Rayyan’s Samosas

Steps:

1. Wash your potatoes and cut them in half. Do not peel your potatoes. Put potatoes in a large pot and fill with water until potatoes are completely submerged. Turn the pot to high heat and let it boil. Boiling potatoes takes approximately 25 minutes, but this can differ depending on the size of the potatoes. To test the potatoes out, poke with a fork into the center of the potato. Fork should go in smoothly, almost like it is butter. The skin should be easy to peel off or even separate from the potatoes.

2. When potatoes are done, drain in a strainer. In a large separate bowl, fill with cold water and add ice cubes. Put potatoes in cold water and allow to cool. Once potatoes are fully cooled, take them out of the water. Now, you want to peel the skin off. This should be rather easy to do now that they are boiled - if your potatoes are not easily peelable, then they are not done.

3. Now it is time to mash your potatoes! A potato masher works best, if you do not have one, then you can use a fork (this could be a long process), or you can use a hand mixer, ricer, or food processor. If you use a machine, then be very careful not to overmix. Once potatoes are mashed, add your spices. Taste the mix as you go and add more seasoning to taste if needed. Add cilantro and Thai chili peppers and mix well.

4. Now it is time to wrap. I don’t know how to explain this in words that will make it not seem complex. So, instead, here is a visual on how to wrap them. Seal your samosas with water!

5. To fry, use something that can hold ½ a cup of vegetable oil. Before adding oil, turn the pan to medium heat (we did 5). Once the pan has heated, add your oil and allow it to heat. Once oil is heated, drop your samosas in. Do not overcrowd your pan - cook in batches. When you drop into the pan, they should start sizzling right away. If they don’t, you have not allowed your oil to heat fully. Each side of the samosa till golden brown.

6. Set your samosas on a plate that is lined with a paper towel (or two) to absorb extra oil. Allow to cool, then enjoy! You can also freeze your uncooked samosas, then make them when you want. To cook after having been frozen, microwave them for around 30 seconds each side to defrost so they cook thoroughly in the oil.

Written by Andres Salazar

Growing up in Canada, chances are that we all either played a sport or knew someone that was an active athlete. Playing sports is regular, with soccer and hockey being the most common. While we all knew people that were always on the grass field or on the ice rink, athletes representing different sports all over the place. Volleyball, rock climbing, combat sports, and curling are some of the physical activities widely accepted as great pastimes.

However, there is one sport that, here in North America, never became popular, or even taken seriously. While its larger-scale cousin is watched by millions of Canadians, table tennis seems to go completely unnoticed, relegated almost entirely to being a simple game that can be played at a friend’s man cave. Widely known as simply “ping pong”, the miniature version of tennis is seen as just that, while it is actively played and celebrated across Europe, Asia, and parts of South America and Africa. Why is it that it gets completely disregarded in our part of the world? Perhaps, it could be that many people here don’t fully understand what it entails, or what makes it such a fascinating sport. By learning a little about it, perhaps some can realize that, yes, it actually is a valid sport.

One of the most common questions that table tennis enthusiasts will hear when speaking to someone is “Wait, it’s actually a sport?.” Often followed by an even bigger surprise reaction when people find out that table tennis is, in fact, an Olympic sport. Making its debut in the 1988 summer Olympic games in Seoul, South Korea, table tennis has seen athletes from around the globe competing in the singles and doubles categories. This fact might be shocking to hear, especially when realizing that it has been an Olympic event even before commonly watched events, such as badminton and taekwondo, which debuted in 1992 and 2000, respectively (IOC, 2017). Since its introduction in 1988, table tennis has remained a consistent staple of the summer Olympiad. Though these days, the Chinese national team has been dominant throughout the years, many players from South America, Africa, and even Canada play at every major table tennis event.

Another common misunderstanding is that table tennis is not a physically demanding sport. As is the case with most physical activities, athletes at the elite level have to stay at an optimal fitness level to compete. Studies have shown that to stay competitively relevant at the international level; an athlete must possess and maintain strong muscular and cardiorespiratory endurance.

