Tidbits Grand Forks - March 31, 2016 by Tidbits of Grand Forks - East Grand Forks

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SUGAR FACTS

• Researchers note that sugar is not necessarily a health problem, but the amount of sugar we consume is. Americans consume about 160 lbs of various sweeteners annually. That's around 50 teaspoons of sugar per day, including sugar from sugar cane, sugar beets, and high fructose corn syrup, with a little bit of honey and maple syrup on the side. It's recommended by the American Heart Association that adults do not take in more than 5 to 9 teaspoons of sugar per day. • Sugar provides what are called ‘empty calories’ because it has no vitamins, no minerals, no enzymes, no fat, and no fiber. It’s a source of instant energy, which is not necessarily a healthy thing. • About two thirds of the sugar consumed in a typical American diet comes from processed foods. One half a cup of prepackaged spaghetti sauce can contain as much sugar as two Oreo cookies (and also has one third of the daily recommended amount of salt.) Heinz ketchup contains up to one teaspoon of sugar in each one tablespoon serving. WANT TO RUN YOUR OWN BUSINESS?

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Quiz Bits

4. What unit of measurement contains 4,840 square yards? 5. Who was the last U.S. president to visit Cuba before 2016? 6. What process involves heating an ore to extract a metal? 7. In what decade was the first commercial television sold? 8. Which entertainer’s biography was titled “Neither Shaken nor Stirred”?

1. T or F: The same treatments that doctors use to block the craving for heroin can also be used to suppress the urge to eat sugary treats. 2. T or F: Dogs have a sweet tooth, but cats do not. 3. Which has a higher percentage of sugar: an Eskimo Pie ice cream bar, or Kellogg’s Sugar Smacks breakfast cereal?

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SUGAR (continued):

• Sugar cane is a member of the grass family and there are six different species, all of which look very similar to bamboo. None of the species can tolerate freezing temperatures. Sugar cane is usually grown in large plantations. It can yield up to 44 pounds of sugar for every 11 square feet of land. • It takes between 12 and 18 months for a cane stalk to mature to the point where it can be harvested. It is a perennial plant meaning it can regrow from the roots over and over, but each time it yields less sugary sap than before until it becomes more economical to plant a fresh new crop. The stalk of the plant is boiled and refined into molasses and sugar. The sugar cane must be refined within days of being harvested. • It takes one ton of water to grow enough cane to yield one pound of sugar. • Sugar cane was first domesticated in New Guinea and areas of Indonesia, and people in India were the first to refine it. One of the first recorded references to sugar dates back to the year 325 BC. • Christopher Columbus brought sugar cane with him on his second voyage to the New World in 1493 and planted it in Santo Domingo. By the year 1516, sugar was being shipped to Europe from there. • The first sugar cane in the United States was planted in Louisiana in the mid-1700s.

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TWO KINDS OF SUGAR

• Sugar is a combination of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Mankind is unable to produce sugar using chemical processes. Only plants can manufacture sugar. Our table sugar comes from two different plants: sugar cane, and sugar beets. They are chemically identical. • It used to be thought that sugar could only be made from sugar cane. One scientist named Achard was viewed as a crackpot because he kept trying to get sugar from beets, which were easy to grow in cold climates. In 1806 Napoleon ordered all French ports closed to English products because a war had broken out between the two countries. This cut off the supply of sugar, which England got from its Caribbean colonies. When Napoleon heard of a man that could turn beets into sugar, he visited him and was so impressed that he took the Legion of Honor medal from his own chest and pinned it on him. Two years later there were 40 sugar beet factories in France. When the war ended, the price of sugar bottomed out and the beet factories closed. Today, two-thirds of the world's sugar comes from sugar cane, and one-third from beets.

IT’S A FACT

• Sugar was rationed in World War II because it was needed to make the ethyl alcohol which is a component of smokeless gunpowder. It took an entire acre of sugar cane to make enough gunpowder for five shots from a 16-inch gun.

PRESENT FROM BIRTH

• Children develop a taste for salty things by the time they are four or five years old, but the appreciation of sweet things is present from the moment of birth. In an experiment, babies had one of their hands placed in a bowl of uncomfortably cold water. Researchers found that babies would leave their hand in that cold water longer if they were distracted by being given something sweet.

