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November 13, 2014

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TIDBITS VISITS

ANTARCTICA

Mrs.

by Janet Spencer

On November 18, 1820, an American seal hunter named Nathaniel Brown Palmer became the first American to lay eyes upon mainland Antarctica. He is considered to be one of three primary candidates to have discovered the frozen continent. Palmer proclaimed the frozen terrain before him to be Palmer Land, and the Palmer Archipelago still carries his name. Come along with Tidbits as we visit Antarctica!

ANTARCTICA FACTS • The lowest reliably measured temperature of a continuously occupied station on Earth was −128.6°F on July 21, 1983 at Vostok Station. • In summer, the population of Antarctica averages about 5,000. In winter, it drops to 1,000. About 40,000 tourists visit each year. There are no permanent residents. • Antarctica is the only continent without a time zone. The scientists who reside there go by either the time of their home land or the supply line that brings them supplies. • Antarctica is the world's largest desert. In Antarctica's Dry Valleys, it hasn't rained for more than 2 million years. The ground and climate so closely resemble the surface of Mars that NASA did testing there for the Viking mission. Turn the page for more!

Issue # 893

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Quiz Bits 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. Will a metronome swing faster at the poles or at the equator? 7. What’s the record high temperaWhich is colder, the South Pole, ture for Antarctica—49.2°F, 53°F, or the North Pole? 58.3°F or 63.7°F? What percentage of the world’s 8. How much did the United States ice is located in the Antarctic? pay Russia for the Alaskan terriWhere does Antarctica rank in size tory in 1867? among the seven continents? 9. What is the first name of Mrs. Addams on the TV series “The What percentage of the Earth’s Addams Family”? land surface is covered by permanent ice sheets? TRIVIA What country owns Antarctica?

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• The Antarctic has about eight times as much ice as the Arctic because the Antarctic is a continent and the Arctic is an ocean covered with ice. Land does not hold heat nearly as well as water does, so the ocean moderates the climate in the Arctic. The Arctic is not always cold: summer temperatures above 70°F are fairly common. At Fort Yukon near the Arctic Circle in Alaska, it has even reached 100°F in the shade. However, the average year-round temperature in the Antarctic is -18°F. Summertime highs seldom go above freezing. • Both the Arctic and Antarctic are classified as deserts because annual precipitation totals less than 4 inches a year— but the snow that falls stays. In the Arctic, the ice eventually drifts and melts, but in the Antarctic it accumulates year after year. The deepest layers of ice in the Antarctic are some 3 million years old. In the Antarctic, the ice averages more than a mile thick and is over 14,000 feet deep at its thickest. The ice in the Arctic Ocean averages only 8 feet thick. Only 5% of the Antarctic continent is ice-free. The weight of the ice on the Antarctic continent is so great that it has pressed much of the land below sea level. If all the ice were removed, much of the land would probably not rise above the water.

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NORTH & SOUTH: POLES APART • Early astronomers plotted the circle of the sun passing in orbit around the earth. (This was in the days when they thought the earth was the center of the universe.) The circle passed through the constellation of the Great Bear, whose name was Arktos. That is how the northernmost regions of the Earth near that circle became known as the Arctic. The prefix 'ant-' means opposite, so the Antarctic is the southernmost region of the planet.

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POLES APART (continued) • There are only three species of flowering plants living in the Antarctic, plus 75 kinds of moss and 400 kinds of lichen. In the Arctic, there are 900 types of flowering plants, 400 kinds of moss, and 2,000 species of lichen. The largest known land animal living on the Antarctic continent year-round is a wingless relative of the common housefly that is only 1/10th of an inch long. The Arctic teams with wildlife such as polar bears, wolves, and musk ox. Furthermore, there are about 315 million people living within a radius of 2,700 miles of the North Pole, but only 4,600 living within the same distance of the South Pole— and half of those only live there temporarily. SOUTH POLE COLDS • Scientists in Antarctica rarely suffer from colds because they are isolated from infected humans. However, when the supply ships arrive bringing visiting scientists, colds run rampant. In an experiment, each scientist was issued packets of iodine-impregnated tissues and instructed to sneeze and blow their nose into them, then wipe their faces and hands with a clean iodine tissue. Furthermore, they were asked to wipe their hands and faces every hour with the tissues. As a result, the number of new colds reported daily dropped from an average of 4.3 to 1.7. Biologists report that Antarctica has only one bacterium per pint of snow making it difficult to pick up illnesses that aren't imported. HIGH, WIDE AND COLD • The average altitude of the land is 6,000 feet which is more than twice as high as any other continent. The ice is about 8,000 feet thick on top of the mountains, making the total average height of the continent 14,000 feet.

