Faultlines (The Varsity Winter 2022 Magazine)

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BACK HOME, I AM INDECENT ­—20— LEGACY ABOVE AND BELOW ­ —12­— THINGS I NEVER SAID ­—06­—

TWO NEIGHBOURHOODS ­—28— THE LONELY BRAIN ­—21­—

MY MOTHER AND I ­—17­— DON’T STEP ON THE CRACKS ­—08­—

HASTE NOT WANT NOT ­—30­— WE NEED TO TALK ABOUT BRAMPTON ­—24­— OKAY LANG­ —32­— AFRICAN BORDERS ­—26—

MIND THE GAP ­—34— BREED ME, BREED ME NOT ­—45­—

TORONTO/ ELSEWHERE ­—62­— CHINESE FUSION­ —59—

XOCHITL/ IXTAPALAPA ­—36­—

BLUE ROSES ­—68—

WEAVE ­—48­— TRACING TADDLE CREEK ­—38—

MIRACLE CREAM ­—60­— BEYOND SKIN-DEEP­ —50—

PLEASE HOLD ­—41­— KINTSUGI­ —56—

MAGIC IN MONOTONY — ­ 70—

African Borders

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Things I Never Said

ALL THE THINGS I NEVER SAID Writer: Sky Kapoor Visuals: Jadine Ngan, Caroline Bellamy, Makena Mwenda

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Faultlines

I make a pros and cons list for nearly every major life decision.

Cons highlight the negatives; they tell you about the flaws of everyone involved, the sort of things you should look out for. Things you can’t look past.

Things you shouldn’t like.

In any case, I hate the way you take your coffee. Who the hell uses sweetener?

When the pain is both physical and existential, you make it a little more manageable.

much I delude myself, it’s inevitably going to creep up.

We knew this was coming.

The only reason I care for all those cold morning commutes is because you’re at the end of them.

It’s really easy to pretend you’re not waiting on someone when they’re not here.

Every time you look at me, I find myself trying to suppress my natural impulse to spill open like a sunset, sinking deeper into my own mind.

Come on, do you really think I’ve been waking up at four in the morning naturally? I’ve been setting alarms for the foreseeable future because I know you get restless in the middle of the night and can’t sleep sometimes.

I hate your little idiosyncrasies — the way you draw the vowels out a little too long in your favourite catchphrases, the way your eyes crinkle when you laugh, the crookedness in one of your canines.

My soul can’t cope with this. It shouldn’t be expected to.

I hate the way you always take life a little too seriously.

For crying out loud, loosen up for once. You’re too traditional for someone like me — it took me a while to wrap my head around the fact that you’ll always hold doors open and never think twice about offering other people help.

This could be so much easier than we’re making it.

I want to be there for you.

There’s a lot on your mind, and there’s a lot on mine. Somehow, these clandestine conversations at such an early hour feel special.

I doubt you’re talking to anyone else when dawn breaks, and that brings me comfort.

I hate the way your texts make me light up like Christmas morning.

I hate that you’ve already told your mom about me.

I hate that no matter how

I hate that I’m an abandoned house that you’re trying to convince yourself not to enter. A bit too much chaos for your taste — something you’d usually wash out with soap.

I’m trapped within this situation, nothing but a plaything.

“How are you feeling?” you ask me.

Scared. Hurt. Terrified.

Stressed. Like I miss you. Like I got hit by a semi. Like I could rival Philippe Petit. Like a freight train. Like a corpse.

“I’m okay. How are you holding up?” I hate that it takes every fibre of my being not to blurt out something stupid. I’m worried that in spilling myself open, I’ll tear us apart.

“Same old dilemma.” And so we get into it.

I listen to your quandaries whenever they arise. In all of this, I see the way you’re being treated, and can’t help but think — no, I know — that I could treat you better. And I would, were I given the chance.

Just lean into it. Let me show you what things are supposed to be like.

“Things are all going to work themselves out.”

I’m saying it for you as much as I’m saying it for myself.

This feeling chips away at my very being until I’m bone-white and flaking — a snow of sorrow.

I keep thinking about how badly I want to hold you when we see each other again, how dangerously it’s going to feel like home, and how, unfortunately, I’m never going to want to leave.

I keep thinking about how devastatingly badly I want to be in your presence. How, tragically, I’d be more than okay with it. How, terrifyingly, I’ve never let anyone this close before.

And how, horrifyingly, I have a bad habit of trying to save people.

I hope that maybe this time things will go according to plan. Maybe, eventually, we’ll watch the darkness creep over the sky together, as if the world has drawn to a sleepy close, ready to awaken for the next day.

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Sidewalk Cracks

Don’t step on the cracks 8

The Varsity Magazine

A history of sidewalk superstitions Writer: Jessie Schwalb Illustrator: Rebeca Moya

Faultlines

“Step on a crack, you’ll break your mother’s back.”

This simple and somewhat ridiculous phrase hung over my head for much of my childhood. Although I didn’t truly believe that stepping on a crack would injure my mom, I still hopped from one concrete square to another, altering my strides to fit the irregular patterns of each walkway.

I’m not alone in this strange behaviour. In an informal poll of my friends, 88 out of 96 people I surveyed recognized the rhyme. In fact, people have gone out of their way to avoid cracks for more than a hundred years — inadvertently revealing qualities that make us human.

Origin story It remains unclear when exactly the sidewalk crack superstition sprang up. The earliest source that I could find connecting sidewalk stepping to broken backs was an 1897 journal titled The Pedagogical Seminary.

Since the superstition needed to be relatively well established for it to appear in print, I’m guessing that the rhyme entered the scene sometime before 1897.

Some sources allege that the current rhyme is a modified, less racist version of, “Step on a crack, and your mother will turn Black.” This verse would have reflected white peoples’ fear of racial “contamination” — but I found no mentions of anyone hearing or actively using this version. Although racism underlies other childrens’ rhymes,

including “eenie meenie miney moe,” this may not be one of those rhymes.

However, other — thankfully, less racist — variations abounded. In 1923, a survey of superstitions collected from college-aged American women mentioned an iteration where “father” was swapped for “mother.” Other versions claim that stepping on a crack can cause everything from failure in school to the devil’s murder.

The wide variety of these penalties reflects a deep uneasiness about cracks. In 1895, professors from Clark University conducted a survey asking students whether

they avoided cracks in the floors or sidewalks. More than a hundred students reported doing so either automatically or due to undefined apprehension. One participant noted, “If I step on a crack, I feel as if something will surely happen, either to me or [someone in my] family.” Another reported that “something in [sidewalk cracks] suggests danger.”

The most striking expression of this vague fear appeared in a 1897 short book called A Boy I Knew and Four Dogs. The author, Laurence Hutton, describes a group of children who made a point of avoiding

cracks in the ground, even going so far as to entirely avoid streets paved with bricks.

“What would have happened to them if they did step on a crack they did not exactly know,” Hutton wrote. “But, for all that, they never stepped on cracks.” The ambiguity of the consequences here suggests that, at this point in time, the specific mother-related superstition hadn’t fully taken hold.

I’d wager that superstitions spring up around cracks because they symbolize instability and openings. When one envisions the aftermath of some seismic event, crumbling structures or sudden fissures come to mind; the presence of cracks means that everything is about to come crashing down.

Cracks can also indicate gateways: for instance, shows such as Gravity Falls and Doctor Who portray spacetime rifts — locations where different spaces and times become fused — as cracks. Although openings to new worlds can be exciting, they are also unknown entities, which can stir up fear.

The source of superstitions Although I found little scholarship on the sidewalk crack superstition’s exact origins, many social scientists have studied the human elements that give rise to superstitions in general. According to a paper published in the International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, three human tendencies are key to superstitions taking root in our

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Sidewalk Cracks

minds: habit, causal thinking, and cultural transmission.

Habits are cognitive or behavioural routines that become disconnected from their original goals. A habit forms when we learn, through repetition, to associate certain acts with neuronal rewards such as the release of dopamine and other neurotransmitters. These circuits prompt us to continue performing these behaviours, even if the original rationale no longer applies.

This research helps explain why I still avoid sidewalk cracks; although I don’t actively believe in the superstition associated with them, my younger self’s rigid adherence to the rule helped form neural pathways that reward my continued obedience to it.

Causal perception, or the tendency to interpret the world as a series of causes and effects, is also essential to understanding the rise of superstitions. If something happens following an incident, we tend to assume that the two events are connected.

Although this type of pattern recognition can help us better predict and manage future situations, it can also lead us to connect disparate and unrelated happenings, thereby creating superstitions.

While habit formation and causal thinking lead individuals to believe in superstitions, cultural transmission allows them to spread. Many people I talked with had first heard about the sidewalk crack superstition in the media, including cartoons and books.

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Others heard about it from friends. “It was one of those phrases that we would throw around not really knowing why we said it or how it came to be,” my friend María Díaz wrote in a message to me.

Why do superstitions stick?

As they are transmitted, pieces of cultural data undergo a sort of evolution, morphing to fit the needs and boundaries of societies. Many social psychologists argue that superstitions succeed because they fulfill a human need for explanation, imposing control in a fundamentally unstable world.

This theory is supported by observational studies that link riskier businesses, like deep-sea fishing, with increased rates of superstitious rituals. In situations where luck doesn’t play such a large role, there is less need to artificially impose one’s will on the world through superstitions. The sidewalk crack superstition seems to further support this theory — cracks themselves are a symbol of instability, and we deal with that instability by assigning penalties to them.

Superstitions are also more likely to succeed when they offer a large reward but

don’t cost much to follow. The sidewalk cracks superstition is a good example of this: avoiding cracks takes little time or money and is far less burdensome than having to care for a family member with a spinal injury.

However, I don’t believe that the sidewalk crack rhyme is successful as a superstition, because it doesn’t inspire belief. Most superstitions are untestable and vague enough that a believer can read traces of the superstition into any outcome — think horoscopes or fortune telling. But “step on a crack, break your mother’s back” is an incredibly specific claim that’s easily disproved; as soon as a child steps on a crack and observes that their mom isn’t injured, the belief falls away.

In my opinion, the verse is more of a game than a source of fear. This purpose has been clear from the phrase’s early days. The earliest source that I could find connecting any ill effect to stepping on cracks was an 1891 article in The American Journal of Psychology, which described children playing a game where anyone who stepped on a crack was “poisoned.” I’m also partial to this description of the rhyme because it aligns with my experience. For me, avoiding cracks is a gateway to my childhood: a way to rekindle my imagination.

It’s a game I can play anytime and almost anywhere, and it’s a reminder that our attempts to impose reason on the universe often end up sounding ridiculous.

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Legacy Above and Below

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Legacy Above and Below

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Legacy Above and Below

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Faultlines

My mother and I Writer & Illustrator: Cheryl Nong

In Chinese culture, it is customary for the oldest living male descendants of the deceased to lead the funeral rites, especially when a man in the family has died.

This serves multiple functions, my parents have explained; firstly, it signifies that the family name will be carried on by viable heirs. It also upholds the image of the next generation. When a son or grandson leads the funeral, they are fulfilling a duty in deference to their departed patriarch. From an onlooker’s eyes, they represent hope for the family’s future.

My paternal grandfather passed away this past December. He had late stage liver cancer that went undiscovered until September, when he was rushed into the care of one of my father’s old friends from medical school.

I called my father a lot about it over the fall semester. The news had struck at the most inopportune moment: after about 20 years of working low-paying postdoctoral research jobs, he was in the middle of switching to a prominent position at a prestigious biotechnology company. It was a dream come true. His salary would be tripling practically overnight, and he felt that all the long nights he had spent fine-tuning his skills in academia were finally paying off.

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My Mother and I

Because of COVID-19 restrictions, though, it would be impossible for him to return to his family home for the funeral and still make it back to the US in time to start his new job. The 2022 Winter Olympics meant that international travel was highly restricted, and he would be subject to weeks’ worth of quarantine if he attempted to make the journey.

In the end, he didn’t take the flight. I saw how much it tore him apart; in 25 years of living in the States, he had never once returned home, too occupied with his work and then with the ordeal of raising me and my brother. When the photos of the funeral came in, he didn’t show them to us.

My mother was the one who delivered the news of my grandfather’s death to me. She was never close to him, but she was worried about how my father was coping, and asked me to keep an eye on him over the following weeks. He was always willing to be more open around us kids, she said — she’d tried to coax his feelings out of him for weeks already to no avail.

My mother and I talked a lot more about it when I flew home to Boston after the end of the fall semester. While my younger brother was away at school, I slept in until the early afternoon, catching up on the sleep I’d missed during finals season.

Every time I emerged from my room, bleary-eyed but finally well-rested, my mom would have the table set and a variety of homemade dishes laid out in wait. Over lunch, she would tell me about what was going on in the family — my grandfather’s funeral, her recent reconnection with her brother, and pieces of news from our other extended family members who I couldn’t hold a conversation with because of my poor Mandarin.

Inevitably, though, the conversation would turn to the subject of my father and their marriage.

To put it lightly, their relationship had always been tumultuous, even from the start. My parents had dated for eight long years prior to putting a ring on it; long enough that my maternal grandparents considered their daughter a failure for getting married so late in life. In reality, she was around 30 at the time they were married — a perfectly reasonable age by most standards.

Still, in accordance with the traditional view that a woman passes from her family of birth to her husband’s family when she gets married, they turned their backs on her after the wedding.

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Maybe these stories speak more to the kind of people my maternal grandparents are than the role of women in China.

Within the history of my mother’s life, though, those two things seemed inseparable, even from birth.

When she was still a little girl living at home, she told me, her birthday was celebrated during the Lunar New Year — when all children are said to turn another year older — instead of the actual day she was born. She didn’t say as much to me, but I suspected this was never the case with her brother.

After my parents immigrated to North America, our family briefly lived in Tennessee, where my younger brother was born. During the year we spent in Nashville, my mother would while away the hours when my father was at work by flipping through the Yellow Pages.

Over tangyuan and jasmine tea, she recounted finding dozens upon dozens of adoption agencies dedicated solely to the export of baby girls. At the time she was seeing this, the local news was talking about girls left behind by their families in China because of their sex assigned at birth. Walking my brother in his stroller down the street, she would be stopped by white women in the street, strangers begging her for advice on how to raise a Chinese baby.

I didn’t know what to say in response to most of these stories. That was okay, it seemed. My mother seemed satisfied enough that I was there to sit and listen while we ate. Empty bowls and dirty chopsticks would pile up on the table until we were finished with lunch, and then my mother would ease me back down into my chair when I tried to stand to help with dishes.

I was at home, she told me, not work or school. This was the place for me to relax and be cared for. I protested, trying to convince her to let me help wipe down the table or pack away leftovers, but she would silence me with another cup of tea or a mouthful of my favourite childhood snacks, which she’d squirrelled away weeks in advance for my arrival.

