the immature egg cells called oocytes from Najin and Fatu as well as the frozen sperm from the deceased male rhinos to create viable embryos. Over the past two years, there has been considerable progress, already having created nine of these embryos which are currently being stored at Avantea’s Laboratory in Italy. Soon, these will be transferred to female southern white rhinos to potentially create more northern white calves and radiate hope on the day that we finally restore the northern white rhino population.
Ivory-billed Woodpecker The Ivory-billed Woodpecker, also known as
Still, bird watchers and organizations such as
the “Lord God Bird,” resided in the southern
the International Union for Conservation of
bottomlands and was known for its ivory-
Nature, have still held on to the possibility
colored bill and unique plumage. It was the
that the species still exists in Cuba. John
largest of the woodpeckers, standing at a
Fitzpatrick,
height of 20 inches with a wingspan of 30.
University Ornithology lab, claims that “Little
Classified as extinct on September 29 by the
is gained and much is lost,” if the species is
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Ivory-billed
declared extinct. Millions of dollars were
Woodpecker
spent
was
last
seen
in
1944
in
on
the
director
habitat
of
the
preservation
Cornell
of
the
Louisiana. Its extinction was most likely caused
woodpecker’s home, and supporters say it
by a number of attributing factors. During the
would be a waste if the bird was not given
early 1800s, marksmen sold large numbers of
one last chance. Critics argue that redirecting
them to hat makers and private collectors, and
efforts and resources to preserve the life of
loggers
of
other species that still have a chance of
habitat.
recovery is a better use of funding. As of now,
Furthermore, much of their homeland in the
any new evidence has yet to come up and the
ancient southern forests of the U.S. and Cuba
status of extinction may very well be
were destroyed during the American Civil War.
bestowed upon the Ivory-billed woodpecker.
As each duo of woodpeckers requires 10
Its reign on the endangered species list that
square miles of territory for nesting and
started in the early 1960’s could end in 2021.
hunting, this was a huge issue.
Even though it may be gone, its memory is
took
Hardwood
down
trees,
copious their
amounts
natural
not in vain. It was one of the first species to After the transfer from the Endangered
face extinction in the U.S., also becoming one
Species List to Extinct, the government has
of the first species to inspire the start of the
allotted the usual sixty days for new evidence
Endangered Species Act. To this day, the
to come forth and prove the existence of the
Endangered Species Act has saved 99% of
Ivory-billed
then,
plant and animal species on the endangered
the
list from extinction, being the “crown jewel” of
and
the U.S.’s environmental laws. The Ivory-billed
passionate bottomlands
woodpecker. bird in
Since
watchers states
searched
like
Texas
Mississippi, for a feasible sighting. There have
woodpecker may be extinct, but its
been supposed glimpses of the woodpecker in
impression lives on, and it will continue
the past, but none confirmed, as the Ivory-
to promote and inspire the recusing of
billed woodpecker is similar to the Pileated
endangered species.
Woodpecker in appearance.
Today, steps are being taken by people who have started organizations to restore lost habitats and save endangered species; in fact, there are currently over 1600 plants and animals protected under the Endangered Species Act. Learning about the extinction of species like those mentioned above can help us improve our habits of the future, based on those in the past. These efforts of reviving lost species and rebuilding cracked bridges in ecosystems caused by the greed of humanity are what give hope of sustaining our planet for the future. According to the National Wildlife Federation, about one third of U.S. species are at risk of extinction. Some of the main causes of the loss of biodiversity derive from human activity: the damage to habitats caused by farming, logging, mining, and damming as well as poaching and overfishing. As explained by Leah Gerber, an ecologist at the Center of Biology Outcomes at Arizona State University, biodiversity is “the foundation of social and economic systems,” as it is such impulsiveness an important component in maintaining healthy ecosystems. We humans, along with the animals and plants that we have long disregarded, all depend on one another for survival, and thus if we continue to prioritize short-term benefits like profit over the lives of the endangered, we will not only fail the animals in our ecosystems but also humanity. So continuing our environmental efforts will divert our planet’s path to healthier ecosystems and ensure a brighter future for generations to come.
