UNIVERSITY OF PÉCS Faculty of Sciences Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences Doctoral School of Earth Sciences
MUSLIM SOLDIERS IN THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN MONARCHY (1878–1918)
Main findings of the PhD dissertation Zoltán Bolek
Supervisor: Dr. Máté Kitanics PhD Research fellow
Pécs, 2026
Address of the Doctoral School:
University of Pécs, Faculty of Sciences 7624 Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6.
Head of the Doctoral School:
Dr. István Geresdi, Doctor of the HAS Professor, University of Pécs, Faculty of Sciences Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences Department of Geology and Meteorology
Title of the doctoral programme:
Geopolitics
Head of the doctoral programme:
Dr. Norbert Pap, Doctor of the HAS Professor, University of Pécs, Faculty of Sciences Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences Department of Political Geography, Development and Regional Studies
Discipline of the dissertation:
Historical geography
Supervisor:
Dr. Máté Kitanics PhD Research fellow University of Pécs, Szentágothai Research Centre Centre for Historical and Political Geography
1. Introduction Ten years ago, while researching the memories of the 1921 uprising in Western Hungary, I came across the cemetery in Sopronbánfalva, where I found 32 Muslim soldiers' graves among the World War I graves. This discovery inspired me to begin researching the history of Bosnian soldiers who served and fought in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the Kingdom of Hungary. I was convinced that the Bosnian soldiers of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy remained loyal to the Danube Empire and its ruler until the very end. The final impetus for my research came from the fact that no one had yet comprehensively examined the lives, military exploits, and Hungarian connections of these soldiers, and therefore no summary publications on the subject had been produced. As a first step in my work, I contacted the Institute of Military History, and based on their valuable advice, I embarked on a little-known path. The history of Bosniak soldiers has not been studied in depth, either between the two world wars or during the socialist period. The attitude of experts in the latter period is understandable, as the topic was ideologically distant from the interests of official historiography, although they could have dealt with the role of Bosnians and Muslims in 1919. On the one hand, according to the Marxist view of history, the First World War was an "imperialist war," and religiosity, including Islam, was also not accepted. On the other hand, the Bosniaks who remained in Hungary also fought in the Rongyos Gárda (Ragged Guard), so they had to be excluded from any positive commemoration from the outset. Even more interesting is why no historical summary of their role was written during the period between 1920 and 1945. The reason for this lack of interest may be that Hungarian historiography at the time generally focused on national aspects, and that we had only lived under a common state framework for forty years. Thus, their significance was underestimated in terms of both state and national development, although their role in the Rongyos Gárda and then in the 1938 invasion of Carpathian Ruthenia somewhat contradicts this. The latter, however, was not examined during the Horthy era precisely because it had political implications and was not considered history. After 1945, even though it was classified as a historical event, it was not considered relevant, and their role was not viewed as positive during that period, despite its particularity. According to Marxist historiography, the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was morally unacceptable from the outset, especially since it was remembered as one of the causes of World War I. Due to the lack of sources and the difficulties listed above, the topic has been explored far less than it could have been. The topic could be made more relevant by approaching it from the perspective of "integration and loyalty history," since the population and soldiers of another cultural circle had to be integrated into a functioning system, the imperial and royal (K. u. K.) army. 2. Objectives and hypotheses The main objective of my dissertation is to provide a comprehensive overview of the role played by Bosniak soldiers from Bosnia and Herzegovina in World War I on the side of the AustroHungarian Monarchy. In this context, I assumed that Bosnian soldiers and military units became loyal members of the Monarchy's armed forces in a relatively short period of time, measured in 1
historical terms, as a result of the occupying Christian power's successful integration of the local Muslim population into its own state and military organization, albeit at the cost of conflicts. In my thesis, I intended to describe the main stages of this integration, the problems that had to be faced, how these problems were dealt with, and how the soldiers who emerged from among the locals eventually became loyal supporters of the Monarchy, as evidenced by their outstanding military performance during the World War I battles, which exceeded their numbers. It is impossible to describe the process of integration into the social fabric and military forces of the Monarchy without presenting the socio-economic and political situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina prior to the occupation, as well as the international conflict affecting Bosnia that unfolded from 1875 onwards in the wake of the Great Eastern Crisis. That is why I considered it important to begin my presentation of the historical and geographical background of my research by outlining the situation in the province, which was part of the Ottoman Empire, prior to its occupation in 