Jokingly, I told her that all the attention was making me feel spoiled. My mother only patted me on the shoulder and smiled in response.

“Of course I’ll spoil you,” she said. “You’re my only daughter.”

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Escaping Choicelessness

Three years ago, I travelled across the world — 11,179 kilometres, to be exact — to a continent I had never been to before. As Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie wrote, I was fleeing choicelessness.

I needed to find a city that could love me back. A place to call home. A place that could feel like home.

Some days, I think I have made that home in Toronto. Other days, I am not so sure.

[Back home, I am indecent]

‫پاکستان میں میں بے حیا ہوں‬

Writer: Nawa Tahir Photographer: Caroline Bellamy

my loved ones in Toronto know Pakistan as “back home” we cross a busy road to get to Staples and I say, “back home, I would have been harassed walking across the road.”

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temperatures go below -10 degrees and I say, “back home, it doesn’t get colder than 5 degrees.”

Toronto is so much colder, yet unbelievably warmer you cannot forget a place you called home for 18 years it holds you like a curse some days back home, love is a precious jewel you hide, lest you be mocked you cover every body part in loose layers, lest you be called behaya* you learn to be conscious of the curves on your body every passing moment you don’t talk about religion, lest you be charged for blasphemy you don’t ask for professional help, lest you be called ungrateful you don’t criticize patriarchy, lest you be told you’re wrong, or called ungrateful, or charged for blasphemy back home, you make yourself smaller lest you be called a woman in Toronto, I hug those I love outside the 7-eleven at Bloor and Spadina I wear tank tops, skirts, my little joys, and maroon lipstick I tell my friends sunsets are my religion and they know it’s true I pick up my antidepressants from the drug store in this home, I exist, I get to experience joy I almost even see the city love me back until I take out my Pakistani passport to prove my identity in this mundane act, I become a stranger in this home I built for myself I can adorn my identity in sunsets, Mary Oliver, and good coffee but the truth is a curse I have failed to get rid of it shows on my skin, in my accent, in my back home and the back home emerges to haunt me again it will never love me back, but at least I am not a legal alien back home it takes 16 hours to go back home, but sometimes all it takes is being the only one asked to open my bag in a queue of white people, all except one; all except me *behaya: An Urdu word meaning ‘indecent.’ It is a common word thrown around to refer to a woman who goes against the norms, who is seen as defying religion and culture; someone to steer clear of.

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e ly h T ne Lo ain Br

The cognitive consequences of isolation Writer: Sahir Dhalla Photographer: Jadine Ngan

Content warning: This article contains mentions of suicide.

Why do you feel lonely? It might be because, at the moment, you can’t see your friends in person. But we also feel lonely even in times when we can meet up with friends. What even is loneliness, and why does it feel like it’s getting worse?

Loneliness is something we’ve all experienced at some point or another. It silently takes over our minds, and makes us feel more tired and depressed, without us realizing that it is the cause of our unhappiness.

All of us, even the least social, will feel lonely at some point, simply because humans are social creatures. We have socialization built into us, and losing that socialization after a certain point becomes as lethal as any physical illness. It can lead to increased risks of heart disease, obesity, and suicide.

Loneliness is described as a disconnect between our perceived and desired levels of

social connectedness. It’s what we feel when we don’t have enough friends, or we aren’t able to get the quality time we truly want with them.

An important distinction to make here is that loneliness is different from social isolation.

While the definition of loneliness can vary from person to person, social isolation is objective and refers to someone who is physically distanced from society.

Professor Roger McIntyre, a researcher at UHN, pointed out that the subjective experience of loneliness is heightened in the case of celebrities. We hear celebrities and famous or popular individuals talk all the time about feeling lonely, and we wonder how they can be lonely if they’re loved by so many people.

Take Taylor Swift, for example, who is often referred to as “the music industry” by her literal hundreds of millions of fans. Yet, in a documentary about her, Miss Americana, she

revealed that she has struggled with loneliness throughout her life — and it especially hits her when she’s in the spotlight.

“Shouldn’t I have someone that I could call right now?”

That is what she said was going through her mind after winning Album of the Year in 2016 — a moment that should have been filled with joy and celebration. And while we’re sure she did celebrate, that quote being her first response goes to show how lonely she felt in the spotlight.

We look at all her fans — all the love and adoration she gets despite the hate that the spotlight brings — and we still can’t comprehend how she must feel lonely. But the issue is that those connections aren’t the proper interpersonal relationships we need. They’re superficial, and not enough to prevent those feelings of loneliness.

Meanwhile, some individuals can be content with just three or four connections, and can feel

completely satisfied if those connections are deep enough and maintained properly.

An epidemic of loneliness Over the past two decades, loneliness has become more widespread and better understood. Recently, the University of Chicago’s General Social Survey, which monitors shifts in social changes and attitudes in the United States, found that the number of people who say they have no close friends had roughly tripled since 1985. This might seem strange considering the immensely interconnected world we live in now — or it might just feel familiar, perhaps acting as a confirmation of the feeling that social media exacerbates loneliness.

While the internet does connect us with more people, these relationships are more likely to be superficial, going no deeper than the posts you see or tweets you like. They lack the deep connections that are necessary and important in maintaining

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The Lonely Brain

mental and cognitive health — the connections you need to not feel lonely.

The digitization of social spaces, combined with the increasing trend in North American cities of people living alone, has the risk of massively increasing loneliness in the population.

Digitization isn’t all bad — I’ve made friends online and had meaningful interpersonal connections with them — but it can be harmful when all you have are surface-level relationships.

But something else is increasing this loneliness too. It’s a nefarious part of this whole problem: loneliness itself is contagious.

Studies have shown that nonlonely individuals who hang out with lonely individuals are more likely to end up lonely themselves. This happens mainly because when one person is lonely, their social habits tend to get rewired along with stress responses, making them act colder or less emotionally available to others they are friends with. This in turn leads to those friends feeling a disconnect between their desired and perceived social connectedness, creating spreading feelings

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of loneliness if this continues over time.

The contagious nature of loneliness is something that seems rather frightening and has the potential to exponentially increase the risk of loneliness as a serious illness in the population.

Feeling the pressure Psychological effects like feelings of depression and anxiety are often described as some of the most major impacts of loneliness. And the reasons for this are entirely correlated with physiological and neurological changes — changes that are drastic enough to show up in simple MRI tests.

In an interview with The Varsity, U of T psychology professor Paul Whissell explained that loneliness leads to increased stress-like symptoms, which create the creation of more cortisol and noradrenaline than a healthy brain is used to. Cortisol and noradrenaline — a precursor to adrenaline — are hormones and neurotransmitters, chemicals that are used to signal messages and carry out processes all across the nervous system.

By increasing these neurotransmitters, the body and brain know that something — a stressor — is messing up the system. If a stressor exists for a short period, it leads to acute stress, which is the type you would experience writing an essay the night it’s due or writing an exam you haven’t prepared for.

Low to medium levels of this stress can lead to improved memory, cognitive ability, and more — which is why you might hear some people say that they work better under stress. However, increasing these levels even just a little too high will have the opposite impact, leading to cognitive impairment and slower memory. Think about how you feel when you write one paper last minute, compared to when you have papers due for three of your classes and a final exam tomorrow at 8:00 am.

But the good thing about acute stress is that the impacts are reversible. Exercising a bit, spending time with friends and family, or even

looking at pictures of cute animals all have been shown to reverse these impacts and return our neurotransmitter levels to normal.

But the biggest issue comes in when the stressor doesn’t go away, such as when you’re under stress for weeks or months at a time — be it financial stress, academical stress, emotional stress, or anything else. And loneliness can cause effects that are just as bad, if not worse.

When someone is lonely for long periods, stress-related hormone levels stay at their increased levels for far longer, resulting in patterns of chronic stress.

The cracks spread With excessive or long-term activation of these stress responses, we start noticing all kinds of brain changes, particularly in behavioural and emotional processing.

Loneliness has a marked impact on the size of the hippocampus, the part of the brain responsible for memory. It leads to a shrinkage in the hippocampus. This reduced size has an obvious impact — a deficit in working memory — but it also

Faultlines

contributes to increased levels of depression and anxiety. The areas supporting the hippocampus, such as the dentate gyrus, often shrink too.

The dentate gyrus is responsible for feeding information into the hippocampus and serves as the brain’s helper for learning and memorizing things. MRIs performed by neuroscientists at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development showed that individuals who were isolated and lonely had a dentate gyrus that had shrunk by an average of around seven per cent, leading to impaired learning and significant cognitive decline.

The shrinkage of these two parts of the brain has severe impacts on its own, but it also leads to an increased risk of other mental illnesses too. A smaller hippocampus, for example, increases the impact that traumatic events have on the brain and leads to earlier onset of depression.

It is worth noting, though, that a number of these studies just show correlation, not causation — loneliness may not necessarily be the cause for this cognitive decline.

Another part of the brain that is significantly impacted by loneliness and the stress responses it causes is the amygdala. The amygdala usually gets a bad reputation, since it’s labelled the centre for anxiety and fear, and some people assume we would be better off without it. But, really, the amygdala is responsible for processing various types of emotional stimuli, good and bad. It’s what comes alive when you fail an exam — but also when you find a joke funny and laugh.

Since the amygdala is so central to emotional processing and responses, it is also incredibly affected by stressful situations. Whissell told The Varsity that chronic stress literally “rewires the network which processes stress.”

“In the future, you respond differently, perhaps more strongly to stressors,” Whissell added. He explained that you become stuck in a loop where, any time there’s a stressor,

you respond quickly and get stressed rapidly, leading to your brain rewiring further to anticipate stress.

You can think of this stress response pathway like a forest, which starts with no discernible route through it. A stressor appears in the form of a lone hiker, walking through the forest to get from point A to point B, leaving not much of a trail behind. The hiker then posts about this forest in an online forum, which means more hikers travel through it, making it easier to notice the path and walk along it.

As you continue staying in that stressful environment, more and more hikers appear, until, eventually, there’s a constant stream of tourists and hikers walking along, disrupting the local ecosystem and forming a path that makes it nearly effortless to walk through the forest.

The formation of this forest path is similar to how stressors

and neurotransmitters rewire your brain to make it easier to get stressed out each time you face chronic stress.

This response is also why we see people who are lonely struggle to get out of that loneliness, no matter the help they receive. It isn’t just that they struggle to make friends or can’t socialize, but rather that they have been rewired to get stressed easier and become lonelier, making it hard to reverse these impacts.

While we can just look at the neuroscience and psychology of loneliness, it’s also important to consider the social aspect, which seems especially pertinent now, during the pandemic, when social isolation has become an important metric. When we are affected by loneliness, many of us tend to push others away, despite needing that social interaction.

And, ultimately, loneliness affects us all. While there is much more to learn about the effects of loneliness in society, one thing is for certain: we can’t fight it on our own.

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Brampton

We need to talk about Brampton Confronting the reputation of my hometown If you’re from Brampton, you either wear it on your sleeve, or you say you’re from Toronto — there’s no in-between.

From the perspective of someone who hasn’t lived in the GTA for most of their life, the Flower City might seem like a quaint suburb with a plethora of famous alums (Michael Cera, Tyler Seguin, Roy Woods, Alessia Cara, Tristan Thompson — the list really goes on.)

If anything, you might assume that there was something in the water that made Brampton churn out celebrities like there’s no tomorrow. However, for people like me who grew up in and around the GTA, saying you’re from Brampton can often lead to ridicule.

I’ve actually seen Brampton jokes in the Twitch chats of

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American streamers, which says a lot. Sometimes they’re jokes about the vast number of bad drivers in the city or about how everyone here dreams of being from Toronto. Others poke fun at Bramptonians who claim to be ‘gangsters,’ but live in massive houses with BMWs in the driveway — a stereotype also known as a “Brampton man.”

The humour never seems to end.

And for the most part, these are just jokes — harmless humour meant to poke fun at yet another copy-and-pasted suburban Ontario city. Cities like Hamilton catch their fair share of jokes too. However, when Brampton gets called names like “Browntown” and “Bramladesh,” or when it’s referred to as a “ghetto,” the constant

barrage of comments becomes less of a joke and more of a racially motivated attack.

Brampton has a very diverse community: a big chunk of the population is of South Asian descent and the suburb is home to one of the world’s largest populations of Sikhs. Some see this diversity as something to attack, which is nothing short of ignorance.

Of course, Brampton is not immune to legitimate critique — one of its most glaring problems is its housing crisis. A rise in demand, caused by an increase in population over the last decade, has sent housing prices skyrocketing. As a result, not only has homelessness spiked, but a predatory practice of overcrowding people into a small house — which often affects

Writer: Angad Deol Photographers: Leroy Agholor & Caroline Bellamy

vulnerable postsecondary international students — has taken root in the city. Some estimates place the number of illegally rented suites at around 50,000, which should be concerning for all citizens of Brampton.

Brampton also has to reckon with racism. For example, Black students in the Peel region’s schools face disproportionate amounts of racism and are suspended much more compared to students of other backgrounds.

My closest friend in high school — and to this day — is Michael Osei-Ababio. Michael grew up as a Black person in a predominantly South Asian city, and his experiences of racism within Brampton are absolutely heartbreaking. “I found that it was very stressful to live in

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[Brampton]. I can remember times in my childhood, up to middle school — even high school — I’d be visiting a friend, and before I’d go in, I’d have to ask if their parents were okay with Black people.”

He recalled times where he would be walking on a street with friends who were afraid about a relative spotting them with a Black person. No one should be fearful when walking with their friends just because of the colour of their skin, but many of my Black peers growing up shared the same experience. I can recall Michael telling me these stories as we walked to his place for lunch or during our spare period. He felt that it was like torture living in Brampton and his mental health suffered as a result.

When I asked him what he thought of the “Brampton man” stereotype, he said he feels it comes from an “obsession with wearing other people’s struggles as a costume.”

“The Brampton man is a character,” he said. “The Brampton man is in itself a caricature of what the Brampton man’s parents think Black people are.” When I heard him say that last part, I saw him potentially go through a moment of catharsis.

When I asked him how Brampton could improve on inclusivity,

Michael said he hoped to see a movement toward openness and acceptance. In high school, he found people who were much more open-minded and progressive, and he hopes that more people can embrace cultures that they weren’t exposed to growing up.

Honestly, I was on the verge of tears when he told me that I made him feel more comfortable in high school.

After the Black Lives Matter protests that were sparked by the murder of George Floyd in the summer of 2020, Michael saw that more Bramptonians became more accepting.

Maybe they were coming to terms with the everyday reality that Black people live in.

