Tidbits Grand Forks - February 12 Issue by Tidbits of Grand Forks - East Grand Forks

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February 12, 2015

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WARS, PART ONE Tidbits is bringing you a short history lesson, testing your knowledge of wars throughout the ages. Let’s see what you know about several of the world’s conflicts. Part two will appear later this month. • The first shot of the Revolutionary War, America’s war of independence from Britain, rang out on April 19, 1775 in Lexington, Massachusetts, and has been called “the shot heard round the world.” The 13 American colonies were revolting against the many high taxes imposed by Britain without giving the colonies any representation in the British Parliament. Congress summoned George Washington from his home at Mount Vernon to be commander and chief of American forces. Washington would not return home for the next six years. • The Revolutionary War raged on for eight years, with France and Spain stepping in to aid the colonists. Spain’s motive in helping the colonists was to regain land it had lost to Britain. This caused the fighting to spread to Europe, the Caribbean, and East Indies, although most was done within the colonies. • The Declaration of Independence from Britain was signed early on in the war, on July 4, 1776. The first great American victory was the Battle of Saratoga in 1777, and was a turning point toward the colonists’ eventual triumph over Britain. WANT TO RUN YOUR OWN BUSINESS? Publish a

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1. Which war had the Battle of the Bulge? 2. Which Revolutionary War figure’s name has become synonymous with “traitor”? 3. During this war, it was referred to as “the war to end all wars.” Which war was it? 4. Name the Prime Minister of Italy during World War II?

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WARS, PART ONE (continued): • Nearly everyone has heard the phrase, “Do not fire until you see the whites of their eyes!” This was the order of Revolutionary War officer William Prescott at the Battle of Bunker Hill, as he urged his troops to be brave enough to hold their fire until the enemy was near. • The Treaty of Paris ending the Revolutionary War was finally signed in 1783, when Great Britain acknowledged America’s independence. It also set the northern U.S./Canadian boundary and the Mississippi River as the western boundary. • Prior to the American Revolution, the British and French had struggled for ownership of North America for many years. Finally the conflict came to a head in 1756, with a dispute over control of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers for commerce. It continued until 1763, earning it the name “The Seven Years’ War,” or more commonly, The French and Indian War. North American battles were fought from the state of Virginia clear up to Nova Scotia. France gained allies of the American Indians and Spain, spurring Britain to concentrate on seizing French and Spanish territories in other parts of the world. • How much do you really know about the War of 1812? That’s the year it began, of course, but it continued until December, 1814, when the Treaty of Ghent was signed. Great Britain’s prevention of U.S. trade with foreign countries was a leading factor in its cause, as well as Britain’s attempts to prevent westward U.S. expansion and to suppress any thoughts America had about annexing Canada. Britain was also forcing U.S. sailors to serve on British Navy ships and was supplying the Native Americans with guns.

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WARS, PART ONE (continued): • Most of the War of 1812’s battles took place along the U.S./Canada border, with a few occurring on the Great Lakes and Atlantic coast. The words to “The Star-Spangled Banner” were written during this war, as a 35-year-old lawyer named Francis Scott Key witnessed the bombardment of Fort McHenry during the Battle of Baltimore. After a long night of brutal fighting, Key observed the flag still flying above the Fort. The 42 ft. x 30 ft. banner was the largest in the nation at that time. That flag is on display at the Smithsonian Institute today. • In August, 1814, British troops set fire to the White House in retaliation for the U.S. attack on the city of York, Ontario, Canada. President James Madison and his wife Dolley had already abandoned their home, fleeing to safety in Maryland, leaving behind all their personal belongings. Dolley was credited with saving a full-length portrait of George Washington before their escape. • On the day after the British set fire to the White House, the Capitol, and other federal buildings, a tremendous storm and freak tornado hit Washington, D.C., putting out the fires. Oddly enough, debris from the tornado killed more British soldiers than were killed by Americans with their guns during the Washington fighting. The Madisons lived the remainder of his term in Washington, D.C.’s Octagon House. The reconstructed White House was not completed until 1817.

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• The well-known saying “Don’t give up the ship!” had its origins during the War of 1812. Captain James Lawrence of the U.S.S. Chesapeake shouted his last words as the ship was overtaken by the British ship HMS Shannon in 1813. Lawrence’s final words became the battle cry for sailors for generations to come.

