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TheNewJournal Volume

26,

The magazine about Yale and New Haven

Number 1

September 3, 1993

STANDARDS --------------------------------5

About this Issue

28 Afterthought: How I Spent My Summer. by Richard Brodhead. page 13

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PROFILE-----------------------------------13

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FEATURES------------------------------~~

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From Town to Gown. by John Kim. Bringing more Elm City grads inside Yale sivy walls proves more difficult than it appears.

8

Where the Buck Stops. by Joshua Civin. The Yale community demands superhuman feats from its president. Can anyone fit the bill?

16

Mapping the Interior: Hiram Bingham and the Dream of Discovery. by Jose Manuel Tesoro. The lure ofthe unknown brought a ragtag expedition from Yale to Peru and turned a little-known professor into a self-styled hero.

page 12 22

25

page 28

Two· Yalies For Cheers. by Suzanne Kim. Rob Long (TC '87) and Dan Staley (BK '85) have laughed their way from High Street to Hollywood.

Lifting the Veil at Yale. by Regina Gelin. Yale s married undergrads balance Blue Books with wedded bliss. · Feeding the City. by John Gorham. New Havens two most famous contributions to American cuisine are more than just a source ofweal pride.

Cover Design by Jay Poner and Jose Manuel Tesoro.

Photo courtesy ofYale Peabody Museum ofNarural History.

(VoiUtM 26, Number I. TIN Nt1V jttunt~tl is published five times during the school year by Th" N~ Jour=! at Yale, Inc., Post Oflia: Box 3432 Yal" St2tion, N~ Hav~, CT 06520. ~· 1993 by Th" N~ Jour=! at YaJ.,, Inc. All rights reserved. Rq>roducrion dther in whol" or in pan without wrin"" permission of th" pubiUh"' and editor-in-dtid IS prohibired.

Tlus mapin.e is published by Yak Coli~ studmts, and Yale University is not responsibl" for its contmts. T"" rhousand copies of each issu" a"' distribured frtt ro members of th" Yal" U~iry community. TIN Nnv jttMntlli is prinred by Turley Publications of Palmer, MA. Bookkeeping and billing services are provided by Colman ~ing of N~ Haven, cr.

Ofliae address: 305 Crown Srreet, Office 312. Phone: (203) 432-1957. Subsc:riptions a"' available to th0$e outsid" the Yale community. Rares: One year, $18. 'rwo years, $30. TIN Nt1V J-1 encourages l=us to the editor and comm.,nts on Yale and New Haven issues. Write ro Jose Manuel Tesoro, Editorials, 3432 Yale Station, New Haven, CT 06520. All letters for publicar;o, must include address and signaru"'. Tht Ntw jttM1714/....,rves th" right to edit all l"'rers for publication.

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ABouT THIS IssuE ike the "discoverers" of Machu Picchu, we at The New journal consider ourselves explorers. But unlike Hiram Bingham and his team, our summertime explorations always begin and end at home. T his summer we took our commitment to traversing the homefront quite literally, visiting the domestic confines of four married undergraduates. Summertime also gave us the opportunity to wander beyond our Gothic walls and our city limits. Out there we met two Yale grads who have made careers writing Hollywood sitcoms.

In this issue, we renew our commitment to mapping the changes in the university administration. One year ago, The New journal featured stories on outgoing president Benno Schmidt and in terim president Howard Lamar. This year, with our third administration in as many years, we offer two perspectives on the uphill climb: an examination of the duties of the unive;sity president and Richard Brodhead's own, straight-from-thesource reflections on becoming Dean ofYale CoU:ege.

At Th~ New journal, though, exploration is not merely a summertime pursuit. We look forward to the coming year's discoveries and invite you to join us in making them. The trek begins at our organizational meetings: Monday, September 6, at 7:30 PM in the Silliman Common Room and Wednesday, September 8, at 7:00 PM at St. Anthony Hall, 438 College Street (Corner of College and Wall Streets). Whatever your talent may be- business, photography, design, artwork, computers, or w ritingthere's a place for you on our expedition 1NJ congratulates former managing editor Emily Bazelon (PC '93) for winning the John Hersey Prize and staff member Suzanne Kim (SY '96) for winning the Meeker Prize for her TN] article "The D ating Game." (Vol.25, No.4) -The Editors

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5

From Town to Gown john Kim

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nee upon a time, New Haven high school students received special consideration from Yale. To strengthen relations between the university and the city, Yale set aside scholarships and places in each class for Elm City grads. But in the 1960s, New Havenites lost this preferential treatment in the application process. Today, few New Haven high school graduates enter Yale each year.

The university has often been criticized for not having enough city kids within its hallowed halls. With only four entering Yale this fall, city public school graduates will make up just a tiny percentage of a freshman class of more than 1,200. Both Yale and New Haven educators and activists would like the number of city kids in Yale's classrooms to increase. But no one is quite sure how. · In 1911 , Yale offered two full-tuition scholarships to New Haven high school graduates based on merit and financial need. Within ten years the program grew to include 24 additional scholarships. Yale replaced this arrangement in 1958 with the City of New Haven Scholarship Program, under which six scholarships were awarded annually: one to a Hillhouse High School graduate, one to a Wilbur Cross High School graduate, and four to graduates of any of the secondary schools within New Haven's city limits. This scholarship program essentially created a quota system in which at least six New Haven students would be admitted annually.

In the 60s, Yale's scholarship policy changed. Financial need alone determined financial aid. Yale's Financial Aid Office applied the same funding formulas for all admitted candidates to Yale College. New Haven students lost their special scholarships and quotas.

Yale President A. Bartlett Giamatti (SY '60) re-instituted "scholarships" for New Havenites in 1979. Called the Sterling Scholarships, these awards are essentially meritbased, honorary designations. Sterling Scholars who do not qualify for financial aid receive no monetary award, while those who do qualify have the self-help portion of their package reduced. New Haven students, however, have not recovered their former numbers with these new scholarships.

Many educators and students suppon the present policy despite well-publicized criticism. Bert Saxon, in charge of the programs for gifted and talented students at Hillhouse High School, is content with the present relationship between his school and Yale. "Admitting through a quota 6 T H£ N £w Jou RNAL

system is a mistake. A system that allows flexibility is much better," he says. According to Saxon, Yale generally admits aro.und ten New Haven students per year, with some years' admissions dipping to four or five, other years' reaching as high as fourteen or fifteen. Saxon does not want Yale to lower its standards in order to admit more New Haven applicants.

Some New Haven students at Yale concur. .Orlando Cordero (BK '96), a graduate of New Haven's Career High School, insists that the "most qualified students" should get the spots. "New Haven students should not be treated any differently," he adds. "When I got in," says Wilbur Cross

uYale is seen as an elitist place for wealthy whites. 'Don ct go to Yale, ' kids will say. 1t"ll turn you into a white person. " graduate Janna Wagner (JE '95), "I felt like I only got in because I'm from New Haven. The problem with quotas is that they create stigmas and stereotypes. No one wants to be known as the token New Haven Public School Kid." Another Ivy League University has had success with scholarship quotas. The University of Pennsylvania, like Yale, is an affiuent school in an impoverished neighborhood.

Unlike Yale, though, Penn has an agreement with the city of Philadelphia to award at least $2 million wonh of financial aid a year-the equivalent of 125 full tuition scholarshipsto city high school graduates. The "Mayor's Scholarships" program requires that at least 125 Philadelphia students be enrolled at Penn at any given time. The school has no difficulty filling this quota. More than 300 Philadelphia students attended the school last year, and 113 more will enter as first-year students this year. William Schilling, Penn's Director of Undergraduate Financial Aid, says, "The money isn't capped at $2 million. The money given to Philly students exceeds $2 million every year."

But Yale would have difficulty finding enough candidates for 125 scholarships. Philadelphia has a larger population, and its school system produces greater numbers of S£PT£MBER

3· 1993

"high caliber" students than does New H aven's. Retiring Alderman Mike Morand (0-1) points out that "too few academic superstars" graduate from the New Haven school system. "The number of students [from New Haven) who apply to competitive four-year colleges is extremely small," he says. " If people complain that Yale should let in more New Haven kids, well, the fact is that Yale probably couldn't admit more even if it wanted."

Many agree that the key to increasing the number of New Havenites at ¡Yale is not special scholarships and the quotas that they create. Educators and students alike prefer college preparation programs and heavy recruitment drives to help make Yale more accessible to New Haven students.

Morand feels that Yale can help New Haven students to be better prepared for college. "New Haven SAT scores are very low," he comments. The average SAT score in the New Haven school district in 1991-92 was 327 Verbal, 367 Math, compared to the state average of 422 Verbal, 463 Math.

Morand cites the SAT prep program started by law student Peter Gunn as a good example of what Yale can do to help prepare New Haven students for college. Hillhouse's Saxon praises Yale's student-run Branch tutoring program and the New Haven-Yale Teacher's Institute-a program in which Yale professors and New Haven teachers work together to develop high school curricula-as projects through which Yale has had P?sitive effects on the New Haven educational system.

Some have suggested that Yale upgrade its recruiting efforts to attract the relatively small number of academic superstars that do graduate from New Haven high schools.

Many feel that ,ÂĽale needs to tear down some of the obstacles, real or perceived, that may discourage New Havenites from applying to and attending Yale.