Top players focus on training that optimizes explosive movements, to increase their speed and power for their in-game rallies (Kondric et al., 2013). Training camps preparing for world championships include full-body workouts, often focusing on developing the muscles in the legs, to increase mobility during matches (Srinivasan, 2018). Preparation for high-level competitions can be grueling, with schedules that can include about twenty-two hours of weekly training, even for lower-level competitors (Ttdementor, 2017). Training includes everything from standard weightlifting, but will also incorporate hours of technical training, private coaching, and practice matches until it’s time for the day to end. Even though the sport’s playing field is relatively small compared to that of games like tennis and badminton, building the capacity to maneuver around quickly is essential for players to keep up with the ball. There is also immense mental fitness needed. Practice sessions focusing exclusively on strategy are commonplace, putting a large focus on fast-paced problem-solving. Researchers have even found evidence to suggest that the sport’s mental training improves the prevention of degenerative brain illnesses, such as dementia (Yamasaki, 2022). All of this shows that while it looks simple on tv, the highest level of competition requires immense physical and mental dedication.

There is an incredible amount of strategy that goes into table tennis. While at first glance, it may look like a simple game, the reality is that the tactics and equipment and equipment plays an immense role. Specific hand movements when hitting allow for a spin to be applied to the traveling ball, which would then change its trajectory. The opponents then must respond by catching the ball and returning it properly, as the spin would otherwise take the ball elsewhere. This makes the sport look more like a high-speed chess match, as each movement has a precise purpose, and doing the wrong stroke can lead to the opponent getting the point. Adding even more layers to the strategy of the game is the equipment. Each racket is built differently. It can be made of wood, plastic, or carbon fiber, making the racket either heavier or lighter. The rubber on the surface is the most important part. Professional players spend hours choosing the right rubber, as some might be stickier to increase the spin on the ball, soft ones make the shot more accurate, and tense ones tend to increase the ball’s speed (Liu, 2013).

The point is simple: professional-level table tennis goes beyond simply hitting the ball with a wooden stick.

The great thing about table tennis is that it can be enjoyed at all levels. A staple of the summer Olympics since the late 80s, elite athletes train for hours every day to optimize their performance. On the other hand, the game can be incredibly engaging for the two friends playing in the basement with a beer in hand, and a racket in the other. What is commonly known as “ping pong” is as legitimate of a sport as badminton, baseball, and soccer. There is an immense amount of strategy and physical preparation that, together, create something that is fun and challenging. The next time you come across a green table with a net going across it, you might remember that, yes, table tennis is an actual sport.

References

International Olympic Committee. (2017). History of Table Tennis at the Olympic Games. OSC Reference Collection. Retrieved January 13, 2023, from https://stillmed.olympic.org/ media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Factsheets-Reference-Documents/Games/ OG/History-of-sports/Reference-document-Table-Tennis-History-at-the-OG.pdf.

Kondrič, M., Zagatto, A. M., & Sekulić, D. (2013). The physiological demands of table tennis: a review. Journal of sports science & medicine, 12(3), 362–370. Retrieved January 13, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3772576/#:~:text=Scientists%20from%20around%20the%20world,Zagatto%20and%20Gobatto%2C%202012).

Liu, J. Q., Wang, B., Zhao, X., & Dou, Y. (2013). The Application of Rubber Materials on Table Tennis Racket. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 473, 116–120. Retrieved January 13, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.473.116.

Srinivasan, R. (2018). Staying up to snuff, the paddler way. SportStar. Retrieved January 13, 2023, from https://sportstar.thehindu.com/columns/fitnesswise-ramji-srinivasan/stayingup-to-snuff-the-paddler-way/article23343605.ece.

Ttdementor. (2017). Table Tennis training in China. The Medium. Retrieved January 13, 2023, from https://medium.com/@ttdementor/table-tennis-training-in-china-c960e0a87eed/.

Yamasaki, T. (2022). Benefits of Table Tennis for Brain Health Maintenance and Prevention of Dementia. Encyclopedia, 2(3), 1577–1589. MDPI AG. Retrieved January 13, 2023, from http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2030107.

Considering February is Black History month, let us look into the past, so we may do better in the future to be mindful, grateful, and understanding. Stories of the war’s past become increasingly distant in our minds because of the passage of time, but for others, moments in history are as fresh as if they happened yesterday. Again, a day or a month should not provoke the conversation of black history and the challenges faced by Black, Indigenous, Desi, and East Asian people. Instead, discussing the history and current events should be an everyday consideration.