Brampton needs to do a lot of work to achieve socioeconomic and racial justice. Until then, residents of the city cannot just sit idly by. It’s time for difficult conversations to be had in order for real change to occur. I love my city, and to love something means you also hope it changes for the better every single day.

Through progress comes justice, and I hope one day Brampton can be a place where everyone feels welcomed, and where families can live

comfortably both financially and socially.

In a few decades, perhaps Brampton will be a city that people look to as a beacon of hope for suburbs everywhere — and I look forward to that day.

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African Borders

Borders are arbitrary, language is identity Writer: Joël Ndongmi Illustrator: Makena Mwenda

Across the world, national boundaries are generally funky and odd, but that’s especially true in Africa. The African continent is home to some of the most diverse nations in the world. Despite that diversity, some countries have sharp, geometrical borders — for example, Algeria, Mali, and Namibia.

That phenomenon is strange because ethnic groups don’t claim land in idiosyncratic geometric forms. Instead, they cluster in irregular fashions, influenced by various factors such as trade.

As a result, African borders encompass various ethnicities.

Sometimes, in countries like Togo, there can be up to 100 ethnic groups in one country. In other cases, borders cut across ethnic groups. This border arrangement creates scenarios where people share the same language — or at least, mutually intelligible languages — yet have different nationalities. That’s because Africans weren’t given the opportunity to organically develop their own sovereign states.

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The scramble for Africa and the nation-state In what is historically known as the “scramble for Africa,” colonial powers such as France, Great Britain, and Portugal “scrambled” to cut pieces of Africa for themselves. In doing so, imperial powers robbed Africans of the historical agency to determine their own borders, explicitly creating a disconnect

How the “scramble for Africa” shaped my sense of self

between lived African realities and arbitrary borders.

However, the “scramble for Africa” went beyond the creation of artificial state lines; it also involved the imposition of the European nation-state model. As Kjell Goldmann writes, “The nation-state… is ‘one of the most characteristic European political institutions,’ developing over the centuries

from the late Middle Ages until the era of the French Revolution, first based on loyalty to a monarch or dynasty and then on a people with a common language and traditions.”

When nation-states are created, it is often the result of a power shift where a new nationalist movement takes power from an existing regime.

France, Britain, and other European powers had their borders determined by wars and cultural differences. Their boundaries are therefore organic and relevant to the people they govern.

Meanwhile, on the African continent, those same European powers constructed artificial nation-states — a process that would later have implications for African nationhood and identity.

The model they used requires a certain type of singular nationalism to function. In Africa, for this nationalism to take hold, ethnic identity had to be significantly weakened so that the people could re-emerge as a “nation.”

The nation-state model is a recent invention, and that it’s definitely not the be all and end all of governmental structure. There are multiple ways

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of organizing states that aren’t nation-states, including empires, kingdoms, city-states, and more. These forms of organization aren’t necessarily better or more efficient than nation-states — but they do offer alternatives to the global hegemony of the nation-state.

How would the African continent look if Africans had been allowed to imagine themselves beyond the historic traditions of Europe?

The 1960s saw a wave of independence sweep over the African continent. Afterward, African leaders were left with the challenge of governing artificially constructed states.

In many of these cases, many African states adopted the language of the colonizer as one way to foster national identity, since the states themselves were devoid of any association with specific ethnic groups and languages.

How history shapes identity These historical processes have had consequences for my self-understanding as an African.

My parents are Ivorian and Cameroonian, and I’ve visited but never lived on the African continent. In my personal experience, people that have lived on the continent, like my parents, have an expansive view of their own identities. My mom makes constant references to being “back home” and being immersed in her home culture.

For people like me, who were born outside of the continent, my understanding of what it means to be Ivorian is quite hollow. Being Ivorian — apart from the attieké and plakali and sauce graine I very much enjoy — sometimes feels like a small and distant part of who I’m supposed to be.

When I look at a map, my imagined African identity doesn’t go beyond the borders of the Ivorian country.

Beyond the arbitrary boundaries, there are also linguistic similarities that I don’t share with other Akan Ghanaians because I don’t speak my indigenous language, Baoulé.

The Baoulé are a subgroup of the Akan ethnic group, which

spreads across Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana. Although I am familiar with some Baoulé words and expressions, I am unable to understand the language fully because my parents don’t share the same indigenous African language. The common link between them is French — which, in turn, became my language of expression at home and in the greater community.

Personally, I think of this language gap as an impediment to being able to build a greater pan-African identity. On multiple occasions, my mother has met other Akan Ghanaians. Even if they weren’t from Côte d’Ivoire, she was able to understand what they were saying, because their languages and Baoulé were mutually intelligible.

Experiences like this make you realize that you’re part of a bigger community beyond your national borders. In theory, knowing I share so many similarities with other ethnic groups across West Africa means a lot to me — but to what extent can I

claim this African identity as my own when I’m unable to speak my own language?

When my mother and my grandmother are on the phone, they converse completely in Baoulé, and I’m left to simply wonder what is going on during their conversation. There’s an element of generational divide in that: I feel like I am losing out on important parts of who I was supposed to be if I were rooted in my language.

To some extent, I do believe the language I speak influences how I understand my African identity. Just like the artificial boundaries imposed on Africans, my African identity sometimes feels decontextualized and virtual due to colonial actions.

I do still hold out hope for the future, and I’m slowly trying to learn my language. As time passes and I understand more and more proverbs, I claim back my identity — regardless of the colonial identities that were imposed onto West Africa.

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Two Neighbourhoods

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o s w t d A ta l e o f o o h r u n ei g h b o id e l

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ll d a o c s d Wh ere two worl se o R St. Ja mes Town a n d Writer & Illustrator: Rebeca Moya I’ve spent 20 years living where St. James Town and Rosedale collide. As any Toronto local would know, there’s a sharp contrast between these two neighbourhoods that are just west of the Don Valley Parkway.

St. James Town is known for its ethnically diverse residents, street art, and dense modernist high rises. Meanwhile, Rosedale is recognized for its enjoyable green spaces and its higher-income population, which inhabits grand houses of diverse styles.

During my childhood, I used to play soccer and tennis and learned to ride my bike at Rosedale Park, just north of

my home. When I grew older and began exploring the city on my own during my free time, I would walk through St. James Town.

There, I discovered restaurants and works of art close to my home and spent a semester volunteering at Art City on Sherbourne Street.

The more time I spent in both neighbourhoods, the more the similarities and differences between the two became explicit to me.

Now, I often review Toronto census data maps in my classes, which showcase the

disparity between the two areas. St. James Town is considered one of the poorest neighbourhoods in the city, while Rosedale is considered one of the wealthiest.

You can see this difference in the landscape when you visit these spaces. If you stand on the corner of Bloor and Sherbourne and look south towards St. James Town, you see a very ‘downtown’ view, in contrast to the bridge and abundance of trees that you see when looking north towards Rosedale.

However, the two neighbourhoods do share more characteristics than one would expect.

No matter how different they are physically, both spaces are shared and appreciated by the people who live there. They both hold community gatherings, such as the St. James Town Festival and Mooredale’s Mayfair in Rosedale. Each of these celebrations reflects the characteristics of the neighbourhood and its values, and both of them build connections within the community, albeit in different ways.

St. James Town is a unique

neighbourhood within the city, but it is often regarded as ‘sketchy’ by people who have never visited. This reminds me of the broken windows theory: in summary, the theory that a place that looks unsafe promotes dangerous activity simply due to its appearance.

Torontonians’ view of St. James Town is often attributed to the population of people experiencing homelessness who take shelter around the neighbourhood, as well as to the concrete jungle within its borders. This perception is further promoted by the view that nearby Rosedale is luxurious in comparison to St. James Town.

But, in the end, both neighbourhoods are filled with interesting people, art, distinct architecture, and history. I truly recommend adventuring through both neighbourhoods and enjoying what they each have to offer.

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Haste Not Want Not

Writer: Angel Hsieh Photographer: Caroline Bellamy

Haste not want not The price we pay for efficiency

Once upon a time, handwritten letters took days or even months to arrive in a recipient’s mailbox. Now, emails are sent and received almost instantaneously via internet connection. There is no doubt that connectivity has made our lives more efficient than ever. But an overemphasis on speed has bred a generation of ‘right now’ consumers.

Many of us are willing to pay more in exchange for expedited delivery of goods or services — but could this phenomenon imply that we have grown impatient as a society? In an attempt to find an answer to that question, I was struck by how excessive exposure to fast food symbols has translated into radical shifts in consumer behaviour, specifically in fast fashion.

Living in fast food culture Fast food is an iconic symbol of a modern lifestyle that values efficiency and immediate satisfaction. Obesity, diabetes, and a heightened risk of cardiovascular disorders are some well-known examples of the health hazards associated with overconsumption of fast food.

But there is far less attention directed toward studying the effect of fast food on other areas of life. We often intentionally save time that we would usually spend on our daily routines, such as meals, to make room for other activities. Counterintuitively though, data collected 30

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from the US indicates that there has been no proportional growth in happiness corresponding to the increase in leisure time over the past 50 years.

Based on existing literature about behavioural priming, U of T researchers even suggested that the presence of fast-food symbols, like imagery, could condition people to display time-saving behaviours. They conducted a series of experiments to test the hypothesis.

One of their experiments measured impatience by changes in participants’ reading speed: although participants were under no time pressure in the experiment, their reading speed accelerated if they were exposed to fast-food symbols.

Furthermore, the studies showed that exposure to fastfood-related concepts impacts our decision making. Researchers tested this theory by dividing a group of undergraduate students into two cohorts. One cohort was asked to recall memories of the last time they ate fast food, while the control group was told to remember their most recent visit to a grocery store. Then, they were asked to fill out a marketing survey that asked them to rate the desirability of a set of products.

Students who were primed by fast-food concepts preferred time-saving products over less efficient-sounding alternatives.

For example, four-slice toasters were more popular than single-

slice toasters.

The survey conducted in the experiment shows that induced desire for efficiency had become the most prominent factor influencing these consumers’ choices. As time efficiency dominates our choices as consumers, many traditional business models have had to adjust their course to accommodate our preference for speed. The fast fashion business model, for example, responds to rises in ‘consumer impatience’ by radically changing the traditional cycle of fashion design. Instead of releasing collections twice a year, fast fashion companies introduce new products into stores continuously throughout the entirety of a typical season.

Fast fashion design processes allow companies to keep up with new and unpredictable trends by rapidly releasing items that directly respond to consumers’ preferences. According to research by Felipe Caro and Victor Martínez de Albéniz, such a ‘satiation model’ primes already impatient consumers to shift away from fashion retailers that “do not refresh their assortments often enough.”

When efficiency becomes costly When faced with an enticing markdown on a shirt that I’ve

been wanting to purchase, I struggle with a metaphoric tug of war between the decision ‘to buy or not to buy.’ In fact, research on time-related decisions often centres around the decision to save. In the act of saving money, we deliberately postpone the gratification we’d otherwise receive from spending, by choosing instead to plan for our future financial needs.

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One U of T experiment investigated whether fast food-induced impatience harms one’s personal financial situation. The results showed that participants primed with symbols of fast food were much more willing to accept a smaller payment that researchers offered them right away instead of waiting for a larger payment in a week’s time.

However, the desire for immediate gratification was much less noticeable in control conditions.

This experiment clearly shows that our economic interests are at risk by our preference for time-saving behaviours.

Fast fashion companies take advantage of the psychology of impatience of their customers by developing a system called ‘quick response.’ Retailers create a sense of scarcity by creating strategic inventory displays to attract consumers to continually buy items that are updated on an ongoing basis.

Retailers also deter strategic buying with

‘price commitments.’ Retailers skillfully fix the prices of fashion items to deter consumers from delaying purchases until events where stores are liquidating stock and prices are marked down. Companies have also found more efficient ways of developing products with shorter lifespans, which encourages unnecessary buying.

One might argue that frequent shopping trips could amount to the experience of “smelling the roses,” but it seems like the opposite is true. Fast fashion thrives on unpredictable changes in consumer fashion tastes. Rapid changes in and rapid gratification of temporary fashion preferences drives already nascent trends to become even shorter in duration.

Ultimately, it was our unpredictability as consumers that led to the rise of the fast-fashion business model. It seems that we harbour a habitual tendency to constantly search for novelty, which perpetuates a culture of impatience and impulsive buying.

Our pursuit for novelty and low-priced fashion trends, if left unchecked, can evolve into financially unsustainable buying habits. Fast fashion retail encourages a wasteful culture in which quality and craftsmanship are undervalued. We must try to be conscious of the various negative consequences that our passion for fashion brings.

We’re unable to smell the roses Someone checking messages, scrolling through memes, and eating a hamburger simultaneously is not an unusual sight in fast food restaurants. Living in the moment

— the here and now — often leads to multitasking, which prevents us from savouring the small pleasures in life.

One study conducted several experiments to examine whether exposure to fast food culture reduces the happiness that people derive from pleasurable experiences. The first experiment looked at whether differences in food packaging — food presented in ready-togo branded packaging or ceramic tableware — influenced people’s enjoyment or ability to appreciate images of beautiful scenery. Participants were shown a picture of nature, but one group of participants had been primed with exposure to fast-food packaging, and the other had not. Afterwards, the fast-food group had lower ratings of self-reported happiness. As part of the same study, researchers also ran an experiment exploring whether exposure to fast food affects individuals’ ability to savour experiences. They asked participants to listen to a melody, using self-reported impatience and the subjectively perceived length of the melody to measure whether they perceived the experience as longer and therefore less enjoyable. This trend was apparent in a follow-up experiment that also revealed a significant decrease in positive emotional response to an excerpt of music for participants primed with fast food.

The idea that small pleasures offer a reliable path to happiness is an established theory.

Just as impatience stealthily erodes our appreciation of art, we seldom consciously pay attention to how these seemingly insignificant moments of enjoyment in life have an impact on our happiness.

So, in the future, it’s probably best to take a moment to weigh your wants and needs on an honest scale before you decide to click on the banner of a ‘sitewide flash sale.’

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Okay Lang

Communicating in English is okay lang A bilingual speaker wrestles with the futility of telling things perfectly Writer: Alyanna Denise Chua Visuals: Alyanna Denise Chua & Caroline Bellamy

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One Tuesday morning, I was standing in line at a Tim Horton’s, my hair dripping wet and the smell of chlorine clinging to my sweater. I was scanning the menu board, deciding whether to try something new or get something I already knew I liked, when I noticed the cashier.

Her skin was kayumanggi. The closest English translation of this word is ‘brown,’ but that’s misleading. The English language doesn’t have a word that decently captures this exact skin colour, which is prevalent among Southeast Asians — a tone that’s midway between the pale complexion of most East Asians and the darker complexion of most South Asians. But Tagalog, the national language of the Philippines, has a word for it — kayumanggi.