One problem, though, is simply geographic. "Kids want to leave town," says Director of Undergraduate Admissions Richard Shaw. Wagner admits that it is "difficult to go to school five minutes from your house." She knows students who could have gone to Yale, but chose schools like Stanford and Brown instead, just to leave the New Haven area.

A more disturbing factor, however, is the perceived class and racial gap between Yale and New Haven. "Some students are actually discouraged by their parents from applying to Yale," says Saxon. "Yale is seen as an elitist place for wealthy whites." Other students may also dissuade potential applicants. "'Don't go to Yale,' these kids will say, 'It'll turn you into a whjte person."'

Yale's academic reputation may also discourage New Haven students from applying. There is a perception among some New Haven public school students that their high school education is inadequate preparation for Yale. "I always questioned how good my high school education Was--it loomed over me," says Wagner. "We didn't always have all the resources we needed. I once got a high school SEPTEMBEJl 3¡ 1993

physics textbook a month after the course started."

Students feel that aggressive recruitment drives could dispel many of the myths that scare away qualified students.

Both Wagner and Cordero advocate sending current Yale students from New Haven back to their schools to bridge some of the "perception gaps." "People like me can be a big influence," says Cordero. Former New Haven students came to recruit at his high school when Cordero was a sophomore, and the visit helped to encourage him to apply to and come to Yale. ''I'd like to see more of that," he says. "People can relate to people from their own neighborhood and ethnic background."

Yale already has a number of programs in place that have helped make its resources more available to New Haven students. Both Cordero and Wagner attended Yale's New Haven and Area High School Program, which invites talented area high school students to attend classes at Yale free of charge. "I could do the work, I liked the professors, and the students were interesting," remembers Cordero, who took a conversational Spanish course as a high school junior, and attended Yale's Shafer Summer Scholarship program. This program allows students who have finished their junior year to take courses for eight weeks and receive college credit.

Full financial aid is provided by the Shafer Family Scholarship, which was established primarily to help minority students from the New Haven area. Wagner and Cordero cite teachers and guidance counselors as the key people in identifying potential candidates for these programs and for future application to Yale. These faculty members provide the link between the university and high school students.

Yale's special programs seem to have brought the universiry closer to some New Haven students. "Students who come and apply to Yale usually have a previous connection to Yale," says Morand. "They've realized that Yale is accessible and has fabulous resources. It's not a cold, stone palace."

To too many New Haven students, though, the cold, stone walls are still forbidding.

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Where the Buck Stops joshua Civin orty years ago, the Yale Corporation was consideri ng A. Whitney Griswold ('29) as a candidate for the university presidency. During the h eated debate, Corporation Fellow Wilmarth S. Lewis describe d the ideal qualifications for the university's leader:

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Yale's next president must fi rst of all be a Yale man and a great scholar-also a social philosopher who has at his finger tips a solution of all world problems... He must be a man of iron health and stamina, a young man-but also mature and full of wisdom ... As I have been talking, you have, I don't doubt, realized that there is only One w ho has most of these qualifications. But there is a question even about Him-Is God a Yale man?

The standards were just as exacting during the 1992-93 presidential search. Only time will tell whether Yale's new president, Richard Levin, proves equal to the challenges of presiding over this institution. Many speculate that the rigors, obstacles, and demands of the job itself defy any mortal to surmount them. Presiding over 11 graduate schools and Yale College, 6,000 employees, 11 ,000 students, a $2.6 billion endowment, 225 buildings, and 13,000 acres, President Levin (GRD '74) undertakes a job defined by high expectations and much stress, at a time when the average university president endures only five years in the job. ormer Yale President A. Bartlett Giamatti (SY '60) once characterized his job as similar to that of a monk cloistered in a monastery facing 21st-century problems. Imagine a neighborhood association leader, a graduate student union organizer, a wealthy alumna, and a wizened professor all waiting expectantly outside a university president's office for emergency appointments. When the p resid ent peeks outside into the receptio n room, a torrent of complain ts and concerns besiege him. To whom does he respond first?

Few of the voices clamoring for the president's ear are aware that they are just one voice among many. During his days as an undergraduate campus leader, Baltimore Mayor

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Kurt Schmoke (DC '7 1) recalls deliberating with thenPresiden t Kingman Brewster about a proposed child d ay care center for university staff. From his current perspective as a Corpo ration membe r,Schmoke reflects, "We only thought of the need to provide child care, not whether it could be used as a potential subject of labor negotiation.

Since we weren't asking for lots of money, we d idn't understand that Brewster had to consider what impact this would have on the collective bargaining power of the entire university."

"Power is essentially -a fiction, to which everyone subscribes. A nd ifit is ascribed to you, even ifyou don 't have it, you do have it, 'said former President Giamatti.

Trouble precipitates when groups feel their interests are even slightly threatened. Always anticipating a brewing controversy, presidents expend their efforts nursing the fragile egos of various segments of their communities. Each of these constituencies finds its way into the president's office only on specific occasions to address particular concerns, which rarely involve sustained direct interaction. As a result, university presidents spend much of their work time reacting to the issues raised by this stream of supplicants that flows daily in and out of his office. "A friend called me to convey that he liked his new job as a university president, except for the interruptions," History professor J aroslav Pelikan related. "H e called back a few months later and said he had realized that the interruptions are the job."

Nostalgic for the glory days of collegiate youth, alumni would seem a university president's most vociferous supporters. "Yale graduates want to love Yale and are eager to SEPTEMBER 3. 1993

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accept a new president," said Eustace Theodore (PC '63), Executive Director of the Association of Yale Alumni. "But in exchange for their support they desire to talk to the person in control of the university to assure themselves of who he is, as well as to feel a sense of participation. in shaping the university." But whenever change threatens sacred tradit ions, many alumni cling to their visions of old Yale.

President Brewster used to liken his alumni visits to American soldiers' attempts at rural pacification in Vietnam. Everywhere he went, Yale graduates criticized his actions, especially co-education.

If finding a balance between conflicting wants of past and present Yalies seems only mildly d ifficult, add to it mediating a temperamental faculty. Tenured faculty are theoretically responsible only to their department chairs and the president; in practice, many of them believe their status bestows upon them immunity from any sort of authority.

Yale educators would agree that at no major university are the tenured faculty more powerful than at Yale. Pelikan described the typical attitude of Yale's faculty in The Idea of the University: A Reexamination. "The chief executive officer of a university," he quotes from a former university president, "is the conductor in an orchestra made up entirely of composers."

Unlike students, who spend a relatively short time on campus, faculyr members have an enduring interest in every nuance of presidential policy-making. "Faculty members have long and rather unforgiving memories; eventually they will get even," former Harvard Dean of Arts and Sciences and one-time candidate for the Yale Presidency Henry Rosovsky wrote in The University: An Owner's ManuaL "If you notice a lack of cooperation, recall that eight years ago you-quite reasonably-turned down this person's request for better parking or additional leave with pay."

While students, alumni, and faculty choose, to some extent, to affiliate with Yale, residents of the city of New Haven maintain an ambiguous-and at times antagonistic-relationship with the university and its president. For all those outside the Yale family, the president of the university personifies Yale. The president's actions betray the aggregate attitudes of the university. Recognizing his influence in the sensitive town-gown relationship, Levin said, "We must take the issue of our environment very seriously.

It is imperative that New Haven be an attractive area for students and faculty. But," he continued, "at the same time as we focus on the immediate area around the campus, Yale, with its network of connections, can be equally helpful to the entire city by finding resources, generating attention, SEPTEMBER

3· 1993

and playing a national policy role."

But State Representative Bill Dyson ('D-94) doubts Yale's commitment to the city. Addressing a group of Yale sophomores, he said, "Yale's mission is not the town; it is you and your parents. To accommodate you, Yale tolerates the town; but it would squash anybody it can to maintain its place as a world-class institution."

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I of these high expectations and insistent demands on a Yale president from various constituents belie he extent of the actual powers he or she can employ in response. "The small operational decisions so far have often been rather gratifying," said Levin. "Dean [Richard] Brodhead brought to my attention that over 400 beds on Old Campus have broken pull-out drawers. I had the power to say, 'OK, let's fix them.' It wasn't a huge investment, but it will make a significant difference in people's in i tial impressions ofYale."

The president's direct power, however, to say "OK, let's do it" generally proves limited. In every area another administrator plays point position. The provost is the chief academic officer, and the Vice President for Finance and Administration assumes primary responsibility over financial matters. The Corporation approves every major university decision. Deans preside over day-to-day matters in student life, and the tenured faculty reign over their own academic matters while being involved in other aspects of the university. The president can only appointand trust that his or her university officers will competently execute their tasks.

Lacking direct influence over day-to-day affairs, the Yale president must fulfill a broader task.

"According to Bart Giamatti, we're here to preserve, transmit

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and expand humanity's store of modest changes, calls for more drastic knowledge," said Levin. "A president remedies persist. Surprisingly, in a has the complicated task of keeping country where bureaucracy is such a the university focused on this principal dirty word, many suggest that more mission and of facilitating its accomhigh-level bureaucracy is just what plishment through securing funds, setYale needs. Former Yale secretary and ting institutiona current president g policies, and articof Gaylord -~ ulating this misHospital Henry.£ sion to the outChauncey (DC ~ side world."

