Tidbits of Grand Forks - June 6, 2019

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Of Grand Forks • East Grand Forks Published by: Wick Publications 701-740-0968 ® TIDBITS ADMIRES

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TREES

by Janet Spencer

Come along with Tidbits as we admire the intelligence of trees!

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• Fully Equipped Big Expires June 28, 2019 who insisted that trees grow by consuming soil. bearshomesolutions.com • Latest Technology for To prove this theory wrong, he planted a 5-lb.

Detection, and Repair • Air Purifying Systems willow sapling in a pot containing exactly 200 Products • Repair and Maintenance lbs. of dirt. For the next five years, he added Servicing the nothing but water. Then he weighed the tree and the soil again. The willow weighed 169 lbs.

Call (701) 205-1157 or visi Forks, ND 701-775-5522 Grand www.onehourair.com The dirt weighed only two ounces less than it Ask about Military and Senior Discounts had originally. He concluded that trees do not consume dirt, and he was correct. However, he wrongly guessed that trees receive all their Always on Time or You Don’t Pay a Dime nourishment from water. It was years before Full Time and Part Time scientists discovered photosynthesis, the pro• No weekends, evenings or holidays cess whereby plants turn sunlight into energy.

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ANOTHER DISCOVERY

• Foresters working to thin overcrowded beech forests in Germany noticed that the more they thinned the forest, the worse the remaining trees fared. This was the opposite of what they expected to find. Wouldn’t each tree benefit from the extra sunlight, the additional space, and more room for roots? Researchers set out to discover why beech forests thrive when the trees are crowded together, but falter when they are spread apart.

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• What they found surprised them: trees share.

Twined together, the roots pass nutrients from one tree to another using a network of fungus that interconnect all the neighborhood trees by tapping into the hair-like fibers of the smallest roots. When one tree is short of water, a nearby tree with extra water to spare will pass some over through the fungus highway. When that tree is short of nutrients, it receives a helpful supply in return from the trees surrounding it. Meanwhile, the fungus keeps part of the nutrients for itself, and constantly expands to connect as many tree roots as possible. A single ounce of forest soil may contain two miles of fungus strands.

• One researcher injected a radioactive dye into a birch tree and then tracked it as it moved into the network of fungus in the soil and then into a nearby Douglas fir.

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• One type of fungus is able to release a toxin which kills tiny insects in the vicinity. When these insects decay, they give off nitrogen which the fungus absorbs and shares.

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TREE DEFENSE SYSTEMS

20% OFF 5. T or F: There are over 60,000 species of trees.

6. Which province in Canada has the most trees?

7. If you carve your initials into the bark of a sapling tree at five feet off the ground, then come back ten years later, how high will the initials be then?

8. T or F: Pineapples do not grow on trees.

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1. What state has the highest percentage of forest coverage?

2. What state has the lowest percentage of forest coverage?

3. How long can pine needles live on a coniferous tree before being discarded?

4. What five countries contain the greatest amount of forest land on Earth?

EAST GRAND FORKS

A-00456-003

AMERICAN LEGION • POST 157 •

• When giraffes start feeding on the leaves of umbrella thorn acacia trees, the acacia trees start pumping toxic substances into their leaves making them taste bad. The giraffes move off to other trees, but they always move to trees that are either upwind or quite a distance away. This is because the acacia trees also release ethylene gas that warns neighboring trees that the giraffes are in the neighborhood, and those neighboring trees pump their leaves full of the toxins before a giraffe arrives to even take a single nibble.

• Some trees can identify the specific type of insect feeding on their leaves through compounds in the bug’s saliva. The trees then release pheromones that attract beneficial predators, which arrive and ...continued feast upon the marauding invaders.

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FIREWORKS

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TREE DEFENSE SYSTEMS

• In tropical countries, leaf-cutting ants can strip a tree of its leaves in a single night. They take the leaves back to the nest where they chew them into pulp and use them as compost to grow fungus, which they eat. To protect itself from being defoliated, the acacia tree secretes droplets of sweet sap near the base of its leaves. A different type of ant loves to eat the sap, and they set up colonies in the large, hollow thorns of the tree.

Any time the leaf-cutting ants come around, they are driven away by the sap-eating ants.

• Some trees have leaves that fold up and droop whenever they are touched. Researchers theorize that when an animal takes a bite of the leaves, the tree reacts this way in order to look less appetizing. The leaves become nearly invisible to the eye when they are tightly folded up.

