Geography KOs

Geography – What is the weather like where we live?

Vocabulary

Key Knowledge  The UK has 4 countries  Each country has a capital city  A capital city is where the government is located  There are 3 seas around the UK  The UK has 4 seasons  The weather in the UK changes with the seasons  Weather patterns can change daily  Climate is typical weather over a long time.

Key Vocabulary

Definition

Key

A list of symbols that appear on a map.

Location

A place or position

Country Seasons Capital Local Weather Climate

Key People

1

John Dalton

Land that is controlled by a single government Spring, summer, autumn, winter.

The city where the government is located.

A person/thing that belongs to a specific town/area.

Sunshine, rain, snow, wind, and storms.

Typical weather over a long time.

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Key Knowledge

Geography – Our Wonderful World

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Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

Chembakolli, India

There are seven continents.

There are five oceans.

The earth has physical and human features.

Throckley is a village near the city of Newcastle and has lots of different features.  Chembakolli is a village in India it has features that are the same and different to Throckley.  Aerial photographs show us a picture of earth from above.  Maps, atlases and globes show us where the continents and oceans are.

Vocabulary

Human features: houses, shops, bridges etc.

Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

Physical features: fields, rivers, trees etc.

2 Chembakolli, India

Key Vocabulary

Definition

atlas

A book of maps.

aerial

Seen from above or in the air.

physical feature

Things that are natural and would be here even if there were no people around.

human feature

Things built by humans.

continent

One of the earth’s largest areas of lands.

ocean

A large body of salt water.

Vocabulary

Geography – Where do different animals live?

Key Vocabulary

Definition

landscape

The land or sky you can see from one point.

compass

An instrument for showing direction.

native

Belonging to a particular place.

north and south poles

The top and bottom of the earth.

equator

An imaginary line around the middle of the earth.

fieldwork

To learn outside in the real world.

Key knowledge     

Key People:

 Chris Packham

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The earth has a North Pole and South Pole and it is divided by an imaginary line called an equator.

Places near the equator are hot and places near the North and South Poles are cold.

Animals live in different natural environments around the world.

Some animals are native to the UK and can be spotted in our school grounds.

Maps show us the different physical and human features where we are.

A compass helps us find where we are and gives us directions to help us get to a different place.

Vocabulary

Geography – What is special about our coastline?

Cliff

Key Vocabulary

Definition

Sand-dune

A hill of sand near an ocean or in a desert that is formed by the wind.

A city or town.

Urban

Port Harbour

Coastal Port

Harbour

Tide Shore

Key Knowledge 

Near Far

A place near the seaside.

A place where ships load and unload, and its nearby town or city.

A sheltered area of water where boats can be anchored.

The flowing of water away from or back onto the land.

The land beside an ocean, sea, lake, or river.

Close by A long way away

There are four countries within the UK: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

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There are four capital cities within the UK: London, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast.

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The UK is bordered by four seas: The English Channel, The North Sea, The Irish Sea and The Atlantic Ocean.

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The North East coastline is made up of specific areas, such as Whitley Bay, Bamburgh and Seahouses.

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Sand dune

Coastlines contain key physical features, such as cliffs, tides and shores.

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There is an abundance of wildlife that inhabit our local coastlines, such as crabs, fish, seals and birds.

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Grey seals, which can be seen near St Mary’s lighthouse, nearly became extinct in the early 19th Century as there was only about 500 of them left in the world. Now, grey seals are protected in Britain and there are more than 120,000 of them.

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Evergreen Tree

Geography – If you go down to the woods today, what will you discover?

Deciduous Tree

Key Knowledge     

Vocabulary Key Vocabulary

Definition

Deciduous

Having leaves that drop off each year.

Keeps its leaves all year round.

The branches and leaves of the tallest trees make the canopy layer.

A plant that is smaller than a tree and has several main stems near the ground.

A spherical representation of the Earth.

Evergreen Canopy layer

The Earth has 7 continents: Asia, Antarctica, Europe, Africa, North America, South America and Australia.

The Earth has 5 oceans: The Arctic, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific and Southern.

The key features of a forest in the UK are: Deciduous trees, fruits and nuts and wildlife, such as squirrels, hedgehogs and birds.

Coconino National Forest has evergreen trees and is home to many species of animals such as toads, elk, coyotes and bald eagles.

Features and climates of the forests are different because of the difference in their locations in the world.

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The UK climate is cool, wet winters and warm, wet summers.

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The climate in Cocnino National forest is extremely hot in the summer and mild in the winter.

Shrub

Globe

Compare Rural

To describe similarities or differences.

The countryside rather than a town.