As I approached the front of the line, I heard the cashier speak. Between the forceful pronunciation of her ‘r’s, the melodic quality of her voice, and the way she verbalized every vowel and consonant in every word she spoke, I could tell she was Filipino too.

It was my turn to order.

I ordered a chicken wrap, then I asked her, in part just to make sure and in part just to start a conversation, “Are you Filipino?”

“Yes,” she said.

“Oy! Magkababayan tayo,” I said. (“Oy! We’re compatriots.”)

She nodded. I was ready to ask her which part of the Philippines she was from or how long she’d been working at Tim Horton’s.

But she handed me my receipt and called the next person in line.

I stood to the side. I felt

desperate — at that point, I hadn’t spoken to anyone in Tagalog for a few days.

The first time I had to speak in English every day was when I came to Canada in 2019. I thought it would be a breeze; after all, I already read and wrote better in English than I did in Tagalog.

But conversing with others, it turns out, is where I constantly meet my limits.

My words in English may sound perfectly fine to others — I often articulate my points well and successfully convey information — but they sound unvarnished to my own ears.

Here’s what I mean: I find English to be too direct and pointed. To myself, I sound clinical and even mechanical whenever I use the language. My words sound more forceful. These qualities are all great when I’m delivering a presentation or working in a team, but not when I’m trying to connect with the humanity that surrounds me. To me, English is not as playful as Tagalog; I find it hard to dress the language down and make it more relaxed.

Tagalog speakers tack an endless number of particles to the ends of our sentences — “it’s good naman” (“it’s good”), “I’m okay lang” (“I’m okay”), or “that’s what they want eh” (“that’s what they want”).

“Naman,” “lang,” and “eh” may not change the meaning of these sentences, but without them, these sentences lose much of their feeling, personality, and vigour. They lose much of their humanity.

My younger sister once told me that we switch our personalities slightly depending on the language

that we speak in. I suppose it’s true, because when we communicate with each other, we don’t just exchange words — we also exchange who we are.

That scares me. With just a change of language, I become a slightly different person. English Alyanna is more assertive and direct, while Tagalog Alyanna is more spontaneous and witty.

I miss that second version, and I wish that people here in Canada could meet her. But most of the time, she’s only accessible in Tagalog.

Sometimes, I mourn the fact that translating Tagalog-specific words and phrases into English will always be an imperfect endeavour. As a result, I also have to mourn the impossibility of expressing some facets of my character.

One time, my roommate invited me to try some of the soup she’d made. But because she’d only made a small portion, I wanted to decline. I wanted to say, “Nakakahiya.” Encapsulated in this single Tagalog word is a sense of embarrassment and modesty, as well as a reluctance to incur a debt. The closest English translation of this is, “That’s embarrassing.”

And so, that’s what I said.

It was the next best thing, but it didn’t even come close to my intended meaning. I suppose my roommate will never know that every time I say, “That’s embarrassing,” what I really mean to say is, “Nakakahiya.”

I have a Filipino aunt in Toronto who looks after me. Whenever I tell her, “I miss speaking Tagalog,” what I really mean to say is that I miss being fully able to convey what I mean

and having the person I’m speaking to understand the feelings and nuances of what I’m trying to tell them.

I miss conversations where we are able to communicate the full scope and meaning of each other’s words, and therefore, of each other’s identities.

Whenever I tell her this, my aunt just nods and tells me to see her more often. I suppose she gets it.

But I also suppose that dwelling on all of these things will not do. I’ve been trying to accept the limits of language in human communication; I suppose it’s because I have to.

Sometimes, I grieve the fact that the people I meet in Toronto will only ever know a cursory, approximate version of who I normally am. But sometimes, I also think that the people I know in the Philippines won’t be able to access this more assertive version of myself — a version who may be less quick to joke around with, but who can better stand on her own two feet.

Right now, I’ve come to settle for approximations. I am always hyperconscious of the nuances that I’m unable to communicate in English. I sometimes lose sight of the reality that, at the end of the day, I and the people I meet here in Toronto are still able to understand and connect with each other.

Maybe perfect communication is a futile goal. Maybe it becomes even more futile when one knows countless untranslatable words and phrases from another language. Maybe this is the best I will ever be able to do.

One day, I will also make my peace with that. But for now, I guess, bahala na si Batman.

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Mind the Gap

electricity and barbed wire, alerting would-be defectors of their certain demise. They called them ‘Geisterbahnhöfe,’ which translates to ‘ghost stations,’ because they came with all the lights still flickering.

They’re a haunting sight.

When the stations were reopened after the fall of the Berlin Wall, they were filled with cobwebs and cobblestones — the receipts of 28 years of wreckage and ruin.

Today, if you go to Berlin, you can still see Checkpoint Charlie, the crossing point where would-be refugees lost their lives jumping to freedom on the other side. You can meet all the ghosts that never left — they’re still walking around on the platform and boarding trains every day, as usual. They just look like people now.

This is not solely a story about trains or walls — or about Berlin, for that matter, for all of its uniquely fragmented history that lends itself well to tales like these. It is also a story about the momentum of motion — how

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There’s a story I like to tell about two cities and a wall.

This story is not a particularly interesting one — there’s no punchline or moral to drive it home. It is simply a series of facts, each falling in place one after the other. On August 13, 1961, the Berlin Wall went up overnight. Two U-Bahn and one S-Bahn lines that crossed under East Berlin territory were promptly armed with live

it drives our societies and how progress halts in its absence, for better or for worse.

But for now, let’s talk about trains, walls, and Berlin. The vivisection of the subway lines, the closing of the Brandenburg Gate, and the construction of the Berlin Wall were all collateral damage from the greater sociopolitical issue of the Cold War. The trains stopped arriving in downtown Berlin under the same decrees that closed borders and installed spyware — the same laws that swept books off shelves and art off of gallery walls.

Freedom of movement is a direct reflection of the freedom of choice. With freedom of movement also comes questions about our freedom to choose when to move, where to move, and why. It comes with questions about what options are afforded to whom because of the choices that are made by the people and the powers that be. The luxury of movement is not a luxury afforded to all of us, even when transportation seems to be available.

Here in Toronto, for instance, the costs associated with public transport discourage

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racialized residents who hold essential jobs in other parts of the city.

When the pandemic hit, they had no choice but to keep working as they always had. The buses of the 35 Jane remained full in the morning and at night, despite the prohibitive costs of transit and the continued dangers of the pandemic. Without the 35 Jane and all the routes like it, there are no cashiers at grocery stores, no warehouse staff packaging impulse buys, and no clean emergency rooms ready for the next big crisis.

Without movement, there is no life as we have come to know it, and perhaps this too will be our undoing.

What comes next? When you consider only the matter of trains, the answer seems to be simple. Look to Japan, Singapore, or Sweden and you will find railway lines serving entire cities. You will find semi-affordable tickets, nearly clean platforms with complete walls and doors, and stations painted to look like cotton candy and rainbows and Greek yogurt tins.

The rest of the story becomes a little harder.

I have no answers to questions of freedom — freedom of movement or otherwise

— or to questions of neighbourhoods and cities and countries and borders, which sometimes emerge all together. I do not know how to take on systems of power, to give choice to the people, or to make our decisions truly ours, and I am not in any way equipped to try.

But this is a story about trains, walls, and Berlin. It’s a story about Toronto and Tokyo, Singapore and Stockholm; of good luck and bad tidings; of old neighbourhoods and new world orders; of borders crossed and paths not taken. It is a story about movement and momentum. It is a story about opportunity and choice, of the decisions we make and the ones made for us, and of nothing ventured for nothing gained.

And in the end, like every other tale I tell, maybe it was no more than a story of two cities and a wall.

M th otio e n, w m or o k m of en th tu e m w ,a or n ld d

some people from making use of the system, who may need it the most. A quarter of recently surveyed lower-income respondents reported that they’d skipped buying food in order to pay their TTC fares; one half reported walking long distances to avoid paying unaffordable public transit fees. Even in a city like ours, which prides itself on development and democracy, it is clear that we still have a long way to go before we can all access the right to mobility and reclaim authority over our lives.

It is also obvious that, for all the trouble that surrounds it, our society and way of life depend greatly on movement.

The pandemic has given us a clear view of a world halted in its tracks — of the monotony and often dysfunction of motionless communities and cities. It has served as a reminder that not all of us have the autonomy over our lives to enjoy the necessary privilege of slowing down.

But not everyone has slowed down. It’s a desperate measure of these desperate times.

There’s a bus line in Toronto — the 35 Jane route — that carves its path through the city’s north-western neighbourhoods, which are mostly populated by working class,

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Xochitl/Ixtapalapa

Visuals: Maria Vidal Valdespino

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Tracing Taddle Creek

Tracing Taddle Creek The rise, fall, and revival of the waterway that once flowed through U of T Writer: Cameron Kerr Visuals: Caroline Bellamy

Toronto used to be a city of rivers and creeks. In the area that is now U of T, we had our own river, which was known as Taddle Creek.

The river and the city are a dynamic duo that led the human race to civilization stardom.

Rivers gave us our first meals, provided nutrients to our first crops, and powered our first industries.

But during the nineteenth century, we forgot about rivers’ importance and buried them underground for the sake of development. Now, in the concrete jungle that many of us call home, seeing a blade of grass or a stream of water is cause for celebration.

Toronto used to be a city of rivers and creeks. In the area that is now U of T, we once had our own river, which was known as Taddle Creek.

Taddle Creek’s past Taddle Creek’s story starts 13,000 years ago, when the Laurentide ice sheet made its last advance northwest toward Toronto. The glacier tore up sediment, shaping the landscape of southern Ontario. Once melted, the glacier’s northwest movement lent all rivers in Toronto — including 38

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Taddle Creek — a southeast flow.

The Taddle Creek area was first inhabited by Indigenous communities that moved into Toronto in 9,000 BCE. Today, this area is recognized as the traditional territory of several First Nations, including the Missisauguas of the Credit, the Anishinabeg, the Chippewa, the Haudenosaunee, and the Wendat peoples.

Taddle Creek gave them fresh water and fish, and then became even more important when corn was introduced to southern Ontario in 500 CE. Indigenous communities shaped the creek’s banks into floodplains in order to create fertile soil to grow food. The river’s generosity allowed villages to grow until the start of European settlement in the mid-seventeenth century.

Initially, European settlers’ relationship with water was a continuation of Indigenous reliance on waterways. But soon, they discovered that the glaciers had moved large collections of sediment to the banks of rivers like Taddle Creek. Brick, chimney, and drainage tiles could be made from those deposits. In 1796, Toronto’s first brickyard sprung up at Taddle Creek, meant to manufacture bricks for the city’s first parliament building.

By providing the city with the

foundation for development, Taddle Creek signed its own death warrant.

European construction accelerated and population density increased. Our reciprocal relationship with Taddle Creek broke down, and a lack of sewage practices led communities upstream to pollute Taddle Creek. By 1830, reports were talking about the awful smell of the creek.

Still, Taddle Creek became U of T’s river, and proved to be a centerpoint for student culture. Its importance to the U of T community increased even further when, in 1855, Taddle Creek was dammed in front of present-day Hart House to create McCaul’s pond.

Taddle Creek’s story starts 13,000 years ago, when the Laurentide ice sheet made its last advance northwest toward Toronto.

Taddle Creek and McCaul’s pond gave students a place to skate, fish, swim, and ponder by a riverbank. In November 1881, The Varsity reported that freshmen had been forced to dunk in Taddle Creek after an argument with senior students.

A few years later, in October 1883, The Varsity published a poem titled “To The Taddle, A Graduate’s Farewell.” It featured a student’s solemn goodbye to the creek, describing how “[Taddle Creek’s] poetic surroundings… are an education in themselves.”

Despite the world of rivers coming to an end, the students at U of T kept the last section of Taddle Creek alive.

Burying the creek It was fate that the power of politics and pollution would kill Taddle Creek. In September 1881, U of T put the problem of Taddle Creek’s pollution on its

Faultlines

worsened with the building of McMaster Hall — the present-day Royal Conservatory of Music — in 1881. The building featured an open sewer placed beside Taddle Creek, even though open sewers had been discouraged since 1845. Further reports were published in The Varsity in November 1881 and March 1883 describing the state of McCaul’s pond and the

If you walk from Casa Loma to U of T, you will find traces of the buried waterway.

Board of Management agenda.

The university advocated for burying the river because of concerns for student health.

The City responded that the creek was on private property, so U of T would have to pay for some of the project. A report from The Varsity in December 1881 stated that the City’s proposed solution would cost $9,000, which is equivalent to around $220,000 today.

Unfortunately, pollution

pollution coming from Taddle Creek. At this time, the university and the City were still debating payment.

Our solution was to bury the waterway. In May 1884, U of T signed off on the construction of a sewer system that would bury the creek underground. This came after the introduction of Toronto’s first Medical Officer of Health, Dr. William Canniff, in 1883, and the release of new research on sewage and health by Dr. William Oldright. By 1886, Taddle Creek was lost to us.

Its last few years had been tarnished by politics, pollution, and corner cutting.

It is surprising that a river that played a pivotal role in both Indigenous and colonial civilization was removed so quickly from our landscape.

Today, it fuels our artificial water cycle by transporting sewage and storm water through downtown Toronto.

Still, you can find evidence of Taddle Creek’s survival.

Originally, Taddle Creek

By 1886, Taddle Creek was lost to us.

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Tracing Taddle Creek

flowed through present-day Philosopher’s Walk, down through Hart House and toward College St. If you walk from Casa Loma to U of T, you will find traces of the buried waterway. Kendal Avenue makes an abrupt 90 degree turn just south of Bernard Avenue, following a similar turn by the creek. A few hundred meters further south, the St. George subway station uses multiple sump pumps to keep Taddle Creek’s water out of its tunnels. Down the block, the creek’s buried waters once

Our city is built on the backs of stories that are forgotten, such as the story of Taddle Creek.

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flooded the basement of the Remenyi House of Music.

Finally, Philosopher’s Walk still follows the path of Taddle Creek from Bloor St to Hoskin Ave. The path’s landscape is similar to that of a river bank.

At one of its lowest points, near the entrance at Hoskin Ave, stands a grand willow tree.

Willow trees are an example of riparian vegetation, meaning that they can only grow near sources of water.

We may have cast the Taddle aside, but the willow tree is a reminder that it is still here.

Daylighting The burial of Taddle Creek was not without repercussions: it

affected Toronto’s water management system. The city’s sewage system was constructed in such a way that sewage tunnels would overflow into creeks and rivers, ultimately reaching Lake Ontario. But due to our rising population density and the decrease of non-paved urban spaces, the city needs to process higher amounts of sewage and storm water.