• Mimosa trees have brackets of leaves that snap closed whenever they are disturbed. One researcher designed an experiment where drops of water fell on the leaves at regular intervals.

The leaves closed immediately at first. But after a while, the leaves stopped reacting to the drops and remained open, having apparently “learned” that the water drops represented no harm. Even more surprising was that the mimosa “remembered” this and repeated the behavior weeks later, even though no drops had fallen on the leaves in the meantime.

• The blossoms of the bird cherry tree contain both male and female parts inside each bloom.

The flowers are pollinated by bees. When bees are traveling from flower to flower in the crown of a single tree, they tend to spread the pollen of that same tree to its own stigma. Yet when the pollen travels down the tube of the stigma, the tree tests the DNA of the pollen grain, and if it’s a genetic match, the stigma is blocked off and the ovary does not get pollinated, thus preventing inbreeding. ...cont'd

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2. T or F: Although Hall of Fame pitcher Jim Palmer 6. In 2019, golfer Dustin Johnson became the fifth gave up 303 home runs player in the past 50 years during his 19-year MLB to reach 20 career PGA career, he never surrenwins before the age of 35. dered a grand slam, 3. Which MLB team plays Name two of the other home games at Petco Park? four to do it.

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TREE FACTS

• When researchers placed sensitive microphones against the ground in a forest, they recorded sounds coming from the roots that registered at 220 hertz. This in itself was not all that unusual, but they subsequently found that when they played the recorded noises back, all of the root tips from surrounding trees slowly turned in the direction of the sound.

• It benefits the entire forest to keep as many trees alive as possible, for if trees die and fall, that leaves gaps that affect the microclimate negatively. The hot sun and drying winds disrupt the humidity level and raise the temperature, drying out the forest floor, and leaving the remaining trees far more vulnerable to drought and insects.

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• In one experiment, a researcher sprayed an insecticide on one of the largest and oldest trees in a forest and collected the insects that fell dead into collection nets. There were 257 different species of insects living among the boughs of the tree. A similar study in New England showed that 167 different kinds of insects and small animals were living in a single rotting log on the forest floor.

• Researchers in New York state removed forest soil to a depth of one inch and studied it. They found an average of 1,356 living things present in each square foot of dirt (microscopic creatures not included). Some 95% of insects live in the soil at one point or another during their life stages.

BENEFITS

• Researchers found when studying a group of women that when they took a walk through a forest, their blood pressure dropped, their lung capacity expanded, and the elasticity of their arteries improved. When taking a walk of identical length through town, none of these benefits were noted.

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Remarkable People

• Next, Bertillon added a standardized set of photographs of each criminal: a front view, and a side • Alphonse Bertillon was born in France in 1853. His fa- view. These were the first mug shots, named for the ther was a noted physician and statistician who taught common slang term meaning “face.” him methodology.

• This successful development encouraged Bertillon

ALPHONSE BERTILLON

Answer

Weekly SUDOKU

Answer

King CROSSWORD

• As a young adult, he went to work as a records clerk in to consider other ways photography could be used the police department in Paris. One of his duties was in solving crimes. He asked police officers to photo tediously copy down the physical descriptions of tograph crime scenes before they were disturbed, everyone who had been arrested that day. He realized and invented a tall tripod so that pictures could be this method was useless for tracking career criminals taken from a high viewpoint to encompass the entire or identifying those who had been arroom. He created a “metric grid” that could be laid rested multiple times, sometimes using over the space to give a better idea of the space bemultiple names. At the time, criminals tween objects and their dimensions. could only be identified through eyewit• Bertillon also pioneered methods of preserving footness descriptions or by photographs that prints and championed handwriting analysis. He were kept in disorganized piles. pushed to develop ballistics. He developed a con• In an attempt to remedy this situation, Bertillon revo- traption called a “dynamometer” that measured how lutionized forensic police work over the course of his much force was required when breaking and enterlifetime. ing.

