The Ethical City

Mackintosh School Of Architecture

THE ETHICAL CITY?

A Stage 5 Study Of Glasgow 2020

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

WHAT DOES ETHICS MEAN FOR GLASGOW?

This is the question the students of Stage 5 have posed, conducting urban investigations throughout Glasgow at scales from the everyday through to the international, uncovering and articulating the structure of the city and its communities. Together we have read, observed, measured, drawn, photographed & filmed the rich and stimulating metropolitan relationships which shape the character of life in our complex diverse city.

Visit the exhibition website at: gsacityexhibition.co.uk

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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GROUP 1: Geography

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GROUP 2: History & Culture

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GROUP 3: Politics

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GROUP 4: Movement

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GROUP 5: Economics

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GROUP 6: Environment

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

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GEOGRAPHY

Glasgow’s Geography is a complex fabric of human design and activity inter-woven with the natural geography of the region. When studying the City we tend to view it as a whole when it is in-fact made up of many layers and segmented territories. Starting with the topography, we mapped out the key barriers such as the River Clyde and the M8 motorway to understand how humans have manipulated the landscape.

By studying densities and building fabrics we begin to understand patterns of inhabitation.

We start to see how distinct neighbourhoods emerge between these barriers and how these separations have caused varying degrees of deprivation and social issues. The study of stalled spaces encapsulates what happens to land when it is allowed to degrade due to social and economic issues in the surrounding neighbourhood and highlights how these spaces can be re-activated within communities to impact the larger urban context.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

Ana Adams Mazariegos Norbu Verhagen Rihards Saknitis Emily Cronin Alesia Berahavaya Mutsa Chinembiri Ciara Dineen Anjolo Soji-Oyawoye Claire Chuen Emma Hargreaves Eve Parsons Marilena Kynigou Siyana Borisova Matthew Smith

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The project investigates the different influencing factors to street density, taking study samples from different parts of Glasgow.

Group 1 Geography

LAYERS OF HUMANITY

Alesia Berahavaya Eve Parsons

Mutsa Chinembiri

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As part of our Investigation a series of on-site observations were carried out with the first diagram establishing the amount of people and cars passing through the area at one given time.

Plantation, St Enoch Square, and Dalmarnock Cross where the 3 chosen samples. These sites give a contrasting image of Glasgow, showing most clearly its changing character. St Enoch Square, as shown in the diagrams, mainly consists of commercial buildings and pedestrian friendly public spaces, versus Dalmarnock Cross which has a large number of vacant sites and traffic roads; this comparison indicates that the streets become more occupied when built fabric is denser and provides people-oriented activities. Plantation consists mainly of commercial and residential buildings and green space, however its spaced out building density and major wide road cut through the site makes the area less inhabited that the City Centre.

To understand street density further other factors such as past plot size and the average size of the buildings were studied. There is always a large focus on car prioritisation areas and the impact it had on the surrounding city and its street life.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 1 Geography

Layers of Humanity

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Group 1 Geography

THE LANDSCAPE AND ITS PEOPLE

Ana Adams Mazariegos Claire Chuen

Norbu Verhagen

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Glasgow hosts a variety of different social and economical conditions. Geographical, topographical and climactic conditions certainly play a role in facilitating this. Glasgow’s urban fabric stages many opportunities for connections and disconnections from access to transport and infrastructure on a domestic and industrial scale. The river Clyde has been a crucial factor in forming Glasgow’s character over the years. Through the use of diagrammatic illustration of how the river, motorways, railways and urban fabric are overlaid and interwoven, perhaps we can gain some further insight into how certain conditions are formed by the play of these factors. Three sections lines have been drawn that cut from North to South spanning roughly 2.5 km on either side of the River Clyde. The sections are drawn trough key areas in the city centre that tie together focal nodes for Glasgow’s infrastructure. There is a clear divide in social and economic deprivation and welfare surrounding the North and South banks of the river Clyde. Green spaces in Glasgow such as Kelvingrove park and Queen’s Park represent a lower level of deprivation.

By analysing certain areas in more detail, hopefully these drawings can spark a deeper understanding and generate questioning on how Glasgow functions as a city.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 1 Geography

The Landscape and its People

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Group 1 Geography

ACTIVE COMMUNITIES IN STALLED SPACES

Emily Cronin

Matthew Smith

Rihards Saknitis

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Choose any district in or around Glasgow and it won’t take you very long to find a stalled space: a gap site where a building has been demolished, or one earmarked for development which hasn’t yet begun. Overgrown with bushes, scattered with litter, it’s a space going nowhere fast, acting as a burden on the community it finds itself in. Now, however, across the city, these vacant spaces are finding a new lease of life as community gardens, forest schools and art exhibition spaces, thanks to the Stalled Spaces initiative. Since 2009, the municipality subsidises associations and other collectives that maintain urban wastelands, vacant and abounded areas, by developing activities approved by it, until the investment opportunities resume and find a better use for these public spaces.

The Stalled Spaces brief calls for inspiring ideas that are to benefit local people. A temporal solution to an otherwise vacant, empty plot of land.

The Stalled Spaces programme is active all over the city; Specific locations we have focused on are: The Woodlands Community Garden, Greyfairs Garden in Merchant City, The Concrete Garden in Possilpark, The Back Garden in Possilpark and Pacitti Garden in Kinning Park.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 1 Geography

Active Communities in Stalled Spaces

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Group 1 Geography

Active Communities in Stalled Spaces

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 1 Geography

Active Communities in Stalled Spaces

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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We have explored our theme through investigating three distinct areas within the city.

These areas have been studied through the lens of changes over time, and how these changes have contributed to social disruption.

We have investigated:

Group 1 Geography

ELEMENTS THAT HAVE LED TO SOCIAL DISRUPTION

Siyana Borisova

Changes to land matter in Springburn, Barriers made by infrastructure around Trongate, Results of neighbourhood demolition in Anderston and Tradeston Investigations have been formed around analysis of historical maps and images, and new recorded information in the form of video, sound and re-focused mapping.

Ciara Dineen

Emma Hargreaves

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 1 Geography

Elements That Have Led to Social Disruption

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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The series of elevations is a summary analysis of various building typologies observed when walking through the streets of Glasgow. Each street face tells a story of a different time, locale or trade – each with its unique terroir. The materiality, scale, and proportion of elements of buildings are particularly prominent gestures used to determine how the elevation interacts with the street.