However, in this article, I will be discussing Canadian Black History. I hope to draw attention to Black History month and to hopefully spark a conversation surrounding not only Black history but the continued struggle faced by many people of colour. I will add a disclaimer here that there will be a discussion of discrimination, racism, and violence. I will also state here that I am aware of the use of Afro-Canadian, African Canadian, and black Canadian in scholarly use. Still, for this article, I will use the terminology Black Canadian to refer to African-descent Canadians.

Military History

Some of the oldest documented accounts of black military history are from the American Revolutionary War (1775- 1783) and the War of 1812 (1812- 1815). Promised their freedom and sometimes a plot of land in exchange for their service, many Black Loyalists fought against the American armies (Mathieu, n.d.). Black Canadians’ military service tradition extended across the nation, serving as some of the first Victoria Pioneer Rifle Corps (1861) and serving in the British military forces and Canadian militia in the 1800s (Mathieu, n.d.). African American migrants were some of Canada’s earliest defenders of the borders and critical battalions in later wars.

Wwi

During the First World War, more than 1,300 Black Canadians enlisted in the Canadian Expeditionary Forces. On 5 July 1916, the Department of Defence and Militia au- thorized the formation of the No. 2 Construction Battalion, 780 of its members were Black Canadians (Ruck, 2022). It was the most prominent Black unit in Canadian history. Its members continued the proud tradition of service to the king and country. No. 2 Construction Battalion was crucial in Canada, England, and France as they were responsible for moving supplies to troops, building depots, maintaining railroads, serving as sentries, and providing the wood needed to rebuild crumbling trench walls and dissolving duckboards (Mathieu, n.d.). However, it was not easy for Black Canadians to enlist.

In August 1914, tens of thousands of men across Canada rushed to their local recruiting centre to enlist for service in the First World War. Many Black men also tried to enlist but were rejected; some Black Canadians heard this was a “white man’s” war, while others were told the army did not require their services (Walker, 1989). By the end of 1915, the military had rejected at least 200 Black volunteers. Many white men told recruiting officers and battalion commanding officers that they refused to serve with Black men (Shaw, 2016). Lt. Col. George Fowler, the commander of the 104th Battalion, would state in his attempt to remove 20 Black soldiers from his regiment, quote:

“I have been fortunate to have secured a very fine class of recruits, and I do not think it fair to these men that they should have to mingle with Negroes,” (Walker, 1989).

While the battle lines in Europe became pronounced, the racial lines in Canada were becoming demarcated in the labour market, for example, where covert socio-economic racism protected the racial privileges of Anglo-Canadians (Shaw, 2016). The prospect of mixing and mingling with Black Canadians unleashed an unspoken anti-Black racism that reared its ugly head with tenacious ferocity.

George Morton (1859-1927) was a letter carrier, a barber, and an early civil rights activist that reached out to the Minister of the Militia, Sir Sam Hughes. Morton demanded to know why members of the Black community were being turned away when trying to enlist for service with the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War (Wilson, 2022). The baton of learning why Black Canadians could not join the army was passed onto J.R.B. Whitney, publisher of the Canadian Observer, “The Official Organ for the Coloured People in Canada” (Wilson, 2022). He offered to raise a unit of 150 Black soldiers in November 1915 and was told by Hughes “that these people can form a platoon in any Battalion, now. There is nothing in the world to stop them” (Wilson, 2022). However, Hughes failed to mention that the platoon would have to be accepted by the commanding officer of an authorized battalion before it could be formed (Wilson, 2022).

The irony that would come later in the First World War was the legalization of Conscription in 1917. Many former Black volunteers who attempted to join the army were now forced to join. The legalization of conscription in 1917 caused outrage and discontent among Black communities across Canada. However, Canada still saw many Black Canadians serve in the military despite racist tensions and conscription. After the war, segregation and racist policies continued to prevail in Canadian society despite Black Canadians serving and dying for their country.

Wwii

Many Black Canadians returning home from the war in 1918 still experienced the same discrimination level. A quote is taken from the Global News article, “ ‘Black Liberators’: Recovering the lost stories of Black Canadian soldiers of WWII,” given by cultural historian Kathy Grant who created the Legacy Voice institute, states:

“Here it is, they are over in Europe — you’re eating in these fancy restaurants, and you’re being served, and you come back to Canada, and they say, ‘we don’t serve these people,” said Grant. “That really hit hard.”