• His first idea was to come up with a list of systemat• In 1888 the Department of Judicial Identity was creic measurements of the human body. Each perpetrator ated for the Paris Prefecture of Police, and Bertillon would be carefully examined and the description and became its head. By the mid-1890s, he had become measurements of their body would be recorded: how an international celebrity, known far and wide for wide was the mouth? What shape were the lips? What his publications, his exhibitions, and his speeches. was the distance between the ears? How long were the Police departments worldwide adopted his methods. eyebrows? How long were the arms? How big were the feet? All in all, eleven different measurements were re- • When fingerprinting was first developed in India in corded on cards, along with eye color, hair color, height, the 1890s, Bertillon initially fought hard against it. and skin tone. The process was dubbed “bertillonage.” Eventually he saw the usefulness of it, and advoIn 1884 alone, French police used Bertillon’s system to cated adding fingerprints to the police repertoire of help capture 241 repeat offenders, which helped estab- methods. lish the system’s effectiveness.

• Bertillon died on Feb. 13, 1914, having lived long • Although many police departments adopted this meth- enough to see the methods he developed revolutionize od, the process was bulky and time-consuming. The police work around the globe. The royal commissioncriminal’s appearance tended to change over time. If er of police in Dresden, Germany wrote “Paris [was] two people measured the same body, they were likely the Mecca of Police, and Bertillon their prophet.” to come up with slightly different measurements.

• On June 13, 323 B.C., Alexander the Great, the young Macedonian military genius who forged an empire stretching from the eastern Mediterranean to India, dies in Babylon, in present-day Iraq, at the age of 33. Alexander had received a classical education from famed philosopher Aristotle.

• On June 15, 1215, following a revolt by the English nobility against his rule, King John puts his royal seal on the Magna Carta, or "Great Charter." It guaranteed the king would respect feudal rights and privileges, uphold the freedom of the church and maintain the nation's laws.

• On June 10, 1752, Benjamin Franklin flies a kite during a thunderstorm and collects a charge in a Leyden jar when the kite is struck by lightning, demonstrating the electrical nature of lightning.

• On June 14, 1922, President Warren G. Harding, while dedicating a memorial site for the composer of "The Star Spangled Banner," Francis Scott Key, becomes the first president to have his voice transmitted by radio.

• On June 11, 1963, President John F. Kennedy issues presidential proclamation 3542, forcing Alabama Gov. George Wallace to comply with federal court orders allowing two black students to register at the University of Alabama.

• On June 12, 1987, in his famous Cold War speech in West Berlin, President Ronald Reagan challenges Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to "tear down this wall." The Berlin Wall was a symbol of the repressive Communist era in a divided Germany. Germany was officially reunited on Oct. 3, 1990.

• On June 16, 1999, Kathleen Ann Soliah, a former member of the Symbionese Liberation Army, is arrested near her home in Minnesota after evading authorities for more than 20 years.

The SLA, a small, radical American paramilitary group, made a name for itself in the 1970s with a series of murders, robberies and other violent acts. © 2019 Hearst Communications, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Mosquito Surveillance - Why Trap Mosquitoes?

The Grand Forks Health Department maintains an active mosquito surveillance program. The more we know about mosquitoes, the better equipped we are to control them. Our surveillance program is responsible for collecting, identifying, and conducting West Nile virus tests on mosquitoes. Traps are distributed throughout the community and the Information gained from these traps include: Mosquito Population – Knowing the population helps us determine if it’s necessary to conduct citywide mosquito spraying. This information also enables us to measure the effectiveness of the mosquito spraying operations.

Species of Mosquitoes – There’s around 43 different species of mosquitoes in North Dakota. Some of these mosquitoes are just annoying pests, but one of them, the Culex tarsalis, is the most common mosquito for transmitting West Nile virus in North Dakota. This mosquito is prevalent in the Grand Forks region. Monitoring and testing the Culex tarsalis mosquito is important because it may enable us to respond to an elevated threat of West Nile virus before it infects the human population. This component of mosquito control is very important in reducing the risk of mosquito-borne disease in our community.

Mosquito Activity – Knowing what times the mosquitoes are active is important for getting the best results from our spray operation. We use ultra-low volume sprayers that deliver very small droplets and only 1 ounce of a diluted, non-residual insecticide per acre. Because we’re using such a small amount of insecticide, timing is critical to be successful. This insecticide must directly impact mosquitoes, generally while in flight to be effective. Rotator traps are used to monitor the times the mosquitoes are most active.

Gender Identification – Knowing the sex of the mosquito can be helpful in predicting a new hatch. Male mosquitoes hatch out before females.

Therefore, if we see a spike in the number of male mosquitoes collected in our traps, we know there’s the potential for an increase of females soon to follow. That data is helpful in preparing us for a citywide spray.