Group 1 Geography

STREET FACES

A - Press Buildings B - La Rotunda C - Kingston Halls D - Frasers E - St Enoch F - Cafe Nero (Argyle Street) G - Sports Direct (Argyle Street) H - City of Glasgow College I - Caledonian Free Church J - Templeton

Marilena Kynigou

Anjola Soji-Oyawoye

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 1 Geography

Street Faces

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

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HISTORY & CULTURE

The post-industrial city of Glasgow has seen the rise and fall of economic growth, brutalist social housing schemes, and displacement of communities. A collective exploration of how Glasgow is viewed from the international scale to the everyday scale was undertaken. Culminating on a focus of the detail scale, this exploration depicts the changing culture of Glasgow through the lens of the micro. From windowsills to shopfronts, memorials to places lost to demolition, we explored how the culture of Glasgow is both ephemeral and resolute.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

Axel Jack Borel Celine Black Fredrik Frendin GabrielĂŠ PadriezaitĂŠ Jemima Harold-Sodipo Julianna Laird Liam Davis Maisie Tudge Martha Duncan Midas Betterton Nichole Ann Samson Pavandip Sian Richard Li Tamsin Le Roux

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“Each great civilization arrived at its apogee when subject to geographical and material conditions, its essence was expressed collectively in the tectonic form1” As Kenneth Frampton states a civilization reaches its peak when its architecture authentically and tectonically reflects its culture as a whole and one signs of its decay can be seen in the ‘excessive formal variation1’.

Group 2 History & Culture

WHAT MAKES A BUILDING GLASWEGIAN? Axel Jack Borel

This can be seen throughout Glasgow’s urban fabric when looking at its buildings and their tectonic values. Hopefully a search for our generations apogee throughout the experimental tectonic can result in a more ethical way of being re-sculpting our values.

Having analysed a city walk from the High Street up to Blythswood square Glasgow’s urban grain seems rather uniform based on the ornamental stereo-tonic to the plain stereo-tonic and finally in more recent times the plain tectonic building bleaching our urban tapestry. Henceforth the answer to the question of what makes a building Glaswegian is rapidly changing faces from the stereo-tonic ornamental to the minimalistic tectonic.

1 Frampton Kenneth, “Studies in tectonic culture” MIT PRESS, page 65

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 2 History and Culture

What Makes A Building Glaswegian?

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Glasgow has experienced many changes over its recent urban history, some of which have left visual scars and others which have disappeared completely with nothing left but their memories.

Group 2 History & Culture

THE PHASES OF GLASGOW’S REGENERATION

Celine Black

The three phases exhibited begin with the expansion of Glasgow with shipbuilding peaking and the boom in population, housing conditions worsening and many living in slum-like conditions. The second phase begins post-war attempting to control the population boom and poor living conditions with the displacement of communities to peripheral new towns and modernist tower blocks, with the new M8 motorway infrastructure acting as a connecting link. This also represents the start of the decline in Glasgow’s industrial success, with decline in shipbuilding and other prominent industries. The third phase presents the demolition of the tower blocks, now seen as sink estates, and the new proposals for improving Glasgow’s housing and urban strategies.

Phase four takes us to the current day where we are faced with a new opportunity, to not repeat the previous generations of knocking down and starting over again. Instead, we could look at these as opportunities to learn from and act on.

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 2 History and Culture

The Phases Of Glasgow’s Regeneration

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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The effect rain has on the urban fabric of Glasgow is unmistakable. I decided on this topic because I was interested in finding out, through observation and drawing, if intentional and unintentional reactions to rain can be read on the facades of some of the city’s most common typologies.

A CITY TOUCHED BY RAIN

I have documented weathering and staining produced by rain and water on three types of housing. A classic 19th century sandstone tenement building in Hyndland, the 1930’s Kelvin Court housing estate in Anniesland and a block of post war pre-fab housing in Laurieston. These three examples symbolise different building materials, epochs and construction technologies.

Fredrik Frendin

Through this simple exercise I have come to realise just how severely rain affects the built environment in a city like Glasgow. There really is no escape from it. Any junction, protruding detail or shift in material will over time show the effects of this type of climate, whether it be staining, erosion or moss build up.

Group 2 History & Culture

Taking into account the effect rain will have in the long term seems to be essential in order to design a building which will age gracefully in a city like Glasgow.

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 2 History and Culture

A City Touched By Rain

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Group 2 History and Culture

A City Touched By Rain

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 2 History and Culture

A City Touched By Rain

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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In investigating ways in which people express their cultural identity, nothing is as undeniable as food. Food is rooted in history and social behaviour, and despite globalisation, speaks strongly about a particular community of people.

Group 2 History & Culture

FOOD AS AN EXPRESSION OF AFRICAN-CARIBBEAN CULTURAL IDENTITY IN GLASGOW

Jemima Harold-Sodipo

As generations have dispersed and as recent migrants have settled, specialist food stores and restaurants provide an important connection to their place of origin., helping to maintain a connection to heritage for many communities in Glasgow.

African-Caribbean food stores are known to provide fresh, frozen, and pantry items often difficult to source in mainstream supermarket chains. Even when they are, they occasionally have marked up prices.

There is something significant about having that representation and acknowledgement. There is contentment in having access to those familiar ingredients. There is joy in being able to recreate familiar dishes and then being able to share them with others.

You can’t overlook these ‘third spaces’ of social infrastructure, or the opportunity for entrepreneurship they have provided.

My research looks at the distribution of African-Caribbean food stores, restaurants, and takeaways across the Glasgow city centre. Compiling quotes on people’s relationship between food and Glasgow.

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 2 History and Culture

Food As An Expression Of African-Caribbean Cultural Identity In Glasgow

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Govanhill is a neighbourhood in the south of Glasgow which is the most ethnically diverse in the city by some distance, containing the lowest proportion of White British or Irish, the highest White Other population, and one of the largest Pakistani populations.

Group 2 History & Culture

DIVERGENT CUISINES

Julianna Laird

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One of the most impressive aspects of Govanhill is the quantity of different foods on offer, from falafel wraps to fried samosas, spicy curries to hot noodle soup, a rich gastronomy exists while being accessible within a 10-minute walk from Victoria road.

Activities around food are inherently social as people are brought together while shopping, cooking and eating.

Food can be used as a tool, a vehicle into unfamiliar cultures, a way of creating bonds between different human groups not normally associated during the day-to-day within the city.

To celebrate this culturally rich district, I examined the restaurants, take-aways and food stores within the neighbourhood and mapped the different locations of the cuisine. The produced store-front drawings look at the representation of these food establishments and how identities can be read within these faรงades.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 2 History and Culture

Divergent Cuisines

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Group 2 History and Culture

Divergent Cuisines

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 2 History and Culture

Divergent Cuisines

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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This short study looks at the queer history within the city of Glasgow through the lens of the urban buildings and areas that hosted the community. Broken down into three key words to describe what was happening at the time periods in question.

Group 2 History & Culture

QUEER OCCUPATION IN GLASGOW DISCRETE, LEGAL, CELEBRATED Liam Davis

‘DISCRETE’; buildings that the community would congregate under a law that made them illegal to be who they were, a time where being gay in Glasgow was not safe.

‘LEGAL’; places that were used in the height of the queer protesting. When laws were being overturned and the community could finally be out and proud of what they were.

‘CELEBRATED’; where we are in recent years where the queer community can openly be who they want to be with much less prejudice than they had in the past. Queer spaces are more public, and the community is strong.

This should be looked at as an example of how important spaces are to the queer community, in an age of gentrification and developers the queer community needs to fight for these spaces more than ever.