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President Obama’s Che Moment

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President Barack Obama inadvertently found the perfect photo-op for his Cuba visit at a wreath-laying ceremony at the Jose Marti Memorial in Havana. A news photo at Revolution Square caught Obama standing together with American and Cuban officials, with an enormous mural of the iconic revolutionary Che Guevara looming over his shoulder on the adjacent Ministry of the Interior building. Che is, of course, ubiquitous on dorm-room walls and T-shirts in the United States, and a hero of the Cuban revolution. He also was a coldblooded killer who set up the Cuban gulag and presided over summary executions of political prisoners (trials were, per Che, “an archaic bourgeois detail”). No doubt, he would have been astonished at the Yanqui president coming to Revolution Square to pay his respects — and exceedingly pleased. President Obama’s trip is self-consciously historic. It ensures that the first visit to Cuba by an American president in almost 90 years will be part of Obama’s legacy, and seeks to make his opening to Cuba, announced in December 2014, irreversible. If that means extending credibility and a financial lifeline to a Castro regime that has no intention of reforming, so be it. The regime made it clear that it wouldn’t bother with maintaining even a pretense of relaxing its grip

with the arrest of protesters at a march of the dissident group Ladies in White while President Obama was en route to the country. There is no sign of greater openness in Cuba since President Obama forged his break with long-standing U.S. policy. Political arrests have accelerated. There were more than 8,000 in 2015, four times as many as in 2010. The exodus of desperate Cubans to the United States has picked up. And the country still ranks below Zimbabwe and Iran on Internet connectivity. But Obama’s opening has produced a financial windfall for the regime. The Cuban military occupies the commanding heights of the economy and controls the tourism business, which has been thriving with the influx of American tourists. Starwood Hotels and Resorts just got special permission from the U.S. Treasury to operate three hotels in Havana, in a boost, not for the free market, but for the Cuban government. If Cuba were a repressive, small-minded military dictatorship of the right, Obama’s visit and accommodationist attitude wouldn’t be considered so broad-minded. But a patina of revolutionary romance, embodied by that image of Che looking down on President Obama, still hangs over Cuba. It makes its human-rights abuses, theft and lies an afterthought, or even excusable, for the American left. After the Cuban missile crisis, Che said that in the event of a U.S. attack, “if the rockets had remained, we would have used them all and directed them against the very heart of the United States, including New York, in our defense against aggression.” It would have been beyond his imagining that so many decades later, with the revolutionary regime cash-strapped and decrepit, the imperialist Goliath would come bearing gifts, and asking for nothing substantial in return, except a line in President Obama’s Wikipedia entry. Rich Lowry is editor of the National Review. © 2016 by King Features Synd., Inc.

CORN SYRUP

• In the 1970s sugar’s rising price led to the development of high fructose corn syrup which then became the sweetener of choice used in soft drinks and processed foods. Over the next three decades, consumption of soda pop more than doubled in the U.S., eventually reaching over 50 gallons a year per person. Between 1970 and 1990 consumption of high fructose corn syrup in the U.S. increased tenfold. By 1999 every person in America was averaging 215 calories per day from high fructose corn syrup alone.

IT’S A FACT

• In a study, rats were taught that they would receive an electrical shock if they ate cheesecake. They ate cheesecake anyway and suffered the electrical shocks rather than go without cheesecake.

CONSEQUENCES

• Medical studies have shown that high intake of sugar has a negative effect on the survival rates of people suffering from colon cancer and breast cancer. • Regular consumption of refined sugar can cause deficiencies of the B vitamins. • Sugar accelerates the aging of cells in the human body and also increases the amount of skin wrinkles because excess blood sugar binds to collagen in the skin and makes it less elastic. • Drinking a single 12-ounce can of soda pop daily adds enough sugar to the diet to boost the chance of getting heart disease by a third. • Americans consume the most sugar through soft drinks (33%), followed by candy (16%); cakes, cookies, and pies (13%); fruit drinks (10%); dairy desserts and milk (9%); and other things (6%). In the American diet, added sugar accounts for nearly 500 calories every day. This is calorically equivalent to eating 10 strips of bacon every day.