Currently, the city experiences one sewage overflow every week, which results in flooded basements and contaminated water. In the coming decades, it will cost the city $1.5 billion to improve this system.

Ultimately, this problem stems from the moment we disconnected from the natural water cycle in the nineteenth century. We left the dynamic duo of city and river behind, and are witnessing the fallout of that today.

There is a solution, though: globally, some activists are promoting river daylighting, or the reexposure of rivers.

This enables waterways to reestablish the natural water cycle. The soil and riparian vegetation that exists alongside a healthy river can absorb water, reducing the load on the sewer system. That, in turn, reduces

flooding and property damage.

The City of Toronto has set a goal to preserve and re-establish a natural hydrologic cycle in the coming decades, and daylighting could be one way of achieving that goal.

Our city is built on the backs of stories that are forgotten, such as the story of Taddle Creek. If we want to break out of the concrete jungle, we must understand the stories of the past, recognize their impact in the present, and correct our mistakes. These stories may decide our city’s future.

Faultlines

If you or someone you know is in distress, you can call…

Maybe you’ve seen this phrase at the end of an article in The Varsity. Have you ever wondered what happens next?

Usually, when you call a helpline, you’re looking for immediate support.

But if you haven’t called in to a helpline before, it’s not always clear what you should expect. That can make it nerve-wracking to wait on the other side of the line. Or, if you’ve called in before, you’ve still probably got some questions about how helplines work.

It’s not like mental health services are known for their accessibility.

But hundreds of U of T students are still calling these helplines every month, and a lot of them are calling back multiple times in a row. They’re clearly getting something out of it.

So, maybe it’s worth looking at student helpline experience in detail.

What actually happens when you pick up the phone and dial in?

Please hold…

What happens when you stay on the line Writer: Sarah Kronenfeld Illustrator: Alice Boyle

“It’s not talk therapy”

Two of the most common helplines around campus are Good2Talk and U of T’s in-house mental health service, My Student Support Program (My SSP). They’re both specifically designed for postsecondary students, and the university likes to provide links to them in a lot of its mental health literature. They’re both advertized in similar ways — as places for immediate counselling or getting further mental health resources.

Almost all of the students who wrote to The Varsity to talk about their experiences with mental health helplines had tried calling or texting Good2Talk at one point or another. Good2Talk is run by Kids Help Phone and some Ontario-specific mental health services,

and it’s often billed around campus as a chat line. It’s an anonymous helpline accessible through phone, text, and Facebook Messenger.

A lot of students also mentioned My SSP, which is a frequently accessed resource among U of T students — around 650 to 850 students across U of T’s three campuses reach out to it every month, according to Jesse Poulin, current director of the keep.meSAFE program, which manages My SSP.

keep.meSAFE was founded by guard.me, a health insurance company that provides services to many international students and faculty.

According to Poulin, it started as a program that specifically targeted international students. guard.me noticed many students were using insurance to access emergency mental health care services, so it launched keep.meSAFE as an early intervention mental health service that international students could

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access before they reached a point of crisis. Since then, the program has grown to cover domestic students as well.

In light of its original purpose — to support students before their situation is dire enough to require emergency mental health services — it’s probably no surprise that My SSP seems to focus heavily on stressful school situations and providing students with tools outside of immediate helplines.

“The top issues that we see, time [after] time… are things like stress, anxiety, [and] depression. Oftentimes in that order,” said Poulin, in an interview with The Varsity.

“Those are what we’re really here for. And if students have more serious issues, we can support them and guide them to more appropriate long-term support.”

When you call or text My SSP for the first time, you can expect to go through some intake questions with a responder — things like your name, your school, what

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language you’d prefer service in, and why you’re calling. In most cases, you’ll then be redirected to a counsellor. A session with a counsellor will usually last an average of 45 minutes, but, according to Poulin, there’s no strict limit on your call time. If you want further support, you can book a series of ongoing virtual check-ins with the same counsellor. “[The counsellor will] want to understand what the issue is and give the student practical tools to help them manage whatever it is they’re worried about,” said Poulin. “It’s really issue-driven — we do want to focus on solutions. It’s not talk therapy.”

Barriers to access

My SSP responders are licensed counsellors trained in chat or telephone counselling. Poulin stressed that keep.meSAFE has made a specific effort to hire counsellors with a variety of cultural and linguistic backgrounds, located in different countries, so that international students who are currently living

outside of Canada can still get mental health service within their jurisdiction.

Whether you’ll be able to find a counsellor that meets your specific needs, however, often depends on who’s available. keep.meSAFE currently serves 100 different Canadian postsecondary institutions, drawing upon a rotating network of counsellors. The exact number of responders available at any given time varies on the day and the time — students seem to call in the most in the evenings, for example, and call numbers tend to peak on Wednesdays every week — but Poulin says that, at peak call times, there are usually hundreds of counsellors available.

Even so, many students have had issues accessing My SSP’s services.

Some felt that, after a certain number of calls, respondents started to hint that they should really be using other services.

Other students have reported having trouble connecting to operators at all. Vy Le, a firstyear student in media studies at UTSC, wrote to The Varsity that she’s called both My SSP and Good2Talk before, and she’s sometimes had trouble reaching a helpline responder. “Sometimes no one would be there to respond to my call. Other times, it took quite a long time still to get connected to a counsellor,” she wrote.

Although Le did eventually reach a responder, she sometimes found the length of the intake process discouraging.

“When you’re too mentally exhausted, it can be difficult to even talk to someone or properly engage in a conversation,” she explained. Overall, although she’s had good experiences with these helplines, she wouldn’t necessarily recommend them to someone experiencing a panic attack, or who needs immediate help, given the time it can take to reach a responder.

Naaz Sibia is a fifth-year

Faultlines

computer science specialist at UTM. On a large Discord server that she runs for UTM students, she frequently sees students who are in severe distress, venting about their mental health. Since November, almost once every two weeks, she’s had to reach out to students who seem like they may need immediate help.

Since she’s not a trained mental health professional, she often tries to refer students to resources like My SSP. Many of the students she’s talked to, though, have had a hard time actually getting connected to a professional.

“Generally, they had to wait from about 30 minutes to even three hours, and then eventually what ended up happening is they would have a breakdown and they just switch [the phone] off. There were times when they did get through and the person just said, ‘We don’t have enough people to take you at the moment,’ ” she said.

“It’s taking a lot of encouragement to [get students in crisis to] even make that call,” she said. “It would be nice if they didn’t have to hear that

there aren’t resources to help them.”

Both My SSP and Good2Talk have a need-to-disclose policy, where if an operator thinks that a student’s life may be in danger, they are required to report it to emergency services.

Poulin says, however, that no matter what happens on a My SSP call, U of T will never be informed of it without the consent of the student.

It’s good to talk

A number of students wrote to The Varsity to talk about their experiences with helplines, and most of the students who reported having positive experiences had primarily called or texted to talk to someone in a time of acute stress or crisis.

Syed Hussain Ather is a PhD student in medical sciences, and he’s mostly gone to helplines to find a place to talk. In an interview with The Varsity, he said that when he wants to talk through heavier or more personal issues with someone, he’s sometimes worried about burdening his friends with stress they aren’t

trained to deal with. Calling in to My SSP or Good2Talk is an easy way for him to be able to work through his feelings with a trained professional.

Padmaja Rengamannar, a fourthyear student in journalism and political science, has called Good2Talk a number of times in her four years at U of T. “It’s always nice to have a service that helps you get through and anchor you through crisis situations,” she told The Varsity in an interview. “That’s always been my experience with Good2Talk.”

Good2Talk has become her helpline of choice, because she appreciates the anonymity, and finds that it tends to have shorter wait times. She’s gotten hold of counsellors in as few as 10 to 15 minutes, and she remembers waiting up to an hour to talk to a responder during finals season, when the line is at its busiest. With My SSP, she’s found that it has regularly taken her a couple of hours to connect.

Although she usually calls in with immediate, short-term concerns, Good2Talk has also redirected her to other mental health resources in the community that she can access on a long-term basis. Counsellors have taught her coping strategies that she uses in her everyday life, and she’s used their advice to get better at setting boundaries for her own mental health. She’s received words of advice and comfort on crisis lines that have really stuck with her, which she comes back to again and again.

Calling into Good2Talk so often has even helped her get better at talking about her mental health.

“It’s hard work to share your story over and over again,” she admitted. “[But] I know myself a lot better.

I’m able to share my story.”

A complicated experience

Of course, not all students who have called into Good2Talk have had good experiences. MacKenzie Stewart currently works for the Dalla Lana School of Public Health, but he finished his undergraduate and master’s degrees

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Feature ­— Helplines

at U of T. When he was still an undergraduate student, he had a partner who was hospitalized for mental health reasons. Stewart was having a hard time processing the situation and figuring out what to do about it, so he called into Good2Talk, which he’d seen advertized around campus.

When he reached out to someone, though, he felt like the counsellor was very dismissive of all his problems. “I don’t think they asked me any personal information in terms of my own self, like, what was I hoping to get out of the call? What did I need?” Stewart explained, in an interview with The Varsity. “I feel like it was me explaining… the circumstances I was there for, and them just trying to be like, ‘But there’s other places you can go than here.’ ” What’s more, Stewart, who is a trans man, was frequently misgendered by the counsellor. He explained to them that his boyfriend was in the hospital on suicide watch, and that he was scared for him. “They were just like, ‘Oh, but all girls have problems with their boyfriends. It’s okay.’ ” He probably wouldn’t recommend Good2Talk for students in situations similar to his. Instead, he suggests that students should seek out helplines that are specifically tailored to the problems they’re facing. “For example, if they were queer, I would refer them to Youthline rather than Good2Talk,” he said.

He also pointed out that, as a university helpline, Good2Talk is likely tailored toward addressing problems that are particularly common among university students; for less common, non-school-related issues, community helplines might do a better job.

Rengamannar has also had some bad experiences during the time she’s been calling in to Good2Talk.

She’s found that, when she’s very anxious about calling in, she has a very hard time continuing the conversation if the counsellor seems disengaged. “[Sometimes], their tone of voice is not approachable

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or welcoming… So I’m like, ‘Oh, okay, I’m actually feeling alright. I’m going to call you later,’ ” she explained.

But despite the more awkward calls when she ended up having to leave because she felt dismissed, or because they were making her more anxious than before, the positive experiences have far outweighed the negative ones. She knows that not everyone has had good experiences with helplines — and she emphasized that students should try to be kind to themselves and take breaks while accessing mental

health services — but she thinks it’s important that students keep trying to use helplines anyway, if they’re an option that might help.

“Honour every resource you have in front of you,” she stressed. “Don’t ever stop sharing your story… Because the more we share, the more we’re able to understand the human experience, and the better we’re able to make decisions about it.”

Disclosure: Padmaja Rengamannar served as The Varsity’s public editor in 2021.

Faultlines

Breed me, breed me not Content warning: This article is a commentary on rape culture, and it includes graphic descriptions of animal breeding.

Each year, my partner’s mother makes a jar from an old bottle, rainbow construction paper, and the ink of disregarded Sharpie markers. The jar is a keepsake of hers — an ongoing record to be spontaneously stuffed with mementos of joyful occurrences.

She’ll open the jar on New Year’s Eve and gather the family to reminisce and read its contents aloud. She’s

labelled her creation “The Awesome Jar.” This time around, she opened The Awesome Jar five days late.

I was unloading the fur rug that my parents had bought for our living room when she sent me a dimly lit iMessage photo of the jar’s guts. On the initial glance, I mistook it for the pile of litter accumulating in the back of my boyfriend’s car and anticipated a lecture.

“Just so you know, you’re in The Awesome Jar,” she wrote.

I did know, I told her. My partner had let it slip last February, at about the same time we started dating. I also knew what my contribution was — a note I’d written during my first visit to their home, thanking my partner’s parents for buying vegetarian lasagna and allowing me to stop by while they were out of town.

At the time, I’d never met them; they’d heard my name for the first time only days before, when my boyfriend announced that he had a

girlfriend he would accompany to the mall to buy an Aritzia Super Puff. Even now, the four of us have never discussed the events that happened during my stay, but his parents had assumed that my partner and I had planned to have sex, so his dad spoke to him about contraceptive use.

When I reminded my partner’s mom of this story, she sent me a recording of her laughing in response. “Oh, let me look for

Writer: Alexa DiFrancesco Photographer: Caroline Bellamy

the note. I didn’t look at them all, I got distracted by Wimpy Wilma’s teeth,” she wrote back.

Attached was a nearly identical image of The Awesome Jar’s contents, with two puppy teeth circled in red.

Wilma is my boyfriend’s family’s red golden retriever, named after her fearful tendencies. In many ways, she’s a physical landmark of my relationship — she was retrieved from her breeder the month that my partner and I matched on Bumble. The week he and I began dating, Wilma fell ill with canine parvovirus, and my father faced a prostate cancer scare. The first photograph I took at my boyfriend’s home was of Wilma, as she sat in the snow in front of the public school just outside his house, looking up at the park bench in front of her. Our shadows were hovering behind her. If I were to examine the image, I would see that our shoulders weren’t touching and our hands were blurry from captured nerves.

The first decision we’d made that day was to walk Wilma. It was shortly after the first snowfall of the year and neither of us had worn boots, but we’d lulled and grazed hands, avoiding the looming event that would occur if we’d gone inside.

anatomy that supplemented bedtime stories, and in her discussions of her past marriage. My wish to end these conversations was never met; my mother kept bringing up abstinence with me because she feared that I would instead discuss the topic with my peers. Though I was perpetually ill-prepared for this routine, its takeaway was undeniable every time — my mother outlined the non-negotiable terms of my sex life, which were to inform her when I was considering sex. I didn’t agree. I was silent and she interpreted this as consent.

Last October, I went on vacation with my boyfriend and my family for a wedding. Our original destination — the one whose itinerary my parents had dissected with us over a lofty thread of iMessages — was 2,771 kilometres away, in the Dominican Republic. Suddenly, an unexpected flight cancellation led to an abrupt change of itinerary — instead, we would be travelling to Cancún, Mexico.

We decided on this change 18 hours before our departure.

While my parents scoured online resources to book alternate airline tickets, I was given the responsibility of securing hotel accommodations. Because I wanted my boyfriend to be

When I was a child, my mother introduced the idea of virginity to me through multiple lenses: in her ‘no sex before marriage’ lectures in the car ride to church, in detailed discussions of Winter 2022

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Feature ­— Breed Me

comfortable while travelling as a guest with my family, I booked a separate room for him and I to share. I liked its ocean view from the balcony and the bright purple octopus design stitched onto its towels. I thought my parents would like its double bunk beds.