Credit for photos and researched information to: © Old Glasgow Pubs © QweerScotland.com © Historic Environment Scotland ©BBC ©glasgowappollo.com ©Discogs®

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 2 History and Culture

Queer Occupation In Glasgow - Discrete, Legal, Celebrated

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Group 2 History and Culture

Queer Occupation In Glasgow - Discrete, Legal, Celebrated

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 2 History and Culture

Queer Occupation In Glasgow - Discrete, Legal, Celebrated

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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The few isolated towers left standing are the remnants of Glasgow City Council’s mass housing regeneration scheme of the 1960’s. The failed attempt to seek salvation in brutalist, ‘Corbusian-esque’ high-rise flats has been extensively critiqued, while the experimental biproducts were neglected, condemned and eventually demolished.

Group 2 History & Culture

A FENCE TO GOSSIP OVER

Maisie Tudge

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One of the more notorious of the brutalist blocks, directly inspired by le Corbusier’s Unité d’Habitation in Marseille, was Basil Spence’s Hutchesontown ‘C’ blocks. It too comprised of maisonette flats, with balconies and also famously took longer to build and cost more than expected.

Internally the blocks were a complex maze of rooms, corridors and scattered staircases, but their attention to detail lay with the connection to the outside. The “communal balconies or ‘garden slabs’... were a perpetuation of the green, a space for some tubs of flowers, and to hang out the washing, to give the baby an airing, and to provide a garden fence to gossip over”.

In casting small fragments of the towers and their relationship to the outside, we cast their physical forms into space and into our memories once again. In a recent ‘Multistorey Memories’ project, former residents recount their times spent in Queen Elizabeth Square. Rather than further condemn these blocks, the nostalgic tapes are filled with fond memories and tales of hope.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 2 History and Culture

A Fence To Gossip Over

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Group 2 History and Culture

A Fence To Gossip Over

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 2 History and Culture

A Fence To Gossip Over

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Group 2 History & Culture

COMMUNITY NO(DE) MORE

In the 1960s and 70s Glasgow went through a radical transformation through the City Comprehensive Development Scheme. Namely, this involved the decentralisation and demolition of communities in the wake of Glasgow’s M8 Ring Road. The M8 ring road has created a wound and almost impenetrable border through the centre of Glasgow, separating the centre from East, West and North Glasgow.

Subsequently, this has led to the centre of Glasgow losing its sense of community through low building and population density. What was once areas of vibrant community have been bulldozed to leave historic community centres such as Anderston Cross, Charring Cross, Cowcaddens and Townhead detached, unidentifiable and obsolete.

“Nodes. Nodes are points, the strategic spots in a city into which an observer can enter, and which are the intensive foci to and from which [they are] traveling.”

Lynch, “The Image of the City,” 47

Martha Duncan

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In identifying and comparing historical community nodes which still exist to this day, we can see that the once bustling areas which created these nodes no longer exist due to the destruction induced by the Glasgow Comprehensive Development Scheme. This has left them as monuments to the past detached from their original significance to local communities.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 2 History and Culture

Community No(de) More

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Group 2 History and Culture

Community No(de) More

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 2 History and Culture

Community No(de) More

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Group 2 History & Culture

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Glasgow as a city did not begin to develop until 6th Century with the arrival of St. Mungo who established a religious community. The Glasgow Cathedral that exist today is the oldest sacred space in Scotland, and Glasgow established religious centre by the 12th-13th Century. After founding the University of Glasgow in 15th century, Glasgow grew in religious importance.

FRAGMENTS OF SACRED SPACE

After reformation, with the removal of the Roman Catholic church’s authority, Glasgow’s importance as a centre of trade began and took place of the church. Then with the Industrial Revolution, such things as iron founding and shipbuilding continued to develop Glasgow, diminishing the strong connection of people and sacred space.

Nichole Ann Samson

I was interested in researching the cultural and historical heritage of Glasgow with sacred spaces, and how it has evolved through the centuries. Looking at the crucial components that are not directly associated with religion but direct us to spirituality. Thus looking at two contrasting ways in experiencing a sacred space to reflect: the relationship between the two, similarities, contrasts and how the fragments intertwine.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 2 History and Culture

Fragments of Sacred Space

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Group 2 History and Culture

Fragments of Sacred Space

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 2 History and Culture

Fragments of Sacred Space

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Is there a correlation between an abundance of man-made edges and an abundance of derelict spaces? How does this relate to the neglected members of the population when concerning race, class and gender?

Pollokshields was created by the Maxwell family from mid 19th century onwards. It was an affluent residential district with strict planning controls of building design and use.

Group 2 History & Culture

BLANK SPACES, NEGLECT, POSTINDUSTRIALISATION, MIGRATION, BRIDGING GAPS, RECONNECTION

Pavandip Sian

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The sustenance of the district declined post- war, around the 1950s, and indirectly through the motorway system.

Even with the introduction of the smokeless zone act and conservation efforts, the former affluent population slowly started dispersing from the district.

Coinciding with this were the ‘waves’ of immigration from former colonised countries in the 1960s, and as an area in decline, it subsequently became an affordable place in which to settle.

The area has seen some revitalisation through the conservation efforts and notably through the contribution of the immigrant community. Through the generations, these communities have set up their own businesses in the area, organised community events and local action groups and adding life to the area. However, due to lack of funding and the neglect of Pollokshields East in particular, derelict spaces and the desire to disperse elsewhere, still remain.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

Blank Spaces, Neglect, Post-industrialisation, Migration, Bridging Gaps, Reconnection

Map showing derelict spaces more common in areas where man-made edges are prominent in Southside

Group 2 History and Culture

Glasgow Central Station

Pollokshields East Station

Notable buildings immediate Pollokshields East Station:

Map key: Route 1: (West to South) exhibition centre to Pollokshields East Route 2: (City centre to South) Eglinton Road to Pollokshaws Road

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Albert Drive (partially shown), where Pollokshields East Station is located

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Derelict/ isolated spaces

2 Pollokshields East Station

Railway station Motorways and railway path

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1. Glasgow Gurdwara (Sikh) 2. Tramway 3. Scottish School of Ballet 4. St Ninian’s Episcopal Church (Christian) 5. Masjid Noor (Islam) 6. Fantini Pilates 7. Seasonal Yoga Teaching 8. Strawberry Garden (large ethnic supermarket) 9. Khan Associates (Immigration lawyer) 10. Baji’s Bakery

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Notable buildings immediate Pollokshields East Station

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Blank Spaces, Neglect, Post-industrialisation, Migration, Bridging Gaps, Reconnection

The migrant women of Pollokshields and (some) of their stories Streetscape and building use

Community

Food

Independent businesses

“There are no Asian cafes where you can sit and have a chai. In Pakistan, India, there are chai shops; where’s the chai shops here? I know one of the reasons is that people are working hard to make a living, with long hours. So they go and do their shopping and leave; maybe some Asians don’t want to sit around and drink chai, but it would be great. I mean, those diversities would be welcomed.”

“I remember, myself and a few other people, Mr. Kholi, Mrs Ghandi, people like that, founded an association called the Glasgow Asian Arts, which still exists… it’s now based somewhere in Glasgow Southside.