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• It was early 20th-century English schoolmaster and lexicographer Henry Watson Fowler who made the following sage observation: "Display of superior knowledge is as great a vulgarity as display of superior wealth -- greater, indeed, inasmuch as knowledge should tend more definitely than wealth towards discretion and good manners." • In 2007, a British woman named Susie Hewer completed a marathon in less than six hours -while knitting a scarf. • Someday, Saturn might not be the only planet in our solar system that has rings. Those who study such things say that Mars' gravitational pull on its largest moon, Phobos, could cause a catastrophic breakup, with the moon's debris forming a ring around the planet -- in 20 million to 40 million years. • It's been reported that before Japan came into contact with the West, people in that country did not kiss. • When the mantis shrimp attacks its prey, the swing of its claw is so powerful that even if it misses, the resulting shock wave can be enough to stun or kill its prey. • Coral snakes found in North America are relatively small, quite reclusive ... and deadly. You're unlikely to be bitten by one (due in part to the species' extreme avoidance of confrontation, coral snakes account for less than 1 percent of all snakebites in the U.S.), but if you are, the snake's neurotoxic venom can cause severe pain and death. However, snake-bite experts say that in some cases, a bite will result in no symptoms at all for 12 hours -- at which point the victim dies from sudden respiratory failure. • The most common pigment in the world is chlorophyll. *** Thought for the Day: "Three grand essentials to happiness in this life are something to do, something to love, and something to hope for." -- Joseph Addison © 2016 King Features Synd., Inc.

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Answer located further back in this issue.

.COM Of Grand Forks • East Grand Forks

• In the 1980s, a caterpillar epidemic began devastating the cotton crop in the southern United States. Farmers turned to entomologists for help. These bug scientists knew that every female wasp lays an egg on the back of a caterpillar. When the egg hatches, the wasp maggots will eat the caterpillar from the inside out, killing it. So the entomologists began breeding and releasing wasps into the cotton fields. It didn’t do a bit of good. More entomologists were called in to find out why. • First they studied how a wasp finds a caterpillar to begin with. They discovered it was not by sight. When a wasp and a caterpillar were placed in the same box, the wasp paid no attention to the caterpillar. They thought it might be by smell but once again, when a wasp was close to a caterpillar, there was no recognition at all. Next they tried putting a caterpillar on a plant and releasing the wasp, with no change. But when they put a wasp in a box that contained a partially eaten plant that had been munched by the caterpillar, the wasp showed particular interest in the plant, and then zeroed in on the caterpillar. • Researchers concluded that the damaged plant was giving off an odor that attracted the wasp. Given the choice, the wasp would always be more attracted to a half-eaten plant without a caterpillar on it than to an undamaged plant that had a caterpillar on it. • The entomologists began breeding wasps that were being hatched inside caterpillars that had been fed corn, beans, and soy. When these wasps were released into the cotton fields, they completely failed to find the caterpillars that were raiding the cotton crop. So it was back to the drawing board for the entomologists.

• Further studies showed that the chemical odor that attracts a wasp to a damaged plant is the same odor that gives freshly cut grass its characteristic smell. Wasps are able to tell the difference between freshly cut Bermuda grass and freshly cut Kentucky bluegrass. Knowing this, the researchers were able to save the cotton crop. • Whereas a bee can sting only once before dying, a wasp can sting an unlimited number of times and never dies. • Bees are strictly herbivores, eating only nectar and pollen, but wasps eat other insects. Wasps may also eat nectar but they do not collect it like bees do. • Bees create their hives from wax they secrete themselves but wasps create their nests from wood pulp that they scrape from trees and chew up. • A typical wasp colony will have about 5,000 individuals, all of which die off over the winter except for a fertilized larval queen. She survives in a warm spot until she can hatch in the spring and begin laying eggs to start a new colony. • Nearly every pest insect on Earth is preyed upon by a wasp species, either for food or as a host for its parasitic larvae.

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Answer

King CROSSWORD

Those who do not enjoy eating seldom have much capacity for enjoyment of any sort - Charles William Elliott

Answer

WASPS

• Researchers discovered that wasp maggots, when feeding on a caterpillar, will become sensitized to whatever that caterpillar had been eating. The wasp will then become attracted to those specific plants. Scientists found that if they wanted the wasps to zero in on caterpillars that were eating the cotton plants, they needed to raise wasp maggots on caterpillars that had eaten cotton plants. The adult wasp will then be highly sensitive to the odor of a damaged cotton plant. The wasp will ignore damaged tobacco plants and the tobacco budworms, and will likewise ignore damaged corn plants and the corn earworm.