'57) points out, :g .. .,.. h d ec1. 'o Q. Indeed, the presi100 muc dent is the on on-making is~ university official left at the door of o charged to fathom the president. the future irty years ago, 1 prepare for it. n the institu- ~ Counties tion was smaller, ~ rushed appoint the president ~ make all of .S ments with con these decisions, § stituencies pre senting compet but today there j ing claims are just too many ~ leaves a universi. and they are too 0 d" . president muc compl tcate , h e if · "More decitime to ponde the long-term. ons must be Recognizing this, made at lower Pelikan suggested President Levin faces an array ofchallenges levels. In the an antidote. as he assumes his new post. small hospital of "Presidents need 500 employees to set aside a period of four hours that I run, I have more help than the every so often and read and reflect on president of Yale."

Aristotle," he said, breaking int·o a To grease the decision-making Cheshire Cat grin. "If not, they will gears, some suggest appointing a Dean of Arts and Sciences. At Harvard, the quickly get stifled with sclerosis of the mind."

Dean of Arts and Sciences is one of a layer of deans inserted between the However, Dartmouth President president and faculty, making the James Freedman wonders if any rejuvenation methods are sufficient. "The overall system more decentralized than Yale's. Former Harvard Dean constant pressure of events, the lack of privacy, the lack of free time, the Rosovsky contrasted the roles of presinumber of constituencies, and the dent and dean in the Harvard system. general intensiry of the job tends to "A president views the university from rub presidents raw," he explained. an Olympian perspective," he wrote.

"What is frightening is how much I "He stands on the shoulders of the draw primarily on the intellectual capdeans peering into the distance, thinkital I'd deposited in the past, before I ing of new challenges in spans of assumed this job." years ... I see myself as a field commanAlthough a recent report of a der, ducking bullets from unexpected directions." committee appointed to study Yale's Levin contends that something is governance system proposed only

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lost when the dichotomy between field commander and Olympian becomes too distinct. "At Harvard, " he said, "there is no sense of center.

The president is out of the loop, up in the ephemeral heights without a lot of contact down in the classrooms and faculty meetings. Being tied into undergraduate life lends vitality." But it is this struggle to maintain a dual perspective-a balance between thinking from a short-term versus a long-term perspective- that consistently proves a challenge to even the most talented Yale presidents.

While inserting more layers of bureaucracy jnto a university administration may be more efficient, it diminishes open access to the president. Elevating to power a new level of bureaucrats potentially threatens the power of those presently close to the president, especially the graduate school deans. Former Dean ofTufts University School of Medicine Henry Banks explains, "From the deans' point of view, it is far preferable to go directly to the president, rather than through ~ complicated maze of administrative hierarchy."

But to"characterize Yale as a centralized university in need of decentralization is to overlook the nuances ofYale's governance system. Compare, for instance, Harvard's and Yale's faculty management and hiring practices.

The president of Harvard is intimately involved in the mechanics of tenuring faculty members, playing an involved role in all ad hoc review committees, while the president ofYale contributes not much more besides an official sign-off power.

But Yale faculty members love their d epartmental and individual autonomy. "One of the very satisfying things here is that the senior faculty have the feeling that they are selfmanagers as well as teachers," said former Dean of Yale College Georges May. " This perception of participation is very precious. It gives us soliSEPTEMBER 3· 1993

clarity with the institution."

Yale's system is centralized only in that responsibility for all administrative decisions ultimately rests with the President himself; therefore, all eyes watch his actions and all voices try to appeal to him. While this perception of power remains centralized in the 'office of the president, that power has actually been diluted among many other positions. Pelikan views Yale's administration as neither a centralized nor a decentralized system, but rather as an integral one attempting to involve as broad a range of constituencies as possible.

T

he convoluted centralizationversus-decentralization argument can be unraveled only by delving into the yore of old Yale. The ep itome of a "strong presidency" involved in all aspects of university life goes back to Reverend T homas C lap's administration. Originating the title "President," C lap led the university in the mid-eighteenth century. He persuaded the trustees to accept his sweeping language that drastically increased the university leader's powers: The Executive Power of the College is principally in the President, who hath the power to govern the College and every student thereo£ Ruling the campus with an iron fist, Clap was reluctant even to consider student grievance petitions.

Clap's authoritarianism, though, was largely a response to his predecessors' lack of power.. The original university founders stipulated that the university leader, called the rector, should be responsible only for " instru~ting and ordering the School."

Everything else remained the province of the trustees. So circumscribed were the rector's duties that Reverend Samuel Andrew, the second to hold

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the post, administered the school and ministered his relatively distant Milford parish simultaneously .

Neither the authoritarian Clap nor the absentee Andrew wou ld be· possible roles for a modern university p resident. "We don't run Yale like a dictatorship; it is a democratic institu-

181

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NEw jouRNAL

The president is the one university official charged to fathom the future and prepare for zt. tion," said Levin. "To lead requires taking on the burd~n o( persuasion, putting ideas to a stark test. " But a president can rely only so much o n a decentralized democratic system in which support comes from a backfield of talented assistants. Former President Benno Schmidt (TC '63, LAW '66) faced so many difficulties because people perceived him as completely uninvolved in the d aily running of the university. Former Dean May pointed out that Schmidt did npt d eserve all of his bad publicity. "[Schmidt] simply never was felt to be part of the family in the way his predecessors had been. The presidential home is a fishbowl; if it is not actively occupied, people complain," May said.

"The legend-what people believe--is as important as the truth."

Perceived images lie at the root of Yale's recent decline in popularity among high school students, difficulties in recruiting faculty; they have also inspired the many university governance overhaul proposals. "When people are unhappy w ith the President, the usual reaction is to change the system," May said. " However, far more logical and empi rical is , in effect, a change in the presid ent-for a system

is only as good as the people who run

.

It. "

If the person makes the presidency, then a university presid ent's power must be based largely on his or her ability to govern the perceptions and gai n the respect of his or her constituents. In an interview in Th~ Nro1 Journal (Vol.l8, No.5), the late President Giamani· said, " Power is essentially a fiction, to which everyon e subscribes. And if it is ascribed to you, even if you don't have it, you do h ave it." According to Giamatti, presidents gain power largely by wielding "the power of su asion, the power to persuade."

Assuming that there is some truth to Giamatti's wisdom, then debating what a university president can or can not do is largely a Sisyphean exercise.

For far more important than Levin's actual accomplishments_ president of Yale will be the image he projects of Yale as an institution, and of himself as head of it.

To project an image of continuity, strength, and stability, the university will soon put on an inaugaration spectacle. As important as any other presidential function is this role as leader of the university community's rituals: presiding over ceremonies rich with traditions, costumes, and regalia. This may be the sole presidential duty on which the entire university community can agree. Radley Daily, Deputy Secretary and Marshal of the university, was only half-joking when he described the duties of a president at the university commence~ent perhaps more suited to the rectors of old. "The president is charged with seeking counsel on high to stop the rain," he said. "Some presidents have been more helpful than others."

181

as

joshua Civin, a sophomor~ in Calhoun College, is production manag" ofTNJ. SEPTEMBER 3, 1993

•

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Yalies for

Suzanne Kim b Long (TC '87) and Dan Staley (BK '85) never eld much sacred. When Staley and Long were utting on their first play at Yale, Staley broke the Branford piano in an attempt to move it. Needless to say, he met with a good deal of anger from the master. As the editor of the Trumbulletin his junior year, Long printed one student's mock suggestion that the master and his wife embezzle a $1,500 donation to the college to purchase new wardrobes. "They interpreted it as a slam against their present wardrobe," recalls Long in mock innocence.

Now, nearly ten years later, the pair has traveled from New Haven to Hollywood, where they now stretch their irreverent humor to the limit in television writing. Serving four seasons on Cheers, first as staff writers and later as coexecutive producers, Staley and Long, 30 and 28 years old, respectively, are now consulting for the new CBS sitcom Big ~we Dave's which premiered on August 9 to mixed reviews.

Coming from Yale, Staley and Long constantly face the conflict between Ivy League intellectualism and the notion of mass culture.a Ia television. Long says, "The hard thing for me is that when you tell people who are sort of. East Coast inteQectuals that you write for television, they immediately think, 'Why are you destroying our culture?'"

Long,"however, maintains that his is honest, legitimate work. "When we would sit around and come up with a joke, and I would laugh, I would think, 'Well, I'm laughing, so maybe I'm a complete schmuck or a philistine,"' he says with a shrug. "'Maybe I'm on the low end of the mass culture scale, but if so, at least I'm being honest. Where you run into trouble-and this happens with over-educated people-is that they sort of sit in a room and say, 'Well, I don't think it's very funny, but the people will; the little underlings somewhere in Iowa will think it's hilarious.'

"You find a lot of Ivy League, a lot of Yale, kids who come here, who have never been really funny in their lives, but who are kind of smart, and write for some. piece of shit show that's terrible, and they don't really care, because 'it's not for me,"' says Long. " I think that's selling out." Long gestures vehemently.

Staley criticizes the predictable sentimentality of much of television writing, which Cheers rejected with its irreverent humor. "Rob and I are going to have a problem at some point because most TV shows have what's called a 'moment' towards the end, where the characters hug and say, 'I love you, Mommy.' Cheers was one of the few shows that didn't SEPTEMBER 3â&#x20AC;˘ 1993

have one of those 'moments,"' says Staley. "It's very difficult for both of us to write that kind of thing."