1878. This was followed by exposing the social integration process mentioned above, the military occupation carried out despite local resistance, and then the organization of civil administration and the decisive stages and turning points in the economic development and political integration of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was under the joint administration of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy for 40 years. As part of the theoretical foundation of the issue under examination, I set as a key objective the identification and presentation of domestic initiatives aimed at establishing and strengthening Hungarian-Bosniak social relations, which proved to be largely successful. As a substantive introduction to the military aspects that form the main focus of the research, I wanted to describe in detail the process of organizing the imperial and royal armed forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with particular attention to the special religious needs of Muslim Bosnian soldiers, the role and significance of the 1881 Provisional Military Law enacted to protect them, Islam as a source of cultural and military conflict, and the opportunities for Muslim soldiers to practice their religion. In order to verify my hypothesis, I presented and evaluated, with the help of comparative statistical data analysis, the battles and military successes of Bosnian-Herzegovinian military units during World War I, their outstanding combat actions, the decorations they received in recognition of these, and the distribution of orders in proportion to their numbers. As a result, in my opinion, it has been proven that Bosniak soldiers showed above-average loyalty to the Monarchy and its army, which did not waver even in the final stages of the lost World War, in the shadow of the empire's collapse and with the certainty of the dualist state's demise. To confirm the above hypothesis, I also set out to map the cross-border memorial space that indicates the Bosniak military and civilian involvement and refers to the presence of the Monarchy in Bosnia. This was supported by my field research trips, during which I documented the graves of Bosniak heroes in World War I military cemeteries in Hungary, Austria, and Slovenia. In addition, I sought to uncover and collect memorial sites referring to the civil development of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Sarajevo within the Monarchy, as well as public memorials, mainly in the form of street names and plaques, in Vienna, Budapest, Graz, and Italy. I believed that the public names identified as a result of this, as well as their geographical imprint, would clearly demonstrate the strength of the social cohesion that had developed 2
between Bosnia, Austria, and Hungary. To achieve this, I researched and analyzed primary and secondary sources that had not yet been in the focus of academic interest. The assumptions I seek to prove in my dissertation are therefore based fundamentally on the professional conviction that the social integration of Bosnia and Herzegovina took place in a very short period of time, and that this successfully laid the foundation for the strong loyalty of Muslim Bosnians and soldiers of Bosnian origin to the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and its army. This close bond was mutual in some cases, typically in Hungarian-Bosniak relations. I would like to support and examine the above statements by proving the following specific hypotheses based on facts: H1: The Turanian movement and the intellectual basis of the Hungarian eastern cultural mission provided fertile ground for Hungarian-Bosniak cultural, economic, and educational cooperation, thereby facilitating integration. H2: The rapid and prudent introduction of the Provisorisches Wehrgesetz für Bosnien und die Herzegovina (Provisional Military Law for Bosnia and Herzegovina) following the occupation greatly contributed to the integration of Muslim Bosniaks into the monarchy. H3: The sympathy and loyalty of Muslim Bosniaks towards the Monarchy is also confirmed by the reception given to Emperor Franz Joseph during his visit to Bosnia and Herzegovina following the annexation, which was a symbolic takeover of the new province. H4: The distinguished service of the Muslim Bosniak forces fighting in the AustroHungarian Monarchy during World War I, as a manifestation of their exceptional loyalty to the Empire and its ruler, who embodied its unity, can be demonstrated by their military exploits, awards, military loyalty, and political reliability. H5: The spatial representation of Bosniak military involvement in military cemeteries, war memorials, commemorative plaques, and public place names confirms that positive memories of Bosniaks have survived to this day, particularly in Austria and Hungary, but also in Slovenia. 3. Research methods The field I research is quite complex and multifaceted, lying at the intersection of history, military history, and the historical geography subdiscipline of geography. Accordingly, I employed various methods in my research. The starting point was a review of Hungarian, German, Serbian, Croatian, and, to a lesser extent, English-language literature on military history, social and political history, and historical geography dealing with the relevant period and area of study. The formation of a unified picture was facilitated by the fact that I found secondary sources in German and Croatian in Vienna and Sarajevo. The second most important reference point was the primary sources that I researched and analyzed. I found primary sources in Hungarian, Serbian, Croatian, and German mainly in the Hungarian National Archives, the Arcanum database (parliamentary journals, periodicals), the Begova Djami Archives in Sarajevo, and the Staatsarchiv in Vienna (National Archives of Austria). My knowledge of German enabled me to read and accurately analyze my archival sources, while I sought assistance in translating the Bosnian materials. In Sarajevo, handwritten statistics and records about military imams can be found in the Begova Djami Archives, but many of the individuals listed there are not included in the Vienna Kriegsarchiv (War Archives). The Sarajevo materials are important because of the imams' 3
