RASTHRIYA SWATANTRATA ANDOLAN ME MAHATMA GANDHI AUR BHARTIYA MAHILAE: EK VISHLESHNATMAK ADHYAYAN

Research Paper

History

E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 6 | Issue : 9 | Sep 2020

RASTHRIYA SWATANTRATA ANDOLAN ME MAHATMA GANDHI AUR BHARTIYA MAHILAE: EK VISHLESHNATMAK ADHYAYAN

jk"Vªh; Lora=rk vkanksyu esa egkRek xk¡/kh vkSj Hkkjrh; efgyk,¡ % ,d fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u Dr. Sujit Kumar f'k{kd] Jh yhyk/kj +2 mPp fo|ky;] csuhiêh] e/kqcuh] fcgkj&847223 ABSTRACT

Ekfgykvksa us Hkh fczfV'k 'kklu dk fojks/k djus ds fy, fons'kh lkekuksa dk cfg"dkj fd;k ftls fidsfVax dgk tkrk FkkA Jherh uuhckyk nsoh ubZ tqxkarj ikVhZa esa 'kkfey gqbZ tks 20oha lnh ds 'kq:vkrh esa vkØe.kdkjh xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, tkuh tkrh FkhA 1915 esa nf{k.k vÝhdk ls ykSVus ij egkRek xka/kh us vfgalk uhfr viukus dk ukjk fn;kA lR;kxzg vkanksyu ds fy, muds ,d vkokt ij efgyk,a muds lHkh dk;ZØeksa esa 'kkfey gksus yxhA dqN efgyk,a ftUgksaus Lons'kh vkanksyu esa lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ & ljksftuh uk;Mw] mfeZyk nsoh] nqxkZ ckbZ ns'keq[k] ,l vecqtkEey] cklarh nsoh vkSj d`".kkckbZ jkeA i<+s fy[ks vkSj mnkjoknh ifjokjksa dh efgyk rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dh efgykvksa us Hkh egkRek xka/kh ds vlg;ksx vkanksyu esa lfØ; :i ls fgLlk fy;kA jktdqekjh ve`r dkSj] lqpsrk d`iykuh] ljyk nsoh pkS/kjkuh] eqFkqy{eh jsM~Mh] lq'khyk uk;j vkSj v:.kk vklQ vyh dqN efgyk Lora=rk lsukfu;ksa esa ls gSa ftUgksaus vlg;ksx vkanksyu esa Hkkx fy;k FkkA dLrwjck xka/kh vkSj deyk usg: us jk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa fgLlk fy;kA ykMks jkuh tqR'kh vkSj mudh csfV;ksa us ykgkSj esa vkanksyu dk usr`Ro fd;kA usg: ifjokj dh csVh fot; y{eh iafMr us Hkh vlg;ksx vkanksyu esa fgLlk fy;k vkSj vaxzstksa ds f[kykQ yM+haA mUgksaus fons'kksa esa Hkkjr dk izfrfuf/kRo fd;kA og 1936 esa mRrj izns'k ,lsacyh esa pquh xbZaA 