I did it [teaching dance at Pollokshields Schools] at least four nights a week sometimes… they [the school children] loved the Bhangra because it had a beat to it, so we used to choreograph the dance and [the girls] would do a wee show for the schools.”

“…one family was unfriendly… maybe because they could smell the curry scent when we cooked the fresh masala and they did not like it… gradually other people liked our food so much that they used to ask for it.

Pakora, samosa, this and that, chapatti and rice. They used to come and eat it as well. They hadn’t seen it before… tasted it before.”

“…I decided to open my salon and I was the first Asian lady to open a beauty salon [Eroma Hair and Beauty] in the Pollokshields area. I did a lot of charity work and community work where I introduced my business and got a lot of publicity that way.”

Group 2 History and Culture

– Fatima Uygun

– Shamim Ara Shafi

– Octavia Johnson

– Durdana Sheikh

“I came from Baghdad as a young architect in 1993 but I didn’t get a chance to practice my architectural profession in Glasgow. However, I have benefited from the educational opportunities offered in Glasgow and I am going to leave Glasgow this year with a very rich political and social experience and education…

During my time here I managed to work in the local housing sector, where I had a chance to participate in approving the housing landscape.”

– Jenan Kadhim Shamki

“...we started up the women’s group in Govanhill there were a lot of women suffering domestic violence and racism. At the time all these issues were addressed through Crossroads Community Centre, where we worked together to resolve these issues.”

– Ismat Choudary “Pollokshields is known as a safe haven for people from [B]lack and ethnic minority communities, including refugees and asylum seekers who i have met and befriended over the years, especially through the social circles at school.”

“It was only when they [my children] were old enough that I worked. I helped my husband in his shop; that is where I learned my English and became confident speaking it; just by dealing with the public. Alhamdulillah (by the grace of Allah), now I can speak and run the business on my own.”

– Shagufta Ashiq “We used to have an off-sales shop on Argyle Street and I helped my husband now and again; after that we had a fruit shop, then we had a café, and now we’ve got a takeaway in Paisley… I think I liked the fruit shop best; I made so many friends there… it was called ‘Quality Controlled’.

– Renu Nahar

– Jenan Kadhim Shamki

Stories sourced from:

Morrison, Sue and Ahmed, Syma and Nooranne, Shamaaila. ‘She Settles in the Shields: Untold Stories of Migrant Women in Pollokshields’ (Glasgow Women’s Library. 2011)

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 2 History and Culture

Blank Spaces, Neglect, Post-industrialisation, Migration, Bridging Gaps, Reconnection

When we design inclusively and equitably, we design better for everyone.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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In this short film I have looked into the life of the streets in the Gorbals.

‘Gorbals famed for its community spirit which could not be crushed’

LIFE OF THE STREETS

When I first visited this area of Glasgow I became fascinated with how quiet the streets were on a Saturday afternoon. In my head there should have been kids out playing on their roads and greens, a Saturday afternoon of my childhood in a similar predominately residential area.

I wondered why ? Why does this area which is in a prime location of the city feel like its lost so much of its sense of presence and community ?

Tamsin Le Roux

Re-development of the Gorbals has left little to none of the old fabric, both architecturally and socially. This is what I have tried to portray through the film and maps .Both show the old life of the Gorbals and the energy that used to be present in contrast to the atmosphere of today.

Now it is hard to even identity the main nodal point of the area, a place where there’s shops, services, interaction and abundance of life.

Group 2 History & Culture

Photo Credits Getty Images Nick Hedges Photography Oscar Marzaroli

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 2 History and Culture

Life Of The Streets

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Group 2 History and Culture

Life Of The Streets

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 2 History and Culture

Life Of The Streets

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

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POLITICS

Our research analyses aspects of the social, political and built fabric of Glasgow today, examining factors which have contributed to the city’s dramatic evolution over the course of its history. The work in the chapter covers a broad range of interests from health and the natural environment to infrastructure and immigration.

Common interests address how the industrial revolution has influenced the social and urban fabric of the city historically.

In addition, much of the work also addresses the impacts of industrial decline and poor planning decisions on the city, analysing the affects on Glasgow’s built structure as well as on the lives of much of its population.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

Aleksandra Czekaj Ben Rowley Chaohui Yang Elayne Yu Ewan Hepburn Jamie Cave Joanne Hall Kamila Mamatow Rebecca Robertson Jordan Barrett Siripat Rojnirun Sonia Gerawat Timothy Khoo

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Group 3 Political + Social

REDISCOVERING THE CLYDE HOW CAN SUCCESSFUL RIVER MANAGEMENT FOSTER FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS AND RECONNECT A CITY?

Ben Rowley

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Glasgow struggles with a disconnect between the River Clyde and the city. Even though Glasgow was initially constructed as the best crossing point of the Clyde, then becoming one of the United Kingdom’s largest ports and ship building industrial hubs in the 1720s. Following huge unemployment in the 1920s, shipbuilding had a massive decline, leaving large industrial buildings abandoned and forgotten. With the construction of the M8 and the Clydeside Expressway, this only further separated and isolated the city, leaving vast areas of bankside property and land cut off from the rest of the city.

My project has started by looking at what was stopping the river being developed, focusing on the weir at Glasgow Green. Other than the green space, the introduction of the weir allows the river to be controlled, giving a consistent flow and height. Making the river useable for leisure activities. Whereas in the city centre, you constantly have to deal with the height change that comes with each tide. If the weir was to be relocated further downstream, would this bring the same harmony to the city centre and would this make the river more useable.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 3 Politics

Rediscovering The Clyde

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Group 3 Politics

Rediscovering The Clyde

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 3 Politics

Rediscovering The Clyde

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Group 3 Political + Social

PAST FORWARD

Chaohui Yang

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Excess mortality in Glasgow, known as the ‘Glasgow effect’, refers to the low life expectancy and poor health of residents of Glasgow compared to the rest of the United Kingdom and Europe. The city’s population has been made more vulnerable to the important influences on population health (poverty, deprivation, deindustrialization, economic decisions taken at UK government level), consequently leading to poorer health than in other places like Liverpool and Manchester which had similar experiences.

When life expectancy in Manchester is 75, the average life expectancy of Glaswegian is only 71.

From trading to shipbuilding, and then sadly, the Clydebank blitz, industries and the River Clyde have been played as a really important part in Glaswegian’s daily life. Some communities where as many as four generations have never recovered from the dismantling of the city’s industrial base in 1970s which is at the root of Glasgow health problem. The loss of industry has witnessed the hollowing out of the city. And this greater vulnerability has been created by a toxic combination of a whole series of historical factors, processes and political decisions.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 3 Politics

Past Forward

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Group 3 Politics

Past Forward

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Past Forward

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The distribution of green space within the urban realm has always been interlinked with the political and social climate of the time. Prior to the industrial revolution, Glasgow was mainly farmland with many engaging subsistence farming meaning although many of the city had access to greenery; this was often done for labour purposes.