A Bottle's Exploration through the Kuroshio Aahelie Bhattacharya, Emily Tsai, Clarabelle Wang In 1984, members of the natural science club at Chiba Prefectural Choshi High School began a project, placing messages in bottles and sending them out to sea in an effort to learn more about ocean currents. 37 years later, this project still continues when nine-year-old Abbie Graham stumbled upon a glass bottle at a rocky Hawaiian beach. To follow the bottles’ path, one must start at the beginning. Between the years of 1984 and 1985, 750 glass bottles were filled with rolled white postcards and dropped into the waters off Miyakejima Island near Tokyo. In the eastern prefecture, the contact forms were written in three languages: Japanese, English and Portuguese. Transcribed using an old typewriter, the notes were titled, “THE OCEAN CURRENT INVESTIGATION”. According to the Yomiuri Shimbun, fifty bottles have been located “in the Japanese prefectures of Okinawa, Akita, and Kyoto.” Throughout the years, the bottles have also been discovered by people in the Philippines, China, America's west coast, and more. Jun Hayashi, the vice president of the high school remarked, "We thought the last one was found in Kikaijima. We never imagined another would be found 37 years on." Yet, just this September, young explorer Abbie encountered an “oddly shaped, mudcaked clear glass bottle with a rusty cap on a Father’s Day family beach outing at the end of Makuu Drive in Hawaiian Paradise Park,” reopening a world of exploration and learning.
How did one tiny glass bottle travel across the Pacific Ocean? The answer lies in our planet’s ocean currents. Scientists from National Geographic call it the “global conveyor belt,” as ocean currents can transport water all around the globe. The direction of ocean currents are essentially determined by the wind. However, the direction of water may change, as Earth is constantly rotating underneath. This movement is known as the Coriolis force. Another factor is the location of the water. In the anecdote above, the city Choshi is located in the Northern Hemisphere. Thus, the Coriolis force will cause the ocean currents to turn south, where the Philippines is located. What about America’s West Coast and Hawaii? Asan article from the NOAA states, “Winds, water density, and tides all drive ocean currents. Coastal and sea floor features influence their location, direction, and speed.” While the Earth is constantly rotating and the Coriolis force is always in action, other factors may influence the direction of the ocean currents. This explains how the glass bottles from Japan ended up dispersed around the world.
However, besides transporting objects like
currents develop and change over time is
glass bottles, ocean currents play an even
essential to recognizing the immense impacts
greater role towards climate change. As the
they have on the world.
article from the NOAA continues, “ocean
In August, a research article from
currents regulate global climate, helping to
Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology journal
counteract the uneven distribution of solar
revealed more about this current during the
radiation reaching Earth’s surface.” In other
Pliocene Era through an experiment. The
words, while the ocean currents are moving,
Pliocene Era was 5.4 - 2.4 million years ago and
they are also balancing out the temperature
was, in general, much warmer than the present
differences. In addition, the Kuroshio Extension
day. Moreover, during this time period, the
is a major sink for carbon dioxide, where this
continents were in similar positioning as the
hotspot absorbs carbon dioxide and sends it to
present day and atmospheric carbon dioxide
the base of the ocean. Without ocean currents,
levels were close to their current levels today.
our earth would be extremely different, leaving
For these reasons, observations from this era
less space for habitation.
can help researchers predict Earth’s future
The original project’s aim was to study the
warming in the ocean.
effects of ocean currents. For this reason, the
Their fascinating experiment used “stable
discovery of the bottle is a perfect opportunity
isotopic analyses from mixed-layer planktic
to learn more about some major ocean currents
foraminifera” from surrounding drilling sites to
of importance in the modern day. For this, we
study how the Kuroshio Current Extension
can return to Japan, where the high schoolers
would behave under the conditions of high
first dropped the bottles into the waters off
carbon dioxide levels. So let’s break it down.
Miyakejima Island.
Isotopes of any element have a special and
Published late September of this year, one Binghamton University study has brought the vulnerability of a massive ocean current to light the Kuroshio Current Extension. In Japanese, the name Kuroshio translates to “black current”, due to the deep blackish-navy color of the current. This current “begins east of the Philippines then flows in a northeastward direction past Taiwan and Japan”. Unsurprisingly, the Philippines was one of the areas where a bottle was uncovered. The long-term and unnatural heating of Earth’s system poses an immediate and distressing threat to this current. The understanding of how these
useful property - they emit radiation before reaching a stable state.