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MOMENTS IN TIME

• On Feb. 19, 1473, Nicolaus Copernicus is born in Torun, Poland, on the Vistula River. Revered as the father of modern astronomy, Copernicus was the first European scientist to propose that Earth and other planets revolve around the sun. • On Feb. 22, 1819, Spanish minister Do Luis de Onis and U.S. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams sign the Florida Purchase Treaty, in which Spain agrees to cede the remainder of its old province of Florida to the United States. The Treaty put Florida into U.S. hands at no cost beyond the U.S. assumption of $5 million in claims by U.S. citizens against Spain. • On Feb. 21, 1926, glamorous Swedish actress Greta Garbo makes her U.S. screen debut in "The Torrent." Unlike many of her contemporaries, the Nordic beauty successfully made the transition to sound after becoming a star during the silent film era. • On Feb. 18, 1964, the United States cuts off military assistance to Britain, France and Yugoslavia in retaliation for their continuing trade with communist Cuba. The action was chiefly symbolic, but represented the con-

The History Channel

tinued U.S. effort to destabilize the Cuban regime of Fidel Castro. • On Feb. 20, 1974, Reg Murphy, an editor of The Atlanta Constitution, is kidnapped. Kidnapper William Williams drove Murphy around the city, stopping to phone in ransom demands to the newspaper. Managing editor G. James Minter delivered the money to Williams, and Murphy was released. After being caught, Williams was sentenced to 40 years for kidnapping and extortion. • On Feb. 16, 1984, Bill Johnson becomes the first American man to win an Olympic gold medal in downhill skiing, a sport long dominated by European athletes. Johnson quickly became a national hero, though his fame was short-lived and he never again competed in the Olympics. • On Feb. 17, 1996, in the final game of a six-game match, world chess champion Garry Kasparov triumphs over Deep Blue, IBM's chess-playing computer, and wins the match, 4-2. However, Deep Blue would go on to defeat Kasparov in a rematch the following year. © 2014 King Features Synd., Inc.

WARS, PART ONE (continued): • The U.S. Civil War, the “War Between the States,” started in 1861, and by its conclusion in 1865 had left more 620,000 men dead, 2% of the country’s population, more than any other war in American history. Prior to its beginning, eleven states had left the Union and formed their own country in order to protect slavery. War raged for four years between the North and South, with more than three million fighting at some point. • The Union had the clear advantage from the start, with 101,000 factories, compared to the Confederacy’s 21,000, and 20,000 miles of Union railroad tracks over the Confederacy’s 8,000 miles. The South’s wheat production of 35 million bushels couldn’t hope to match the 100 million bushels of the North. All the manufactured goods produced in all of the Confederate states totaled less than 25% of those produced in New York state alone. The Union horses numbered 3.4 million compared to the Confederacy’s 1.7 million. • The bloodiest day of the Civil War was the Battle of Antietam, fought in September, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland. The first major battle fought on Union soil, there were nearly 23,000 casualties there in a single day, double the amount of D-Day, 82 years later during World War II. • The three-day Battle of Gettysburg in the summer of 1863 left 52,000 men killed, wounded, or missing. It’s considered the turning point in the War, when the South began to lose. • During the Battle of Cold Harbor in June of 1864, 7,000 soldiers fell in just 20 minutes. A man is madly in love with a prinTidbits Laughs cess and wants to propose, but an evil witch has cast a spell on him, and now he can say only one word a year. So he waits 14 agonizing years—accumulating all his words—before approaching his beloved. Finally, the big day arrives. When he sees her, his heart skips a beat. He gathers his nerve, drops to his knees, and intones, “My darling, I have waited many years to say this: Will you marry me?” The princess turns around, smiles, and says, “Pardon?”

NOTEWORTHY INVENTORS:

EARL TUPPER

Who hasn’t stored food in Tupperware at some time? It’s become the word that stands for nearly any plastic container used for leftovers! Here are the facts on its inventor, New Hampshire-born Earl Tupper.

He was tireless in his efforts to sell his inventions, but with very few results. He finally established a tree surgery and landscaping business, married, and settled down.

• As a youth raised on a farm, Earl was a hard-working, enterprising young man who sold his family’s produce door-to-door. His father was a laid-back tinkerer without much ambition, and his mother took in laundry and boarders to supplement the family’s income.

• Tupper’s business prospered until the Great Depression, when lack of customers forced him into bankruptcy in 1936. What seemed to be devastating became the turning point in Tupper’s life. He took a job in a Massachusetts plastic factory, working in the manufacturing division of DuPont.