qualifications, providing information about the schools they attended, while the Vienna documents primarily provide information about military careers and whether they were professional or reserve military imams. Reconstructing the situation therefore required "combining" the two types of sources. In the aforementioned Vienna Kriegsarchiv, I managed to find one of the most important documents on the subject, titled as Schematismus für das k.u.k. Heer und das Kriegsmarine 1883–1918, which contains the names and ranks of the officers and non-commissioned officers of the Bosnian infantry regiments and field hunter battalions (Feldjägerkorps), as well as all important data on their units. The Provisorisches Wehrgesetz für Bosnien und Hercegovina (Provisional Military Law for Bosnia and Herzegovina), enacted in 1881, was also very important for my research, because its appendix reveals how the religious and dietary needs and special oaths of Muslim soldiers were met, how medical examinations, opportunities to participate in Islamic religious holidays, and conditions for prayer were provided. This was preceded by a series of diplomatic exchanges with European countries (Bulgaria, France, Montenegro, Great Britain, Russia, and Romania) whose armies included Muslim soldiers between 1878 and 1881, initiated by the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and War of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. In these letters, which are known from the document titled as Verordnungsblatt für das K. u. K. Heer: Cirkularverordnung vom 4. November 1881, information was requested about the possibilities for Muslim soldiers to practice their religion, the text and form of the military oath, their meals and uniforms. The above-mentioned temporary military law was created after examining the responses received. The seven-volume work titled as Österreich-Ungarns Letzter Krieg 1914-1918 (ÖULK), found in the Kriegsarchiv Library, is also a quasi-primary source, as the infantry regiment and field hunter diaries from Bosnia and Herzegovina are no longer available in the Kriegsarchiv in Vienna. Each volume is supplemented with operational and tactical maps of the Serbian, Russian, Italian, and Romanian fronts. It provides detailed information on the Bosnian units that participated in the operations here, down to the battalion level, as well as their commanders. I searched for the Bosniak units in the indexes of the individual volumes. These units were deployed on all fronts from the outbreak of the Great War until its end. In addition to this, I considered it important to study the memoirs because the officers commanding the Muslim Bosniaks were mostly Christian, and thus their positive opinions and statements cannot be attributed to mutual praise among Muslims. These can be considered testimonies from the receiving side. I found two important memoirs by officers commanding Bosniak soldiers in the Kriegsarchiv in Vienna. One diary was started during World War I by Pero Blašković, a Bosnian Croat captain, while the other was written after the war by Hans Fritz, an Austrian officer. Blašković was particularly important to me because he served in the 3rd Bosnian Regiment in Budapest and was deployed with his unit on the Serbian, Russian, and finally Italian fronts. He was the only Bosnian officer to write about the surrender in Italy and his subsequent imprisonment as a prisoner of war. I researched the Hungarian parliamentary records on Bosniak soldiers in the House of Representatives journals (1861–1947) available in the Arcanum Digital Knowledge Base. These records concern the stationing of soldiers from Bosnia and Herzegovina in Hungary. The Hungaricana database contains several newspapers, mainly released in provincial areas (Délmagyarország, Egri Ujság, Kiskunhalas, Pesti Hírlap, Szatmári Hírmondó, Szatmári 4
Hírlap, Ung, Váci Hírlap, etc.) published news about Bosniak soldiers, events related to them in Hungary, including funerals and situations on the front lines. Fewer articles on this topic appeared in these domestic newspapers during peacetime, but more appeared after the outbreak of war. In the item no. 14 (1913–1924) of the Turán dossier signed as P-1384 at the Hungarian National Archives, we can find information about Bosniak students studying in Hungary, among other things. Here we can read about the students' parents, their academic results, and notes on their moral conducts. Another aspect of my research was fieldwork, which I conducted in two areas. Firstly, by searching for Bosniak names in the online military grave register of the Military History Institute and Museum and in the World War I military casualty lists (Verlustenliste) and regimental records available at the Austrian National Library, I filtered out those domestic cemeteries that might contain the remains of Bosniak soldiers who fell during the Great War. I found twenty-four such cemeteries in Hungary, twenty-one of which I was able to visit. Another goal of my field research in Hungary was to identify buildings and public spaces that preserve the memory of Bosniak soldiers and to learn about their history. Such a building was the present one of the Military History Institute and Museum, which once served as barracks for the 3rd Infantry Regiment of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Located in the Buda Castle, the building's exterior still bears the marks of the former joint army barracks. It was the largest facility in Hungary that housed Bosniak soldiers. I found four public places in Budapest with Bosniak names (Bosnyák tér, Bosnyák utca, Bosnyák köz, Mosztár utca). Part of my fieldwork abroad also involved searching for famous military cemeteries, which I found in Lebring, Austria, and Log pod Mangartom, Slovenia. I also managed to visit an important battlefield, the Isonzo (Soča in Slovenian) Valley, about which I made a short video. I also visited Caporetto, where a museum has been established in memory of the famous breakthrough, and among its materials I found several contemporary photos related to Bosnia. In addition, I collected memorial sites in Vienna, Graz, and Italy, primarily in the form of public place names. 