Staley characterizes their brand of humor as harsher than the norm. "We tend to concentrate more on the hard jokes.. .laugh, laugh, laugh all the way through. We never did shows about issues. We never did shows that ended up with some schmaltzy embrace between the characters." . Long interrupts: "Which is actually quite rare in televis10n.

..

W:

en speaking about their partnership, though, Long and Staley approach the sentimentality that they eschew in their writing. Staley, a new father, sits on a white wooden-framed couch in their cool bungalow office. Long sits to the right in a matching chair, sipping his bottled water. Most of the time one will listen attentively while the other speaks, but every so often either Long or Staley will chime in to affirm his partner's thought.

"Some teams tend to divide the work, where one guy will write one scene, and the other will write another, but we tend to work directly with each other all the way through," says Staley. "Both of us are just funnier and come up with better stuff together-than we would sitting down and writing the stuff by ourselves. And you kind of

.'

Cheers may be over, but Dan Staky (BK '85) enjoys spending the extra time with his newborn daughter.

THE NEw JouRNAL 13

not as exotic as you might think," feed off each other and spark says Staley. "That's the kind of each other, and that usually ends nice thing about TV; there were up leading to a funnier product."

The two have developed a people on our writing staff who rapport. "We've been doing this were high school dropouts, and for so long that we kind of have there were people with Ivy League a shorthand. We've been writing degrees, and it doesn't really make together for ten years," says a difference, as long as you have Rob Long (TC 'l37) has formed tkfinite opinions about the ,stuff, which is the writing talStaley. em. television during his stint in Hollywood. he partnership between "The bad news is," interjects Long a bit facetiously, "it's often hard Long and Staley arose when up, projecting self-assurance. He took a to tell."

Long was a freshman, and copywriting test given by the advertisStaley was a junior. The two both per-. ing agency Jay Walter Thompson and formed in a production of Woody printed in the New York Times. The ong's Yale education left him Allen's Don't Drink the ~ter. · They copy. test consisted of ten creative writwell-versed in mass culture studthen wrote a play Our Son Who Went ing assignments. "They got thousands ies. Working in television, he.1 Mad, which they produced soon after of entries and hired about five or six of holds a firm opinion as to where it fits ·. in the Branford Dramat. Later they us. We were forever known after that as into the social scheme. "If TV were . wrote The Way Out. The two sat in the 'copy test kids.' It was just an pure entertainment and never attemptLong's room in Durfee in front of his experiment on their part to try to bring ed to be anything other than entertaintypewriter creating their first piece as in some people who wouldn't ordinari- ment, I think people would watch partners. "We would sit there and ly go into advertising," says Staley. "It maybe one hour a nigh~," says Long. write these little sketches to crack each was very unusual. It was the kind of "But it has this obsessive, narcotizing other up," says Long. thing that would only happen in the effect, and notice all these TV shows: Long's and Staley's dream to write 80s because they had a lot of money even the really bad ones have a little in Hollywood was always unarticulat- and they were spending it freely." moral at the end. ed. "I guess it was sort of easy to be in Meanwhile, Long returned to "What could be more pious than denial of the ambition. It's sometimes Andover, his alma mater, to teach M1V? Every two hours, there's a mesalmost better, if what you want to do is English. He then moved to Los sage," he says. "During the election, it move to Hollywood and write TV Angeles to attend UCLA film school. was impossible to watch. It was like, movies, it's better not to think about Three years later, Long and Staley 'You goita vote, man!' LL Cool J telling it," says Long. "The more you think decided to pursue their never-declared you to vote. Just please, shut up and about it, the scarier it gets." goal. "It was just a matter of finding play a video. It's not any more legitiAccording to Long, his Yale educathe right time to do it," says Staley. mate." tion engendered a sense of arrogance "We were hired within a month or a Long sees himself as purely an that has worked both for and against month-and-a-half of my arriving in entertainer, nor.an educator. According him. "What it does is it broadens your [Los Angeles]. I was really expecting to to him, the view'tfiat television is a teaching tool oversimplifies the notion horizons. It does give you a sense of have to struggle along for a year or so. possibilities. And there's useful arroBut our scripts met with favorable of education. "The lesson of Sesame gance you get from that," he says. responses and people seemed to like us.

Smet is that it's easy," he says, ridicule "The downside is that you don't think I guess we were lucky, and the scripts seeping through his voice. "That all the rules apply to you. So you don't see were good." you have to do is watch it. And numthe limitations, when maybe you Being Yale graduates has neither bers add themselves, and letters speak, should." helped nor hindered their career. and everything is puppets, and it's realThe past ten years of writing have 'There tend to be more people from ly easy, and then you sing a song. Not not been consecutive. Upon graduatIvy League backgrounds than you true. Things are difficult, and they ing, Staley entered the advertising busi- would think. David Moyen, who was take time to plow through." ness with about the same ease that he working on the show since the beginHowever, Long censures not only entered Hollywood. As he describes his ning, is from Yale. And Jimmy the industry itself but also its intellecexperience in the business, he leans Burrows (DRA '65), our director, went tual critics. "I would be happier if I back on the sofa with one arm propped to the Yale School of Drama. So we're could find at least one American

T

L

14 THE NEW jouRNAL

SEPTEMBE.Il 3· 1993

Studies professor, who, when he or she talks about mass culture and popular culture, wasn't on the way to making a Marxist or socialist argument," says Long. " I'd be a lot more comfortable with that ifl didn't already know where their conclusion was. You already know that the conclusion is that it's designed to pacify the masses with these weird spectacles, so they won't notice whatever terrible thing the government's doing today.

"My glib answer to that is that American Studies p rofessors have invented a whole way of looking at popular culture, so that they can go to Arnold Schwarzenegger movies and not feel guilty about it. They can go and say, 'Well, I can go back and study it,"' says Long. ght now, Long and Staley have no plans to go back and study nything. From the moment they left Xale, talent and luck propelled them into quick success. The pair could never write a sitcom about their ·transition from film school standout and "copy {est kid" to television executives. The lesson would be too much like that of s~sam~ Strut-"that it's easy," in Long's words. Every episode would end with a pat "mom ent"their first script, their first agent, their first contract, even Staley's first baby.

It's difficult to fault them for their success. They've worked hard.

Hollywood has been good to them . .

But success hasn't come so easily for m any in their audience. It's understandable that some might crave the sentimentality that Long and Staley decry. With the close of Chen-s, the pair faces an uncertain future. They must now find a new home for their hardknocks humor. Will anyone answer the IIIJ door?

R:

Suzann~ Co/kg~.

IGm, a sophomore in Saybrook is on th~ staffof TN].

SEPTEMBEJt

3·1993

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Jose Manuel Tesoro iscovery was a hobby, and "explorer" a legitimate occupation in the early years of this century. It was an age when Peary and Cook battled over who had fi rst reached the North Pole, as foreigners swarmed into Central Asia's trackless Taklamakan Desert in search of buried treasure on the old Silk Road. Travelers brought back tales of forgotten cultures and glorious riches; the accounts of their travels appeared in magazin.es under tides like "Adventuring Along the Upper Orinoco" or "With the Dayaks of Borneo." It was an era that bred self-styled heroes, who spun tales redolent with danger and mystery to mask trying and often pedestrian treks through the backwaters of the world. It was a time whe~ the world was a stage and the world's peoples the backdrop against which Americans and Europeans played out the drama of discovery, casting themselves as conquistadors, not of cultures but of the unmapped globe.

It was this age that brought H iram Bingham (B.A. 1898), Yale professor and leader of the Yale Peruvian Expedition, to the hidden reaches of Peru in the late summer of 1911. On his journey through the backlands of the Andes he would discover the most famous ancient site in the Americas-Machu Picchu, "Lost City of the Incas." This complex of stone terraces and temples that Bingham stumbled upon, nesded on a ridge high above the jungle and roaring waters of the Urubamba River, possessed a visual power few places on Earth could ever match. The story of Hiram Bingham's penetration of the forbidding Andes has come to symbolize the triumph and romance-as well as the darker side--of early scientific exploration.

Thirty-six years old, blond, over six feet tall, and always dressed smartly-at least in photographs from the expedition- in a pith helmet or a fedora, jodhpurs, and calf-length boots, Bingham looked every bit the gentleman explorer.

Educated at Andover, Yale, and Harvard, and married to an heiress to the Tiffany fo rtune, he had the credentials of an American aristocrat. Bingham came from famous stock. He was third in a line of American pioneers that all bore the name of Hiram Bingham. Bingham's grandfather had led the first mission to Hawaii and had engineered the island monarchy's transitionto a Christian nation-state, while Bingham's father, Hiram Jr., had preached in the Gilbert Islands in Micronesia and gave the islands' inhabitants a Gilbenese translation of the Bible. Bingham began his adult life intending to follow in the track of his missionary fathers, but a life of piety and self-denial did not suit his native rest-

D

16 Tm: NEW jOURNAL

)

Machu Picchu awaited Hiram Bingham (B.A. I h~

: and the Dream of Discovery lessness and unquenchable curiosity. Where his forbears had made their name in the spread of religion, Bingham decided to make his in the new faith of science.