Weekly SUDOKU

Amazing Animals:

• On April 5, 1614, Pocahontas, daughter of the chief of the Powhatan Indian confederacy, marries English tobacco planter John Rolfe in Jamestown, Virginia. Their marriage brought peace between the English colonists and the Powhatans. • On April 6, 1776, the Continental Congress takes the first step toward American independence by announcing its decision to open all American ports to international trade with any part of the world not under British rule. It was the first act of independence by the Continental Congress. • On April 9, 1865, at Appomattox, Virginia, Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee surrenders his 28,000 troops to Union Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, effectively ending the Civil War. Forced to abandon the Confederate capital of Richmond, Lee had no other option. • On April 10, 1879, Sandor Herz -- the future John Hertz, the man behind what will one day be the world's largest car-rental company -- is born in present-day Slovakia. In 1923, Hertz bought a fleet of used Ford Model Ts and named the business Hertz Drive-Ur-Self Corporation. • On April 7, 1954, President Dwight Eisenhower coins one of the most famous Cold War phrases when he suggests the fall of French Indochina to the communists could create a "domino" effect in Southeast Asia. He predicted that this would lead to the "loss of Indochina, of Burma, of Thailand, of the Peninsula, and Indonesia following." * On April 4, 1975, childhood friends Bill Gates and Paul Allen found the computer software company Microsoft. In 1987, the 31-year-old Gates became the world's youngest billionaire. Today, Microsoft is the world's largest software maker. * On April 8, 1990, "Who killed Laura Palmer?" was the question on everyone's lips when David Lynch's surreal television drama "Twin Peaks" premiered on ABC. Shot in and around the logging town of Snoqualmie, Washington, "Twin Peaks" starred Kyle MacLachlan as relentlessly quirky FBI agent Dale Cooper. © 2016 King Features Synd., Inc.

NUGGET OF KNOWLEDGE In India, the word for sugar was "sharkara" meaning 'gravel' because the boiled sap, when dried out, looked like dark-colored sand. That word went into the Persian language as 'shaker' which became our sugar. The Sanskrit for sugar was 'khanda' meaning 'a piece of something' from which we derive the word 'candy.'

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(Answers located 2 pages after this one)

• In savory recipes (think creambased soups) that call for heavy cream, try this amazing, healthy substitute from “Cooking Light”: Cook 1/2 cup brown rice in 2 cups chicken stock for 25 minutes. Remove from heat and let stand 5 minutes. Blend with 1 cup low-fat milk in a blender until smooth and creamy. A savings of over 700 calories and almost 90 grams of fat per cup! • “Got leftover cake? Freeze it! At my daughter’s birthday party we had a really delicious cake, but almost half of it went uneaten. It seemed a shame to throw it away and too gluttonous to eat it all before it spoiled, so we decided to freeze it in slices. It froze perfectly, icing and all, and we were able to enjoy it several more times over the following month.” — Amy in Florida • If your toilet is slow to flush but does not appear to be stopped up, check the water valves underneath the rim of the toilet. Clear any built-up mineral deposits with a straightened out paperclip. This allows the water to flush the bowl more effectively. • Early spring is a great time for garden clean-up chores. Remove dead or damaged limbs on trees and shrubs. Remove suckers at the base of plants. Spruce up your garden beds to get them ready for annuals. • “To make gluing easier when crafting, I pour an entire bottle of white school glue into a glass mason jar with lid. I use paintbrushes to do my paper crafts, as the glue spreads well with a brush. If I am unable to use a brush, I use a straw to capture glue and “drop” it on other projects. The straw makes it easier to get the glue into cracks or small spots as necessary. Just put a straw down in the glue, cover the open end with your finger, remove it from the jar and position the glue end of the straw where it needs to go, then remove your finger.” — J. in Maryland Send your tips to Now Here’s a Tip, 628 Virginia Drive, Orlando, FL 32803. © 2016 King Features Synd., Inc.