Coconino National Forest (North America)

Kielder Forest (Northumberland)

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Geography – What will we see if we visit London?

Vocabulary

Key Knowledge 

London is the capital of England.

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London has many famous landmarks.

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Key Vocabulary

Definition

Scale

A set of numbered marks made at evenly spaced points along a ruler, thermometer, or other measuring device A room or a building that is used to work from.

London is an urban area that has a population of nearly 9 million whereas Newcastle upon Tyne has a population of 268,000.

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it would take about 5 hours to

Buckingham Palace St Paul’s Cathedral

London is about 280 miles away and drive there.

The London Eye

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The River Thames runs through

Tourist

About 30million people visit London each year. These are called tourists.

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You can navigate between London’s landmarks on a map using compass

A person who visits a different place for fun.

Population

The number of people that live in an area.

Architect

A person whose job is to design buildings.

The word comes from the Greek word arkhitektōn, from arkhi- ‘chief’ + tektōn ‘builder’.

London. 

The Shard

Office

directions and there are lots of guided tours too.

Sir Christopher Wren

The Tower of London

Westminster Abbey

North West

East

6 Houses of Parliament

Big Ben

The Tower Bridge

South

Vocabulary

Geography – How significant is the Amazon Rainforest?

Key Vocabulary

Definition

Rainforest

An area of tall mostly evergreen trees that has a high amount of rainfall.

Feeling very damp due to water vapour in the air A group of similar animals or plants.

Key Knowledge 

Humid

Rainforests are found near the equator between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.

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Species

The Amazon is about 5.5million square kilometres. You could fit the UK and Ireland into the Amazon 17 times. It is the largest tropical

Indigenous

rainforest in the world. 

About 10% of the world’s species live here and it is estimated that a Deforestation

new species is discovered in the Amazon rainforest every 3 days. 

It has a tropical climate which is the same all year round. It is hot Tropical climate

(usually between 22C and 35C) and humid and it rains most days. 

Amazonian Indians are people who are indigenous to the Amazon rainforest. They are divided into hundreds of tribes each with their own language and culture. They get everything they need to survive from the

Land use

Amazon rainforest and river including medicine.

Deforestation 

Create fields for farming cattle and growing crops

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Produce timber and wood pulp to make furniture and paper Make space for housing

Jobs are created in logging, transporting

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timber and manufacturing products. 

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People’s homes are destroyed.

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Animals and plants may become extinct through habitat loss.

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Plants that may have been useful could be lost.

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Contributes to global warming as trees release carbon when they are cut down instead of storing it.

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Positive impacts 

Climate zone which is hot all year round and usually very humid with lots of rain.

How land is used eg.

Forest, farming, housing.

Negative impacts

Trees are cut down to:

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Comes from a particular place.

Similar to native.

Cutting down and clearing forests.

Selling land raises money for local people.

Soil loses its nutrients as they are washed away by heavy rainfall without protection from trees.

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Increased flooding as there are less trees to absorb water from the soil.

Geography – What’s beneath my feet?

Etymology Litho – Greek ‘lithos’ = rocky Sphere – Greek ‘sphaira’ = ball Semi - Latin = half Molten = melt

Crust – The Earth’s outer most layer. The one we live on. It is 0-100km thick.

Key Mountains and Mountain Ranges UK    

Ben Nevis – Scotland Scarfell Pike – England Snowdon – Wales Slieve Donard – Northern Ireland

The Wider World  The Himalayas - Asia  The Rocky Mountains, North America  The Andes - South America  The Alps - Europe

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Condensation Water vapour turns back into liquid in the sky. When it falls as precipitation the cycle starts all over again.

Transpiration Water vapour is released into the air by plants.

Key Rivers UK  Tyne – Newcastle upon Tyne  Thames – London  Wear – Durham / Sunderland  Severn – West Midlands and South West  Mersey – North West The Wider World  Nile - Africa  Mississippi, North America  Amazon – South America  Yangtze – China  Ganges – Western Himalayas

Precipitation Water falls from the sky as rain, hail or snow.

Run off Some water flows into creeks, rivers or oceans.

Key Knowledge     

The Earth is made of four different layers which are the inner core, the outer cores, the mantle and the Earth’s crust.

The Earth’s crust is made up of tectonic plates which are massive pieces of rock that fit together like a jigsaw puzzle.

Tectonic plates move and bump into each other. They move so slowly that it is only about a couple of centimetres per year.

Mountains are formed by slow but huge movements of the earth’s crust. When two of the plates collide, the land can be pushed upwards, forming mountains.