In the Second World War, segregated battalions were disbanded by the Canadian government, but the Royal Canadian Air Force and the Royal Canadian Navy remained closed to Black Canadians. According to Kathy Grant, these military men — who back home in Canada were subjected to racism and discrimination — were not only fighting to free the world from the Nazis but to free themselves (Maclean, 2021). However, it was not long before the race restriction was dropped from the Air Force and the Navy because of a shortage of military personnel. Some Black

Canadians served in the Navy, and Black Canadian airmen served in the Air Force as ground crew and aircrew here at home and overseas in Europe. Back on the home front, Black Canadians made essential contributions by working in factories that produced vehicles, weapons, ammunition, and other materials for the war effort and taking part in other patriotic efforts like war bond drives (n.d., 2022). Black women worked in vital jobs in various industries, for example, in munitions factories in Central Canada and shipbuilding yards in Nova Scotia, filling the shoes of the men who usually worked in these environments but were away fighting in the war (n.d., 2022).

Conclusion

The reality of Canada’s history is not all sunshine and rainbows. It is quite the opposite. Racism and discrimination are riddled throughout Canadian history despite the accepting and welcoming visage that Canada has claimed for years. However, this is not to suggest that Canada will continue to embody the past in its future; rather, this is a learning opportunity for leaders moving forward on the significance of truth, honesty, and reconciliation. Take a moment this Black History Month to reflect on the past, learn something new and continue forward, less ignorant of Canadian history. When considering Black History Month, I hope it will provoke a conversation free of ignorance and hate because it is essential to remember the past, or we will be doomed to repeat it. I hope you learned something new in this article, dear reader, and I hope you go beyond this article to learn more about Black Canadian History.

References: (2022). “Black Canadians in uniform — a proud tradition.” Government of Canada. https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/people-and-stories/ black-canadians.

Berthiaume, L. (2020). “Black Canadians fought racism, discrimination to serve in Second World War.” Canadian Broadcasting Company. https://www.cbc.ca/ news/politics/black-canadians-second-world-war-1.5793974.

Maclean, K. (2021). “ ‘Black Liberators’: Recovering the lost stories of Black Canadian soldiers of WWII.” Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/8366180/ black-liberators-black-canadian-soldiers-wwii-stories/

Ruck, L. (2022). No. 2 Construction Battalion. In The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/no-2-construction-battalion.

Shaw. M. (2016). “Most Anxious to Serve their King and Country: Black Canadians’ Fight to Enlist in WWI and Emerging Race Consciousness in Ontario, 1914-1919.” Social History vol. XLIX, no 100. PDF.

Walker. St.G. W. James. (1989). “Race and Recruitment in World War 1: Enlistment of Visible Minorities in the Canadian Expeditionary Force.” Canadian Historical Review, LXX, 1, 1989. University of Toronto Press. https://wordpress. viu.ca/davies/files/2017/01/Race-and-Recruitment-in-World-War-One.pdf.

There are a couple of elements that come to mind when people hear “Valentine’s Day”. Here in Canada, chocolate, the colour red and winged babies with bows and arrows are classic holiday imagery. It seems like there isn’t much change from year to year. While those pieces might seem so concrete to us, it goes without saying that countries celebrate holidays

Japan is no stranger to putting its twists on popular holidays. Whether it’s a good bucket of KFC on Christmas or having costumed street parties on Halloween, the land of the rising sun also loves to have its own spin on the classic day of romance and friendship. To get to know Japanese Valentine’s Day a bit better, I interviewed two Japanese people to see what they can tell us about what February 14th is like over in Asia, as well as what shocked them when they came here.

- Mina

“Valentine’s Day in Japan is the judgement day for girls to give chocolates and tell their feelings to their crush. So, tension can be felt on the day since they are so nervous about whether their plan goes well. I could say it is such a big event for girls for sure. On the other hand, this makes boys attentive because they expect some girls to confess

- Jin

“What are everyday things to see or do on

“Valentine’s Day in Japan is a big event for women trying to confess their love. It’s also a day to show appreciation to others (i.e., coworkers). Some people buy chocolates from stores, but most people choose to give homemade goods.”