Group 3 Political + Social

THE EVOLUTION OF URBAN GREENERY

Elayne Yu

72

When the industrial revolution took hold in the early 19th century; much of the labour focus shifted from agriculture and towards the manufacturing industry which lead to a loss of farmland and its access. However, this surge of wealth also brought in a new kind of green open spacerecreational green space without the previous labour focus.

Over the decades, we have become more aware and focused on our well-being with laws and policies passed to protect and maintain our public health and well-being particularly after witnessing the appalling effects that poor working and living conditions could cause during the industrial era. Today, with the biggest threat to our lives and future is the climatic and ecological crisis and the understanding of how green spaces could be beneficial to our health- we are slowly working greenery back into the urban fabric with roles with the hopes of alleviating the crisis as well as raising further awareness of the benefits nature could bring.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 3 Politics

The Evolution of Urban Greenery

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Group 3 Political + Social

RETHINKING MATERIAL

‘‘Construction Declares a Climate and Biodiversity emergency: For everyone working in construction and the built environment, meeting the needs of our societies without breaching the earth’s ecological boundaries will demand a paradigm shift in our behaviour. If we are to reduce and eventually reverse the environmental damage we are causing, we will need to re-imagine our buildings, cities and infrastructures as indivisible components of a larger, constantly regenerating and self-sustaining system.’’

My thesis aims to address the Climate Emergency by focusing on the available resources within the Greater Glasgow area to produce Biocomposites which can be utilised in the construction and Architectural industries.

Bio-composites = Bio-plastics + Natural Building Techniques

Ewan Hepburn

Bio-plastics: Plastic materials produced from renewable biomass sources, such as vegetable fats and oils, corn starch, straw, wood-chips, sawdust, recycled food waste, etc.

Natural Building: The use of local raw materials and craft to construct Architecture.

Biocomposites are a promising field which utilise over looked resources in the creation of functional products and materials. Currently our material choices can have a life span which outlives its purpose by a factor of 1000. This leads to an unsustainable landfill which has a devastating impact on our climate. If we can switch our thinking on materials, where the focus is on the impact of the material rather than its permanency, we can tackle the climate emergency.

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Rethinking Material

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Material RethinkingExamples Materials - Examples

Rethinking Material

Coastal

Farm Farm/Wild

Household Household

Location

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1:20

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Seaweed/Mussel Seaweed

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Ceramic

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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eaweed/Mussel Seaweed

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Group 3 Politics

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Group 3 Political + Social

PLANNED SHRINKAGE + LOCAL COMMUNITY

Jamie Cave

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After the Second World War Glasgow was experiencing mass overcrowding. From the 1940s, the government encouraged much of Glasgow’s population to move to newly formed satellite towns such East Kilbride and Cumbernauld. These attracted predominantly middle-income families and the city’s skilled labour force. At the same time, vast numbers of those living in crowded slum areas were relocated to new housing estates on the city’s peripheries, including Drumchapel, Easterhouse, Castlemilk and Pollock.

As key industries in the city such as shipbuilding began to decline, much of the unique skilled labour force in industrial neighbourhoods such as Govan went with it.

This, coupled with the relocation of the slum population, caused dramatic and sudden population shrinkage. Governmental action soon contributed to a population suffering from increasing unemployment with few educational opportunities. Many of the remaining public buildings in Govan such as schools and local businesses soon fell into decay due to a lack of population to support them. Huge trade warehouses with few employees have since been built on many of the sites where the old tenements once stood, doing little to solve issues of unemployment and nothing to help regain community cohesion. Increasingly local communities have gained voice in Govan, largely in opposition to authoritarian impositions that have disrupted the community over the last century.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

Planned Shrinkage + Local Community

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Planned Shrinkage + Local Community

Group 3 Politics

Govan Early 1900s

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Govan 1960s

Glasgow: The ethical city?

Planned Shrinkage + Local Community

Govan 2020

ent’s relocation of the working classes, skilled laborours and families rge scale demolition of the historic tenements

Group 3 Politics

ood tenements and variety of community amenities in close proximity ped to facilitate community cohesion

Govan today - many public buildings fallen into decay due to lack of population to serve them. Huge trade warehouses built on the sites where tenements once stood.

Drumoyne Primary School

The Lyceum Cinema

Greenfield Primary School

Drumoyne Primary School

The Lyceum cinema

Greenfield Primary School

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Glasgow has the lowest life expectancy of any area across Scotland, something perhaps more interesting when you consider that East Renfrewshire- geographically Glasgow’s south west neighbour, has the highest. Further to this it tops the death rates charts for heart disease across the whole of the UK. The reason? The phrase “Deep Fried Mars Bars” perhaps can give a clue.

Group 3 Political + Social

DEEP FRIED MARS BARS

Joanne Hall

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Glasgow’s diet is a massive cause of concern; every street hosts multiple fast food options, from the chain restaurants at the infamous “Four corners”: McDonalds, Pizza Hut, Tim Horton’s and KFC to the independent Fish and Chip, Indians and Chinese takeaways. It isn’t hard to see why exactly the Glaswegian diet is so poor.

This video investigates aspects of Glasgow relating to diet, the sheer number of fast food restaurants in comparison to the access to fresh local food through local markets or availability of allotments. The government has tried to confront the diet issues through the sugar taxation but with an investigation into the government’s budget of healthy eating advertisement compared with that of big confectionery and sugary drink brands, it is difficult to even suggest it has made any difference.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 3 Politics

Deep Fried Mars Bars

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgOZwF_dK4s&feature=youtu.be&fbclid=IwAR39YrMt24wTdY4i5HlWvb9V4RNT6CwA6848SB5333SnqzAxqG1pNpuFy7M

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Group 3 Politics

Deep Fried Mars Bars

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

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The Clyde has always had a key role in shaping Glasgow, as the city’s history can be read through the changes of Clyde’s riverbank: after passing from a non‐navigable wetland to the articulated commercial and industrial infrastructure of the Second City of the Empire, the port was progressively abandoned from the 1960s and infilled during the 1980s.

Group 3 Political + Social

THE RIDDLE OF THE CLYDE

Kamila Mamatow

86

Significant parts of the city got erased in this process, together with the past and memories of the affected population. In an attempt of regeneration, the reclaimed dockyard sites have recently hosted some of the most important urban interventions, which brought Glasgow from a place with identity crisis to its present character as a city of culture.

Nevertheless, the abrupt disconnection form the past and the river is claimed to have led to the intergenerational trauma, one of the significant components contributing to “Glasgow effect”. Glaswegians have a 30% higher risk of dying before the age of 65 than people in comparable de-industrialised cities such as Liverpool and Manchester.

They die from the big killers: cancer, heart disease and stroke, as well as the “despair diseases” of drugs, alcohol and suicide. This multifaceted phenomenon can be observed in its most amplified form in Govan.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 3 Politics

The Riddle of The Clyde

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Group 3 Politics

The Riddle of The Clyde

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 3 Politics

The Riddle of The Clyde

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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This map demonstrates the layering of historical routes and remaining social traces of Gaelic and West Coast communities left upon the urban fabric of Glasgow, of both culture and the diaspora of this social demographic.

