Know Your Snow

BY TIM HAUSERMAN

Back in 2007 I wrote the book “Cross Country Skiing in the Sierra Nevada.” The most fun section to write was about the different names we come up for the types of snow encountered by cross-country skiers in the Sierra.

Here is an abbreviated version that is geared toward skate skiers.

Boilerplate | This is that rock-solid, shiny-as-a-piece-of-quartz snow. Snow might be a misnomer as it is closer to ice. Boilerplate occurs early in a ski season when there has not been that much snow and the little amount there is fell a few weeks ago. And it is cold. This icy snow is hard to edge and requires you to ski on top of your skis.

It can be downright dangerous, especially on steep downhill sections. The only way to avoid boilerplate conditions is to ski later in the day when it has had a chance to soften up. Better yet, stay home and pray for snow.

Hardpack | One step softer from boilerplate is hardpack. While still firm and icy, you can usually get a bit of an edge and are less likely to slide off the trail into a tree. In springtime, hardback is often called crusty or morning crust. Skiers who like hardpack call it fast as in: “Yeah, the conditions were fast this morning.” Skiers who don’t like hardpack call it boilerplate.

Firm | Next up on the firmness scale is firm. For skate skiers, firm is usually pretty good skiing and for striders, as long as the terrain is not too difficult, it can be good skiing, as well.

Soft and Buttery, Silk, Butter, Just Right, Awesome, Corn | The better the snow for skiing, the more names it has. For cross-country skiing, this is as good as it gets. Not too hard, not too soft, but right in the middle. Goldilocks, who obviously was a big cross-country skier, thinks it is just right. Often snow will be hardpack, then firm, then just perfect as the day pro-

This icy snow is hard to edge and requires you to ski right on top of your skis. It can be downright dangerous, especially on steep downhill sections. The only way to avoid boilerplate conditions is to ski later in the day when it has had a chance to soften up.

gresses. Silk snow is fast but forgiving and will always put a smile on your face.

The problem with just right snow is that it often doesn’t last long. Once the snow becomes flawless it will soon change to soft and sticky. In the morning, you may encounter several different types of snow. Hardpack in the shade of the trees, soft and buttery where the sun just hit, and soft and sticky in the areas that have been sunny all morning.

Soft and sticky | Once the sun really hits the snow it can get sticky. The right wax can help but it’s best to be off the trails before the snow brings your skis to a halt. The initial phase of soft and sticky snow is still fast and fun to ski in, but as the hours progress and the temperatures rise, the snow slowly turns into the dreaded …

Glob, mashed potatoes, glue | This is the snow that really fits its name. Soft, dirty, sticky, gluey, messy — yuck. It’s best to avoid if possible. This snow is also known as Sierra Cement. It is once again time to pray for snow.

When your prayers are finally answered and a big storm brings in a fresh new load (also known as a major dump) it is time to experience several other types of snow.

Powder or groomed powder | During or right after a big storm, the snow is cold and dry: beautiful but slow conditions for a skate skier. This is the time to classic ski or if you ski both downhill and cross-country, this is the day to hit the downhill slopes (except for the fact that everyone else in the world will be at the downhill slopes). If there has been more than 1 foot of snow and the trails have only been groomed once or twice, you may punch through with your skis not staying on top of the snow. Slow, slow, slow. It is, however, a great workout and if the snow is really coming down, it can be spectacularly beautiful, but don’t expect to set any speed records.

Firm powder | A day or two after the powder, when the snow has been groomed at least a few times, you will find firm powder. The downhill resorts call this packed powder and they still call it packed powder three weeks later when it has progressed to boilerplate. While firm powder is not as fast as hardpack, it has sped up a bit and you will no longer punch through the snow. This is a great time to be skiing — especially if the trees are still laden with snow and the air is crisp and cool.

Off-piste skating | Skate skiing is best done on groomed skating lanes, except for a brief period when the off-piste (offtrail) conditions set up perfectly. If it hasn’t snowed in a few weeks and it is freezing at night and above freezing during the day, a flat meadow can firm up to the point where you can ski around without sinking. Be sure to take full advantage of these blissful conditions. Tahoe Cross Country Ski Area’s Antone Meadows (off Red) and Stump Meadows (off Gold) are good choices for off-piste, along with Tahoe Meadows off Highway 431, Meeks Meadows on the West Shore and Van Sickle BiState Park on the South Shore.

Sun Cups | Late in the spring, after lots of warm days and cold nights without any new snowfall, the snow surface can start to look like a giant golf ball. The sunny flats and slopes are covered with little round dimples known as sun cups. They can be

Courtesy NLTRA

anywhere from a few inches deep to 1 foot or more.