4. Summary presentation and results of the study The overall objective of my dissertation was to present a comprehensive picture of the role played by Bosniak soldiers from Bosnia and Herzegovina in World War I on the side of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, the comprehensive research and publication of which – including the historical background to the creation of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian armed forces and their integration into the Danube Empire – has not yet been researched and published in the Hungarian literature. In order to illustrate the process of integration into the social fabric and military forces of the Monarchy, I placed the subject of my research in a historical and geographical context and described the social and economic situation and foreign policy relations of the Bosanski vilajet, or more precisely, the province under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, prior to the occupation. In the latter regard, I paid particular attention to the presentation of the international conflict affecting Bosnia that unfolded from 1875 onwards in the wake of the Great Eastern Crisis. I also dealt in detail with the process of the occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the Austro5
Hungarian Monarchy, the establishment and development of military and then civil administration. From the perspective of deepening Bosnia's social integration, HungarianBosniak cultural and educational relations – the rapid development of which was greatly influenced by the eastern cultural mission that unfolded during this period (kinship with Turkic peoples, the Turul Association, the establishment of the Hungarian Eastern Cultural Center, etc.) – were of particular importance. I have given them a prominent role in the thesis as confirmation of my hypothesis. In my dissertation, I devoted a separate chapter to describing the formation of the BosnianHerzegovinian armed forces within the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy: the organization of the first military internal security units, with particular attention to the special religious needs of Muslim Bosniak soldiers, and the background, content, and implementation of the 1881 Provisional Military Law enacted to protect them. My related hypothesis was confirmed during my thorough examination of the issue. In addition to the above, I have described in detail the organization of regional auxiliary commands, as well as the circumstances related to conscription and military service, the personnel data and stations of Bosnian military units, and the operation of the military boarding school in Sarajevo established for Bosnian youth. The prerequisite for successful social integration and loyalty was the establishment of a military structure that aligned with the religious needs of Muslim Bosniak soldiers, which was achieved by learning about and adopting best practices from the armies of other countries that also included Muslim military units, and adapting them to the conditions of the Monarchy. As a content introduction to the military aspects that form the main focus of the research, I summarized the relevant information in the chapter on the religious life of Muslim soldiers in the Monarchy, in which I listed the initial problems related to the practice of Islam as the source of conflict that mostly hindered integration. I described the regulations that allowed for the observance of Muslim dietary rules and daily religious practices, the conditions of hospital spiritual care provided to sick and wounded soldiers, and, based on contemporary press reports, I narrated funeral ceremonies of some deceased Muslim soldiers. The practice of Muslim religious life within the army was made possible by the establishment of a military imamate and the organization of imam training to meet increased demand. I have also summarized the information relating to this in my dissertation. In this chapter, placing the topic in a broader context, I dealt with the legal status of Islam in the Monarchy and specifically in Hungary and with the facts concerning the legal recognition of Islam as a religion. I devoted a separate chapter to Franz Joseph's 1910 visit to Bosnia and Herzegovina following the annexation, and the evaluation of the monarch's visit. In the course of this, it became clear that this event, which has not yet been covered in Hungarian literature, was indeed one of the key moments in the successful integration of the new Balkan province into the Monarchy, as well as a reflection of this success. Based on contemporary sources, I described in detail the circumstances of the emperor's visit and reception reporting on the daily programs, the places he visited, the route (Figure 1), as well as arrival and departure times which also confirm the preliminary assumption that the socio-political integration of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the loyalty of the Bosniaks to the Monarchy and the monarch took place within a short period of time.