Bingham found himself slipping into one role after another, searching for some promise of fame. After a brief, unhappy stint as pastor of a mission in Honolulu, Bingham took up graduate ¡studies at Berkeley and at Harvard. He maneuvered himself into the job of "Curator of Latin American History and Literature" at Harvard, a position which allowed him to travel to South America on the pretext of searching for books. Bingham, though, had more than books on his mind. In South America, he embarked on his first journey of exploration: an expedition across Venezuela and Colombia in the otsteps of Simon ivar, the great American libr. Bingham later a job as a leeSouth

---------------------------------,

zn he listed his pation as "Explorer."

Bingham wanted to return to South America to conduct further travels-any 1high above the waters ofthe Urubamba. country would do.

His suggested expedition to Peru, however, interested prospective sponsors most. He was able to scrape together enough money from his personal funds, Yale University, and wealthy Yale schoolmates like Edward S. Harkness to put together an expedition of magnificent scope.

As director of the Yale Peruvian Expedition, Bingham set out with great ambitions: the ascent of Mt. Coropuna, ~1lt1.1'~1ca.

--

SEPTEMBER 3¡ 1993

then thought to be the highest mountain in South Amer ca; the exploration of uncharted waterways and lakes of P ru; and the search for forgotten Inca ruins in the dense and mysterious province of Vileabamba. Ta connect the far-flung areas of his exploration, he proposed to map the 73rd Meridian, which links the mountains of southern Peru with Coropuna near the Pacific coast. ingham had come to Peru in search of a legend, a lost city that was one of the last refuges of the once-great Inca empire. After the Spanish conquistadors took over Peru in 1532, Francisco Pizarro installed Manco Inca as his puppet on the Inca throne. Manco Inca, however; proved an unwilling vassal and soon laid siege to Cuzco and even Lima itself. The Spanish armies forced Manco Inca and his armies to flee Cuzco into Vileabamba, a rugged province northwest of Cuzco. It was here in Vileabamba that Manco Inca built Vitcos, the hidden capital of the Inca empire, a city rumored to be bursting with gold. Somewhere in the jungles of Vileabamba, Hiram Bingham knew, a losi: city slept, waiting for the day when a new conquistador would awakeQ it.

Bingham sailed from Lima to a port on the southern coast and then boarded a train headed into the mountains of Peru, where Cuzco, the center of the old Inca empire, awaited. In Cuzco, Bingham visited an old friend, an American with a penchant for Inca ruins whom he had met on an earlier visit to Peru-Albert Giesecke, the young rector of the University of Cuzco. Giesecke mentioned to Bingham a trip he had taken along the Urubamba River in Vileabamba a few months before Bingham's arrival. Giesecke had stopped at a small inn at a bend in the river, in a place called Mandor Pampa, where the proprietor, Melchor Arteaga, offered to show him some good ruins on top of a ridge nearby. Since Giesecke was traveling in the rainy season, Arteaga told him it might be be.tter if he returned in the drier months.

Bingham had luckily shown up during Peru's dry season, and Giesecke decided to pass along this "tip" to his friend, the explorer.

While Bingham made preparations in Cuzco, the expedition specialists began the various tasks they had gone to Peru to accomplish. An advance party of the expedition doctor, William Erving (B.A. 1898), and the group topographer, Kai Hendricksen, met Bingham with equipment and supplies for the journey ahead. Yale colleagues Isaiah Bowman (GRD '09) and Harry Ward Foote had made the difficult journey with Bingham from New Haven to 'Cuzco.

Herman L. Tucker, a young drifter who had some mountain-climbing experience, came along to assist in the ascent

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of Corupu!la. The last member of the expedition, a Yale undergraduate by the name of Paul Baxter Lanius ('12S) became Bingham's assistant. Lanius' knowledge of Spanish proved useful, since the other members of the Yale Peruvian Expedition-Bingham included-spoke little more than a smattering of Spanish. None knew terribly much about the Incas or about Peru, but together they gave Bingham's fantastic and maybe foolhardy quest the semblance of a scientific endeavor.

0

ne incident in Cuzco is indicative of Bingham's skill at selling himself and his expedition and his not-as-well-developed facility with science. Bingham and Foote, while strolling in the city's outskirts, found some ashes, bones, and pottery. shards embedded in a newly cut gulch.

From their position under 80 feet of gravel and stones deposited by glaciers, Bingham concluded that the presumably human bones must have been at least ·30,000 years old. "You can easily im·agine," he wrote to his wife with glee, "how pleased I am to have actually discovered the bones myself" (A second Yale expedition to the area in 1912, however, discovered to Bingham's chagrin that the "Cuzco bones" resembled the remains of cattle slaughtered in Cuzco meat markets.)

This eventual disappointment, of course, was still unknown to Bingham in 1911, as he gathered the last of his mules and supplies for the trek into old Inca territory. Flushed with the excitement of his first major "discovery," Bingham left Cuzco on July 19, 1911.

He had decided to split up the expedition into three parties that would strike north into Vileabamba first, along the Urubamba River, before tackling the southern route along the 73rd Meridian to Mt. Corupuna. While his companions took on the cartographic responsibilites of the expedition, Bingham and Foote would take the more exciting journey: the exploration r8 THE NEw JouRNAL

r ·

of Inca ruins along the Urubamba.~ -~_ So into this ·· unmapped, wild, and possibly dangerous "-''\ territory Bingham, f/J..~'; ~"- · Foote, an d an army~~ sergeant named ~a;;~ Carrasco assigned to ;;;::;, escort the party trav- ~ eled with their ~ .... porters from one old ~ Inca fortr~ss to ~~ another. Bmgham nee~ took care to photo- . •....: graph the extraordi- "~-· nary ruins he and ~_:· Foote encountered ... f!< •• Near the village of o_F~·\ Toro_ntoy, B~ngham, dP. I tc;> h1s surpnse, met .._..; J up· again with ht I~ Hendricksen and ·••-: !

Tucker. They . had ~ ·"" attempted to ford the •,.

Urubamba to map the area on the oppo- ........... site side, but one of .: ·.::~ their young Indian • .... porters had slipped .• ~

7,..

Bingham could have been the modelfor Indiana jones.

making the crossing. ·· A-,-...,. ~ - .. ~( (~./-, '('''"'~"~ /, .. ~..} The bohy had tdumbledd , . ~\:~'~":-. "\\'\: ' \Co~~!!.~~c;~an~ayu~ ·~ into t e rapi s, an ' , \ ~" -~./ / ./" - (~ J. rJ()·liiA _. ·· . . .... \ -~ , , ,\..\::)'\ \• / / " --'JYv was swept away, al ong '' with some of their surveying equip- rather better than average" as Bingham ment. Both Hendricksen and Foote put it, seemed less enthusiastic about recounted this incident with great con- taking his guests up the ridge in the cern in their journals, but Bingham, rain. A pledge of a silver dollar for his pains convinced Arteaga to lead oddly, did not mention it at all.

Bingham and Carrasco up to the ruins.

On July 23, 1911, Bingham reached Mandor Pampa, where Bingham's companions elected to · Melchor Arteaga offered Bingham the remain behind.

The three men walked along a same invitation he had extended to Albert Giesecke months before--to see road for about 45 minutes, before heading through the undergrowth to ruins high up above the river, beside a the edge of the Urubamba River to a mountain named Huayna Picchu, on a ridge Arteaga called "Machu Picchu." perilously narrow log bridge that was the only way to cross the rapids.

The next morning dawned cold and damp, as a light drizzle came down Having forded the river, they began to from the skies above the Urubamba climb a steep incline up to the top of the ridge that rose above the canyon to wet the heads of Bingham Urubamba. After an hour-and-a-half, and his crew. Arteaga, "an Indian SEPTEMBER 3· 1993

I

they reached the summit, where they found a small hut and a few Indian families who farmed these upper reaches. Arteaga told Bingham that he wanted to stay and chat with the farmers, so a boy was sent to accompany Bingham and Carrasco to the ruins.

As they rounded a promontory, Bingham· caught sight of a fabulous spectacle. Clear in the midday sun, a flight of stone terraces ranged up the mountainside, outlined against the dark river canyon below. Buildings of hewn stone stood, crumbling, overgrown, yet still majestic, in front of a conical, cloud-shrouded mountain that marked the end of the ridge. A grand, ruined city lay spread out before him.

Thrust out over a bend in the Urubamba, Machu Picchu seemed to float above the canyon, surrounded on three sides by mountains and air.

Bingham wandered around the superb ruins, avoiding the jungle growth that blanketed the site as he photographed structures and jotted in his notebook. On one of the ruined walls, he noticed the words "Lizarraga 1902" scrawled in charcoal, indicating that someone other than Arteaga and the Indians h'ad been there before him.

The sitoi although blessed with a splendid view and a lovely location, matched none of the clues a historian in Lima had given Bingham to help him identify the last Inca capital.

Machu Picchu was obviously not Vitcos, the lost city, but simply one of the many Inca ruins Bingham had passed and photographed on his way down the Urubamba. After taking a few more pictures and sketching a rough map, Bingham descended, returned to the camp, and, the next day, continued his search for the last Inca capital. A few weeks later, almost as an afterthought, Bingham asked Tucker and Lanius to return to Machu Picchu to clear and map the site.

Bingham seemed so thirsty for recognition that he acted as if any stone he tripped over in Peru, or any bone he SE.PTEMBER 3·1993

picked up, was somehow the most important archaeological find of the century. But when he found Machu Picchu, the city that would make his name world-famous, he passed it by.

Bingham asked, "Would anyone believe what I had found?"