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(Solution on Next Page)

Sticklers Answer

A NEW SNACK CAKE

• In 1932 Charles Lubin and his brother-in-law purchased a chain of bakeries in Chicago called the Community Bake Shops. The business was successful, but in 1949 Charles and his brother-in-law parted ways and Charles took over the business. • Charles believed that because the business had been so successful in supplying baked goods to the grocery stores of Chicago, he should try supplying baked goods to the mass market of America, so he began to experiment with ways to do that. • He invented a method that allowed desserts to be baked, frozen, shipped, and reheated in a foil pan. His first mass-market product was a frozen cheesecake, which needed a name. • His wife Tillie suggested he name it after their daughter, and he did. The cheesecake became so popular that he renamed the entire corporation after his daughter. He added more products such as pound cake and coffee cake, and by 1955 his products were sold all over the country. • The business was so profitable that Charles sold out to Consolidated Foods in 1956. By then the name of his daughter was so widely recognized that Consolidated Foods adopted it as the new name of their corporation, hiring him to be their CEO. • Charles retired in 1965 and died in 1988 at the age of 84, by which time the company’s products were well on their way to being sold around the world. Shortly after his death, his daughter became a spokesperson for the corporation that was named after her. And her own daughter (Charles’ grandaughter) even interned at the factory. What was the name of Charles’ daughter, now on packages of frozen desserts all over the world? (Answer at top of next page)

Answer: Sarah Lee

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• Continental Bakeries made a variety of items Answer: Dell. under the Hostess brand in the 1920s and 1930s. One of them was NUMBER a strawberry shortA VERY LARGE cake, composed of a single-serving • Edward Kasner was a mathematician. Inoblong 1938 sponge strawberry he wascake askedinjected to comewith up with a namecream for a filling. The problem that strawberries were very large number: was the numeral one, followed a hundred He asked twomonths young a by seasonal item,zeros. available only his a few suggest. ofnephews the year.what The name rest ofthey the would year, the equipment to make the Milton cakes satsuggested idle. •used Nine-year-old a name out of the funnies. A cartoon strip character • While delivering a load of strawberry cakes named Barney was very popular. Milton chose toBarney’s a vendorlastone day, company vice-president name for the number. James Deware decided what he needed was a •product Kasnerthat announced thethis newequipment name for all theyear. big would use number in his next book, altering the spelling. Finally he hit on banana cream cakes because •bananas Sixty years Larryyear-round. Page and Sergey Brin werelater, available developed a new internet search engine. Other • He calledengines them Little Shortcake Fingers, and and search searched each webpage a ranked nickel bought a packagetoofhow two.many A few years them according times a specific on them, but Page later on theterm wayappeared to a marketing meeting, his and eye Brin their search engine to search for fell on designed a billboard advertising a brand of shoes, thehe specific term thenforfind how many and adapted thatand name theout product. links there were that led back to that page, • Originally the cakes weresearch madeengine. with eggs, which resulted in a better milk, and butter, which gave them a shelf life • They decided they needed a name that ofreflected only a day two before becoming stale. howor many websites the search It engine was expensive to haveThey salesmen was searching. took constantly the name replenishing store shelves, so the recipe only was of Edward Kasner’s very large number, reformulated, giving them asoshelf lifeup of being three they misspelled it slightly, it ended exactly the due sameto way the cartoon tospelled four weeks, mostly the airtight cellocharacter Barney spelled his last name. What’s phane packaging. it called? (Answer at bottom of page) • During World War II a banana shortage forced COMPUTER FACTS him to re-vamp the recipe once again, and the •familiar In 1981vanilla-flavored Bill Gates said,snack “640 cake kb ofwas memory born. ought to be enough for anybody.” Today, 500 million are produced every year. •They Moore’s Law states that computer performance are called Twinkies. doubles every 18 to 24 months, and ever since • Twinkies frozen 1971, thiscan hasbe been true.to expand their lifespan. • HP, Google, Microsoft, and Apple were all started in garages. Answer: Google, googol. TIDBITS! THANKS FORfrom READING

Sports Answers 1. Ubaldo Jimen- 5. 7 seasons 6. Chris Chelios ez, with 773. (1989-90) & 2. Arizona’s Larry Brian Gionta Centers caught (2010-14) 101 in 1995. 7. Oakland 3. 11 seasons Raiders 4. 1950s: Pat Fletcher (‘54) Professional Home Inspection Service

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