'kCn ladsr % efgyk] izfrfuf/kRo] vaxzst] vlg;ksx] vkanksyu ,oa egkRek xk¡/khA fo"k; izos'k % izkphu Hkkjrh; lekt O;oLFkk esa 'kkL=dkjksa us fL=;ksa dks vR;ar mPp LFkku iznku fd;k gSA muds vuqlkj ikfjokfjd ,oa lkekftd e;kZnk ukjh ds O;fDrxr pfj= ij gh fuHkZj djrh gSA Hkkjrh; ijEijk us ukfj;ksa ds xkSjo&xku ds vusd xhr xk, gSaA ^^;= u;kZLrq iqT;Urs jeUrs r= nsork%^^ dh mfDr blh Hkkjro"kZ dh gSA ;|fi ukjh oSfnd ;qx esa lEekuiw.kZ in ij vf/kd fnuksa rd izfrf"Br ugha jg ldhA mÙkj oSfnd ;qx esa ;Kksa dk vkMEcj cgqr c<+ x;k] tfVyrk,¡ c<+ x;hA vf'kf{kr iqjksfgrksa dks egRo fn;k tkus yxk vkSj ifRu;ksa dks ;Kkf/kdkj ls oafpr fd;k tkus yxkA 200 bZ0 iw0 ds vklikl dU;kvksa dk miu;u laLdkj cUn gks x;k rFkk f'k{kk ls bUgsa oafpr dj fn;k x;kA bZlk dh rhljh 'knh ls fgUnw ukjh ds fy, ijk/khurk] fuUnk] vf'k{kk] ijnk] fo/kok fookg&fu"ks/k] cky&fookg] lrh izFkk] lrhRo ds ,dkaxh vkn'kZ vkSj uSfrdrk ds cnyrs ekunaM vkfn ds pyrs fL=;ksa dh fLFkfr tfVyrj gksrh pyh xbZA ;|fi egkRek cq) fL=;ksa ds izfr mnklhu jgs rFkkfi ckS) dky esa gh dqN fL=;kas dks fHk{kq.kh cu tkus ds fy, ck/; dj fn;k x;kA feyk tqykdj lekt dh ekufldrk ukjh fojks/kh FkhA fo'o dks fgalk ,oa ikjLifjd oSeuL; ls cpkus esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk izkphu le; ls gh jgh gS] D;ksafd ukjh dsoy iRuh gh ugha cfYd ek¡] xq: vkSj laj{kd Hkh gSA ukjh pkgs rks Hkfo"; esa pfj=oku vkSj uSfrd ewY;ksa okyh ih<+h cuk ldrh gSA jk"Vªh; fuekZ.k ,oa fodkl esa Hkkjrh; ukfj;ksa dh Hkwfedk iwoZdky ls gh ppkZ dk fo"k; jgh gSA enkylk] fonqyk] lqyHkk] ekxhZ vkfn fL=;k¡ vkpk;Z _f"k eqfu vkSj f'kf{kdk ds :i esa Hkh ;K vftZr dj pqdh FkhaA nqfu;ka esa Hkkjro"kZ gh ,slk ns'k gS] tgka ekrk dks iz/kkurk nsrs gq, ^ekr` nsoks Hko%^ dk O;kogkfjd :i fn;k x;k gSA ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa iVunsoh] czkã.kh] fNUueLrk] foU/;okfluh] dkek[;k] Hkwnsoh] egkdkyh] egky{eh] egkljLorh] nqxkZ vkfn nsfo;ka 'kfDr ds :i esa ukjh 'kfDr dk izrhd jgh gSaA