Skiing across a meadow full of sun cups is a rough and bouncy affair, sort of like water skiing outside the wake on a rough day. Since sun cups occur late in the spring when much of the snow has melted, they are nature’s way of telling you to tune up your mountain bike.

Frozen ruts | In the spring, skiers, snowshoers and dogs make deep tracks in the mashed potatoes during the day. These ruts then freeze overnight. At groomed ski areas an evening groom of the trail deals with this problem. This is perhaps the worst snow condition. The ruts catch your skis and are treacherous.

Sugar | If snow has been groomed many times and the temperatures are still cold you get sugar. It looks and acts like fresh sugar granules (except it will not improve the taste of your coffee). Skiing downhill or on the flats in the sugar can be fun, but if it is deep and you are going uphill it can be a struggle.

Early winter | If there has not been that much snow for a while and the days are cold, watch out for boilerplate. Ski later in the day when the snow has had a chance to soften up and hope for a big dump.

Midwinter | After a big storm, you might want to stride the first day and skate after that.

Courtesy California State Parks historic resort & marina Courtesy Camp Richardson

kilometers 35

# of trails 6+

grooming 10km

warming huts 0

Camp Richardson’s Mountain Sports Center provides 10km of groomed and marked trails for beginners to experts.

Several trails head out from the center looping through the open forest to the shores of Fallen Leaf Lake. Two other shorter trails meander through the grounds of the resort and along the shores of Lake Tahoe. The Beacon Bar and Grill and General Store are both open for the winter. n

kilometers 16+

# of trails 5

grooming no

warming huts 0

Feb. 18 | Donner Relief Expedition

Donner Memorial State Park has more than 16km of trails throughout the park. Although the trails are not groomed, visitors can make his or her own route to Schallenberger Ridge, Coldstream Canyon or along the shores of Donner Lake.

Donner Party anniversary | The park is named for the infamous Donner Party that was trapped on or near the grounds of the present-day park during the winter of 1846-47. This winter marks the 175th anniversary of those tragic events. Read more about the Donner Party in Tahoe Weekly’s ongoing series available at TheTahoeWeekly.com. Click on Donner Party under the Explore Tahoe menu. The Donner Relief Expedition will reenact the 1st Relief Party mission to save the pioneers from Feb. 14 to 18. | forlornhope.org

Free trail access | Access to the trails is free; parking is $5 for the winter. Dogs are welcome but must be on leash and are not allowed on marked ski trails.

Annual parking pass | Purchase a Tahoe Regional Parking Pass for $75 good at all the state parks in the Tahoe region for a year. Available in the museum or at parks.ca.gov.

Donner Project | The Sierra State Parks Foundation is fundraising to restore the more than 100-year-old Pioneer Monument at the park. Donate at sierrastateparks.org. n

Courtesy Granlibakken Tahoe & snowshoe center

kilometers 7.5

# of trails 2

warming huts 1

Dec. 31 | New Year’s Eve Celebration

Cross-country skiers and snowshoers can explore the historic resort’s 74 acres. Follow a 1.5-mile trail around the property and a groomed access trail to Paige Meadows (flat-groomed, without stride-skiing tracks) when weather and snow conditions permit.

All tickets for skiing, riding and tubing must be purchased in advance online.

Family Fun | The resort offers popular tubing lanes served by snowmaking systems along with the Benny the Bear snow play area, which is open daily in the winter. Skiing & Riding | The ski hill and ski school are open Friday to Sunday during the season and daily during holidays. There is also a Nordic trail around the property and an access trail to Page Meadows. Kids sled free | Kids younger than 3 sled for free.

Treetop park | The Tahoe City Treetop Park located at the resort offers aerial adventures for ages 5 and older. n

kilometers 80

# of trails 17

grooming 80km

warming huts 3

Dec. 31 | Torchlight Parade TBA | Banked Slalom Jan. 29-30 | Freeride Junior Tour

Offering 80km of groomed trails at 7,800 feet, Kirkwood features three interconnected trail systems and two trailhead facilities with parking areas.

Fat Bikes | Rent a fat bike or bring your own to explore three interconnected trail systems.

Dogs welcome | Dogs are allowed on the High Trail located behind the Kirkwood Inn and the Outer Loop on the meadow.

Kids ski free | Kids ages 4 & younger ski free. Kirkwood is for the avid adventurer looking for back-country opportunities with a range of clinics and private guides.

Masks | Face coverings will be required in indoor settings including in restaurants, lodging properties, restrooms, retail and rental locations, and on buses. Face coverings will not be required outdoors, in lift lines, or on chairlifts or gondolas, unless required by local regulations.

Dining | Guests will be required to book a reservation to eat at many onmountain restaurants. As well, guests 12 and older will be required to show proof of COVID-19 vaccinations to dine at indoor, on-mountain quickservice (cafeteria-style) restaurants. n