Using my mother’s iPhone data, I sent my grandparents photos of me and my boyfriend holding newly hatched sea turtles. My father lent me loose change to shop for glass dolphins to bring back for my friends as souvenirs. A week later, when we landed in Canada, my parents gleefully told my boyfriend’s parents about our adventures renting a small boat to scuba dive. We ordered Chinese food and watched the premiere of Michelle’s season of The Bachelorette.

When we returned home, my parents sat me down in our living room. They took the eggplant leather couch that they usually occupied and motioned for me to sit down in its matching loveseat.

This was part of a pattern; it was the subtle hint that I would soon be interrogated. I thought back to Mexico, when I witnessed my partner’s mom ask him about a five-year plan over a vanilla ice cream cone. The kind suggestion that he should make one was the most confrontation he’d ever received.

I was not facing the repercussions of a plan or its absence, but a spontaneous judgement from my parents. The problem, my parents prodded, was the hotel room. They were perplexed that I thought it would be appropriate to share an unsupervised sleeping space with my partner.

They’d realized the mistake as 46

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we’d departed for the airport. By then, an extensive amount of time had passed; it was far too late to correct it.

This conflict was frivolous to me, given that my partner and I had paid for our respective shares of the trip. I pointed out that my mother had allowed us to spend weekends alone at my partner’s cottage alone in the past. I added that when we’d planned the trip to Cancún, my partner’s mother had told us that if we were allowed to travel alone, it would be unreasonable to make us sleep separately.

Throughout the summer, his mother had found condom wrappers under our bed and laughed. She’d discovered lingerie in a drawer while cleaning, and messaged me that it was “cute.” My partner’s parents were his closest friends. My parents made it clear that they would never be mine.

“We’ve failed as parents for

letting you do this. I was sick to my stomach all week. What made you think this was okay? Was it his parents?” When she was 18, my mother was kicked out of her house for marrying a man who was not my father. In his early twenties, my father had been in a long-term relationship with a woman who’d since become a stripper. But I knew better than to bring up these truths.

Instead, I began to cry. I was saddened that my parents, whom I was supposed to share a profound connection with, would never fully understand me. I was heartbroken that they had neglected knowing my heart in favour of controlling my body.

“Cut the bullshit. You always cry when no one’s hurt you, and you make us look bad for no reason. You’re overemotional.”

I fell silent.

“You know their family. All divorced. It’s teen pregnancy after another, after another.”

My mother was referring to the fact that my partner’s family consists of five generations: his great-grandmother, his grandmother, his mother, his sister, and his niece. Admittedly, many of his women relatives had gotten pregnant at 16 and had opted to raise their babies in place of pursuing a postsecondary degree.

“But you slept in different beds?”

“I’m 20 years old,” I told them.

“So you slept in the same bed?”

“What are you asking me right now?”

Then came the inevitable question. “Are you a virgin?”

Months before our vacation, my partner’s parents decided to breed Wilma.

A friend of theirs owned a red golden retriever that was twice her size; because of his calm nature, he was known as Dopey Wendell. They organized sporadic playdates throughout the summer to better acquaint the dogs with one another. During the first playdate, Dopey Wendell’s owners gifted Wilma a toy house and toy gingerbread to prepare her for motherhood.

Because my partner’s parents own an accounting firm, Wilma’s pregnancy was planned to accommodate tax season.

This period usually occurs from January to June — so for someone to be at home to care for the puppies, it was crucial that Wilma conceived in the fall.

Months earlier, she’d menstruated prematurely — I’d assisted in changing her diapers and heard her softly crying. My partner’s parents insisted that she would be spayed once she

birthed her first litter. “Wimpy Wilma,” they’d say, stroking her fur as she flinched.

On the evening of our flight, my partner’s mom visited Dopey Wendell’s owner. She brought Wilma with her for a playdate.

The goal was for the dogs to “lock,” which, she explained to me, meant that they would tie together because of the male’s penis swelling after ejaculation. If the dogs were physically separated during this moment, either of them could be injured.

“They locked,” my partner’s mom announced after the visit.

She was stroking Wilma’s fur giddily. I shared her excitement until I noticed that Wilma was crying the same way that she did the day of her first period.

“She might be pregnant,” I offered, nodding to Wilma’s cowering. “She looks tired.”

“She’s been making romance.” My partner’s mom sang. She explained that her friend had been babysitting two other male dogs, and they’d spent the day chasing Wilma.

Wilma didn’t want to play with them; she’d scratched and bit them in order to gain back her space. When her efforts had proven unsuccessful, she’d retreated to her crate. The males followed her until both of them had to be locked away.

The action was fast, his mom explained, but the aftermath is what stayed with me. After Wilma felt it was safe to leave her crate, Dopey Wendell had run into her and knocked her to the ground. As Wilma was sitting up, he quickly stuck his penis into her and she froze. Because she had been trembling so rapidly, my partner’s mom had stroked

Faultlines

her fur in reassurance. She had told Wilma that she was proud of her for continuing, and that her discomfort would be over soon.

Wilma was quiet, just as I was while I was listening to the story. Because she didn’t communicate in the same way as the ones she loved most, she was unable to explicitly express her pain. Because the ones I loved most hadn’t been taught to acknowledge tears as a part of communication, I was labelled as overemotional. Our resulting silence would always be interpreted as a ‘yes.’ We both knew it was unfair.

Because only one of her hands was free, my partner’s mom couldn’t hold Wilma when she jumped back and limped away as soon as her body would physically let her.

“Them being locked is a cute video. Should I post it to her TikTok?” The relationship between labels and bodies has always been a tricky concept for me to appreciate.

Wilma is worth more than $3,000 because she was conceived as a “purebred red golden retriever.” The months between her first period and each time she has sex have been written down to determine her ovulation cycle. Her veterinarian’s chart tags her as “underweight” because her cells were infected by canine parvovirus.

I’m also ‘underweight,’ which is

why my menstrual contractions are more painful than average.

My eventual childbirth will be too.

After my boyfriend and I returned from walking Wilma on that snowy day early in our relationship, we drove to Burger King and ate in the parking lot.

We kept the car light on and dimmed the radio as we drank root beer from paper straws.

Another label that my body owns is ‘anxiety disorder.’ It reminded me of its presence in my makeup as I constructed a yellow Burger King crown. I don’t have the vocabulary to describe the sensation I felt as I fumbled the cardboard onto my forehead, but when I voiced it, my boyfriend drove me back to his home. He showed me where his bathroom was located and after I disappeared into it, he knocked to ask how I felt. He emptied our leftover food into his compost bin and carried it outside. He offered to drive my car back to my house, insisting that he would be safe taking an Uber ride home. But when I hugged him, my physical pain vanished.

My mother had become familiar with my boyfriend’s character. Because of her adoration for him, she allowed us

to stay at his family’s cottage without supervision, encouraged us to see one another every day of the week, and permanently waived my curfew.

She loved him and trusted him too, to the extent that she forgot that the bedroom isn’t the only room you can have sex in and failed to adjust her policies accordingly.

“The next time we try, Dopey Wendell should come to our house,” my boyfriend’s mom suggested after we received Wilma’s negative pregnancy results. “She’ll be relaxed.”

She spoke reassuringly, as if, in the right setting, Wilma could become comfortable in the presence of a being that forced himself upon her.

In the midst of the aftermath with my parents, I left my house to feed Wilma. My boyfriend was operating equipment at a remote construction site, and his parents had travelled to a friend’s cottage for the weekend. I unlocked their front door using the house key I’d been given at the beginning of our relationship.

I dug out two scoops of Puppy Chow and emptied them into a plastic bowl. I pushed the sink’s handle forward and replenished the metal water cup under the counter. I jerked open the kitchen’s sliding door and cleaned its screen when Wilma returned inside.

Then, with hazy intent — but with the utmost sensitivity — I collapsed to the floor and

stroked her fur, feeling her belly for pregnancy. I wondered if my partner’s mom would rejoice if she was pregnant. I wondered the same for myself.

Wilma retreated to bring me back a toy gingerbread. It was the size that she had been on the day that we’d met. Together, we held it, our reminder of our similarities. That our silence is often interpreted as yes, so we will never be in full control of our autonomy.

If you or someone you know has been affected by sexual violence or harassment at U of T: • Visit safety.utoronto.ca for a list of safety resources.

• Visit svpscentre.utoronto. ca for information, contact details, and hours of operation for the tri-campus Sexual Violence Prevention & Support Centre. Centre staff can be reached by phone at 416-978-2266 or by email at svpscentre@ utoronto.ca.

• Call Campus Safety Special Constable Service to make a report at 416-978-2222 (for U of T St. George and U of T Scarborough) or 905-569-4333 (for U of T Mississauga) • Call the Women’s College Hospital Sexual Assault and Domestic Violence Care Centre at 416-323-6040 • Call the Scarborough Grace Sexual Assault Care Centre at 416-495-2555 • Call the Assaulted Women’s Helpline at 866-8630511 Winter 2022

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Weave

Visuals: Aditi Putcha

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Feature ­— Accutane

BEYOND SKIN DEEP

The overlooked mental health effects of Accutane Writer: Synthia Fahima Chowdhury Illustrator: Georgia Kelly Content warning: This article discusses suicide and mental illness.

After she turned 30, Christa Huggins decided she had to do something about her skin.

Huggins, a registered social worker in Ontario, had been battling stubborn acne on her face and back since she was a teenager. When she was 17 years old, she was prescribed an acne-treating drug called 50

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isotretinoin, commonly referred to as Accutane.

At the time, Huggins didn’t experience any notable side effects other than a dryness that made her lips look like “they had been [scraped] with a cheese grater.”

Miraculously, her skin cleared up — but the effects didn’t last. Taking the gel capsules once or twice a day over a four- to sixmonth course is often enough to banish acne completely, yet relapses sometimes occur months or even years after treatment. In Huggins’ case,

her acne was back after a month.

Despite her positive first experience, Huggins — who had stable obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) that was not significantly impacting her daily functioning at the

time that she was seeking out treatment — was cautious about taking isotretinoin again. After doing her own research on the drug, she hoped that a low dose over a longer period might keep

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her acne at bay without risking serious side effects. Huggins’ dermatologist had said that there was only a one to 11 per cent increased risk of developing depression, which is sometimes connected to the drug.

“He thought the correct figure was about one per cent,” Huggins explained. “He didn’t ask me if I had any history of mental health issues and didn’t mention the possibility of developing other forms of mental instability.”

By month seven on the drug, Huggins began developing obsessive thoughts unlike any that she’d ever had before. Daily tasks became increasingly difficult because of depression and extreme exhaustion. Her doctor agreed that isotretinoin had likely triggered the symptoms, but he assured her that they would subside after a month.

As more time passed, Huggins became unable to continue working and had to go on a disability leave. Almost seven years later, she lives with

severe melancholic depression: a major depressive disorder characterized by constant sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in activities that would otherwise bring joy.

“Since the depression started, I have felt like a completely different person than I was before Accutane,” Huggins said. “It is like someone turned off a switch in my brain, and it hasn’t been possible to turn it back on.”

Hope in a capsule

The skin clearing effects of isotretinoin were first discovered by Dr. Werner Bollag in 1971, when he was studying the drug as a potential cancer therapy at Roche Laboratories in Switzerland. But even Bollag was wary about moving forward with his findings.

Working in the aftermath of the 1960s thalidomide crisis, Bollag was painfully aware of the dangers of teratogenic drugs — drugs that affect embryonic or fetal development. The approval

of thalidomide as a market drug led to a worldwide public health tragedy in which thousands of babies were born with damaged limbs and other congenital disorders. Their mothers had been prescribed thalidomide as a supposedly risk-free sedative during pregnancy.

The Government of Canada has been criticized for its approval of thalidomide and its slow action to withdraw the drug from the market during the crisis. The Thalidomide Survivors Contribution Program was launched in 2015 to support Canadians who still live with disabilities because of thalidomide. Considering the likelihood that isotretinoin might cause similar birth defects, Bollag decided that the treatment was not worth pursuing for an ailment as common as acne, and he abandoned the project.

Unaware of Bollag’s findings years prior, Dr. Gary Peck and Dr. Frank Yoder began to experiment with isotretinoin as

a treatment for lamellar ichthyosis, a lifelong genetic skin disorder that appears at birth.

In 1975, they were surprised to find that the drug had miraculous effects on acne and published their results soon after. Following years of testing and clinical trials, isotretinoin was approved for prescription use in the early 1980s.

Headlines described the drug as hope in a capsule. Though it was marketed as an exciting new prospect for dermatologists and patients alike, the treatment was only meant to be used as a last resort for the most stubborn cases.

In 1983, Yoder voiced concerns that Accutane was being overprescribed to patients. In a Philadelphia Inquirer article, he asserted, “many of them have only two or three acne lesions and seemingly haven’t been told much about the drug.

It’s very effective for severe cases of cystic acne (the kind most resistant to treatment)

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Feature ­— Accutane

but should be used only for them and then very carefully.”

Since entering markets, isotretinoin has frequently been linked to cases of suicide, depression, and other psychiatric events. However, a number of investigations within the medical community have found it challenging to establish a clear, causal link between the drug and these side effects.

“The drug doesn’t work on your brain,” a Hoffmann-La Roche public relations manager once told The Ottawa Citizen in 1998. Three years later, though, the company, along with Health Canada, issued a warning to physicians that depression could be a possible side effect.

In the 1990s, a drug called Halcion was referred to as “the world’s most commonly prescribed sleeping pill,” even though some patients complained of amnesia, anxiety, depression, aggression, and paranoia. In a highly publicized 1988 case, an American woman

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was not held criminally responsible for killing her mother after the defence argued that the medication left her “involuntarily intoxicated.”

The United Kingdom banned Halcion in 1991, but North American clinical studies found no scientific cause for alarm.

Some speculated that sensational accounts villainized the drug, and the manufacturer dispelled anecdotal claims from consumers.

In the early 2000s and 2010s, studies found that patients were being prescribed opioids under unwarranted circumstances without any warnings about the drugs’ potential impacts on their brains. Before these studies, pain relieving medications like OxyContin were aggressively marketed as safe and highly effective. Addiction was dismissed as an unfortunate but extremely rare side effect. But new data in the last decade has shed light on the psychological impacts of these medications, and Canada

has declared the opioid crisis a public health emergency.

More recently, in 2019, The Walrus highlighted difficulties in proving direct causation between breast implants and a number of serious health issues.

While breast implant procedures are among the most popular cosmetic surgeries in Canada, they have been controversial for decades. Manufacturing companies have long denied any connection to side effects like brain fog, tremors, chronic fatigue, and autoimmune diseases, and most research shows a lack of statistical evidence pointing to a significant link.

However, new findings published last year support thousands of women who claim that their concerns were downplayed by medical professionals.