Group 3 Political + Social

HISTORICAL AND REMAINING TRACES OF GAELIC CULTURE ACROSS GLASGOW

Rebecca Robertson

90

Historically, Crow Road in Partick was the primary droving route from the Highlands; the origin of the name deriving from the Gaelic for cattle, Crodh. Markets in the East end are also visible, where Drovers would sell their cattle. The abattoir at Bellgrove is still visible today, however in a derelict and unused state.

In the remaining traces, place names across the city subtly reference Gaelic origin, however little else is visible and addresses these historical ties. A diverse collection of places of worship and education has now been reduced to one Gaelic church and one school, with socializing and sharing of heritage limited to a book shop, and collection of West Coast pubs within Finnieston.

Today’s traces show little of the important part Gaels played in the social development and diversity of Glasgow. This further highlights the importance of representing this group of people within the urban fabric to raise acknowledgement of historical connections and identities, and is a clear justification for change, to better display and re-educate Glasgow about the cultural genocide of a population that is, to this day, still under-discussed and mostly ignored in the city.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 3 Politics

Historical and Remaining Traces of Gaelic Culture across Glasgow

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Historical and Remaining Traces of Gaelic Culture across Glasgow

Modern Day city fabric

Group 3 Politics

Modern Day visible traces

18th Century traces

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Historical and Remaining Traces of Gaelic Culture across Glasgow

Group 3 Politics

Modern Day city fabric

Modern Day visible traces

18th Century traces

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In the City Groups project I am studying the relationship between heavy infrastructure and deprivation in Glasgow City Centre.

I am looking at the effect that the M8 and railway from Central Station have on the urban condition of Central Glasgow and its depravity.

Group 3 Political + Social

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEAVY INFRASTRUCTURE AND DEPRIVATION IN CENTRAL GLASGOW

Jordan Barrett

The relationship between Heavy Infrastructure and Deprivation is not obvious at first but according to the Scottish index of Multiple Deprivation there is a proliferation of dereliction, brown-field sites and vacant space across central-west Glasgow and particularly the south-side.

I am particularly interested in the Southside of Glasgow.

The districts of Tradeston and Laurieston in particular.

These districts despite having a grid have not developed to the same degree as the North-Side, my tutor at the GSA pointed out that it is due to the boundary conditions of the south-side being cut-off by the motorway.

In this project I include a proposal which re-engineers a large portion of the M8 motorway on the Southside underground and pedestrianizes the space created with cycle lanes and cricket pitches for the local Glasgwegians. I have extended the grid, by taking reference from the historical maps of Glasgow to re-connect the Southside and encourage development on the plots of Tradeston and Laurieston.

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The Relationship Between Heavy Infrastructure and Deprivation in Central Glasgow

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Group 3 Politics

The Relationship Between Heavy Infrastructure and Deprivation in Central Glasgow

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

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The Relationship Between Heavy Infrastructure and Deprivation in Central Glasgow

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Group 3 Political + Social

FUTURE SKYLINE

Siripat Nojnirun

98

By 2050 the population in Glasgow city centre is expected to double, resulting in a more diverse and denser city centre. These maps are showing the current indicative building heights in relation to the city’s area development plan.

Within the central Conservation Area, with sensitive urban characters, the existing building height datums should be respected, and new design should creatively integrate old with new. In the North-East (Peripheral Densification Area) of the city, a tenemental and more human scale development is expected, in order to restore connectivity and relevance to the inner-city centre. In the South-West (Urban Intensification/Opportunity Area), the former industrial area with vacant and underused land, is more suited for larger, taller blocks and wider streets. It is an opportunity to redefine both the riverside area and the problematic M8.

The re-densification plan hopes to make the city centre more liveable and to attract more people to move to the city and create a lively social community. Along with the new development and the population growth, the building height datum will evolve, indicating the new morphology of the built environment and redefining the city.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 3 Politics

Future Skyline

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Group 3 Politics

Future Skyline

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Scotland was one of the first countries in the world to acknowledge the global climate emergency and the Scottish government has introduced the toughest targets in the UK to ensure our action matches the scale of our climate ambitions.

Group 3 Political + Social

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT & ACTION

Sonia Gerawat

102

This visual maps out several environmental impacts towards the city and strategies such as waste and water management services to reduce the effect. Locating the respective hotspots are aimed to protect the city’s fabric and its inhabitants such as green spaces, water and air quality which can soon broadened into a collective movement aimed against corruption, lack of transparency, economic inequality and dwindling social services.

It is also an evidence that shows the importance of “corporate social responsibility” towards the environment of the city. Scotland must develop climate commitments that go far enough to avoid a catastrophic environmental breakdown.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 3 Politics

Environmental impact & Action

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Environmental Impact & Action

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 3 Politics

Environmental impact & Action

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Group 3 Political + Social

THE DISPLACED AND DEPRIVATION

Timothy Khoo

106

Focusing on integration, the map highlights the areas which are the most deprived 10% in Glasgow and more often than not, these are the areas in which asylum seekers are housed and refugees choose to settle. The dispersion of asylum seekers and refugees is widespread across Glasgow and are pushed to the periphery of the city which is completely outside of the areas where possibilities of integration, work and economic prosperity are. It is this spatial issue that causes an unjust, unequal and a disadvantaged start for the asylum seekers who are trying to create a new life in Scotland.

By overlapping these areas in which the asylum seekers are being accommodated with the map of deprivation and poverty of Glasgow, it is to no surprise that they face challenges when it comes to integration and financial opportunities - both of which contribute highly to the state of their mental health.

Many of the refugees and asylum seekers rely on charities for the integration and support - for example the South East Integration Network which comprise the areas of Linn, Pollokshields, Langside & Southside Central (Govanhill & Gorbals) as highlighted in the map.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 3 Politics

The Displaced and Deprivation

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1915 GLASGOW RENT STRIKE Themes: housing, rent, war, politics, civil disobedience

Group 3 Political + Social

GLASGOW PROTESTS

First World War has caused housing shortage in Europe; in February 1915 landlords in Glasgow decided that all the rents will be increased by 25% - during the 1910s and before, such thing as rent control or tenants’ protection did not exist.

The organisers of the strike were Glasgow Labour Party and Housewives Housing Association, based in Govan. The strike started in September 1915 with more than 25,000 families refusing to pay rent or vacate the flats.

BATTLE OF GEORGE SQUARE Themes: workers’ rights, economy, politics, war

Aleksandra Czekaj

From 27th to 31st January, 1919, a workers’ strike happened, known as Battle of George Square or Bloody Friday. Protesters were manifesting against long working hours, but it was believed to have a more politicised aim.

Troops and tanks were sent to Glasgow and stationed there until 17th February to end the “bolshevist uprising”, as the strike was allegedly called by the Scottish Robert Munro.

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Glasgow Protests

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Glasgow Protests

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MOVEMENT

How do people move through the city?

Where do people move to? How has the city itself moved? These are the questions that we have tackled through our research, investigating a wide range of topics from the small scale to the large: the day-today interactions people have; the effects of the motorway and car-centric design; the migration of communities into and through the city; the flow of water into the Clyde. Growth and change are integral parts of all cities, but these investigations are particularly pertinent as the climate crisis and Covid both require rapid adaptation.