gekjs ;gk¡ efgykvksa dk ,d uke vcyk Hkh gS vkSj vDlj os vcyk ds :i esa tkuh tkrh gSaA exj] bUgha vcykvksa us vusd ckj [kwu ls gksyh Hkh [ksyh gSA Lora=rk dh ØkfUrosyk esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk bfrgkl dh ,d xkSjo cu pqdh gSA pgkjnhokjh ds vUnj fujUrj cUn jgus okys efgyk,a ekr`Hkwfe dk d:.k :nu lqudj xksjh gqdwer ds f[kykQ fonzksgkRed #[k vf[r;kj dj muils MVdj yksgk ysus yxhaA Hkkjr dh rRdkyhu lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa efgyk,a ckgjh dk;ksZa esa [kqydj Hkkx ugha ys ldrh Fkha] fdUrq ;s izfrcU/k fuEu oxZ dh d`"kd etnwj fL=;ksa ij ykxw ugha FksA jkt ifjokj dh fL=;ka 'kL= pykus esa fuiq.k gksrh FkhaA ,slh fL=;ksa us lkekftd lq/kkj vkanksyu esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA ukfj;ksa dk mfpr eku&lEeku lekt dh [kq'kgkyh dk izrhd gS] lekt dh Jh&o`f) dk dj.k gSA ysfdu vkt ukjh ek= iwtk dh oLrq ugha gSA og iq#"k ds lkFk da/ks ls da/kk feykdj thou ds izR;sd {ks= esa vxzlj gks jgh gSA lQyrk dh lhf<+;k¡ r; dj jgh gSA mldk Hkfo"; vkt mlds lkFk esa gSA 19oha lnh ds fofHkUu vkanksyu esa efgykvksa dk Lfkku % 19oha lnh ds 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa tc Økafrdkjh vkUnksyu tksj idM+ jgk Fkk rks ukfj;k¡ Hkh ihNs ugha jghA ds0 vkj0 dkek] fHk[kkbZ th #Lre] ljyk nsoh vkfn us Økafrdkfj;ksa dk [kqyk leFkZu fd;kA jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ds Økafrdkjh bfrgkl esa eSMe dkek dk uke fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[kuh; gSA 15 vxLr 1947 dks Hkkjr vaxzstksa dh xqykeh dh csfM+;ksa dks rksM+us esa lQy gqvkA vxLr ekg dk ;g fnu lHkh Hkkjrokfl;ksa ds fy, xoZ dk fnu gSA Lora=rk fnol rks lHkh eukrs gSa ij fdrus yksx mUgsa ;kn djrs gSa ftUgksaus gesa Lora= Hkkjr esa lakl ysus dk ekSdk fn;kA vktknh ds ;q) esa L=h] iq:"k] ;qok] cqtqxZ lHkh fuLokFkZ Hkko ls dwn iM+s FksA fdrus ek¡vksa dh xksn lwuh gks xbZ] fdruh ifRu;ksa dks ekax lwuh gks