He did find Vitcos in the end, as well as another major Inca site further up the Urubamba. In six months of travel and exploration, he completed all the expedition's objectives, from the ascent of Coropuna to the survey of the 73rd Meridian. But, upon his return, Bingham continued to expound on the "Cuzco bones," convinced that they were his most momentous find. He devoted over two pages in his prelimi- . nary report to the bones and only seven lines to Machu Picchu.

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ut Machu Piq:hu was the discovery that wo'iild claim the popular imagination. Breathtaking pictures of the city and the surrounding landscape accompanied Bingham's articles, which appeared in Harpers Monthly and National Geographic. The sheer romance of Bingham's tale of discovery, coupled with the striking beauty of the place, made Machu Picchu memorable. Bingham himself thanked his fortune at having the photographic proof of his adventure. "Would anyone believe what I had found?" he wrote in his 1948 book, Lost City ofthe Incas, ",Fortunately, in this land where accuracy in reporting what one has seen is not a prevailing characteristic, I had a good camera and the sun was shining."

Once he caught on to Machu Picchu's popularity, Bingham lost no time in recasting himself in the role of "The Great Explorer." The frontispiece of Inca Land, a book he published in 1922 for popular consumption, is a photograph showing Bingham stand-

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ing on ·a jungle path, his back to the camera, gazing at the misty mountains looming beyond. His discovery became fraught with destiny. "It has been my lot to cross bleak Andean passes," Bingham wrote in Inca Land, "as well as to wend my way through gigantic canyons into the dense jungles of the Amazon Basin. " He allowed himself greater embellishments in the subsequent retellings of the journey. What was once an ordinary hike up the mountainside became an epic trek through a mysterious land.

"Above all," he wrote in Lost City ofthe Incas, "there is the fascination of finding here and there, under swaying vines, or perched on top of a beetling crag, the rugged masonry of a bygone race." .

As if to make up for his initial disregard for Machu Picchu, Bingham. even took pains to assign the city much greater importance in Inca history than it merited, augmenting the fame of the city as well as his own. Bingham drew on a questionable myth about the origin of the Incas in order to "prove" that he had found the legendary first capital of the Inca empire. Present-day archaeologists, however, have concluded that Machu Picchu was simply a resort town where Inca officials found refuge from their responsibilities in Cuzco.

The placement of Machu Picchu on a picturesque ridge was not accidental; the Inca builders had intentionally sought a pleasant spot on which to build their retreat. ingham's most serious emendation lay in his sole claim as the discoverer of the site. After his first visit to the city, where he saw a name and date literally written on the wall, Bingham had jotted down in his journal, "Agustin Lizarraga is the discoverer of Machu Picchu." In Inca Land, Bingham continued to credit Lizarraga, a farmer in the hills below Machu Picchu. But by his 1930 report to fellow scholars on his excavations at the site Bingham had dubbed Lizarraga

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a mere "treasure-hunter," immediately Bingham often used the phrase discounting the legitimacy of "bygone race" to refer to the Incas, as if Lizarraga's presence at the site. By Lost the native Peruvians he met on his travCity of the Incas in 1948, Lizarraga's els were not descended from those name no longer appeared, and, in the Incas. Perhaps he could not in his introduction to the book, Bingham mind connect the extreme poverty and declared, "I found it." adversity of the Peruvians of his present Although other independent with the riches and grandeur of the sources in Cuzco, like Bingham's friend Incas of the past. Bingham always Albert Giesecke, had pointed the way remained suspicious of his Peruvian to Machu Picchu, Bingham's writings companions' dedication to truth. "In made it seem as if his discovery was this country," he wrote, "one can never simply splendid serendipity. As early as , tell whether a report is worthy of cre1916, Bingham wrote of Machu dence."

Picchu that, "with the exception of a Bingham owed the inhabitants of few local Indians, no one in Peru was Peru'frtuch, although, after his discovaware of its existence." ery of Machu Picchu, his public recogThroughout Bingham's fabulous nition of the extent of their and journey, "Indians" hover in the back- Giesecke's, Lizarraga's, and Arteaga's ground as supporting characters, as contribution grew smaller as his own Bingham's guides, porters, interpreters, fame expanded. It began to seem that, or hosts. In many of Bingham's pic- even for Bingham, Peru still remained cures, one can see them standing sui:. lenly next to .the huge stonework o,-~ doors or crumbling 57 :c walls their·ancestors, .... the Incas, built. ~~"' ,~. ~ ~:....

Bingham liked to ··~··'!'!~II include people to ~\.. '~ ~ :. .,..;. :.,,. , w add human interest 411· .oA-t.. -~, and to provide scale Pe7n?pa ..!Ill. .: .... to the buildings, as 'de-... !!:& archaeologists photograph pennies beside arrowheads to give an idea of relative size.

Bingham's son and biographer, Alfred Bingham, in his retelling of the young Peruvian porter's death, suggests that perhaps

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ingham argued in a 1922 letter that he had discovered Machu Picchu in the same sense that

The explorer inhabits a · singular location in cultural memory: guilty ofmuchyet still a hero.

Columbus discovered America.

Although Norse sailors and French fishermen had undoubtedly visited America before Columbus did, Bingham wrote, "It was Columbus who had introduced America to the civilized world." It was Bingham who had brought Machu Picchu out of the jungle -into the world's gaze, not those who had guided him to Machu Picchu. They, the supporting characters, re~eded into the wings as the great explorer Hiram Bingham took center slage, in the light of worldwide f.une.

Hiram Bingham represented not just the brilliance of an age, but also some of its darker impulses. Explorers had seen so much and had been to so many places, yet their own image of themselves grew to fill their vision and blocked out the truth of their travels.

Yet "The Great Explorer" continues to exert a hold on the collective imagination. Many would have done as _,.

Bingham did, for the explorer inhabits a singular location in cultural memory: guilty of much-yet still a hero.

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Family Owned & Operated since 1972 THE NEW jOURNAL 21

Lifting The Veil at Yale Regina Gelin n the fall of 1991, Steven Rosenstein (SY '93) returned to Yale with his girlfriend of three months, Natal ia Kashirina. Rosenstein, fluent in Russian, and Kashirina, a native of the former Soviet Union, met at a world peace camp in the United States that summer.

Although Kashirina's visa required that she return home in September, the two could not bear to part. .

"Those weeks were in turmoil. We made plans for me to visit her or for her to visit me, but it seemed such a long way away," recalls ·Rosenstein. The thought of separation grew so unbearable that Rosenstein decided t:o take a bold step. "I took her airplane ticket a,nd I tore it up so that she couldn't go back. I didn't exactly say, 'Will you marry me?' right then, but when I tore up her ticket that was the natural thing to do." They got married ~t New York's City Hall ·and Rosenstein withdrew from Yale for a year. Life was so · hectic that they did not have time for a honeymoon.

Michael South (CC '94) and Kristen Hacken South (CC '93) met the summer of 1989-after she had been accepted to Yale and he had just completed his first yearthrough a mutual friend in their hometown of Salt Lake City. They grew close by summer's end but had to put their relationship on hold as South embarked on a two-year mission for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, or the Mormon Church. South went to Germany while Hacken South, also a Mormon, went to Yale. They kept in close touch for two years and finally reunited in New Haven over Thanksgiving 1991. They became engaged that week. South re-enrolled in the winter, and they married in Salt Lake City the following June.

Getting married while attending college is a difficult and unusual choice. Those who do often face increased financial responsibility, suddenly complicated life decisions, and the startled reactions of peers and friends. During the 1992-93 school year, only five Yale undergraduates, not counting special students, chose to brave such pressures.

Their stories are as dissimilar as their personalities-from Rosenstein's impulsive shredding of Kashirina's plane ticket to the Souths' singularly dedicated long-distance courtship.

The couples are alike only in their remarkable contentment.

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orne people think it is the coolest thing and others think it's the craziest thing," says married undergraduate Roger Burton (BK '94). He treats

22 THE NEw JouRNAL

the mixed bag of reactions to him and his spouse Leann Wyler with a shrug. "Some people might think I am more mature. Some might wonder why I did it, but I really don't worry about what they think." . Burton and WyJer first met in junior high, but did not start dating until the end of their sophomore year of high school. After two years of dating seriously, they got engaged. "The wedding was never an immediate event in our minds. We felt that if we still felt like getting married in a few years, we should go ahead and do it," says Burton.

"When he fir!>t left for school, I almost felt abandoned because we used to spend all our free time together," says Wyler, who remained in their hometown of Seattle. After two years of long-distance phone calls, numerous letters, reunions over breaks, and care packages on birthdays, B~rton and Wyler's commitment to eactt other did not waver, nor did their wish to rharry weaken. On May 30, 1992, they tied the knot. Their medium-sized wedding '

"I took her airplane ticket and tore it up. I didn't exactly sa~ 'Will you marry me?' right then, but that was the natural thing to do. " included 150 family members and friends, five of whom were Yalies. Burton's roommate served as best man. After a week's honeymoon on the Oregon coast and a summer spent in Seattle, the newlyweds moved to New Haven.

For Wyler, leaving the hometown environment topk some adjustment. "I've lived in the same house in Seattle my entire life. It was really hard being away from my parents and friends," says Wyler. She began working full-time at Temple Radiology, leaving her little time to meet people.