The majority of research about isotretinoin indicates that it has a positive psychological impact on patients who are struggling with emotional and self-esteem issues. In 2019, a

retrospective study examined 20 years of data in the US Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System, and found that isotretinoin users have lower rates of suicide than the general population. For these reasons, the drug is not always restricted to severe cases, especially when patients are particularly anxious about their acne and scarring.

According to Dr. Howard Bargman, an associate professor of dermatology at U of T, isotretinoin’s benefits most often outweigh the potential risks. “Several large studies, one from Canada, dispel the association [between isotretinoin and depression],” Bargman wrote in an email to The Varsity. The professor, who has been prescribing the drug for 30 years, elaborated: “Some people with bad acne are teenagers who go through a difficult period. The drug is a miracle for bad acne, and nothing else comes close to its effectiveness.”

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because of misconceptions about the causes of skin breakouts, like a poor diet or bad hygiene. Some feel powerless after multiple treatments fail to work.

Before-and-after comparisons on isotretinoin’s Reddit page demonstrate the life-changing confidence that it can bring. The transformation is undeniable. So is the clear emotional improvement: in most ‘after’ photos, the patient is visibly happier. For youth, among whom Accutane is one of the most commonly discussed medications online, the takeaway is clear: taking isotretinoin is a painstaking experience, but it almost always works wonders.

Living with acne can take a toll that reaches beyond skin-deep. According to the Acne and Rosacea Society of Canada, depression is two to three times as prevalent in acne patients than in the general public. Some studies note that, for those without problematic skin, it may be challenging to recognize the emotional impact of living with acne, creating feelings of isolation for those who struggle with it.

Research also shows that acne is linked to perceived stigmatization and low self-esteem, particularly since many cultural ideals tie beauty with flawless skin. While unattainable beauty ideals have always existed, the growing popularity of social media filters and photo editing apps that erase every visible pore and blemish can magnify anxieties around self-worth.

Additionally, some people with acne encounter judgement from family members and peers

Unexpected changes

Growing up, my view of isotretinoin treaded a fine line between curiosity and apprehension. I lurked on the Accutane subreddit long before I tried it myself.

While my acne wasn’t severe, the breakouts were frequent enough for well-meaning relatives to forward me unsolicited natural remedies online or to gently suggest that I eat less spicy food and drink more water.

After trying various skincare regimens, I met with a dermatologist. I was prescribed Accutane during my first visit in the spring of 2018.

Isotretinoin seemed to be the be all and end all solution to the almost decade-long battle I was determined to overcome before entering my twenties.

The first few months went better than I imagined. The jars of foundation and concealer that occupied my bathroom counter grew dusty with underuse. I ran my fingers over my skin, appreciating a smoothness I never thought I would feel on my face.

It wasn’t until winter, a few months later, that I noticed another change. The shifts in my mood were initially mild and subtle. Like the first few snowflakes before a storm, I could brush them off and go on with my day.

Eventually, the flurry of negative thoughts became difficult to bear. I dreaded waking up every morning to the hollow yet heavy feeling clenching my chest. Before going on isotretinoin, I didn’t have a history of mental illness — it’s possible that my dermatologist didn’t consider depression a risk when discussing the drug’s potential outcomes. The instructional document from my pharmacy also did not mention any mental health concerns in its list of possible side effects.

Sitting in my dermatologist’s office for a follow-up appointment seven months into my treatment plan, I was nervous about revealing the way I felt.

When I did, she asked me a question I hadn’t anticipated: “Are you sure you want to give up all the progress you’ve made?”

I didn’t know how to answer.

But after returning home with a refilled prescription, I stopped taking the pills.

As unexpectedly as they crept into my life, the overwhelming changes in my mood subsided.

The clenched feeling in my chest loosened its hold. It felt like I had been stuck in a maze — turn after turn feeling trapped and lost without a way out — and suddenly stumbled through the exit.

It’s hard to pinpoint how I found my way, but I felt free again. Looking back now, it’s difficult to recognize who I was during those months.

Despite the correlation between isotretinoin and my own struggle with mental health, I still wasn’t sure how to feel about the drug. Mental health issues are complex and fuelled

by a number of factors, making it impossible for me to point a finger at isotretinoin as the root cause of my downward spiral that winter.

It is similarly challenging — like untangling a complicated knot — to navigate decades’ worth of research about isotretinoin’s potential impact on the brain. There are hundreds of studies that, in total, provide little by way of clarity. Some findings contribute contradictory, alarming results, whereas others are reassuring.

In 2016, a group of psychiatrists, dermatologists, and psychologists in Poland released a study that mentioned the pressing need for a European dermatological and psychiatric consensus about isotretinoin.

After analyzing nine cases at the Medical University of Lublin within a three-year window, they identified a temporal link between the medication, depressive episodes, and suicidal ideation in patients with a personal or family history of affective disorders.

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Feature ­— Accutane

Of the nine patients, only two were informed of the psychiatric risks involved before taking the drug. Temporal data suggests that the episodes begin and end with the medication — but since 2005, the FDA has warned that depression might persist even after patients stop taking the pills.

Other findings point to biological processes that may link isotretinoin to depression. Unlike many other drugs, isotretinoin crosses through the blood-brain barrier and can potentially interfere with serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine — neurotransmitters that play a key role in mood regulation.

Most research has yet to substantiate these findings.

Nevertheless, present research encourages dermatologists to be hypervigilant about potential red flags like sleep disturbances, depression, increased aggression, or other emotional and behavioural changes — a precaution Bargman takes whenever he prescribes isotretinoin.

“I can only think of [two] instances where I asked the patient to stop it because of [changes] in their mental health,” Bargman wrote. “I [always] ask prior to commencing the drug and ask at each follow up visit… If they are present with a parent I inquire of [the parent] also if they’ve noted a change.”

On loss, hope, and support

Tucked away in private Facebook groups, there are small but active communities connected by isotretinoin. Most range from hundreds to a few thousand

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members — just a fraction of the Accutane subreddit’s 45,000 readers.

On a micro level, the contrast between these groups mirrors the contradictory research findings in the decades following the drug’s approval.

Brought together under titles like “Life After Accutane — A Group For People Damaged

By Isotretinoin” and “Accutane Survivors,” the members of these groups are, as Christa Huggins’ dermatologist might suggest, the ‘one percent.’

It was through one of these Facebook groups that I connected with April Newlun Peterson, who sent me a photograph of her 17 year old son, Carver Emery Peterson. When looking at the image, it’s hard to imagine that the boy smiling back at you was once insecure about his acne.

When April took her son to a Washington state dermatologist in the spring of 2017, she didn’t know much about Accutane, aside from its reputation for causing side effects like dry skin. Carver’s skin wasn’t bad, but he was bothered by the breakouts that lingered along his hairline, behind the bangs that swept across his forehead.

After a friend saw good results with isotretinoin, Carver was eager to try it.

During their first appointment, the dermatologist informed the two of them that,

for insurance purposes, they would first need to fill a prescription for an oral antibiotic called doxycycline before starting isotretinoin. There also would be some blood work over the course of the treatment and Carver would have to sign up with an online program called iPLEDGE. In the US, iPLEDGE is a national registry mandated by the FDA. The program is meant to prevent the devastating birth defects that isotretinoin is known to cause during pregnancy. However, some experts suggest that its monthly meetings would also be an opportune time to assess changes in mood. No such registry exists in Canada.

When April asked about the possibility of depression, the dermatologist reassured her that the risk was very low. So, by the end of their appointment, she was confident that the medication was safe. The first package of pills arrived in the mail shortly thereafter, and Carver began driving himself to his follow-up appointments. He was thrilled with the way the treatment was healing his skin.

But that summer, April was troubled by the inexplicable changes she was seeing in her son. The typically friendly teen suddenly seemed wound up by anger and anxiety, to the extent that his family feared that he might have been

taking recreational drugs.

When asked what was going on, Carver became closed off and agitated. Unbeknownst to his family, he confided in his friends that he was experiencing suicidal ideation and dreams of suicide.

April tried everything to address the family’s growing concerns about the changes in Carver’s behaviour, ranging from putting him in counselling to getting medication prescribed by his doctor. April’s husband asked Carver to take a drug test, but this only further provoked his anger.

Despite the family’s best efforts, nothing seemed to reach Carver and help him feel like the joyful and easygoing boy everyone knew him to be. In September, six months into his treatment, Carver came home from school to tell his mother about the person he’d invited to homecoming. Later that night, he died by suicide.

Autopsy reports confirmed that there were no recreational drugs in Carver’s system in the months leading to the tragedy, and April reported her son’s death through a government website given to her by the coroner. Later, she learned that some of his friends experienced similar side effects on isotretinoin. Their parents were told by pharmacists to look out for specific emotional and behavioural changes. Since her son’s medication arrived in the mail, April had not received the same critical advice, although, in hindsight, many of the warning signs were there.

“A couple of times, he went

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into big rages over very small things,” she explained. “He was suffering from depression, but I don’t think he knew what he was feeling or how to tell us…

He spent way too much time in his bed.”

According to a 2016 University of Oregon study, 70 per cent of internet users search for health information online.

Given that fact, it makes sense that many users on the Accutane subreddit seek support

before deciding to take the controversial drug. “Accutane has truly been a lifesaver,” one of the forum’s most upvoted posts reads.

Online communities like Life After Accutane perform a similar supportive function.

One member told The Varsity that, after being prescribed isotretinoin on her first visit, her dermatologist made her feel uncomfortable when she inquired about potential

If you or someone you know is in distress, you can call: • Canada Suicide Prevention Service phone available 24/7 at 1-833-456-4566 • Good 2 Talk Student Helpline at 1-866-925-5454 • Connex Ontario Mental Health Helpline at 1-866531-2600 • Gerstein Centre Crisis Line at 416-929-5200

•

U of T Health & Wellness Centre at 416-978-8030

Warning signs of suicide include: • Talking about wanting to die • Looking for a way to end one’s life • Talking about feeling hopeless or having no purpose • Talking about feeling

mental-health-related side effects. After doing her own research, the woman decided to stay off isotretinoin, having struggled with the ‘baby blues’ following the birth of her child months prior.

Other members of the community lean on each other to feel seen or seek advice. Many find hope in an ongoing review of the drug by an Isotretinoin Expert Working Group from the UK’s Medicines and Healthcare

• • • • •

trapped or being in unbearable pain Talking about being a burden to others Increasing use of alcohol or drugs Acting anxious, agitated, or reckless Sleeping too little or too much Withdrawing or feeling isolated

products Regulatory Agency.

One user even offers to make a memorial video for the loved ones of grieving users.

For most users, however, awareness is the most crucial.

“It makes it even worse when doctors don’t believe Accutane caused your illness,” Huggins concluded. “If I ever recover enough, I hope to write a book.

I’ve already started, but my exhaustion makes it very slow going.”

•

Showing rage or talking about seeking revenge • Displaying extreme mood swings The more of these signs a person shows, the greater the risk.

If you suspect someone you know may be contemplating suicide, you should talk to them, according to the Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention.

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Kintsugi

Visuals: Nathan Ching

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Kintsugi

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Chinese Fusion Visuals: Piper Hays

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Miracle Cream

Miracle cream Writer: Isabel Zhu Photographer: Jadine Ngan

I don’t need to tell you that two years have passed since the beginning of the pandemic.

That’s nearly 10 per cent of my life that went by in a blur. Like many of those born in 2002 and 2003, I became an adult during this time period — in the legal sense, at least.

But numbers and arbitrary legal designations do not completely capture the magnitude of these past two years. It is much easier to see the passage of time on our bodies — and, specifically, on our faces.

Many of us have used our newfound time during this uncertain period to improve the things we still had control over.

In my case, I made a return to skin care in an effort to feel as if I could govern one aspect of my life, while time — and everything else — seemed to rush by and fall apart.

Maybe it was my lack of exposure to the downtown air, or my renewed commitment to cleaning my face, but my skin at the beginning of the pandemic was the clearest it had ever been.

To be fair, I was

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already something of a skin care veteran. The world of cosmetics opened up to me when I was 14, back when my skin was studded with pimples and perpetually slicked in oil. I’d amassed a vocabulary of pseudoscientific words, and had acquired a knack for picking effective and trendy skin care products after studying publications like Into The Gloss and information I found online.

Around the time I’d perfected my skin care regimen, which was a 10-step monstrosity at its peak, the ‘no-makeup makeup’ — the appearance of effortless, smooth, and fresh skin — was ‘the look.’ These days, looking like yourself now means looking like the most polished version of yourself.

That should be a good thing, but cultivating such a look is by no means ‘natural.’ According to this definition, being

‘naturally’ beautiful does not mean looking like yourself, but it is more about adhering to beauty standards with as seemingly little effort as possible.

The rise of ‘that girl’ — a colloquialism used to describe a feminine lifestyle and aesthetic that involves healthy eating, dieting, and looking and feeling your best — is also tied to the idea of the no-makeup makeup look. It’s an archetypical example of the problem at hand: how living ‘naturally’ has become so artificial. The ‘that girl’ lifestyle is also inherently classist, since it comes with built-in expenses, such as creams, pretty workout gear, and pricey ‘health

foods.’ It promotes a whitewashed idea of health and requires leading lives that revolve around Eurocentric ideals of

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Youth as a reflection of a woman’s worth, now sold in stores beauty, health, and success.

Perhaps most importantly, ‘that girl’ doesn’t seem to age.

She is mature, yes, but she is eternally young. She is a girl, not a woman.

There is a constant pressure and expectation for women to look young, to remove traces of their natural aging from their skins. That is why youth is now bottled up and sold at Sephora.

Within a few years — even now, really — I will be in the target demographic for anti-aging products. Stores carry a vast variety of miracle creams, some with low-star reviews if they do not deliver the desired miracle: to prevent anything that might become a wrinkle.

With the advent of ‘that girl,’ I noticed an intermingling of self-care with skin care. Skin care regimes, instead of simply being processes to aid specific, ever-present issues like acne flare-ups, have come to indicate a woman’s ability to care for herself as a person. Given

the barriers to these cosmetic treatments, then, we have come full circle in equating a woman’s worth to her ability to supposedly cultivate her own beauty, quantified by what products she can afford.

Of course, days when we look good and feel good are important. We all have products that we swear by which help us with looking and feeling good.

But in the consumer market, the skin we are in and its inevitable marks of aging remain things to be solved. Looking and being our best have been synonymized, and doing so is a luxury only a few can afford.

Semi-isolation likely exacerbated my obsessive feelings toward skin care. When you’re alone, after all, the most convenient subject to dwell on is yourself. I can make my skin look good every day if I don’t go outside, if everything else stops and it’s the only thing I focus on. But there’s more to life than that.