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Research Paper

E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 6 | Issue : 9 | Sep 2020

xbZA Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd ifjn`'; ij ekrafxuh gktjk vkSj ljksftuh uk;Mw vkn'kZ ds :i esa ns[kh tkus yxh FkhA Lora=rk laxzke ds nkSjku Hkkjrh; efgykvksa us lkekftd cnykoksa ds fy, fonzksgh xfrfof/k;ksa esa lfØ; :i ls Hkkx fy;kA efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh lR;kxzg rd gh lhfer ugha FkhA 19oha 'krkCnh ds var esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl ds lkFk efgykvksa dh ?kfu"Vrk c<+h vkSj Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; xfrfof/k;ksa esa mudk ;ksxnku izkjaHk gqvkA 1980 esa Hkkjrh; efgyk miU;kldkj Lo.kZ dqekjh ?kks"kky rFkk fczfV'k lkezkT; dh igyh efgyk Lukrd dknEcjh xkaxqyh] Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh ehfVax esa izfrf/k ds rkSj ij 'kkfey gqbZA 1905 esa caxky ds foHkktu ds lkFk gh ns'k dh Lora=rk laxzke esa egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu vk;kA Ekfgykvksa us Hkh fczfV'k 'kklu dk fojks/k djus ds fy, fons'kh lkekuksa dk cfg"dkj fd;k ftls fidsfVax dgk tkrk FkkA Jherh uuhckyk nsoh ubZ tqxkarj ikVhZa esa 'kkfey gqbZ tks 20oha lnh ds 'kq:vkrh esa vkØe.kdkjh xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, tkuh tkrh FkhA 1915 esa nf{k.k vÝhdk ls ykSVus ij egkRek xka/kh us vfgalk uhfr viukus dk ukjk fn;kA lR;kxzg vkanksyu ds fy, muds ,d vkokt ij efgyk,a muds lHkh dk;ZØeksa esa 'kkfey gksus yxhA dqN efgyk,a ftUgksaus Lons'kh vkanksyu esa lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ & ljksftuh uk;Mw] mfeZyk nsoh] nqxkZ ckbZ ns'keq[k] ,l vecqtkEey] cklarh nsoh vkSj d`".kkckbZ jkeA i<+s fy[ks vkSj mnkjoknh ifjokjksa dh efgyk rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dh efgykvksa us Hkh egkRek xka/kh ds vlg;ksx vkanksyu esa lfØ; :i ls fgLlk fy;kA jktdqekjh ve`r dkSj] lqpsrk d`iykuh] ljyk nsoh pkS/kjkuh] eqFkqy{eh jsM~Mh] lq'khyk uk;j vkSj v:.kk vklQ vyh dqN efgyk Lora=rk lsukfu;ksa esa ls gSa ftUgksaus vlg;ksx vkanksyu esa Hkkx fy;k FkkA dLrwjck xka/kh vkSj deyk usg: us jk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa fgLlk fy;kA ykMks jkuh tqR'kh vkSj mudh csfV;ksa us ykgkSj esa vkanksyu dk usr`Ro fd;kA usg: ifjokj dh csVh fot; y{eh iafMr us Hkh vlg;ksx vkanksyu esa fgLlk fy;k vkSj vaxzstksa ds f[kykQ yM+haA mUgksaus fons'kksa esa Hkkjr dk izfrfuf/kRo fd;kA og 1936 esa mRrj izns'k ,lsacyh esa pquh xbZaA 1937 esa og Hkkjr dh igyh efgyk dSfCkusV ea=h cuhA v:.kk vklQ vyh fnYyh dh igyh es;j pquh xbZA ljksftuh uk;Mw us f[kykQr vkanksyu ds fy, lfØ; :i ls izpkj fd;kA usrkth lqHkk"k panz cksl us bfUM;u us'kyu vkehZ dk xBu fd;k FkkA blesa iq:"kksa vkSj efgykvksa dk vyx&vyx jsftesaV FkkA efgykvksa ds jsftesaV dk uke >kalh dh jkuh ij j[kk x;kA usrkth us bl jsftesaV ds fy, 1000 efgykvksa dks ,df=r fd;kA MkW0 y{eh LokehukFku us bl jsftesaV dk usr`Ro fd;kA og is'ks ls fpfdRld FkhaA fookg ds ckn og y{eh lgxy cu xbZA bl jsftesaV dh efgykvksa dk izf'k{k.k Hkh iq:"kksa ds jsftesaV ds lkeku gh gksrk FkkA mUgsa iks'kkd Hkh iq:"k lSfudksa ds leku gh iguuk iM+rk FkkA ;q) {ks= esa usrkth dh vkbZ ,u , dbZ dkj.kksa ls T;knk xgjh Nki u NksM+ ikbZ gks ysfdu bu efgykvksa dh ohjrk dh dgkuh us Hkkjr dh nwljh efgykvksa ij tcjnLr euksoSKkfud vlj NksM+kA