Rivers form because water flows downhill. Over time, rivers cut a path in the rock. This is called erosion. Erosion happens when the water rubs against rock over and over again until it is eventually worn away over time.

Evaporation Water turns into water vapour and rises invisibly into the air.

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Infiltration Some water soaks into the ground.

Geography – We’re all going on a summer holiday, but to where?

Vocabulary Vocabulary Region Ordnance Survey Map

Key Knowledge 

The UK is divided up into 12 regions. Some of them are named after their position in England (eg. North East).

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Ordnance survey maps can be used to see human and physical geographical features.

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The UK coastline is one of the longest in Europe and no one in the UK lives more than 80 miles away from a

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coastline.

Costal towns have a mixture of human features to attract tourists such as arcades and fairgrounds as well as physical features such as beautiful beaches.

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Urban towns have mostly human features to attract tourists such as shops and museums.

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Rural areas have mostly physical features to attract tourists such as hilly or mountains landscape, rivers and lakes and forested areas.

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Definition An area or part of a country.

A detailed map that shows human and physical geographical features.

Geography – Location, location, locationwhere is an ideal place to live?

The Shard – An example of human geography

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People settle in different places because of what they get from the land around.

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Skara Brae was built by the coast because of the natural resources such as fishing and soil perfect for growing crops.

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Hillforts were built so that people living there could spot invaders. The hill provided defence.

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Newcastle was built surrounding the River Tyne; it provided settlers with trade links, transportation, food sources and water.

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Early settlers looked for flat land, to make building easier and safer.

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Modern settlers look for places with scenic views, areas with good schools and a booming economy.

Skara Brae

Vocabulary

Definition

Hillfort

A type of settlement used in the Iron Age Features of land.

A place on the Earth’s surface.

Made by nature, not humans.

A place where people live.

A person who moves to a new place to live.

A stone-based settlement by the coast that was built during the Stone Age. Actions that are carefully planned to give advantage.

Buying and selling things.

Impressive, natural view.

The amount of money a place has as a result of how much is made and used in the area.

Landscape Location

Key Knowledge

An Iron Age hillfort

Vocabulary

Natural Resources Settlement Settler Skara Brae

Tactical

Trade

A cave – An example of physical geography

Ordnance Survey map of hillfort at Kirknewton, Northumberland

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Scenic Economy

Geography – Why do some natural disasters do more damage than others?

Vocabulary Key Vocabulary Tectonic plates Natural Disaster

Richter scale

Stages of a volcano

Aftershock Severity

Active Erupting now or may erupt soon.

Parts of a volcano

Dormant Has the ability to erupt again.

Extinct Will never erupt again.

Key Knowledge 

Definition Parts of the Earth’s crust. Like a jigsaw on the Earth’s top layer.

Violent events controlled by nature, not humans such as avalanche, drought, earthquake, flooding, hurricane, tornado, tsunami, volcanic eruption, and wildfire.

Measures the strength of an earthquake.

A mini tremor that happens after an earthquake.

How strong or how large an impact a natural disaster has.

Tremor

The movement felt by an earthquake, sometimes felt before it happens.

Mercalli scale

Measures how intense an earthquake is based upon the damage it causes.

Eruption

When molton rock, volcanic ash or steam come out of a volcano.

Tsunami

A giant wave caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea.

The Earth’s tectonic plates.

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Buildings have been made to be safer during earthquakes nowadays.

Earthquakes are measured on a Richter scales with higher numbers being more powerful.

The Earth is made of separate layers: the crust; the mantle; the outer core; and the inner core.

The earth’s crust is broken into tectonic plates.

Some areas of the world are more prones to earthquakes than others because of where they sit on the tetonic plate edges.

Charles Francis Richter, the inventor of the Richter scale.

Chile earthquake impact, measuring 9.5 on the Richter scale.

Geography – Did the Romans make Britain better?

Significant person: Emperor Hadrian

Key Knowledge 

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Vocabulary Vocabulary

Definition

Aqueduct

A Roman invention that carried fresh water to cities.

How people pay for items, e.g. money.

A person involved in trade.

Buying or selling goods.

How people move themselves and their items from one place to another.

A way for travel and movement from one place to another.

Plants found in a specific area.

Sending items to somewhere else.

Getting items from somewhere else.

Currency

The Roman Empire established trade routes across its empire stretching from North Africa, Eastern Europe and the North of England.

Trade routes were important for the Roman Empire to grow and supply food, weapons and people.

When the Romans invaded Britain, they set up town in key areas across the country. These areas gave them the best access to trade, protection and water.

Britain exported lead, woollen products and tin.

In return, Romans gave wine, olive oil, pottery and papyrus.