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Figure 1. The route of Emperor Franz Joseph's visit to Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1910. Source: Own editing based on the Transportation map of Austria-Hungary, 1910 [B IX c 56/1]. 7
Before discussing the role of Bosniak soldiers in World War I, I briefly touched upon the constitutional disputes associated with their stationing in Hungary and the hereditary provinces and the resolution of this issue as a circumstance that is an essential element of the integration of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its military units into a joint military organization. To prove my premise that the loyalty of Bosnian-Herzegovinian soldiers and military units to the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and its army was above average, I evaluated their struggles in World War I, their strategic successes, their outstanding combat actions, and the distribution of decorations and orders among officers and non-commissioned officers received in recognition of these actions, using a comparative analysis of statistical data. In this context, I presented in detail the military potential of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian military armed forces within the Monarchy and its losses suffered in World War I, separately and also compared with those of Hungary. I summarized the knowledge about the officer corps, citing numerous personal examples of their heroism and steadfastness in battles. I consider one of the significant achievements of my work to be the detailed presentation of the participation of Bosnian military units in the battles of World War I at the corps and regimental levels. In doing so, I have described and dated the military role and combat successes of Bosnian-Herzegovinian units separately for the Balkan (Serbian and Montenegrin), eastern (Russian), Italian, and Romanian fronts. In this chapter, I detailed the results of my investigation into the political reliability of soldiers who were captured on the eastern front and then returned home, which also indicates that their influence by communist ideology was minimal and that in this respect they remained committed to the ideal of the Monarchy and the belonging to it. In order to explore and map the space of memory indicating Bosnian military involvement, I organized field research trips, in which I documented the graves of Bosniak soldiers killed in action in World War I military cemeteries in Hungary (Figure 2), Austria and Slovenia. In addition, I tried to explore and collect the places of remembrance referring to BosnianHerzegovinian military presence, which have survived primarily in the form of memorial plaques and public space names, mainly in Vienna, Graz and Budapest (Figure 3). As a result – in line with my hypothesis – I came to the conclusion that the social cohesion between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Austria and Hungary, or in a narrower sense the spatial imprint of Bosniak World War memory – despite the short period of commonality measured by the historical scale – can be clearly identified to this day.
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Figure 2. Settlements in Hungary where Bosnian-Herzegovinian soldiers fallen in World War I are buried. Source: Own editing.
Figure 3. Public space names in Budapest commemorating the former presence of Bosnian soldiers. Source: Own editing based on Habsburg Empire – Cadastral maps (A and C), Openstreetmap.org (B) and Budapest administrative map series (D).
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5. Further directions of research The subject of the dissertation is quite complex, touching upon several scientific fields, including history, military history, international relations, as well as historical and political geography, and consequently further research on the topic can be continued in many directions. In my opinion, the field of study related to the space of memory is the one that holds the most potential for further expanding knowledge on the subject. I have already included the first results of my work on this in the dissertation, but I am currently working on presenting the previously undocumented Bosnian World War I memorial sites in their entirety. To this end, I will continue to map the World War I military cemeteries and plots located in the territory of the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and to register the Bosniak soldiers’ graves found in them. This work can be carried out using two basic methods: on the one hand, by collecting data from war grave registers and relevant archival sources; on the other hand, based on the information obtained from these, by preparing photographic documentation and topographical recording of the monuments and graves that can be identified in the cemeteries as part of field work. As it becomes clear in the last chapter on Bosnian-related memorial sites, another characteristic group of these objects is made up of memorial plaques placed on buildings and in their interiors, as well as public space names. It has also turned out that these can typically be discovered in the larger cities of the former Monarchy, in garrison settlements that housed Bosniak units, as well. Thus, although the search for these places is complicated by uncertainty factors arising from contingency, expanding the range of settlements and systematically reviewing the public works of art, monuments, and memorial plaques found in them may provide an opportunity to find additional memorial points. A memorial register compiled this way may later serve as a basis for a comprehensive presentation and analysis of the characteristics of the Bosniak memorial and relational space of World War I.