efgykvksa dh n;uh; fLFkfr ds fo:) dksbZ vkokt ugha mBkrk FkkA dksbZ dYiuk Hkh ugha djrk fd fL=;ka Hkh Lora= gks ldrh gSA ysfdu xka/kh th us fcuk fdlh dh ijokg fd, fL=;ksa ds m)kj dds fy, dbZ dne mbk,A mUgksaus cky fookg] ink izFkk vkSj ngst tSlh dqjhfr;ksa ds f[kykQ vkokt mBkbZ vkSj ?kj ds ckgj lkoZtfud thou esa mudh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr dhA igys nf{k.k vÝhdk] fQj Hkkjr esa py jgs Lora=rk vkUnksyu esa efgykvksa dks 'kkfey fd;kA efgykvksa esa vfgalk dh fo'ks"k 'kfDr gS & bls xka/kh th us tksjnkj rjhds ls [kkldj efgykvksa dks vglkl djk;kA os fczVsu esa erkf/kdj ds fy, ogka dh efgykvksa ds vkanksyu ls izHkkfor gq, FksA blds ckn gh mUgksaus nf{k.k vÝhdk vkSj fQj ckn esa Hkkjr ea vktknh ds fy, muds usr`Ro esa fd, tk jgs fofHkUu lR;kxzgksa vkSj vkanksyuksa esa efgykvksa dks c<+&p<+dj fgLlk ysus vkSj t:jr iM+s rks tsy rd tkus ds fy, izksRlkfgr fd;kA nf{k.k vÝhdk ds izoklh Hkkjrh;ksa ds vf/kdkj ds flyflys esa xka/kh th us 1906 vkSj 1909 esa nks ckj yanu dk nkSjk fd;kA ogka mUgksaus ns[kk fd efgyk,a erkf/kdkj ds fy, dSls vius vfgald vkanksyu dks vkxs c<+k jgh FkhA xka/kh th us fczVsu dh efgykvksa dks cgknqj crkrs gq, muds leFkZu esa dbZ ckj vius v[kckj bafM;u vksfifu;u esa fy[kkA ckn esa 1918 esa fczVsu dh efgykvksa dks erkf/kdkj gkfly gksus esa dke;kch Hkh feyhA bl dke;kch ds lkS lky iwjs gks x, gSaA tkus&ekus bfrgkldkj jkepanz xqgk dk dguk gS fd fczVsu dh bu efgykvksa dk xka/kh th ij xgjk vlj iM+kA fczVsu dh efgykvksa ds la?k"kZ us nf{k.k vÝhdk esa xka/kh th ds izn'kZu ds rjhds dks izHkkfor fd;k vkSj muds vius ns'k ykSVus ij muds QSlyksa dks izHkkfor fd;k] ftlls mUgksaus dkaxzsl dh Lora=rk ds lkFk gh iw.kZ erkf/kdkj dh ekax dk leFkZu fd;kA ;g lp gS fd Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dks erkf/kdkj ds fy, vyx ls dksbZ vkanksyu djus dh ukScr ugha vkbZA vktknh gkfly gksrs gh Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dks iq:"kksa dh rjg gh erkf/kdkj lgt gh gkfly gks x;kA ,slk dqN xka/kh th dh otg ls gh laHko gqvk D;ksafd efgykvksa ds m)kj ds eqís ij xka/kh th fdlh Hkh rjg ds le>kSrs ds i{k esa ugha FksA xka/kh th dgrs Fks fd fL=;ksa ds loky ij eSa fdlh rjg dk le>kSrk Lohdkj ugha dj ldrkA esjh jk; esa efgykvksa ij ,slk dkbZ dkuwuh izfrca/k ugha yxk;k tkuk pkfg,] tks iq:"kksa ij u yxk;k x;k gksA iwoZ v/;;uksa dh leh{kk% iwoZ v/;;uksa dh leh{kk ds Øe esa fofHkUu vkpk;ksZa }kjk fyf[kr iqLrdksa dk voyksdu fd;k x;k gS ftlesa % tksUl] MsfoM bZ- ¼2000½ vksesu okfj;lZ uked iqLrd esa dguk gS fd Lora=rk vkanksyu esa dfri; Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku vge gS fdarq lcls lkFkZd ,oa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku dLrwjck xka/kh dk jgk gS ftUgksaus xka/kh th ds lkFk dne&ls dne feykdj efgyk Økafrdkfj;ksa dks mRizsfM+r ,oa laxfBr fd;kA tSjkWl] jSuj ¼2007½ n jkuh vkWQ >kalh uked iqLrd esa dguk gS fd vaxzstksa ds fo:) yM+kbZ esa >kalh dh jkuh dk ;ksxnku rks vfoLej.kh; gS gha fdUrq dfri; vusd efgyvksa dk ;ksxnku Hkh ges'kk ;kn fd;k tk,xkA