My personal conclusion is not an attempt to justify that everyone is beautiful. Not everything needs to be beautiful in order to justify its worth. The beautiful thing about aging — not in the visual sense, but the act itself — is that it has to happen. It equalizes us. It is experience and the passage of time imprinted on our physical forms.

Physically aging marks a persistence of personhood — the same persistence, even if it seems futile on some days, that is required to get through life. We may feel like life has stagnated — but in reality, it is still rushing past.

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Feature ­— Toronto/Elsewhere

Home is Toronto, home is elsewhere A glimpse into the lives of three international students

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Writer: Nathan Ching Visuals: Nathan Ching, Kim Ngan Phung, Andrea Kuntjoro As an international student, Toronto has had to become somewhat of a home to me, whether I like it or not. But after three years at U of T, every time the snow falls, or when the sky turns into a knitted pattern of violet and orange, I’m glad to call this place home.

Each international student at U of T has a different story.

The Varsity interviewed three of them to see how they’ve made a home out of Toronto. The stories of these three unique students, intertwined with cultural identity, wanderlust, exploration, and introspection, show us what it means to be a student abroad. Even more

so, they tell us that home is not just where the heart is, but how your heart adapts.

Three students, three stories.

What’s yours?

Winnie

When I first met Winnie, the first thing I noticed about her were the tattoos on her arm. I said it was rare to know students with tattoos, but that it was a really powerful and beautiful expression. She thanked me, but added that back home, she had to wear long sleeves to cover the tattoos up.

I asked her why, despite already knowing her answer. She explained that when a friend of hers wanted a fake tattoo, his mom threatened to kick him out. This kind of reaction, Winnie said, is just way too common. Could you imagine

what would happen if he got a real one?

Winnie, a third-year Rotman Commerce student, is Vietnamese. She grew up in Vietnam, but studied in Vancouver starting in grade eleven. When she first came to Toronto, she had few friends and no relatives. At some point, she contemplated attending the University of British Columbia instead of U of T. “Toronto isn’t really the city that I want to be in… the streets are a little bit more dangerous,” she explained Like many people, Winnie joined various clubs in hopes of meeting more people. One of those clubs was the Vietnamese Students’ Association (UTVSA).

During her time there, she realized that although not all of the people at the UTVSA necessarily spoke Vietnamese, they were all enamoured by the culture

itself. The UTVSA doesn’t only serve to promote Viet culture, but to bring in people who love the culture.

“Before I joined [the club], I was also ashamed of my identity,” said Winnie. She had thought her international student status would invite different treatment from people in Toronto.

As a place where culture and students collide, the Wilson student club offices are home to Winnie — they’re a place of memories and reflections about past events put on by the UTVSA. The scarf she wore represented her time preparing for cross-cultural performances she has been a part of. I could tell Winnie felt at home among these walls — maybe she takes comfort in the intersectional identities that made her feel as though she could be herself in this vibrant community.

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Feature ­— Toronto/Elsewhere

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Arthur

“Every day [in Indonesia], I would wake up, go to school, come back, and study to prepare for the next exam... But in China, there is a purpose behind the things I do: in the artworks I make, in the research papers I write for geography, and in the novels and books that I analyze for English.”

Arthur, a 19-year old second-year UTSC student, spent most of his life in Indonesia, but it was when he spent his high school years in Guangzhou, China that he truly felt at home. After picking up art as a hobby in China, Arthur learned that, to him, home is

where he can tell the stories he wants to tell.

Every Friday at Arthur’s elementary school in Indonesia, students had to wear batiks — a traditional Indonesian cloth — instead of their usual uniforms.

Later on, his Chinese high school did not have uniform requirements, but Arthur reminisced about Batik Fridays and took it upon himself to wear a batik every Friday anyways, which garnered compliments from his Chinese classmates.

These moments of validation for his culture made him really proud of who he was, which was particularly important for the part of him that was uncomfortable with being in a foreign country.

When he moved to Toronto, it was his guitar that helped him settle in, especially during the pandemic.

Originally, his mother wanted him to play the violin, but that became a tedious task that he wasn’t interested in.

Upon discovering the guitar, he found a release from the specific pieces he had to learn for the violin — with the guitar, he had a new sense of freedom and could play what he wanted to play.

Resting on his neck is a cross pendant. He wears it wherever he goes since it reminds him of his beliefs and his family, and it provides him with a sense of security. “I’m still finding my way through it all,” he said.

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Feature ­— Toronto/Elsewhere

Atharv

Atharv grew up in Mumbai and lived there for eighteen years.

He is now in his third year at U of T. But when he came to Toronto, he wasn’t expecting the passion and energy that he found here. “The energy that I have around me — of people actively pursuing their interests — is a sort of comfort, a comfort that you’re not going to be judged… To me, that is home.”

Atharv thinks that in Toronto, people are intensely passionate. That energy and drive can be seen as intimidating — in a culture of overachieving and frivolous competition, what can one add? — but he prefers to see it as inspiring. “In terms of advice that I can give… [it] is to be authentic and genuine about who you are as a person. When you do that is when you attract people you truly resonate with.”

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Outside of his academic life, Atharv has pursued a true passion that was only made possible because of COVID-19: he co-created a podcast called “Different Boat, Same Storm,” in which he interviews people from “all walks of life.” What I found most interesting throughout this interview was the way he channelled the aforementioned energy into a passion project, a project that has now connected him with people across the globe.

I guess it’s true that the energy you receive from the environment around you truly affects who you become — and isn’t that what home should

be? A place that can make you feel comfortable achieving your potential.

Atharv is known on campus for his involvement as a swimmer and in athletics, so our conversation naturally led to a talk about his career in swimming. Although he was a national swimmer in Mumbai, he didn’t always feel at home in the water.

“As a kid, I was scared of water and depths,” he confessed.

But after being diagnosed with a breathing condition, he needed either surgery or swimming lessons to build up his lung capacity.

As an unathletic and overweight kid, he didn’t initially like the idea of swimming lessons. But the exercise began to shape his personality. Today, the confidence shaped by his swimming inspires every other aspect of his life.

Nowadays, we can find Atharv swimming with the Masters Swim Team at the Athletic Centre. It’s his space to find joy for himself. U of T is known for its competitive atmosphere, but for Atharv, swimming has never been about competition.

“To me,” he said, “[it’s] a constant exercise in introspection and self-improvement.”

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Blue Roses

Writer & Illustrator: Miriam Sossin

Blue R ses EVEN AFTER DISASTER, A GARDEN CAN REGROW

Content warning: This article contains descriptions of death.

Seun moved to Toronto on February 18, 2021. I met him on March 4. I used to wonder how many butterfly effects had to happen for us to meet.

What invisible string had connected two people from different continents to collide in a place where neither of us had grown up?

Over the crack of our collision, it felt like a garden grew. Flowers I had never seen before were sprouting, and they were growing faster

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than I knew they could. Every time I woke up next to him, a tulip grew; every time he called me pretty, a group of azaleas appeared. When we watched The Terminal and he asked me out, a redwood took root. When we shared our music with each other, palm trees swayed along to Burna Boy and Lizzo with us.

An evergreen grew when he bought mint chip ice cream (my favourite) even though he hated it. A cactus sprung up when I snuck him into my dorm room. Roses covered the ground when we kissed at the Harbourfront.

By May 1, he was my boyfriend. We decided that at the first possible opportunity, we had to go on a mini golfing date, and that I would absolutely crush him at it. Willows grew as our relationship went long distance and we could only Facetime, and sunflowers bloomed when we laid down on his patio and watched the CN tower change colours.

I told him I loved him on June 22. I saw a new patch of grass grow whenever he played with my hair, and every time I cried with him, a pink peony bloomed.

On September 17, we

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finally went mini golfing, and he beat me (badly). We cooked Thanksgiving dinner together as apple blossoms grew. A maple tree joined the palms and willows when he visited my home with me. What from a satellite may have seemed like an inconsequential garden in the vast scheme of things, had become my whole world.

On October 27, our garden burned. Every flower, bush, tree, and bud that had grown around us was destroyed, because his body let him down.

Maybe it was a naive and privileged view of the world to think that people could be above nature and its randomness — that living in a city would protect us from disasters. That if a flood or fire or earthquake started to happen, it could be stopped or fixed.

There was no way something as small as a disease could

destroy a whole person — no way a fire could take down a mountain. There was no way that on a Wednesday afternoon, a doctor would tell me that he was gone. There was no way our garden could turn to ash. But on November 17, I brought blue roses to his funeral.

The magical thing about nature is that it continuously regrows after catastrophe.

The silver lining about being a part of nature is that we can regrow, too — but the annoying thing about being a person is that we have to do it on purpose. It’s just like the way that some flowers had to be planted and cared for while others seemed to simply appear when he held my hand.

If there is any hope for my garden to regrow, for a new ecosystem to bloom, I have to not let the fact of the fire

take me away too. I have to let time bring my own garden back — and I have to get up and work to make it grow.

So I play the videos that I didn’t take enough of, and I wear his clothes, which I kept too many of. I try not to forget the way that he danced and how safe I felt in his arms.

I hold onto the magic he showed me.

I begin to accept that I’ll never get to know how our garden would have grown or split, that he’ll never get to see me bloom and that he doesn’t get to bloom at all. I forgive him for all the stupid things he never got to explain, and forgive myself for all the smart things I never got to say.

And when my garden regrows from the ash, I’ll plant some of the flowers I got from him. I’ll have him to thank for knowing what a garden is.

Over the crack of our collision, it felt like a garden grew.

I try not to forget the way that he danced and how safe I felt in his arms.

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Magic in Monotony

There’s magic in monotony 70

The Varsity Magazine

Reclaiming joy in the absence of novelty Writer: Stephanie Bai Photographers: Jadine Ngan & Caroline Bellamy

Faultlines

When I wake, I already know almost everything that will happen in my day. I change from my sleepwear sweatpants into my loungewear sweatpants.

I brush my teeth and count out two minutes on my watch. I toast a

sesame bagel and check the time on the oven clock.

11:32 am. Is my bagel considered brunch because of the time? Maybe I’ve been eating brunch every day for almost two years now.

Find me on my blue-cushioned living room couch. I am drinking my morning cup of tea, although there is slight variation available here — made with sugar and milk or drunk straight up. My laptop is propped open on my legs as I swipe through the seven windows open on my screen,

hunched over with a posture that would make my mother shake her head.

At 1:28 pm, my fingers hover over blue bubbles of text that ask me how I’ve been. Good, I think? Well — just about the same. How are you?

Type “bored during covid” into your search bar. On the first page, headlines tell you that you are not alone, and some give you tips on how to alleviate the drivel of everyday sameness.

The UK Office for National Statistics reported in 2021 that boredom had been a key issue in the year prior. As we repeat the same activities in a rote, mechanized way each day, they occupy a bigger part of our minds.

“Individual activities are now taking on increased significance as they are weighed against the loss of possible experiences we feel like we are missing out on,” wrote Julian Jason Haladyn, an assistant professor at the Ontario College for Art and Design, in The Conversation.

“It is as if people are trying to get too much meaning out of

If there’s been one feeling that I’ve heard people voice consistently for the past couple of years, it’s the dull drum of boredom. their immediate activities, in order to make up for the sense of a lost future.”

This last bit strikes me the most: people making meaning out of desperation.

I think about hands wringing out a soaked dishcloth over the sink. Every rivulet of water is another significant aspect of our everyday lives that has to be painstakingly extracted.

How do we break away from monotony when every day loops into another? Maybe the lists of suggestions don’t work. Maybe they only work for a little while.

Because that’s the funny thing with monotony, right? Do any-

Maybe all we can do is lean into it.

Find joy where we can. thing new enough times over, and it will settle into sameness again.

I think of the afternoon light pouring through my living room window to my right. It doesn’t look the same every day, but sometimes, around 4:17 pm, it plays across the room, casting a shadow of the window on the wall opposite my blue-cushioned couch. Without turning my head, I watch leaves rustle from where I sit.

We may all be facing lost futures. But loss does not exist in a vacuum.

Most days, when the listlessness grips me too tight, I make myself feel something. I dig my heels into the ground. I level my gaze and try to make sense of what I see. Because, when we relinquish control and the world feels so big it spills out of our pockets and we are cleaved in two by the absurdity of it all, the centre must still hold.

When I wake, I look forward to my

toasted sesame bagel. It is chewy and warm and reminds me of the deli back home in New Jersey. I find the ritual of steeping tea soothing. Watching the bag of dried leaves cloud the water into an amber, then a red-brown, eases me into my work. It doesn’t feel like labour to me.

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Magazine Editor-in-Chief: Jadine Ngan Creative Director: Aditi Putcha Varsity Editor-in-Chief: Hannah Carty Managing Online Editor: Stephanie Bai Managing Editor: Tahmeed Shafiq Senior Copy Editor: Sarah Kronenfeld Deputy Senior Copy Editor: Nawa Tahir Design Editors: Makena Mwenda and William Xiao Illustration Editor: Andrea Zhao Photo Editor: Caroline Bellamy Magazine Assistants: Caleb Chan and Sahir Dhalla Associate Senior Copy Editors: Talha Anwar Chaudhry, Safiya Patel, Cherry Zhang Design Assistant: Danah Owaida Cover Art: Andrea Zhao Endpaper Art: Makena Mwenda Copy Editors: ​​Akshita Aggarwal, Jonathan Blumenthal, Colin Chau, Julia Da Silva, Angad Deol, Huda El-Zein, Robert Guglielmin, Angel Hsieh, Zarmina Jabarkhil, Lina Karim, Janus Kwong, Mona Liu, Violet Mackintosh, Oeishi Mukherjee, Cherise Pan, Amanda Pompilii, Frank Qiao, Emily Saso, Urooba Shaikh, Sanjaya Sritharan, Kiri Stockwood, Lindsey Thurston, Ajeetha Vithiyananthan, Yan Xu Additional editing by: Alyanna Denise Chua, Angad Deol, Alexa DiFrancesco, Maya Morriswala, Nawa Tahir, Tahmeed Shafiq, Hannah Carty Additional design by: Caroline Bellamy and Andrea Zhao Special thanks to: Mies, Jade, and Liya; Galleria, for keeping us fed; Aditi’s carefully curated rn 2.0 playlist; Alyanna, for the wonderful ensaymada; Tahmeed, for the little coconut cake; and Nawa and Steph for pulling all-nighters with us. And of course, to all the writers, artists, editors, and dear friends who lent time and care to this pipe dream of a project. We made a magazine together! You’re holding it now!

The Varsity Magazine has a circulation of 3,000 published by Varsity Publications Inc. It is printed by Master Web Inc. on recycled newsprint stock. Content © 2021

by The Varsity. All rights reserved. Any editorial inquiries and/or letters should be directed to the magazine editor-in-chief.

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