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List of publications on the topic of the dissertation
Journal articles Bolek, Zoltán (2025). Bosniaks in Hungary during the Soviet Republic of 1919. Historijski Pogledi – Historical Views, 8 (13): 112–122, doi: 10.52259/historijskipogledi.2025.8.13.112 [Q3] Bolek, Zoltán (2025). Az Osztrák–Magyar Monarchia tábori imámságának kialakulása, története [The formation and history of the military imamate of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy]. Valóság: Társadalomtudományi Közlöny, 68 (6): 10–15. [category A] Bolek, Zoltán (2024). Hadifogolysorsok Oroszország európai részén 1914–1919 között [Fate of prisoners of war in the European part of Russia between 1914–1919]. Hadtudományi Szemle, 17 (2): 73–83, doi: 10.32563/hsz.2024.2.7 [category B] Bolek, Zoltán (2023). Az Osztrák–Magyar Monarchia bosznia-hercegovinai katonái a nagy háború utolsó évében [Bosnian-Herzegovinian soldiers of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in the last year of the Great War]. Hadtudományi Szemle, 16 (1): 17–31, doi: 10.32563/hsz.2023.1.2 [category B] Bolek, Zoltán (2023). Bosniaks in the 1921 Uprising in West Hungary. Historijski Pogledi – Historical Views, 6 (9): 56–68, doi: 10.52259/historijskipogledi.2023.6.9.56 [Q3] Bolek, Zoltán (2022). Bosnians in Subcarpathian fights, against czechoslovakian soldiers and in the "Ragged guards". Historijski Pogledi – Historical Views, 5 (7): 183–192, doi: 10.52259/historijskipogledi.2022.5.7.183 [Q3] Udvarvölgyi, Zsolt András, Bolek, Zoltán (2022). Episodes in the life of the Bosnian Muslim Community in Hungary (1920-1945). Historijski Pogledi – Historical Views, 5 (8): 112– 133, doi: 10.52259/historijskipogledi.2022.5.8.112 [Q3] Bolek, Zoltán (2021). Az Osztrák-Magyar Monarchia kolonizációs kísérlete BoszniaHercegovinában [The colonization attempt of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in Bosnia and Herzegovina]. Valóság: Társadalomtudományi Közlöny, 64 (8): 43–49. [category A] Bolek, Zoltán (2020). Ferenc József 1910-es látogatása Bosznia-Hercegovinában [Franz Joseph's 1910 visit to Bosnia and Herzegovina]. Valóság: Társadalomtudományi Közlöny, 63 (8): 70–80. [category A] Bolek, Zoltán (2019). The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire in First War World. Logos Universality Mentality Education Novelty: Political Sciences and European Studies, 5 (1): 26–35, doi: 10.18662/lumenpses/06 Bolek, Zoltán, Udvarvölgyi, Zsolt (2017). A Unique and Great Period of History of Islam in Hungary: The Community of Bosnian Veterans (1931-1947). Yeni Türkiye, 23 (97): 86– 100. [category A]
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Books Bolek, Zoltán (2021). Bosnyákok és albánok a nyugat-magyarországi 1921-es felkelésben [Bosniaks and Albanians in the 1921 uprising in Western Hungary]. Budapest: Magyar Iszlám Közösség. Bolek, Zoltán (2019). Az Oszmán Birodalommal a nagy háborúban [The Ottoman Empire in the Great War]. Budapest: Magyar Iszlám Közösség. Bolek, Zoltán (2019). Büyük Savas' ta Osmanli Imparatorlugu [The Ottoman Empire in the Great War]. Istanbul: İstanbul Ticaret Borsası. Bolek, Zoltán (2016) A Monarchia muszlimjai: avagy elfelejtett muszlim háborús hőseink [The Muslims of the Monarchy: or our forgotten Muslim war heroes]. Budapest: Magyar Iszlám közösség. Bolek, Zoltán (2015). Az Ottomán Birodalom: XIX–XX. század [The Ottoman Empire: 19th– 20th centuries]. Budapest: Magyar Iszlám Közösség. Bolek, Zoltán (2014). Az utolsó dzsihád: muszlimokkal az első világháborúban [The last jihad: with Muslims in World War I]. Budapest: Magyar Iszlám Közösség.
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