,d vksj xka/khth ds lkFk vusd ns'kHkDr efgyk,a Fkh] dkaxzsl esa Hkh efgyka, 'kkfey gks jgh FkhA ns'k ds lHkh fgLlksa esa efgyk,a Økafrdkjh xfrfof/k;kssa esa Hkh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh FkhA dkdksjh dkaM esa efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku FkkA lu~ 1928 esa yfrdk ?kks"k us efgyk jk"Vªh; la?k dh uhao MkyhA chuk nkl us caxky ds uoZuj dks xkyh ekjh FkhA deyk nklxqIrk vkSj dY;kuh nkl Økafrdkjh ny ds lkFk lfØ; :i ls tqM+ha FkhA

ijetkis] edjan] vkj- ¼2010½ ljkstuh uk;Mw uked iqLrd esa dguk gS fd ljkstuh uk;Mw Økafrdkfj;ksa dks laxfBr dj dbZ vge Hkwfedk Lora=rk vkanksyu esa vnk dhA

egkRek xka/kh efgykvksa dks :f<+;ksa vkSj dqizFkkvksa ls eqDr djus vSj Lora= :i ls O;fDrRo fodkl ds fgek;rh jgs gSaA xka/kh th us efgykvksa ds gd esa tksjnkj <ax ls rc vkokt mBkbZ] tc Hkkjr esa

xqagk] jkepUnz ¼2014½ xka/kh foQksj bf.M;k esa dguk gS fd dLrwjck xka/kh viuk thou vius ifr ,oa ns'k dh lsok ds fy, U;ksNkoj dj nh tks lnk vfoLej.kh; jgsxkA