It’s a short warning to get ready.

Traps used in mosquito surveillance programs are not successful in reducing mosquito populations. They are simply a surveillance tool used to collect data about the mosquitoes in our community.

For information about mosquito control visit our website at www.gfmosquito.com

King Features Weekly Service ©2019 King Features Syndicate, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2019 King Features Synd., Inc.

(Answers located further back)

May 27, 2019

• “I found a great way to reuse old, stretched-out athletic socks. Gather some together and stuff them into one sock, then put it in your car. On mornings when your windows are fogged by dew, just pull one out and wipe your windows clear. The socks will absorb the moisture, just like they do sweat. Then either toss or wash to use again.” — J.C. in Florida • Corn on the grill is delicious. To prevent the ear from being dried out by charring, wrap each ear in aluminum foil. If you want to get fancy, try adding any of the following for variety: a slather of butter and sprinkled taco seasoning (or ranch seasoning); cojita cheese and cumin; a slathering of mayonnaise and sprinkled red pepper, chipotle seasoning and lime juice.

• Nothing beats a crisp pickle crunch at a barbecue. Dill pickles are predominantly vinegary and salty, while bread and butter pickles are sweet. Dill pickles clock in at five calories an ounce, but sweets will net up to 40!

• “I love air-popped popcorn, but I couldn’t get my salt to stick! Adding butter seems counterproductive, so I used a couple blasts of non-stick cooking spray. No additional calories, and it was just enough to give the salt something to grab onto.” — T. in Maine • “I use a lingerie bag (the zip-up kind for delicates in the clothes washer) to put small items in the top rack of the dishwasher. It works like a charm for baby bottle pieces, small toys, canning lids and other small parts that are tough enough for the heat but might fall through the rack.” — R.W. in Louisiana • Keep paper lunch bags at the ready to ripen produce. This method can be used for peaches, pears, apples, avocados or tomatoes.

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• It was beloved American author Ursula K. LeGuin -- perhaps best known for her "Earthsea" series -- who made the following sage observation: "What sane person could live in this world and not be crazy?"

• The skateboard was invented in California in the 1950s by surfers who wanted to continue their favorite activity even when they weren't in the water.

• It's hard to imagine what life was like before the widespread availability of refrigeration, isn't it?

Some people have decided to find out -- and you might be surprised at how many. Although 99.5% of all households in the United States have a refrigerator, that still means that more than 1.5 million households are fridge-less.

• What we call coffee beans are actually the pits of the coffee beans.

• With an area of less than 1,000 square miles, the tiny Western European nation of Luxembourg is one of the smallest countries in the world, and it is the world's only remaining sovereign Grand Duchy. Considering the country's longstanding adherence to tradition, it is perhaps unsurprising that the national motto is "We want to remain what we are."

• Those who study such things claim that the hair on people of European descent tends to whorl in a counterclockwise fashion, while on most Japanese people it whorls in the opposite direction.

• Statistics show that for every 71,000 skydiving jumps made, there is only one fatality. That might not seem surprising until you put it in context: You have a one in 20,000 chance of dying from a regular fall right here on solid ground.

Thought for the Day: "The problem with being sure that God is on your side is that you can't change your mind, because God sure isn't going to change His." -- Roger Ebert © 2019 King Features Synd., Inc.

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JET THE WONDER DOG

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• After initial training as a guard dog, Jet was posted to the • James Baldwin was a soldier during World War I and American Army Air Force in Northern Ireland, to work saw how effectively the German army used dogs. Dogs with a handler on anti-sabotage duty around airfields. had been used to carry first aid to wounded soldiers, to • Meanwhile, Colonel James Baldwin was watching a film run messages, and to help lay landlines. When World called “The Seige of Stalingrad.” It was during this film War II started, Baldwin petitioned Parliament to set up that he decided that dogs could be trained to point snipers a program to use dogs for various functions just as the in the same way bird dogs point birds. He collected sevGermans did. eral dogs in training, including Jet, and then took them to a • Baldwin set up a demonstration and invited over 80 bombed-out neighborhood in Birmingham. Twelve “snipArmy officers. The demonstration was very effective. ers” had hidden in the wreckage, and the dogs were given As a result, he was named Dog Advisor and Chief the command to find them. After all but one of the snipers Training Officer in 1942, serving under the Royal Air had been found, Jet remained behind, digging at a small hole no larger than a man’s hand.