Most trade travelled down the River Tiber.

Romans invented lots of things we still use today.

They invented roads, aqueducts and central heating.

The Romans introduced money to Britain so they didn’t need to trade animals or objects for what they wanted.

The Romans built Hadrian’s Wall to stop invasion from the Scots and protect their land.

Merchant Trade Transport

Route

Vegetation Export

A Roman ship used for trade.

Import

An example of a Roman road

An aqueduct

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Hadrian’s Wall

Year 5 Geography – What makes a successful Antarctic Expedition?

Key Knowledge  Who? Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton was an Irish Antarctic explorer.  What? Devoted to creating a legacy, Ernest led three British expeditions to the Antarctic.  When? He was an explorer who in 1901, joined and began his expedition to the Antarctic.  Where? Shackleton was chosen to go on the Antarctic expedition led by Robert Falcon Scott on the ship 'Discovery'. With Scott and one other, Shackleton trekked towards the South Pole in extremely difficult conditions.  Why? Rejecting his father's wish that he become a doctor, Ernest joined the merchant navy when he was 16 and qualified as a master mariner in 1898. He travelled widely but was keen to explore the poles. He got closer to the Pole than anyone had come before.

Key Biomes  Tropical rainforests are hot and wet all year round.  Deserts are hot and dry all year round.  The savannah is hot all year round with a long, dry season.  Woodlands are warm and mild, with more rain falling in the winter than the summer.  Grasslands are areas of land that are vast and open, with grasses being the main plants.  The tundra is the coldest of all the biomes. There is very little rain or snow and the temperatures are freezing.

Vocabulary Vocabulary

Definition

Longitude

An invisible line running from north to south.

An invisible line running from east to west.

A very large landmass.

A constantly moving area of dense ice.

A common time between different lines of longitude.

A large naturally occurring community of flora (plants) and fauna (animals) in a major habitat.

Latitude

Continent Glacier

Time Zones

Biome

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Geography – How does Paris compare to London?

Vocabulary Key Vocabulary

Definition

Population Density

How closely a number of people live together in one area.

Culture

The ideas, art, music and interests of a group of people or society.

(Un)Employment

Having (or not having) a paid job.

Tourism

The organisation of holidays and visits to other places as a business.

City

A large town.

Migration

The movement of people to a new area or country.

Life Expectancy

The average period that a person is likely to live.

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Economy

The money spent and taken for goods and services within a country or region.

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Government

The group of people making decisions about the running of a country.

Key Knowledge

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Paris is a capital city, located in the north of France.

In Paris, the Eiffel Tower, Louvre Museum, Cathedral Notre-Dame and Arc de Triumph are all major landmarks that contribute to the city’s tourism and economy.

Similarly, In London, Big Ben, The London Eye, Tower of London, Tower Bridge, Buckingham Palace and West End Theatre shows are all major landmarks that contribute to the city’s tourism and economy.

Pros of living in a city are: access to public transport, central location and better career opportunities.

Cons of living city are: costs of living, pollution and less space.

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Geography – What is the journey of a river?

Vocabulary Vocabulary

Definition

Delta

The shape of the land formed by settling rocks and sand.

Estuary

The mouth of a river that meets a tidal sea.

Floodplain

An area of low-lying ground next to a river.

Tributary

A river or stream flowing into a larger river or lake.

Confluence

The point where two rivers meet.

Meander

The bends in the course of a river.

Reservoir

A large natural or artificial lake used as a source of water supply.

Source

The starting point of a river (e.g. ground spring)

Banks

The land alongside or sloping down to a river or lake.

Channel

The main body and full length of a river.

Current

The speed and direction of water flowing in a river.

Key Knowledge  Who? The River Tyne  What? The River Tyne is a river in North East England and its length is 73 miles. It is formed by the confluence of two rivers: The North Tyne and the South Tyne.  When? It came into existence in 1974. It consists of the five metropolitan boroughs of South Tyneside, North Tyneside, City of Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead and City of Sunderland.  Where? Tyne and Wear is a metropolitan county in the North East region of England around the mouths of the rivers Tyne and Wear. It is bounded on the east by the North Sea. 15 the journey of the River Tyne from it sources in Kielder and Cumbria, to  Why? To understand where it flows into the North Sea between Tynemouth and South Shields.

Geography – How does land use influence a country’s economy?

Leisure centre

Food imports to the UK

Vocabulary

Golf course

Key Vocabulary

Definition

Economy

The system of how money is made and used within a particular country or region.

A lack of essentials needed to live well.

The spread of trade and ideas around the world.