"I tried to do more stuff at home and not to be away as much," says Burton. "I also tried to reassure her, especially when I was busy and seemed a little distant." During the year, they would spend a typical evening making dinner and watching TV before Burton did his schoolwork.

The couple's parents helped smooth the transition to married life. They bought Burton and Wyler a truck, pay for its insurance, and cover the couple's rent during the school year. Burton's grandparents even send unannounced SEPTEMBER 3• 1993

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checks in the mail from rime to time.

Wyler retains her maiden name and has not decided if she will change it. "It is a big decision for me but I've been putting it off. I don't see why a woman should always change her name." Burton ftas not pressured Wyler either.

"I never felt it was fair for me to force my name on her. I just tried to support her decision," says Burton. Wyler suggesred to Burton that he change his surname to hers, but she says that he did not like that idea much.

Burton riores that his new lifestyle has not strained his Yale firiendships. Burton continues to have lunch in his college and to visit his former roommates regularly. "I don't think my friends see me as separate from them because I am married," he says. His friends assured Burton of their support when they threw him a surprise bachelor party at the end of his sophomore year. His roommates secretly flew Wyler in for the weekend as the surprise guest. With Burton blindfolded, the crowd cheered loudly as Wyler kissed her soon-to-be husband. "I feared the worst," says Burton, "and thought that they hired a stripper."

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osenstein a nd Kashirina's romantic and short engagement made many of Rosenstein's friends gasp n horror. "I was kind of a wild parrier back in my single days. I have many memories of standing in a stairwell for a cup of beer," says Rosenstein. "I'm probably the last person in the world that people would have expected ~o get married. " Rosenstein finds that life at Yale became easier after marriage. "People who are preoccupied with dating and meeting people can invest quite a bit of time and energy in the social scene. Going out on top of your school work can be really tiring," observes Rosenstein, who does not miss his old way of life. "Being married requires you to invest quire a bit of time, but not in the same way. It's probably invested in a more productive, more healthy way."

Rosenstein dismisses the assumption that early marriage is constraining. "Marriage does change you," he says.

"Many people might want to wait until they are established in a career and are financially secure. But by that time, you're set in your own ways and less likely to grow and change. Natalia and I are still changing, but we're growing together as a team." The two will fly to St. P~tersburg this August-she to reunite with friends and family, he to meet his in-laws for the first time.

R

or South and Hacken South, marriage at ages 22 and 20, respectiv~y, fo~ow.s convention in the Morm~n community. We didn t really see any reason to walt, although it sounds a little odd our here where people get married a lot later," says Hacken South. Most of their friends in Utah have married, while others worry if they

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SEPTEMBER 3¡ 1993

THE NEw jouRNAL 23

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have not yet found a mate.

Being away from their community in Utah has tested their strength and reliance on one another. They help overcome their homesickness by living in an apartment complex that houses several Mormon graduate students.

The fact that they are the only undergraduates married to each other has given them some notoriety as "the Mormon couple." Weeks before they married, their wedd i ng invi tat ion appeared on the bulletin board of Calhoun College.

The odd remarks and occasional double-takes they encounter have yet to dishearten the Souths, but Hacken South quickly notes they always come from people who do not know them well. " I think we get funny looks from undergraduates who have a hard time comprehending the idea of marriage in college, " she says. " Sometimes we laugh with them because we realize, they're shocked. It's the life that we've chosen. I figure we're giving them some cultural awareness.

The Souths feel that their choice to start a new life is one that other Yale undergrads might happily make, given a stronger sense of commitment. "I certainly think more people I know here could get happily married right now. I just don't think I've met many who are willing to commit themselves," says South ...They're unsure of the outcome."

The Souths, who are expecting a child in December, are not leading the typical Yale life. From their atypical experience comes a different type of growth, a different type of change.

The Souths look to each day knowing rhat there is someone to watch over them. And for all these couples, that thought makes them all the happier.

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THE NEW jOURNAL

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a senior in Calhoun is on th~ staffojTNJ. SEPTEMBER 3· 1993

I

Feeding the City john Gorham

S

peaking of New Haven in the past tense comes easily. problem is you can't reheat Sally's pizza."

One has enly to look beyond a four block radius surMyers, who works at Yale-New Haven Hospital and rounding Yale to see neighborhoods gripped by poverUniversity Commons, nodded her assent. "Modern ty and divided along ethnic lines. Yet there still are two [Apizza] is similar to Sally's. But after I got hooked on this, things that can pull people of the area together, remind I won't eat any other pizza." them of their shared history, and provide some economic Sally's importance to this city transcends simply prostability in a city hit hard by the current recession: the quest viding the finest pizza to New Haven's residents. Small, for the perfect pizza and the historic hamburger. family-run businesses like Sally's, in Consiglio's opinion, Oddly enough, New Haven takes credit for creating provide the economic backbone of a city struggling under these twin pillars of American cuisine and the weight of rising insurance rates, high culture. Viewed in the context of the histo- C" taxes, and a crippling recession. ncttons as a Unfortunately, these self-same family busiry of these products, these inventions are of va I)'S considerable importance. Hamburg~rs have lace where dtijfierent nesses are becoming. rarer. "I. mean years become standard American fare, spawning p ago we had many lnde spectalty stores. such corporate giants as McDonald's and ethnic and socio- They used to have a policeman ¡on every Burger King. The slice of American-style street corner to direct traffic during the pizza is a sidewalk fixture from New York to economtc groups Christmas shopping season," she said.

Moscow.

"New Haven was a great place, believe mingle peacefully. me. " Moscow is a long way from Wooster Street in New Haven, but Flora Consiglio, One reason for Sally's longevity as a 'People don't come business enterprise lies in its reliance on a proprietor of the famous Sally's Pizzeria of Wooster Street, can remember when profit margin-high volume here to argue. They small Wooster St~et was the only place you could approach. "You have to work harder but at get pizza. Her late husband Salvatore (hence come here to eat. n least you're making a living wage," the name Sally's) began working in his Consiglio said. She explained that her uncle's pizzeria, Pepe's, down the block while husband had a simple rule to guide his business: "If you won't eat it, don't serve it." still in grammar school. In 1938 he started his own restaurant and people have been lining up to get a table ever since, Sally's also functions as a place where different ethnic including the likes of Senator Edward Kennedy, Frank and socio-economic groups mingle peacefully. Back outside Sinatra, Gary Trudeau, and Michael Bolton. All three of in the line to get in, Sue and Dominic, a middle-aged couConsiglio's children have returned after graduating from ple from the predominantly Italian suburban community of college to help run the restaurant.

East Haven, stood behind What then makes Sally's pizza a step above the competi- Williams, who is black and hails tion? Consiglio, mother of three and grandmother of four, from the Hill, one of New Haven's smiled demurely. "In all honesty, I couldn't tell you what poorest and most violent areas.

Couples like Sue and Dominic the difference is." She did emphasize, however; the importance of using pizza dough over bread dough-a distinction and Gregory and Rhonda find many pizzerias overlook. themselves waiting less and less on Waiting in line in the late afternoon summer heat, the same lines, having fewer Gregory Williams and his fiancee, Rhonda Myers, had their chances to meet and talk. own theories. "I think I've cracked their recipe," Williams, a Fortunately a good pizza can still cook at Trumbull College, asserted. "Sally's uses really fresh bring people together. Consiglio recalled a couple who met ingredients like virgin olive oil, fresh garlic, and tomato waiting outside the restaurant and ended having their wedsauce where you can see the skins of the tomatoes. Pepe's ding rehearsal dinner at the pizzeria. "People don't come uses more crushed, pureed tomatoes in their sauce. Only here to argue," Williams said. "They come here to eat."

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SEPTEMBER

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JouRNAL

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The unique pizza at S~tly always draws a crowd.

ouis' Lunch is another small family business that has successfully weathered New Haven's hard times. . A small, shuttered brick building located at 263 Crown Street, Louis' looks more like an historic landmark than a burger joint. In reality, it is both, according to its owner Ken Lassen. ¡ Lassen, a genial, graying man, credits his grandfather Louis Lassen with making the world's first hamburger and the world's first steak sandwich. Lassen himself started working regular hours at the family eatery at age twelve. "I wanted to be an architect," he confided over the counter as his wife Lee and his son Jeffrey bustled with the orders of the lunch-time crowd. "When my father passed away I became the breadwinner. I figured I better do what I knew best." Which is hamburgers.

Certain protocols in Louis' Lunch must be obeyed without question. The only garnishings allowed are cheese, onion, and tomato. Using ketchup and mustard is sacrilegious. The meat is cooked vertically in upright cast-iron stoves dating from 1895. Two slices of toast complete the recipe. "It's just like we stood still," Mr. Lassen observed.

"Four generations and there hasn't been a millionaire yet. The money's in your sandwich."

L

26 THE NEW JouRNAL

The way they make hamburgers isn't the only thing that has stood still at Louis' Lunch. The building itself is the sole remnant of a tannety complex from the 1780s. When the complex was slated to be torn down, the tiny building was moved to its present location on Crown Street with the help and money of concerned patrons. The centerpiece of the building is one of the walls, which was rebuilt after the restaurant's relocation, and composed of bricks sent to Mr. Lassen from grateful customers.

On the subject of his clientele,

Lassen brightened. "We have the most beautiful clienrc:;Jsjv.b~ ~~rid ," h.e. ..., said expansivefy:~ Guys who grease cars to CEOs. I don't know where all the shnooks go but we. don't have them."