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SEAL CAMS • Researchers supported by the National Science Foundation wanted to find out what goes on in Antarctic waters. So the 8-member team based out of McMurdo Station strapped video cameras, infrared LEDs, and data recorders to 15 Weddell seals, released them, and then tracked their movements over the course of three summers. The laboratory was located above the only blow hole for miles around, so the wild seals had to return to the same spot to breathe and were prevented from swimming away with the equipment, which was worth some $25,000 per seal. The information the seals brought back led to new insights on the behavior of two littleknown fish species, the silverfish and the toothfish, and the way seals hunt their prey. Scientists intend to use the "seal-cams" again in the future to study other deepwater species.

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NUGGET OF KNOWLEDGE Fifty million years ago Antarctica had a temperate climate, evergreen forests and many more kinds of animals than it has today. As the icecap slowly formed, most of the animals that lived there were obliterated. Evidence of this once warm climate is in the fossils of plants, including fossil ferns, found by scientists.

MOMENTS IN TIME

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over 50 volumes of short stories and novels, including "The Call of the Wild," about a domestic dog who joins an Alaskan wolf pack. • On Nov. 20, 1947, Princess Elizabeth marries her distant cousin, Philip Mountbatten, former prince of Greece and Denmark who re• On Nov. 23, 1876, William Marcy nounced his titles to marry the "Boss" Tweed, leader of New York English princess. Mountbatten City's corrupt Tammany Hall political was made the duke of Edinburgh. organization, is delivered to authori- • On Nov. 17, 1972, socialite Barties in New York City after his capture bara Baekeland is stabbed to death in Spain. He had formed the "Tweed by her son, Antony, in London. Ring," which bought votes, encour- When police arrived, Antony was aged judicial corruption and extracted calmly placing a telephone order for millions of dollars from city contracts. Chinese food. Antony was institu• On Nov. 18, 1883, American and Ca- tionalized until a bureaucratic misnadian railroads begin using four con- take resulted in his release in 1980. tinental time zones to end the confu- He then moved to New York City, sion of dealing with thousands of local where he stabbed his grandmother. times. It was not until 1918 that Con- • On Nov. 21, 1986, National Segress adopted the railroad time zones. curity Council staff member Oliver • On Nov. 22, 1916, Jack London, North and his secretary, Fawn Hall, begin shredding documents that who chronicled the last Wild West would have exposed their participafrontier of Alaska, dies in Califortion in a range of illegal activities. nia. London only spent a brief time North was fired, but Hall continued in the Klondike, but returned with to sneak documents to him by stuffa trove of tales. He produced ing them in her skirt and boots. © 2014 King Features Synd., Inc. • On Nov. 19, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln delivers what will become one of the most famous speeches in American history at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Using just 272 words, Lincoln articulated the meaning of the Civil War for a public that had grown weary of the conflict.

ADMIRAL BYRD'S SOLITUDE • On one trip to Antarctica, explorer Admiral Byrd decided to see how prolonged isolation would affect the human psyche. He took up residence at the beginning of the dark Antarctic winter in a 9-by-13 foot cabin on the Ross Ice Shelf, 125 miles away from the rest of his crew at their base. He kept busy with weather observations, books, records, and housekeeping. Radio contact with his crew was made three times a week. His sojourn began March 28, 1934 and by July, depression combined with carbon monoxide poisoning from a faulty stove caused his physical and psychological condition to deteriorate. Rescuers arrived on August 10, and found him so weakened that it was two months before they judged him strong enough to make the return trip to the base station. Admiral Bryd made five trips to the Antarctic and he always took his little dog named Igloo.