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International Education & Research Journal [IERJ]

Research Paper

E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 6 | Issue : 9 | Sep 2020

v/;;u dk mís'; % jk"Vªh; Lora=rk vkanksyu egkRek xk¡/kh ,oa Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku ds v/;;u dk mís'; fuEufyf[kr rF;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gS %& Ÿ bl v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij jk"Vªh; Lora=rk vkanksyu esa egkRek

xk¡/kh ,oa Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku dk rF;ijd fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA Ÿ oÙkZeku v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij egkRek xk¡/kh ,oa Hkkjrh;

efgykvksa }kjk ns'k ds fy, fd, x, dk;ksZ dk vUos"ku fd;k x;k gSA v/;;u i)fr % ;g 'kks/k vkys[k eq[; :i ls o.kZu ,oa fo'ys"k.kkRed ,oa ,sfrgkfld vkykspukRed v/;;u i)fr ij vk/kkfjr gSA oÙkZeku v/;;u jk"Vªh; Lora=rk vkanksyu esa egkRek xk¡/kh ,oa Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku ds fofo/k i{kksa ds vUos"k.k ls lacaf/kr gS vr% ;g 'kks/k vkys[k eq[; :i ls }Sfr;d lzksr ij vk/kkfjr gSA bl v/;;u ds fy, ewy v/;;u lzksr i=&if=dkvksa ,oa nLrkost rFkk fofHkUu vkpk;ksZa }kjk lEikfnr iqLrdksa }kjk fy;k gSA egkRek xk¡/kh dk efgykvksa izfr fu"Bk % oSf'od Lrj ij vfgalk ds vk/kqfud fl)kar ds iz.ksrk ds :i esa fo[;kr egkRek xka/kh th us viuh iRuh dLrwjck dks gh vfgalk dk igyk ikB i<+kus okyh f'kf{kdk ?kksf"kr fd;kA mUgksaus igys fdlh vkSj efgyk dks tsy tkus dk vkxzg ugha fd;kA mUgksaus bldh 'kq:vkr ?kj ls vkSj dLrwjck ls dhA nf{k.k vÝhdk esa tc fganqLrkuh fookg dks ogka dh ljdkj us xSj dkuwuh ?kksf"kr fd;k] rks mUgksasus bls fganqLrkuh fL=;ksa ds L=hRo ij vkØe.k ekuk vkSj ;g fu.kZ; fy;k fd bl yM+kbZ esa fL=;ksa dks Hkh lfEefyr gksuk pkfg,A xka/kh th dks ;g fo'okl Fkk fd vusd fganqLrkuh cgusa tsy tkus dks rS;kj gks tk,axhA ysfdu Lo;a ejs fcuk LoxZ dkSu tk ldrk gS\ xka/kh th dks yxk fd dLrwjck vxj bl yM+kbZ esa lfEefyr gksus dks rS;kj gks tk, vkSj tsy esa tk, rks bldk izHkko nwljk gksxkA ysfdu dLrwjck dks rS;kj dSls fd;k tk,\ mUgsa vkns'k nsdj tcju rS;kj djus esa dksbZ lkj ugha gSaA xka/kh th us dLrwjck ls dgk fd ge iq:"k tSls ljdkj ls yM+rs gSa oSls rqe Hkh yM+ksaA vxj rqEgs lPph fookfgrk iRuh cuuk gks vkSj miiRuh ¼j[kSy½ u cuuk gks vkSj viuh bTtr rqe yksxksa dks I;kjh gks rks rqe Hkh gekjh rjg ljdkj ls yM+ksaA eSa ugha dgrk fd rqe tsy tkvksaA rqEgsa viuh bTtr ds [kkfrj tsy tkus dh meax gks rks tkvksA bk rjg xka/kh th us dLrwjck dks le>k;k vkSj og rS;kj gks xbZA xka/kh th us viuh iqLrd nf{k.k vÝhdk ds lR;kxzg dk bfrgkl esa Lohdkj fd;k gS fd vkt rd fdlh L=h dh bPNk gks rks Hkh mls yM+kbZ esa 'kjhd gksus ls jksd fn;k tkrk Fkk] ysfdu nf{k.k vÝhdk dh yM+kbZ esa efgyka, izpaM 'kfDr lkfcr gqbZA xka/kh th ds Hkkjr vkus ds iwoZ vktknh dh tks yM+kbZ py jgh Fkh] og iwjh rjg iq:"k dsafnzr FkhA rc fL=;ka fofHkUu lkekftd cqjkb;ksa ls rckg FkhA efgyk,a ngst] cky fookg] oS/kRo vkSj ijnk izFkk tSlh cqjkbZ;ksa ls =Lr FkhA ,sls esa mUgsa Lora= djus vkSj lHkh Lrjksa ij lekurk dk ekSdk nsuk rks nwj] ckr rd Hkh ugha dh tkrh FkhA ysfdu xka/kh th Hkkjr esa dkaxzsl esa lfØ; gq,] rks mUgksaus fL=;ksa dks Lok/khurk vkanksyu ls tksM+kA ns'k ds fofHkUu 'kgjksa esa jk"Vªh; vkSj izkarh; Lrjksa ij vusd lEesyu vk;ksftr fd, x,A bldk urhtk ;g gqvk fd efgykvksa us 'kjkccanh ds lkFk fons'kh diM+ksa dh gksyh tykus esa c<+&p<+dj fgLlk fy;kA ued vkanksyu ds nkSjku tc xka/kh th fxj¶rkj dj fy, x, rks muds ckn lR;kxzg dh deku ljksftuh uk;Mw laHkkyhA xka/kh th ds lkFk vusd efgyk,a Fkha] tks muds iz;ksx ds lk{kh vkSj lgHkkxh jgha ftuesa ,d johanz ukFk Bkdqj dh Hkkath ljyk nsoh Fkha] International Education & Research Journal [IERJ]