• Although intelligent and innovative, Earl struggled in school, barely graduating. He took correspondence courses after high school, including one in advertising. When his parents started up a greenhouse in Massachusetts, Earl urged them to be more assertive in marketing their products, but to no avail. • Earl carried a notebook of his ideas at all times, making illustrations of various gadgets as they came to mind. He had ideas for improved stocking garters, combs that would clip to a belt, pants that would maintain their crease, and a convertible top for a rumble seat, along with hundreds of other designs.

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BUSY. BUSY. BUSY. BUSY. BUSY. Sharon Opdahl, Agent Sharon 2534 17thOpdahl Avenue South Grand Forks, ND 58201 Agent Bus: 701-746-0495 sharonopdahl.com

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TIDBITS® BEATING by Janet Spencer

On September 11, 1952, the first artificial aortic valve was installed in a patient in Washington, D.C. Come along with Tidbits as we take a look at the human heart!

HEART ATTACK FACTS • 37% of all deaths in the United States are related to heart disease, making it the largest single cause of natural death. Heart disease kills twice as many people as all forms of cancer combined. The major causes are smoking, fatty diet, high blood pressure, obesity, stress, heredity, lack of exercise, and diabetes. It is an illness produced of man's environment. Before 1900, heart attacks were very rare. The rate of heart disease increased so sharply between 1940 and 1967 that the World Health Organization called it the world’s most serious epidemic. • Every single cell in the heart is guided by an electrical impulse which synchronizes the heartbeat so all muscle cells contract in unison to pump the blood. During a heart attack, the cells begin firing out of turn so the efficiency of the heart is lost and the blood does not get pumped. When doctors shock the heart, the shock overrides each cell’s individual firing mechanism and once again synchronizes every cell, hopefully getting them all to work together again. WANT TO RUN YOUR OWN BUSINESS? Publish a

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EARL TUPPER (continued): • Within a few years, Tupper took his knowledge and experience from DuPont, and along with some used molding machines, he started up the Earl S. Tupper Company, concentrating his efforts on plastic kitchen utensils and other household items. • Tupper first marketed his products as giveaways, such as a plastic cigarette case with the purchase of cigarettes or a plastic glass free with a toothbrush. His breakthrough came with his “wonderbowl,” an airtight plastic container with a patented burping seal. His first line of kitchen items was comprised of 25 pastel-colored items, with every piece designed by Tupper himself. His wife, mother, and aunts were the testers of each item. • In 1946, Tupperware debuted in hardware and department stores. Two years later, he received a call from a Florida woman named Brownie Wise, who presented Tupper with an innovative idea, that of selling his products exclusively through home parties. The Tupperware party was born! Tupperware was withdrawn from retail stores, and Brownie became the vice-president of the company’s home party division. She was responsible for recruiting thousands of women into an exciting career in the 1950s. • Drastic changes came about in Tupper’s life in 1958. After eight years of Brownie Wise’s extraordinary success at the helm, Tupper fired her abruptly and without cause. Within months, he had sold his company to the Rexall Drug Company for $16 million. Shortly afterward, he divorced his wife, bought an island in Central America, forfeited his U.S. citizenship, and spent the remainder of his life in Costa Rica. • Within five years of the founding of Tupper Plastics, annual gross sales exceeded $5 million. At the time of Tupper’s death in 1983, Tupperware’s annual sales were over $800 million.

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JELL-O

February 8 – 14 is Jell-O Week, so Tidbits is offering up tasty bites about the dessert we’ve all been eating our entire lives. • We think of Jell-O as a tasty treat, but the process of making it isn’t quite as appetizing. The use of gelatin has been around since the 15th century. Gelatin itself is a protein that is produced by extracting collagen from the bones and connective tissues of animals, usually cows and pigs. The bones are boiled for several hours after which they are discarded, and the liquid is allowed to settle. The fat is then skimmed off the top and flavoring is added.

• Woodward already owned a profitable packaged-food business in LeRoy, and he promptly sent out salesmen door-to-door to hand out free samples to launch his new acquisition. Immigrants landing in Ellis Island were served Jell-O and given a free Jell-O mold as a welcome gift.