The knowledge of how the city grows and how people adapt to these changes can show us both the successes and weaknesses in our urban fabric and encourage future resilience.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

Alex Mackay Annie Higham Ben Scragg Dilara Kuran Gabriella Togni Hannah Keane John Cummins Matthew Joyce Pui Yee Wang Rebecca Holadova ShinLin Tseng Sophie Curran Tess Hillan Xanthe Wilkins

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Group 4 Movement

INSIDE THE THRESHOLD

Glasgow is a city divided by boundaries, exemplified by the superposition of the M8 motorway over its built environment. This gargantuan infrastructure project has increased vehicular traffic throughout Glasgow and acts as a key transport link to the capital and beyond. However, its construction cost the city its urban porosity, clearing long established neighbourhoods in its wake. The motorway sits as a monumental concrete border, splitting Glasgow’s West End from its centre. Traversing this threshold is difficult, but certain spaces hidden beneath the massive structure allow a monolithic experience for the rare pedestrian.

This study asks, ‘what are the spatial conditions found along such imposing infrastructure?’. Glaswegians regularly experience the spaces adjacent to the threshold, but what happens inside it?

Alex Mackay

114

Over a series of virtual reality vignettes, this experiential investigation looks at the spatial qualities of areas found within the motorway’s liminal spaces.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Inside the Threshold

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THE RISE OF THE CAR IN GLASGOW’S CROSSES

Annie Higham

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I have investigated the streetscape of Glasgow’s crosses throughout history to analyse the way they have been inhabited over time. Through this exercise, I have identified a rise in the dominance of cars and other transport over these crosses with the space for pedestrians becoming increasingly smaller. Several of these historic crosses have also become nodes for the M8 motorway, which is an extreme version of this phenomenon. I selected three crosses within Glasgow: Anderston Cross (now part of the M8 motorway), Glasgow Cross and Bridgeton Cross to illustrate this. I compiled historic and current photos of these crosses and isolated the streetscapes, creating gifs to contrast these images and highlighted the vehicles in the scenes. What were once important meeting places for the city have lost their personal scale. Although they have historically been places for vehicles too, the increased size and danger of vehicles through the 20th century has led to distinct separation of traffic and pedestrians and created an urban hierarchy in these crosses with pedestrians coming below cars.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 4 Movement

The Rise of the Car in Glasgow’s Crosses

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The Rise of the Car in Glasgow’s Crosses

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

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The Rise of the Car in Glasgow’s Crosses

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Glasgow is a city that has developed around its crosses, both cartographically and socially. Key junctions were given the title of cross; these crosses formed meeting places, nodes of social activity and enterprise at the intersection of key routes.

Group 4 Movement

THE (D)EVOLUTION OF THE GLASGOW CROSS, PARKHEAD CROSS Ben Scragg

120

Parkhead, in the east-end of the city, began as a weaving village on the periphery of Glasgow, before the discovery of coal in the area began its transformation into an industrial powerhouse. Parkhead became an area of heavy industry, with huge forges and factories appearing and then disappearing again over the course of the 19th and 20th centuries. The cross has changed with the area: initially a hub of activity and a lively meeting place, as the heavy industry expanded so did the traffic. Once trams dominated its roads, but with the rise of the personal motorcar they were displaced. Now the cross is a shadow of its former glory: impressive baroque sandstone buildings stand above empty shopfronts that overlook a busy junction, where narrow pavements are hemmed in by protective barriers to safeguard pedestrians from the constant flow of traffic. Might the cross regain its status as an important piece of the social fabric in the future?

Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 4 Movement

The (d)evolution of the Glasgow Cross, Parkhead Cross

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Group 4 Movement

The (d)evolution of the Glasgow Cross, Parkhead Cross

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 4 Movement

The (d)evolution of the Glasgow Cross, Parkhead Cross

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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The investigation digitally explores the landscape surrounding the key watercourses of the Glasgow drainage basin. The drainage basin expands over a vast geographical area in the central belt of Scotland. This is a new experiment in living and roaming during this critical time where use of public transport is not advised.

Group 4 Movement

DIGITALLY EXPLORING THE COURSE OF GLASGOW’S WATERWAYS.

Streams lead to rivers that feed the landscape we inhabit.

Barriers built across a watercourse have a severe impact on the ecosystem of the area locally, upstream and downstream. Subsurface water feeds lochs and rivers, where ultimately all water dissipates in the sea and so the hydrological cycle continues. How well do we understand the scale of the waterways outside of the city boundaries? The natural landscape is a global common without ownership, it transcends borders and nations. These intertwined systems are beginning to destabilise, shift and morph in unpredictable ways.

Gabriella Togni

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Digitally exploring the course of Glasgow’s waterways.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Group 4 Movement

Digitally exploring the course of Glasgow’s waterways.

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Digitally exploring the course of Glasgow’s waterways.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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My investigation aims to look at the movement of people in Glasgow. I have completed a series of drawings to highlight some of my observations on the places in which people linger and gather and city.

Group 4 Movement

WHERE DO WE LINGER?

We move through the city in all directions, an intense web of paths and destinations but what characterises the places that we stop moving and start interacting?

I looked at contrasts between places that have been designed for this but are ineffective in that purpose, and places that are effective but have not necessarily been designed with this in mind.

The vastness of George square is littered with benches and patches of green but the front Steps of the Gallery of modern Art around the corner continuously prove to be a more popular spot to stop.

John Cummins

Similarly, poorly executed attempts to reinvigorate the Clyde by placing benches looking in no particular direction, which are not maintained or related to any other activity, have led to places that next to no one uses. I have contrasted this with a very popular lingering spot on Otago Street in the West End. These comparisons bring up questions of how we design public space in terms of scale, enclosure, connection to public internal space and variety.

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Group 4 Movement

Where do we linger?

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Group 4 Movement

Where do we linger?

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Where do we linger?

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Group 4 Movement

MARYHILL CROSS / GLASGOW CROSS

In 1790 the Kelvin Aqueduct was built, a 120m long structure which stretch across the banks of the River Kelvin 20m in the air. This crossing is one of the major structures of the Forth and Clyde Canal, and its construction marked the linking of the East and West of Scotland. Maryhill owes its existence to the canal, this great piece of infrastructure allowed Maryhill to boom, growing out of its rural origins into a vibrant, active community.

As time moved on new faster forms of transportation brought change to life in Maryhill. This piece depicts day to day movement of the people, transportation, and landscape, mapping this change across three different time periods, 1860, 1950 and 2020.

Matthew Joyce

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Maryhill Cross / Glasgow Cross

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Maryhill Cross / Glasgow Cross

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Maryhill Cross / Glasgow Cross

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MOVEMENT OF DIFFERENT SPECIES IN GLASGOW

Pui Yee Wang

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Rewilding has been the hot topic globally. However, rewilding the city could mean the coexistence between people and the wild animal, which might follow up by conflicts between the two party. In order to reduce the conflicts and encourage interaction between people and wildlife, the habitats and the movement of wildlife need to be understood. There are many different modes of animal movement but this research will only use 3 types which include foraging, dispersal and migration and identify how they adapt with the change of seasons throughout the year.