The different places a product and its parts come from, and travel to, on its way to the consumer (the person buying the product).

The group of people with the authority to lead a country or state The group of people elected to lead a town or county.

An industry is a group of businesses that make or sell similar products or perform similar services.

Deprivation Globalisation Global supply chain

Schools

Factories and industrial buildings

Parks and forests

Government

Local Authority Industry

Houses

Beaches Hotels for tourists

Historical sites Key Knowledge

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Countries with the best economies are: USA, China, Japan, Germany, India and the UK. Countries with poor economies are: Congo, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Uganda.

If a country has a good economy, it can be because they are able to provide goods or a service to trade and earn money.

The UK’s main exports are: crude oil, medicines, machinery and cars.

Globalisation has meant that more and more goods travel around the world before being sold in a shop. Sometimes, parts of a product are made in several different countries before being assembled in another one.

The government and local councils make decisions about how land in a country or area is used and these decisions can affect the country or area’s economy.

Higher employment rates mean a better economy as more people are able to provide a service for their country.

16 Workers need certain things such as food, an education, sanitation and healthcare.

Economies often change e.g. the Coronavirus has caused economies to suffer.

Sanitation

Goods

Agricultural resources

Geological resources

Conditions relating to public health, especially the provision of clean drinking water and adequate sewage disposal.

The items that can be bought or sold. They are sometimes called products.

Resources that are related to farming eg. Growing wheat, livestock such as cows and sheep which produce wool.

Resources that are found underground eg. Minerals like china clay, metals like tin and fossil fuels like gas and oil.

Deforestation

Geography - Is the damage to our world irreparable?

Vocabulary Key Vocabulary Atmosphere Carbon Dioxide Conservation Deforestation Ecosystem Emissions Fossil Fuels Global Warming Greenhouse Effect International National Pollution

What is the Greenhouse Effect?

Sustainable Unsustainable

Definition A layer of gas that surrounds the Earth.

A gas that occurs in the atmosphere.

Protecting the Earth’s species and habitats.

The removal of trees for other land use.

A community of living organisms.

The release of gases.

A fuel formed naturally to give energy.

Long-term rise in the Earth’s temperature.

The trapping of heat in the atmosphere.

From or between different countries.

Someone from a specific country.

Something harmful or poisonous to an environment.

A continuous trend that isn’t harmful.

A short time trend that can’t keep going.

Plastic Pollution

17 What are fossil fuels?

Key Knowledge  

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Ecosystems are different around the world.

The Amazon Rainforest is being effected by deforestation which is damaging ecosystems.

Litter is building up in oceans and killing wildlife.

The four fossil fuels are: coal and oil, natural gas.

Humans use these fuels to power many things (cars, electrical devices etc.) and once they’ve been used up, there’s no more.

When we burn these fuels, the gases produced block our atmosphere, stopping heat from escaping and so warming the planet.

Our current living style is unsustainable and alternative solutions need to be found immediately.

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We all have a carbon footprint due to daily activities we do; however, these can be reduced easily by making small changes such as: driving less, don’t leave things on standby, eat less meat and recycle.

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Greta Thunberg is a climate activist, who is trying to get the government, and people around the world, to help slow climate change.

Geography – Why was Britain a desirable settlement for the Anglo-Saxons?

Key Knowledge 

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Scientists divide the Earth’s surface into vegetation regions. These areas have certain soil, plants and weather patterns.

The five major vegetation regions are: tundra, grassland, forest, desert and ice sheets.

Western Europe, where Anglo-Saxons were from, flooded often making farming difficult.

Britain is able to grow a variety of crops such as: potatoes, beets, apples, pears, wheat, oats, barley, root vegetables and peas.

Most trading markets were by a river as that was the best mode of travel; Britain had many rivers and is an island making trading routes easier.

The Anglo-Saxons settled near rivers or the sea as they could be easily accessed by boat.

They looked for land, which had many natural resources like food, water and wood to build and heat their homes, and Britain's forests had everything they needed.

Vocabulary Key Vocabulary

Definition

Case Study

Research into a person, place or event.

The global location of natural resources.

Major food shortage.

Items made by the environment.

An area with specific plant types due to climate.

To leave one country to live in another.

To come to a country to live permanently.

The movement of people.

The cost or price of something and whether it is very expensive or cheap enough for lots of people to buy.

How close something is.

How much crime there is in an area.

Soil that has all the nutrients needed to grow crops.

Energy Famine Natural Resources Vegetation Belt Emigrate Immigrate Migration Affordability

Proximity Crime rate Fertile soil

River Trading Routes

Britain

Western Europe

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Vegetation Belts