Force.

• What Baldwin needed now was dogs, and he placed • Jet’s handler found the last man hiding twelve feet down. an advertisement in newspapers throughout England He had gone below ground and wormed his way to the celasking for donations of puppies. A litter of five Ger- lar of another building, sealing off the entrance hole. There man Shepard pups was donated. One of the pups, a he lay in wait with just the small opening that Jet had found pure black dog named Jet, was particularly intelligent. for a breathing hole. ...continued

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JET THE WONDER DOG (cont):

DIFFERENCES: 1. Picture is hanging vertically. 2. Clock is bigger.

3. Picture on boy's shirt is missing. 4. Baby's hair has bow.

5. Drapes are wider. 6. Knob is missing from lamp. © 2019 King Features Synd., All rights reserved.

Professional Home Inspection Service CERTIFIED INSPECTOR

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• This gave Colonel Baldwin the idea that if a dog could detect the presence of someone so far below ground, then dogs could be used to Answer: Dell. find people buriedLARGE during the bombardment of A VERY NUMBER London. In 1944, Jet received training as one of • Edward Kasner was a mathematician. In 1938 the Britain’s first search and rescue dogs. he was asked to come up with a name for a • Jet attended his first air rescue in 1944.

Tovery large number: the raid numeral one, followed by a hundred HeJet asked young gether with his zeros. handler, wenthisontwo to recover nephews what name theywere would suggest.

125 people, 50 of whom alive.

• Nine-year-old Milton suggested a name • In one remarkable instance, Jet was searching out of the funnies.

A cartoon strip character the rubble of a bombed-out hotel when he indinamed Barney was very popular. Milton chose cated a survivor highfor overhead.

The rubble had Barney’s last name the number. already been checked over and rescuers were • Kasner announced the new name for the big sure no one remained in the wreckage, yet Jet number in his next book, altering the spelling. refused to leave the tall brick chimney shaft.

•He Sixty years later, Larry Page and Sergey Brin stood his ground for 11 agonizing hours, undeveloped a new internet search engine. Other til tall ladders could be found that would reach search engines searched each webpage and the top ofthem the leaning chimney ranked according to howstack. manyThere timesresa cuers found a 63-year-old woman, covered specific term appeared on them, but Page andin plaster dust, andtheir stuck on a engine narrowtoledge which Brin designed search search for was that remained thefind top out floorhow of the hothe all specific term and of then many links there were that led back to that page, tel. For this remarkable rescue, Jet was awarded a which medal.resulted in a better search engine.

They the decided they Jet needed a name • •When war ended, was called out that on a reflected how many websites the search and rescue mission when a coalsearch mine engine was searching. They took the name erupted in explosion. waslarge called to the scene of Edward Kasner’s Jet very number, only tothey helpmisspelled locate bodies of the dead miners.

While it slightly, so it ended up being searching deep the underground, spelled exactly same way Jet the suddenly cartoon whined and backed up, forcing his handler character Barney spelled his last name. What’sto step backwards as well.

The handler it called?

(Answer at bottom of page) called for everyone toCOMPUTER retreat, seconds before FACTS the ceiling in rubble the exact they •collapsed In 1981 Bill Gatesinsaid, “640 spot kb ofwhere memory had been standing moments earlier. ought to be enough for anybody.”

• •Jet went on to states learn that sheep herdingperformance and was enMoore’s Law computer tered in many trials. He doubles every obedience 18 to 24 months, andalso everserved since beensearch true. and rescue dogs. Jet to1971, help this trainhas other died of heart and kidney problems 1949allat • HP, Google, Microsoft, and Appleinwere the age of Today a memorial to Jet’s faithful started in 7. garages. service stands infrom a park in Liverpool.

Answer: Google, googol.

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Quiz Answers

1. Maine (82%) 2. North Dakota (1%) 3. Up to ten years.

4. Russia, Canada, Brazil, U.S.A., and China

5.

6.

7.

8.

True Quebec Five feet.

True. They grow from a plant.

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Sports Answers 1. Southern Cal, 5. Derek Fisher Stanford, LSU, w/259 games Oregon State, 6. Phil MickelSouth Carolina son, Johnny Miller, Tom 2. True.

Watson, and 3. San Diego Tiger Woods Padres 4. QB Jameis Winston in 2015.

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