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BUSY. BUSY. BUSY. BUSY. BUSY. Sharon Opdahl, Agent Sharon 2534 17thOpdahl Avenue South Grand Forks, ND 58201 Agent Bus: 701-746-0495 sharonopdahl.com

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BUSY. BUSY. BUSY. BUSY. BUSY. Sharon Opdahl, Agent Sharon 2534 17thOpdahl Avenue South Grand Forks, ND 58201 Agent Bus: 701-746-0495 sharonopdahl.com

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TIDBITS® BEATING by Janet Spencer

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Issue # 884

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FAMOUS CANADIANS:

HUGH BLACKWALL EVANS

• Hugh Blackwall Evans was the first Canadian to spend a winter in Antarctica. • Evans was born in England in 1874 and moved to Canada at the age of 16. After attending an agricultural school in the Northwest Territories, he spent the next three years as a hired hand on a cattle ranch. He returned to Britain in 1897 where he landed a job on a sailing brig called the Edward which embarked on a sealing expedition to Desolation Island. Desolation Island is one of the most isolated points on the planet, located more than 2,000 miles away from the nearest populated place. It's situated halfway between the Australian continent and Antarctica. Evans' job was to collect specimens for display in a museum. • Because of this experience, Evans was hired to be the assistant zoologist for the British Antarctic Expedition in 1898. The Norwegian born captain, Carstn Borchgrevink, was determined to be the first expedition to spend the entire winter on the Antarctic continent. This was also the first expedition that pioneered the use of sled dogs in Antarctic travel. • They embarked in August of 1898 in a ship called the Southern Cross. The ship dropped off 75 sled dogs, a winter's worth of supplies, and ten men (including Evans) at Cape Adare, the northwestmost extremity of the Ross Sea coastline. Once camp was established, the Southern Cross sailed away, leaving the men alone on the Antarctic for the duration of the winter. The men constructed a hut that was 15 feet square which was the first building on Antarctica. Additional huts provided storage space and shelter for the dogs.

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• When the main zoologist died of intestinal problems half way through the winter, he became the first person buried in Antarctica (with the help of dynamite to dig the grave) and Evans took over as the main zoologist. • During this time there were two near-fatal incidents, once when a candle left burning beside a bunk set fire to the hut and caused extensive damage, and another time when three of the party were nearly asphyxiated by coal fumes as they slept. • The man kept themselves busy by taking scientific observations, exercising the dogs when weather permitted, and soaking in an improvised sauna in a snowbank outside the hut. Still, boredom was rampant. It was 11 months before the Southern Cross returned for them. Before returning the England, they explored the Ross Sea and set a new record for the farthest south ever reached by humans. • They returned to England where they received a lukewarm reception. Captain Borchgrevink was, after all, half Norwegian and only half British. The geographical society of London had been planning a similar expedition and was upset that Borchgrevink had beaten them to the punch. Borchgrevink's book about the expedition, First on the Antarctic Continent, was published the following year. • Hugh Blackwall Evans returned to Canada where he married, had two children, and raised cattle for many years. In 1923 he became a founder of the Alberta Wheat Pool and eventually retired in Vermilion, Alberta where he helped establish the Anglican Church. • He died in February of 1975 after being awarded the Polar Medal as the oldest living explorer from the heroic era. He was 100 years old.

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PENGUINS

• Penguins have never been seen at the North Pole. However, they do live near the Equator. Penguins live in many places such as on the ice off the Antarctic continent, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, and even as for north as the Galapagos Island which is near the Equator. All of these areas are touched by cold ocean currents, which the birds love. They refuse to cross warm currents.

• If you live in Arkansas, you can reflect on the fact that your state is home to the only dia- • Those who study such things mond mine in North America. say that a $1 million lottery • Popular Science magazine prize is actually worth about once dipped its toes into pre- $468,000, once taxes and fees dictions -- and got it all wrong. are deducted. In 1898, it published an article • The next time you're visitstating, "The energy necessary ing Great Britain and someto propel [an airplane] would one offers you a dish called be many times greater than powsowdy, you might want to that required to drive a train of politely decline. Unless you're cars at the same speed; hence an adventurous eater, a broth as a means of rapid transit, fly- made from sheep's heads probing could not begin to compete ably won't appeal. with the railroad." The maga*** zine can be forgiven its lack of foresight, though, considering Thought for the Day: "If you the fact that the first powered haven't got anything nice to airplane flight didn't even oc- say about anybody, come sit next to me." -- Alice Roosevelt cur until five years later. Longworth © 2014 King Features Synd., Inc.

• Penguins return to the very same nest year after year, building it up with new stones in a ring. When they return to their nesting grounds each year, the old nest is buried under several feet of snow. Still, the penguins know exactly where it is located and will place additional stones on top of the ice. When the snow melts, the new stones will be laying exactly on top of the old ones.

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• Method, a company that makes eco-friendly homecleaning products, has at their headquarters a brainstorming room whose walls, floor and ceiling are completely covered in live, growing grass. The purpose? To bring the outdoors in, and to "keep Method weird."