ftUgksaus [kknh ds izpkj&izlkj ds lkFk xkaa/kh th dh ns[kHkky dhA xka/kh th mUgsa viuh vk/;kfRed iRuh dgrs FksA buds vykok jktdqekjh ve`r dkSj Fkh] ftuls xka/kh th dh [kwc [krks&fdrkcr gksrh FkhA igyh eqykdkr 1934 esa gqbZA ued lR;kxzg vkSj Hkkjr vkanksyu ds nkSjku tsy xbZA vktkn Hkkjr dh igyh LokLF; ea=h cuhA xka/kh th dh futh MkDVj lq'khyk uk;j FkhA muds HkkbZ I;kjsyky xka/kh th ds futh lfpo FksA Hkkjr NksM+ksa vkanksyu ds nkSjku dLrwjck ds lkFk tsy xbZaA xka/kh th ftu nks efgykvksa ds da/ks ij gkFk j[kdj pyrs Fks] muesa ls ,d vkHkk tUe ls caxkyh FkhA mudh 'kknh xka/kh th ds ijiksrs duq xka/kh th ls gqbZ FkhA vkHkk xka/kh th ds lkFk uksvk[kkyh ;k=k esa FkhA vkHkk ds lkFk euq Hkh FkhA euq egkRek xka/kh th dh nwj dh fj'rsnkj FkhA xka/kh th euq dks iksrh dgrs FksA ;s vkHkk vkSj euq ml le; ekStwn Fkh] tc 30 tuojh] 1948 dks xka/kh th dks ukFkwjke us xksyh ekjh FkhA igyk fxjfefV;k uke ls xka/kh th ij izeq[k miU;kl ds ysd[k fxfjjkt fd'kksj dgrs gSa fd efgykvksa dks fturh Lora=rk xka/kh th us nh mruh vk/kqfud ns'k vkSj lekt ugha nsrsA xka/kh th fopkj dh loksZpp laxBu loZ lsok la?k dh v/;{k jgha jk/kk Hkê dgrh gSa fd xka/kh th efgykvksa esa vfgalk dh fo'ks"k 'kfDr ns[krs FksA os mls txkdj ,d lerkewyd lekt cukuk pkgrs FksA rHkh os dgrs Fks fd vfgalk dh uhao ij jps x, thou dh jpuk esa ftruk vkSj tSlk vf/kdkj iq:"k dks vius Hkfo"; dh jpuk dk gS] mruk vkSj oSlk gh vf/kdkj L=h dks Hkh vius Hkfo"; r; djus dk gSA xka/kh th dgrs Fks fd eSa fL=;ksa dks leqfpr f'k{kk dk fgek;rh gw¡] ysfdu eSa ;g Hkh ekurk gw¡ fd L=h nquf;k esa viuk ;ksx iq:"k dh udy djds ;k mldh izfrLi)kZ djds ugha ns ldrhA xka/kh th dk llkQ er Fkk fd L=h dks iq:"k dh iwjd cuuk pkfg,A fu"d"kZ % Hkkjr ds Lora=rk laxzke esa egkRek xk¡/kh us tks viwoZ ;ksxnku fn;k] og rks egRoiw.kZ gS gh] mlds lkFk&lkFk mUgksaus lkekftd dqjhfr;k¡ nwj djus esa tks vge~ Hkwfedk fuHkk;h] og Hkh foLej.kh; gSA Lora=rk izkfIr ds fy, mUgksaus vlg;ksx vkSj lfou; voKk vkUnksyu dks viuk eq[; lk/ku cuk;kA Hkkjrh; ekul esa xgjs iSBh vfgalk dh ewy Hkkouk gh muds lk/kuksa ds bl p;u dh eq[; izsj.kk jghA lgh vFkksZa esa xk¡/kh th fL=;ksa dh jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd eqfDr ds mn~?kks"kd FksA insZ dh Øwjrk] cky&fookg ds vU;k;] fo/kok ds iqufoZokg ij izfrca/k vkSj okLro esa ml ckr ds fo#) mUgksaus vkokt mBkbZ tks Hkkjrh; fL=;ksa dks lhfer vkSj ladqfpr dj jgh FkhA fcgkj dh dqN cqf)eku vkSj mnkj efgyk,¡ mudh lg;k=h jgha vkSj muds vkUnksyuksa esa vkxs dh iafDr esa jgdj yM+haA fcgkjh fL=;ksa dks mUgksaus mudh viuh izfr"Bk vkSj 'kfDr ds izfr tkx:d cuk;kA mudk fo'okl Fkk fd ;s dk;ZØe Hkkjr dh Lora=rk ds ckn mldh mUufr vkSj izxfr ds fy, vR;ar egRoiw.kZ fl) gksaxsA Hkkjr dh Lora=rk dh yM+kbZ esa efgykvksa us ohjrk ds lkFk Økafrdkjh vkSj vfgald vkanksyuksa esa Hkkx fy;kA Hkkjr ds bu efgykvksa dk y{; ,d gh Fkk vktkn Hkkjr] ijarq mls ikus dk jkLrk vyxA nksuksa jkLrs ij pyus ds fy, csgnn n`< ekufldrk vkSj vnE; lkgl dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ml tekus esa cgqr lh ck/kkvksa ds ckotwn Lok/khurk laxzke esa Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku iq:"kksa ls de ugha FkkA lnaHkZ lzksr% I.

Guha, Ramachandra (2014) Gandhi before India, Publisher Penguin UK, pp.112-114.

II.

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Biography of the Legendary Indian Freedom Fighter in the Mutiny of 1857-1858. Aakar Books, New Delhi, pp.38-42.

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Paranjape, Makarand R. (2010) Sarojini Naidu. Publisher Rupa & Company, Kolkata, pp.92-94.

International Education & Research Journal [IERJ]