Plankton is a unique and crucial group of tiny organisms that are unable to swim against a current, meaning that they drift instead. The most exceptional quality of foraminifera is that “these complex little shells of calcium carbonate can tell you the sea level, temperature, and ocean conditions of Earth millions of years ago.” In addition, planktonic foraminifera in specific is tremendously sensitive to the rapidly changing marine conditions due to the effects of human behavior. According to Assistant Professor of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Miriam Katz, who has personally studied these fossils for decades, “There is a saying among scientists in my field that 'the past is a window on the future … By reconstructing the climates of the past, particularly those where we see massive and rapid changes in the climate, we can provide a science-based means to explore or predict possible system responses to the current climate change." This project took advantage of this information by using these organisms to date back 2.5-5 million years ago and learn about how the Kuroshio Current Extension was brought to its current configuration. The data proved that this current actually contributes to the increasing growth of ice and brings moisture to the higher latitudes. One article refers to the Kuroshio Current as an “artery of life”. The definition of an artery is a fundamental route within a complicated system. Author Takeyoshi Nagai from the Department of Ocean Sciences in the Tokyo
University of Marine Science and Technology also added that the current resembles an artery from the Japan Meteorological Agency’s satellite images. But there is much more to why this article referred to this ocean current as an “artery of life”. Published late September of this year, one Binghamton University study explains further on these concepts. The Kuroshio Current Extension is strongly linked with the Gulf Stream along North America’s east coast. The wind pushes this outer current to transport heat, salt, and gases to the center latitudes. For example, in the past during the mid-Piacenzian Warm Period, the Kuroshio Current Extension’s warming resulted in the development of salinity to the north. Adriene Lam, the author of the previous article explains, “In other words, these currents help distribute heat from the tropics to higher latitudes. In fact, corals occur at their highest latitude of anywhere in the world within the Kuroshio Current because the waters are so warm,”. Furthermore, the Kuroshio is a key part of ecosystems and the fishing industry when it meets the Oyashio current. Far up north from the Kuroshio Current Extension is another important current, the Oyashio current (“parent current”). These two currents are opposites: the Oyashio current is extremely biodiversified and nutrient rich, while the Kuroshio current is low in nutrients, hence it’s blackish color. However, both transport large amounts of water and heat and heavily impact the surrounding environments.
ocean current, the nutrient-poor water does not support any small organisms. In spite of this fact, many fish use the region to spawn and migrate. Knowing this, it is clear why the current is seen as an artery of life. This ancient and impactful current is, The intense contrast of the currents creates
unfortunately,
upwelling regions. This means that when the
climate change. According to Lam, “these
currents flow east, nutrient-rich waters from
currents are warming two to three times
deep in the ocean are brought up to the
faster than other areas of the ocean.” Clearly,
surface. One editor of the book Kuroshio
the Kuroshio Current Extension acts as an
Current:
and
artery of life because of its cultural effects in
Ecosystem Dynamics explains that the warm
Japan, its position as an essential nutrient-
and salty surface waters of the Kuroshio
rich stream, and dynamics with the Gulf
Current move quickly (2 meters per second),
Stream. An essential part of protecting our
“transporting a large amount of heat, salt,
ocean currents is continuing to learn and
organic and inorganic matter from south to
discover new (and old) things about them,
north”. This process breeds a varied ecotone,
just like Abbie Graham. According to her dad,
propelling the Japanese fishing industry and
John Graham, “Even before the bottle was
economy.
opened, she thought it was a treasure. She’s
Physical,
Biogeochemical,
To elaborate, an ecotone is a transitioning conjunction
between
being
compromised
by
our little Indiana Jones.” The ocean currents
contrasting
are a treasure to this planet for many
ecosystems. In this ecotone lives a diversity
reasons and there’s plenty more to discover.
of species: many types of plankton and fish. This ocean current’s significance in Japanese social,
economic,
and
cultural
life
is
astounding and impressive. The current provides a plethora of fish species, a major source of protein in the diets of many in the area. At shrines, traditional ceremonies offer fish species such as “skipjack tuna, lobster, and turban shell”. To add on to this abundance of life, there is a strange occurrence in the area known as the Kuroshio Paradox. At the origin of this
The Purpose of Quantum Computation The Rise of Qubits Navyaa Gupta Cecilia Huang Meghana Vinjamury
Quantum computation has received much attention throughout the years. What makes them so promising? Before, supercomputers were used to solve large problems, but now quantum computation can perform the same calculation in mere minutes. This is due to its difference from classic computers: qubits. Qubits are similar to classical bits as they can be in the state of zero or one, but they can also be in a state of superposition-- meaning
that the qubit is in a blend of all possible states. This rids quantum computation from binary constraints to perform more efficiently. A well-known quantum algorithm is Grover’s Algorithm that is often used to search a list. In use, a quantum computer will check the root of N items on average, while about N/2 items are checked with classical ones. Assuming a list with a trillion items, and each item taking a millisecond to check, a
classical computer needs around a week to find the item whereas a quantum computer will only take about a second (IBM). Recently, experts apply this concept to address realworld issues: IBM Quantum is working on quantum battery technology, reducing carbon emissions, and solving cancer. Even so, some scientists argue that the popularity of quantum computation is unrealistic.
can access some of these tools--by creating accounts on IBM Quantum, they can use simulators and hardware with up to five qubits. Qiskit, a free online textbook, informs users about this field when making quantum circuits using IBM Quantum--such as learning its benefits and limitations. Challenges include recreating classic algorithms found in the textbook or performing simply arithmetic
Though it is likely to be the computation field’s future, because of its high error rate, it is best used for narrower applications. Millions of additional qubits are required to reduce the error rates of original computations, undermining the purpose of quantum computation entirely. By further developing the efficiency and purpose of quantum computation, this viewpoint can be proven incorrect. In the meantime, internet users
calculations with qubits. Users must be familiar with the qubits before any manipulation is performed. In quantum computation, gates are applied to change qubit values--for example, an x-gate flips the value of a qubit, or its value of 0 would become 1. Another type is the hadamard gate, which puts a qubit into a state of superposition. A CNOT gate, or a multi-qubit gate, consists of a control and target qubit. When applied, it manipulates the
"IBM Quantum is working on quantum battery technology, reducing carbon emissions, and solving cancer."