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• You might be surprised to learn that the Ford Mustang, an icon of American automobiles, was originally named the Torino.

• Tofu has the distinction of being the most hated food in America.

Answer

• It was noted American architect Frank Lloyd Wright who made the following sage observation: "The truth is more important than the facts."

King CROSSWORD

by Samantha Weaver

• Penguins raise their families a little differently than most animals— the male is the one who incubates the egg while the female is totally out of the picture. The female lays the egg on the ice, then immediately takes to the ocean and is not seen again for the next two months or so while she feeds in warmer waters. The male holds the egg on the top of his feet and under a special pouch of blubber. He neither eats nor moves much as he incubates the egg through the two months of the worst winter weather. When the chick hatches, he feeds it a milk-like substance produced in his crop, and the chick eats from his throat. Only then does the female return, and the male goes to sea to replenish his blubber while she takes over. When he returns, they share the business of feeding Junior. If both parents are out fishing, the chick will be left in the care of another adult babysitter. Rookeries can contain more than a million birds. Since each pair lay only one egg per year, populations have a hard time recovering from disaster.

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employedare hismonogamous smith skills toand fashion • Penguins matethe forsteel life. blade into the shape of a plow. He affixed The only way to tell male and female apart hitched the device istwo by wooden autopsy,spokes, thoughthen during mating season to a horse. It plowed the heavy Illinois soil females might have muddy footprints on her like a charm. In fact, a farmer who happened back left by males during mating.

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• When the penguins find a mate, they bond in an order for his own John Deere plow. with each other by touching necks and slap• In short order, Deere gave up his blacksmith ping on the with their The flipshopeach and other focused on back making plows. pers. They also "sing" to each other so they company grew steadily and added many emlearn to recognize other's ployees. In the lateeach 1840s, Johnvoices. relocated the

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entire operation to Moline, • The emperor penguin is theIllinois. largest Ashamed species at lack of100 education, John his 4of ft. his tall own and nearly lbs. They aresent thought children to the state’s finest schools. One of to be the only species of bird that never sets his proudest days occurred when son Charles foot on land. They can stay underwater for earned20 theminutes equivalent an MBA from Bell’s around at aoftime. Commercial College in Chicago.

• The smallest is the fairy penguin at 10 inches • tall With son Charles the company, andhisweighing 2.5 managing lbs.

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pipe black systemand – saved byas reduc• Their whitecountless plumagelives serves caming the spread of disease. ouflage while swimming. The black plumage • on The original in their back isJohn hardDeere to seelogo, from registered above, while 1876, depicted a deer that was native to Afrithe white plumage on their front looks like ca.sun Thirty-six years in 1912, was rethe reflecting offlater, the surface ofitthe water placed with the below. image of a North American when seen from white-tailed deer. In the decades that fol• 13 out ofthe thenow-familiar 17 species of“outline” penguin logo are threatlowed, took ened overor as endangered. the symbol of the John Deere brand.

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• Penguins can drink seaboth water, the terests. He co-founded the excreting First Nationsalt through their bill. They spend al Bank andgrooves the Firston Congregational Church. around theirthe time in water and the other He washalf elected mayor of Moline in 1873, half on one land.They are warm with a where of his first actionsblooded, – the replacementtemperature of the city’sofopen drains with a sewer body about 100°F.

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TRILOGY III

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• They It was living Illinois that John no• arewhile the only birdinthat can swim but can't ticed thecan problems thatto farmers when fly. They swim up 30 mph.faced A penguin attempting to till soil. Because the area with a six-inch stride can run as fast as anhad avformerly been woodland, the soil was rich erage man.

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• Although spend their liveswere eating live the bladesthey of the plows farmers accusfish, when presented a dead fish oncirthe tomed to using. Whilewith repairing a broken ground, theyDeere do not recognize it as cular saw, stumbled upon anfood. idea. He

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PENGUINS (continued): • In Welsh, "pen" means head, and "gwyn" DEERE. JOHN DEERE. (continued): means white, giving us the word penguin.

4. Eric Dickerson, 1983 & 1984 5. 1930s (1936) 6. Two losses 7. 1917

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Tidbits of Grand Forks - East Grand Forks

Published on Nov 11, 2014

Tidbits Grand Forks - November 13, 2014

"Antarctica" and "Penguins"

Tidbits Grand Forks - November 13, 2014

Published on Nov 11, 2014

"Antarctica" and "Penguins"

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