- Mina

“You can see some funny scenes right before the day. Some boys beg their female classmates for chocolate as mercy. Even if they are not popular, it doesn’t matter anymore as long as chocolates from any girl. Some girls buy tons of small, individually wrapped chocolates and distribute them to boys for pity’s sake. On the other hand, for their crush, girls make homemade chocolates from scratch or buy expensive chocolates.”

- Jin 17

“What is different about Valentine’s Day in Japan? What shocked you about the holiday in Canada?”

“ Chocolates are usually given from women to men on Valentine’s Day in Japan. There is a day called White Day, which is celebrated on March 14th, and that is the day for men to return the favour. There are also three types of chocolate: Honmei-choco (favourite chocolate) for significant others or your crush; Giri-choco (obligation chocolate) for your classmates, coworkers, or bosses as appreciation; and Tomo-choco (friend chocolate) for friends.

- Mina

“It’s quite different since this is basically a confessing event in Japan. Here in Canada, boys can also give girls chocolate too, so I was shocked about the difference in Valentine’s Day. At the same time, it is kind of sad Canada doesn’t have the same sort of tradition because it is so much fun to see people get either excited or sad depending on whether they get any chocolate or not.”

“Here in Canada, Valentine’s Day also celebrates close friendships; is that the case in Japan as well?”

“Yes, Tomo-choco is given to friends. It is given to anyone regardless of gender.”

- Mina

“There are three types of valentine’s chocolate: 本 命 (honmei)，義理チョコ(Giri-choco), 友チョコ (tomo-choco). Honmei is for crushes. Giri-choco is the one for either mercy or obligation. Tomo-choco is the one for friends. There is something similar in Japan too.

We, here at the Meliorist, would like to thank Mina and Jin for their participa tion in our interview! The most fasci nating thing to learn about through this interview is how giving and receiving chocolate can be such a heavy event. Though Japan has its take on Valentine’s Day, one thing is still consistent with our version of the holiday: it’s a great day to celebrate those who are close to you.

Written by Andres Salazar

Every holiday has its signature snack. Halloween is known for its wide celebration of candy, eggnog and everything peppermint screams Christmas, and New Year’s celebrations are often full of alcohol. Valentine’s Day is no exception. With the holiday of love and friendship just around the corner, many are loading their shopping carts with all sorts of chocolate. Whether it’s for a single person watching Netflix alone, or for a special someone, those sweet, bite-sized cacao treats go hand in hand with the day of romance. Leading up to February 14th, it seems that everywhere we look, we are completely surrounded by Lindt, Ferrero Rocher, and anything Nestlé.

We associate chocolate with holidays and cheat-day snacks. As a result, it’s easy to forget how valuable chocolate can be in different contexts. In Japan, chocolate is a signature piece of romantic confession and is one of the key cultural ingredients in places like Belgium. However, for centuries, chocolate had a much deeper significance in Central America. Mayans held cacao in a very high position, making it a staple of religious practices, the economy, and daily life. Perhaps, by looking into the past, we can learn to appreciate those sweet supermarket treats a little bit more. Though an analysis of chocolate’s importance in the new world yields an interesting snapshot of an ancient culture, one thing is undeniable: Mayans really loved their chocolate.

These days, chocolate is seen as a delicious treat to be eaten when one craves a sweet snack. On some occasions, such as modern Valentine’s Day, it’s also seen as a symbol of love. The tender and smooth taste of something like a Hershey’s kiss is now symbolic of romance and deep friendships. Mesoamerican religious beliefs often employed cacao in a variety of rituals and festive celebrations. Known as “the food of gods”, cacao was used in rituals celebrating life. Similar to how important the growth and cultivation of corn were to Mayan beliefs, cacao was often also depicted as under the protection of multiple deities, notably that of the god of prosperity and the goddess of fertility (Dreiss & Greenhill, 2008). The ancient Mesoamerican peoples revered the value of the cacao bean, with it being enjoyed in a drink form, even by Aztec royalty later in history (Motagna et al., 2019). Looking at its use in ceremonial and royal contexts, it’s clear that they did not take chocolate lightly.