target qubit’s value depending on the control qubit. These gates are vital to many quantum computations, but are avoided when possible due to its significant error rate. Although quantum computation is a recent field, its advances and promising new capabilities will be anticipated in the coming decades.
Jun Kim, Archana Krishnan, Joan Thyagarajan A vast majority of animals communicate through certain sounds, yet humans have the ability to communicate both more effectively and efficiently than all other species with dialects composed of millions of words and phrases. What makes it so that we can learn to understand, mimic, and speak languages? One of the earliest theories of this phenomenon is that children say the word, get a response, and depending on the response they remember the word. For example, if a child were to say “food” and an adult were to respond by giving the child food, the child will remember the word from this action. Noam Chomsky, the world’s most famous linguist, disagreed with this theory and believed it impossible for someone to remember that large a number of words to meanings. He believed there must be something more than that.
This idea of language acquisition—the ability humans use to learn and perceive language—has been studied for hundreds of years and has resulted in a six stage process that scientists believe lead to full comprehension of a language; pre-production, early production, speech emergent, beginning fluency, intermediate fluency, and advanced fluency. Pre-production is also known as the silent period because the individual is not able to produce any language but is rather focusing on absorbing and learning words and grammar. In early production, the individual is now able to produce short sentences and phrases but the focus is still on absorbing the language and fixing the numerous mistakes in those short sentences.
During speech emergence, speech becomes a lot more fluent as individuals are able to speak more frequently and with longer sentences but they still rely on repetition and nonverbal indications of the context. Speech will still be rife with errors but they will be decreasing. During intermediate fluency the individual is now essentially fluent in social situations but might still not know certain vocabulary and expressions when it comes to academic phrases. This is the stage where the person can now start forming their own opinions and thinking in this language. Finally, in advanced fluency the individual is fluent and comfortable using the language in almost all situations. They are able to naturally ease into new contexts and comprehend new information. Considering how vital language acquisition is to the human experience, several linguists believe that there must be a neurological basis for this fundamental process. In the paper, The Cognitive Neuroscience of Language Acquisition, Dr. Karin Stromswold theorizes that language acquisition is based on innate brain mechanisms which allow infants to zone in on specific words and phrases and then use these to quickly learn a language to near perfection. Two linguistic theories on the innate nature of language acquisition that the paper mentions are the principles and parameters theory and the optimality theory. The fundamentals of the principles and parameters theory are that all infants are born with the inherent knowledge of the principles of all languages and that all they need to do to produce speech is learn the vocabulary and the parameters of the specific language. Optimality theory is based on the idea that as children acquire a new language they begin to develop constraints in their language patterns and then curate a hierarchy of these constraints in order to emulate the speech of adults they listen to.
Through studies of both normal and abnormal language acquisition Dr. Stromswold concludes that innate mechanisms combined with exposure to language from an early age that takes advantage of neuronal plasticity work together to allow for infants to rapidly pick up language. Linguists continue to explore the neuronal connections between this fundamental aspect of human life and the brain in hopes of understanding how this incredibly complex and unique trait almost all humans have is possible.
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administration. EDITOR-IN-CHIEF + PRES / ASHWIKA AGRAWAL VICE-PRES / JESSICA XIAO ADMIN ASSISTANT / TIFFANY HO ADMIN ASSISTANT / NAVYAA GUPTA ADVISOR / MRS. PLAT LEAD CONTENT MANAGER / JOAN THYAGARAJAN CONTENT MANAGER / SARTHAKI AGRAWAL CONTENT MANAGER / SWAPNIL DAS CONTENT MANAGER / MAISHA GUPTA CONTENT MANAGER / HYUNJUN KIM CONTENT MANAGER / JENNA LEE PUBLICITY DIRECTOR / RISHIK BUNETI PUBLICITY DIRECTOR / SHREYAS GOSAKAN BRANDING DIRECTOR / CECILIA HUANG BRANDING DIRECTOR / ARCHANA KRISHNAN BRANDING DIRECTOR / MEGHANA VINJAMURY
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RESHAPING THE MODERN WORLD We hope you've enjoyed reading the first 2021-2022 issue of the Tino Explore Magazine. If you find any typos or errors, or if you have suggestions for future issues, email us at tinoexplore@gmail.com.
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