On a "tour of the walls" Lassen proudly points out bricks from famous structures and places: a piece of King Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem, coral from French Polynesia, part of the old Metropolitan Opera House in New York. "With this wall we can make anyone feel at home," he declared.

The reminders of those businesses

Louis' Lunch is an historic New Haven landmark.

SEPTEMBER 3¡ 1993

not as fortunate as ·Louis', or for that matter Sally's, are all around the restaurant. Another of the eatery's walls is made up from bricks, collected

by Lassen, of bulldozed small buildings that composed an area on Church Street from the Green to Crown Street, replaced by the now empty monolithic b!,lildings of Macy's and

'its just like we stood still, "observes Lassen of Louis' Lunch. "Four generations and there hasn't been a millionaire yet. The moneys in your sandwich. " other big retail stores. "This wall represents alhhe tears from the mom and pop businesses that were destroyed to make way for the downtown you see today," Lassen said softly.

Sitting at the polished wooden counter under the shadow of its elderly beams, listening to the slightly bent man leaning beside his cast iron stoves, diners feel a warm glow-and it's not from the stove. Here stand tenacious survivors, both the man and his eatery, secure in their faith in New Haven, safeguarding their tradition and history long after the structures of their corporate rivals sit empty and decaying.

Like Sally's, Louis' Lunch can lay claim to a piece of American history. With a d edication to the quality of the food they produce and the well-being of the people they serve, both Sally's and Louis' plan to stand by New Haven through thick and thin.

fohn Gorham, a junior in Saybrook Co/kg~. is on th~ staffojTNJ.

SEPTEMBER 3· 1993

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27

How I Spent My Summer Richard Brodhead n early May I was asked if I would write some thoughts for publication in Th~ N~w journaL For several reasons I was pleased to agree. The editor who asked was a former student; I have a long-standing admiration for this journal, which was founded by friends of mine in undergraduate years; and the terms of the request were exceptionally easy-my piece could be on any subject, and I'd have the whole summer to write it.

The whole summer having flown by, packed with days when I could have written my piece if only it had seemed a ......,..~~~"'!1!".-;: little more urgent, I now find myself face to face with my task and learn that it is an abyss of vagueness. I've seldom found it hard to write on something; but on "Anything?"

That's a taller order, and it takes me back to the miseryinducing "free theme" ofmy youth, that open-ended invitation to expose the barrenness of one's imagination.

The default topic in those (I hope) long gone days was ".how I spent my summer," whith might avail me here.

For how I spent my summer was learning a new territory and giving some reflection to the kind of job I've undertaken. So a topic presents itself after all: Preliminary Reflection of Administration Man. One thing that has come clear to me is how many years one can spend in a university without paying any attention to its administration. When I was an undergraduate the Dean of Yale College was Georges May. Though my classmates and I could easily pick up on the fact that Dean May was the most urbane person one had ever met (he still is), his face atwinkle with an extraordinary know- . ingness mysteriously compatible with endless amusement, I did not know three things about what the Dean of Yale College was or did. There had to be one, it seemed, and there my curiosity ended.

When I was in graduate school, during the student revolution of 1970, I, of course, learned the general mistrust of administrations tk rig~ur in that extraordinary sea-

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THE NEW jOURNAL

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SEPTEMBER 3¡ 1993

son, and protested such callous displays of administrative power as the tree removals necessary to build the Cross Campus Library. But I still had no idea what administration meant in any concrete sense, and my ignorance persisted long after I joined the faculty.

I speak now from a position of somewhat greater knowledge. From this position I judge that my earlier ignorance represented not a real deficiency but a sign that things were working fairly well. For I now suppose that the deep aim of university administration is in some serious sense to make itself disappear: that its real goal is to make it possible for most people most of the time to think about other things.

My late colleague, Michael Cooke, tragically killed this time of year three years ago, said to me shortly after he took up the Mastership of Trumbull College: "You know, Dick, all teaching properly culminates in administration."

Michael Cooke was given to oracular utterances, and I remember at the time feeling that this statement was no less profound for being wholly enigmatic. Much later in my own career, I know both what he meaht and why I would disagree with him. He meant, I suppose, that the same moral passions that make teaching such a satisfying career for some people, are what drive such people into the institutional labors that support education. That, I think, is undeniable: I can't imagine the psyche so malformed that it could desire administrative position as an end rather than as a means to serve other ends. But surely the educative will doesn~_t lead toward administrative culminations in any inevitable o r necessary way; quite the reverse.

Yale has {distinguished tradition of scholar teachers who have come to administrative power on the basis of their work as educators, not bureaucrats. My other colleague, A. Bartlett Giamatti, also painfully remembered at this time of year, is the great modern exemplum of this type. Yale remains highly distinctive for its refusal to tolerate the separation of administrative from academic personnel. What was once said of men and dust can largely be said of Yale administrators: of the faculty they are, and to the faculty they shall return. Nevertheless, the facultyadministrator tradition can conceal the fact that the great majority of faculty do not, do not want to, do not need to, turn away from educational to administrative roles. We do that work when it comes to us, but we are not here for that.

What is administration? My own understanding of this form of work relies on something like a base/superstructure model. I visualize universities as comprising two zones of activity that are at once profoundly different and separate and profoundly interdependent on one another.

In one of these, the activities that are the purpose of the university take place: study, reflection, discussion, the SEPTEMBER 3, 1993

Dean Brodhead laugh with incoming Yale President Levin. transmission of knowledge and the interrogation of received ideas, and the building of bonds between people from different backgrounds who are engaged in these common pursuits. (This formulation is of course very approx- _ imate.) These activities are in essence intellectual, one might even say ideal. But it is their peculiarity that they require support from another sphere of activity that is the reverse of ideal: practical, bureaucratic, material or physical, economic. So a course is, in its moments of intense self-realization, a wholly intellectual transaction, a vivid :sharing and questioning of knowledge performed together by teacher and student. But in another, just-as-real sense, a course is the set of not-in-the-least intellectual arrangements that made this intellectual experience possible: it meets at an hour that has to be arranged, in a location that has to be arranged, in a building whose physical maintenance has to be arranged, led by an instructor who has to be hired, whose qualifications have to be approved, whose parking space has to be arranged, whose benefits and salary have to be arranged, working with students who have to be selectively admitted according to policies and procedures that have to be arranged, who themselves require study space, and residential space, and dining hall menus, all of which require to be arranged, and ... you get the idea.

The educational operations of a university are not reducible to its bureaucratic arrangements, but they can't take place separate from those arrangements: those arrangements create the possibility of an experience of a different order, an experience free to forget the arrangements that provided its occasion-what is called the life of the mind. This, I take it, is what administratioq is in a university: a temporary crossing over from the realm of education proper into the enabling realm of arrangement.

It follows that good -administration isn't just the art of THE NEW jOURNAL

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skillful management, but is that practice of management that retains a powerful sense of what it is trying to enable, what non-practical goal it is trying to ad-minister or minister to.

(My Latin dictionary gives these senses for the noun administer, administri: servant, underling, assistant, agent, attendant, priest.)

All of which is true enough, but fails to capture the drama that can attach to administration. This arises from the fact that arrangement and management require choices, choices to l'Je made in the midst of competing communal preferences and with finite resources for their realization. A stupid joke of my youth ran: "Would you like to go to California or by bus?" But just this absurd asymmetry characterizes the kinds of choices that come up in the zone of a-dministration. Would you r:a..ther subscribe to obscure periodicals for the library. since who knows what apparently minor periodical in what apparently

The deep aim of unit!ersity administration is to make itselfdisappear: to make possible for most people most ofthe time to think about other things. marginal language will turn out to be considered a major cultural document?-or put a roof on a severely leaky lab? Would you rather paint the admissions office-an educational issue, since appearances can affect matriculation and Yale wants to draw the best--or hire extra teaching assistants for an overcrowded course?

SEPTEMBER 3• 1993

Would you do better to try to upgrade athletic facilities or career counseling services? Support new interdisciplinary programs or fix more antiquated bathrooms?

Such choices in reality come up not in pairs but as the rivalry of each desirable thing against every other one. Each claim comes wi'th direct educational benefits if adopted and possibly dire consequences if neglected. At the same time, when decisions must be made, there's no knowing for sure which choice will prove to have been the best or wisest-only the certainty of displeasing those who counseled on the other side. Trying to make intelligent choices while working in this particular darkness is the fun of administration.

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T

wo things help here. First, administration at Yale is a highly collegial affair. Almost nothing at Yale has ever been accomplished autocratically. Successful management has instead involved large amounts of consultation with faculty, students, staff, and administrative colleagues, so that none of us move forward with our own unaia~d light. Second, the academic culfure of Yale puts a much lower premium on administrative affairs than it does on intellectual ones.

Yale is sometimes inefficient as a result, but the healthy consequence is that Yale tends not to forget what management is in the service of-what educational goals bureaucracy is trying to effect.

In these conditions, I'm happy to make a temporary deviation into the administrative zone. Having a job like my current one is the only way to get a sense of how the whole of Yale works.

So I greet it as a new phase of my education-and after I've done it for a while, it'll be someone else's turn, and I'll cross back into my more usual habiUt.

~

Richard Brodh~ad (BR '68, GRD '72) is D~an of Yale Coll~g~.

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