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Weekly SUDOKU

a long wait; it won't happen again until January 2, 2034. • If you're feeling a bit chilled and can't wait for springtime, consider this: On the planet Uranus, winter lasts for 21 years. • You might be surprised to learn that Pennsylvania was not named after William Penn, one of the colony's founders; in fact, King Charles II granted the land charter to William Penn in repayment of a debt to Penn's father, Admiral William Penn, and created the name of the sizable land grant by combining the name of the naval officer with the Latin word "sylvania," which means "woods." The younger Penn was embarrassed and feared that people would think he named the colony after himself. He petitioned the crown to change the name, but the king refused. * * * Thought for the Day: "Bigamy is having one wife too many. Monogamy is the same." -- Oscar Wilde

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• It was comedian Bill Maher who made the following sage observation: "Is [hunting] really a sport if you have all the equipment and your opponent doesn't know a game is going on?" • If you're one of the many Americans who likes a good tailgate party, it's entirely possible that it's the highlight of game day for you. In a survey conducted by McCormick Grill Mates during the 2014 football season, 44 percent of respondents said they enjoyed the tailgating more than they enjoyed the game. • Just like your fingerprint, your tongue print is unique. • Spring is traditionally considered the most popular time for weddings, but 2014 saw a spike in nuptials in mid-December. More than 13,000 couples in the U.S. tied the knot on Dec. 13, due in large part to the fact that 12/13/14 fell on a Saturday. Anyone else who would like to marry on a numbersequential date will have

• The Jell-O trademark came about in 1897, when LeRoy, New York, cough syrup manufacturers Pearle and May Wait added strawberry, raspberry, orange, and lemon flavoring to granulated gelatin and sugar. Their concoction was 88% sugar. Although the couple was very good at making their product, they didn’t have the money to market it, and just two years later, they sold the formula, the patent, and the Jell-O name to their neighbor Orator Frank Woodward for $450 (about $12,000 today).

King CROSSWORD

by Samantha Weaver

• In 1845, inventor Peter Cooper, who had created America’s first steam locomotive, the Tom Thumb, came up with a method of making large sheets of gelatin and grinding it into a powder that was easy to use in cooking. His U.S. Patent #4084 was for “portable gelatin,” and required only the addition of hot water.

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JELL-O (continued): • In 1902, Jell-O ads were placed in the Ladies’ Home Journal and free Jell-O cookbooks were distributed. Famed artist Norman RockAnswer: Dell. their early advertisements. well illustrated A VERY LARGE NUMBER • Woodward’s family owned the rights to Jell• OEdward waswhen a mathematician. for 27 Kasner years, and they sold outInto1938 the he was asked to come up with a name for a Postum Cereal Company in 1925, five milvery large number: the numeral one, followed lion werezeros. beingHeshipped out two of LeRoy by acases hundred asked his young each year.what In 1927, became part of the nephews nameJell-O they would suggest. brand-new General Foods Corporation. • Nine-year-old Milton suggested a name • Cecil DeMille’s 1923 silent The out ofB.the funnies.epic A cartoon stripmovie character named Barney was very popular. Milton chose Ten Commandments used massive amounts Barney’s lastcreate namethe forspecial the number. of Jell-O to effect of Moses • keeping Kasner announced new name big the Red Seatheparted while for the the Israelnumber his next book, altering the spelling. ites madeintheir escape from Egypt. Sixty later, Page introduced and Sergey lime Brin • • In the years 1930s, theLarry company developed a new internet search engine. Other Jell-O for cooks who liked to make aspics and search engines searched each webpage and salads with vegetables like cabbage, celery, ranked them according to how many times a and peppers. the years went by, specific term As appeared on them, but new Pagefruit and flavors were continually added. Brin designed their search engine to search for the specific term and then find howtomany • Instant chocolate pudding wasout added the links there were that led back to that page, line-up in 1936 and was an immediate sucwhich resulted in a better search engine. cess. • They decided they needed a name that • The famous room reflected howslogan many“There’s websitesalways the search for Jell-O” was introduced in 1964. By 1970, engine was searching. They took the name sales were on the decline, and the company of Edward Kasner’s very large number, only launched an aggressive marketing campaign, they misspelled it slightly, so it ended up being spelledcomedian exactly the the spokescartoon hiring Bill same Cosbyway as the character spelled increase, his last name. man. SalesBarney dramatically and What’s Cosby it called? (Answer at bottom of page) remained on the job for the next 30 years, introducingCOMPUTER Jell-O Pops, FACTS Jigglers, and sugarJell-O, alternative for those can• free In 1981 BillanGates said, “640 kb ofwho memory not consume the 80% content of regular ought to be enough forsugar anybody.” • Jell-O. Moore’s Law states that computer performance doubles every 18 to 24 months,plant and ever since • Although the manufacturing relocated 1971, this has been true. to Dover, Delaware in 1964, LeRoy, New • York, HP, Google, Microsoft, and Apple were all the birthplace of Jell-O, is home to the started in garages. world’s only Jell-O Museum. Answer: Google, from googol.

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