While cacao was used in the celebration of new life, it was also employed as a symbol to help the transition into the afterlife. Examinations of ancient murals, pottery, and sculptures will reveal copious amounts of chocolate imagery in the context of funerals and the afterlife. Cacao drinks were common at funerals and many ancient Mayans were even buried with personalized chocolate drinking cups (Seawright, 2012). All of this goes to show that chocolate had a core place in Mesoamerican spiritual beliefs. To us in 2023, chocolate is rarely seen as more than a flavor or an ingredient in a dessert. Hundreds of years ago, however, it was much more important, being a symbol that quite literally, helped you go to paradise after death.

It’s clear that to the ancient Mesoamericans, chocolate had an incredibly important spiritual role, though it also had an incredibly important role in the ancient economy. More than just a valuable resource, cacao beans themselves were actually used as a form of currency. Unlike our modern money, those in Mayan civilizations used a variety of materials, such as maize and textiles as forms of payment. However, one of the most common types of currency was that of cacao beans. It was used for everything from paying for goods and services and was even used as a method to pay one’s taxes to the royalty (Learn, 2018). This idea shows up across ancient art, with depictions of locals delivering bags of dried cacao beans spread across all sorts of murals and pottery. Most of us have paid friends in pizza for helping us with mundane tasks, though I don’t think the Canadian government would be happy if we paid our modern taxes with Lindt chocolates.

With the importance of the chocolatey bean being so evident in Mayan times, it may seem that it was exclusively available to those of higher classes. This is not the case. A variety of social classes used cacao for multiple reasons. As mentioned before, it was a common form of currency for trade and tax payments, though it was, of course, celebrated for its culinary potential. Most commonly enjoyed as a thick, warm beverage, it had quite a different flavor profile to our modern-day hot chocolate (McNeil, 2009). It was often mixed with servings of peppers and cinnamon, both of which helped the hot drinks have a spicy kick that would throw off most chocolate enthusiasts of today. It was also sometimes consumed as smaller, harder dishes, which could be used as a quick snack while people were working on different tasks. Unlike the processed treats of modern times that are full of sugar, Mayans kept it hardy. This only makes me wonder how a Mayan king would have reacted to eating a white chocolate Ferrero rocher ball that is covered with almonds, with a creamy and gooey milk chocolate center.

It’s crazy to think that chocolate was so important. To us, cacao is just that: an ingredient to be used for a variety of desserts and flavored edible goodies. While to us, it seems like a mundane ingredient, to the Mayans of ancient Mesoamerica, it held incredible spiritual, and economic power, on top of being a good ingredient. While this is only a sample of how influential it was, one thing is certain: Mayans really loved their chocolate.

References

Dreiss, M., Greenhill, S. (2008). Chocolate: Pathway to the Gods. University of Arizona Press. Retrieved from https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tEFsZuKRbNcC&oi=fnd&pg=PP11&dq=maya+chocolate&ots=5ydysUG2TC&sig=lsk5CEnJTxahet3Cg9o5RJj0DV8#v=onepage&q&f=false.

Harris, K. (2019). Xocolatl: The Mayan Food Of The Gods. History Daily. Retrieved from https://historydaily.org/xocolatl-the-mayan-food-of-the-gods. Learn, J. (2018). The Maya civilization used chocolate as money. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved from https://www.science. org/content/article/maya-civilization-used-chocolate-money.

McNeil, C.L. (2009). Chocolate in Mesoamerica: A Cultural History of Cacao. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. Retrieved from https://muse.jhu.edu/ book/17463.

Montagna, M. T., Diella, G., Triggiano, F., Caponio, G. R., Giglio, O. D., Caggiano, G., Ciaula, A. D., et al. (2019). Chocolate, “Food of the Gods”. History, Science, and Human Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(24), 4960. MDPI AG. Retrieved from http://dx.doi. org/10.3390/ijerph16244960

Seawright, C. (2012). Life, Death and Chocolate in Mesoamerica: The Aztecs and the Maya; Where did the Ritual Use of Cacao Originate?. The Keep Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/ Caroline-Seawright/publication/274837640_ARC2AZT_Essay_Life_Death_ and_Chocolate_in_Mesoamerica_The_Aztecs_and_the_Maya_Where_did_ the_Ritual_Use_of_Cacao_Originate/links/55f8b47908aec948c4864629/ ARC2AZT-Essay-Life-Death-and-Chocolate-in-Mesoamerica-The-Aztecs-andthe-Maya-Where-did-the-Ritual-Use-of-Cacao-Originate.pdf.