Animal Foraging is the movement of searching for food which carry out by wild animals almost every day.

Animal Dispersal is the movement of individuals from their birth sites to their breeding sites or new territory, as well as from one breeding site to another. This help wild animals to avoid inbreed or competition and finding new territory in the city.

Animal Migration is the movement of all or part of an animal population from one place to another (local or international) which cover a long distance and is usually seasonal.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 4 Movement

Movement of different species in Glasgow

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Group 4 Movement

Movement of different species in Glasgow

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 4 Movement

Movement of different species in Glasgow

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This ‘Emmental map’ of Glasgow shows areas within the city, where people don’t have any access to free cultural or community institutions by using free transport (cycling and walking).

Group 4 Movement

“NOT FOR FREE” ISLANDS

By mapping out all the public libraries in blue, all the free museums and galleries in red, and all the community centres in yellow and drawing a 1km radius around them we have identified communities, which they serve completely for free. (According to the ‘Gender Mainstreaming in Urban Planning and Urban Development - Vienna Manual’ 1km is the maximum distance people will travel willingly by foot or on a bike regularly.)

However, the rest of the Glasgow that is left behind when these areas are subtracted from the map shows the “free culture and community activity deserts”.

Rebecca Holadova

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“Not For Free” Islands

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SPACES OF MIGRATION: AN INVENTORY OF SMALL SCALE FOOD ESTABLISHMENTS

Sophie Curran

Hannah Keane Dilara Kuran

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For over 200 years, Glasgow has hosted a diverse range of people with different ethnic origins, languages, customs and religions. Those living in the city today may be the descendants of people who came to Glasgow in the 18th and 19th Century from the Highlands or Ireland. Or perhaps grandchildren of those who came from other European countries, India, Pakistan or Hong Kong. More recently many asylum seekers, and migrants from the European Union, are settling in Glasgow. They all help to provide Glasgow with a layered social-scape and infrastructure.

Many walks in the city take you along streets of the sandstone tenements that are famous to Glasgow, however, the architecture does not reflect how multicultural Glasgow is. You have to look hard to spot small interventions, and it is only once you are inside the shops or cafes that you appreciate the diversity of people and their different backgrounds. These diversities have not expressed themselves in new building typologies or architectural languages, rather have inserted themselves into the existing fabric.

Through a close-up study of some of such shops in Woodlands, Charing Cross, Parkhead and Govanhill, we tried to investigate how different cultural habits and behaviour influence spatial constellations of food establishments performed inside and around the shells of tenements

Glasgow: The ethical city?

Group 4 Movement

Spaces of Migration: An Inventory of Small Scale Food Establishments / SC

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Spaces of Migration: An Inventory of Small Scale Food Establishments/ SC

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Spaces of Migration: An Inventory of Small Scale Food Establishments / SC

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Spaces of Migration: An Inventory of Small Scale Food Establishments/ HK

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Spaces of Migration: An Inventory of Small Scale Food Establishments/ HK

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Spaces of Migration: An Inventory of Small Scale Food Establishments / DK

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Spaces of Migration: An Inventory of Small Scale Food Establishments/ DK

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The investigation is focusing on a small part of the area in Glasgow, which had significant influence due to the intervene of the urban motorway.

The M8 was constructed in the late 1960s, which is a vital arterial link for thousands of motorists travelling in everyday life.

Group 4 Movement

MISSING GLASGOW, MISSING BUILDINGS

As part of the post-industrial regeneration, the demolition for the immense structure of the motorway had strong impact on lots of regions, like Cowcaddens, Charing Cross, Anderston etc. Hundreds of widely-admired buildings were pulled down, a great number of streets and ancient road layouts vanished in the process.

The diagrams show the layouts of historical buildings, streets and blocks which disappeared beneath the new M8 motorway, and obliterated from the map. 

ShihLin Tseng

The research only studied a part of destruction of old Glasgow in the city centre. However, from ethical and cultural points of view, it was not merely taking down buildings.

Despite the fact that whether M8 is for the greater good or not, there are some things that are lost to us now.

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View from Kingston towards Charing Cross Anderson Cross The Grand Hotel at Charing Cross, the most splendid hotels in the city St Georges Cross Cambridge Cinema in New City Road Phoenix Park, Recreation Ground, Fountain St Rollox Works and Depot, 1948

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Missing Glasgow, Missing Buildings

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Missing Glasgow, Missing Buildings

2020

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Missing Glasgow, Missing Buildings

1960s

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WHERE DOES GLASGOW END?

Tess Hillan

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Since the Industrial Revolution, Glasgow’s size has boomed.

Until the mid-19th century, the city was confined to its medieval boundary – protecting the common land which surrounded it. However, with the growth of industry came the need to expand – but where? Glasgow’s boundary reflects the city’s reliance on extraction from the natural environment and the industrial processes this fuelled. The canals and railways were constructed to transport coal, stone, iron and clay from outside the city’s borders to the factories and shipyards within or on the edge of it, while the inner city grew from the wealth this generated.

This growth pattern of ‘un-building’ the natural environment outside the city to facilitate the ‘up-building’ of the urban core is one which Neil Brenner describes in his essay ‘The Hinterland Urbanised’, questioning our focus on the city centre as the only manifestation of urbanisation and capitalist growth. Rather than viewing the urban centre and the industrial edges in isolation from each other, I am interested in how their relationship has shaped the city and its connection to its surroundings. With the trend towards globalisation and deindustrialisation in the UK, these relationships have become less geographically immediate but no less relevant; this pattern of depletion and exploitation is continuing to fuel the growth of the city, even if the global scale means it isn’t directly visible to us.

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Where does Glasgow end?

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Where does Glasgow end?

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Where does Glasgow end?

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THE DECONSTRUCTION OF GORBALS CROSS

The Gorbals today sit on the south bank of the River Clyde and was originally established in the time of medieval Glasgow. The industrial revolution brought many people to work in the uprising industries, but it became heavily overcrowded in the 1900s, and in turn became more and more impoverished - especially post revolution. In 1950, the Gorbals became part of the post war clearance scheme, and much of the once buzzing streets and buildings were demolished, and its dwellers relocated. With this, ‘clean up scheme’ brought high-rise buildings, mass attention to automobiles, and a new city focus on motorways and streets. Casual streets that were once primarily pedestrian social spaces became cold, non-personable places. The Gorbals cross is a prime example of this motor movement of the 20thcentury, and looks at what has been left behind for the 21stcentury to work with. This series of animated diagrams study the day to day commute spaces and how they have changed so drastically.

Xanthe Wilkins

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The Deconstruction of Gorbals Cross

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ECONOMICS

Capitalism has had an intrinsic relationship with Glasgow over the past centuries.

It is shaped the way people have lived, industries have grown and, fortunes have soured. The city’s urban conditions both physical and human are continually shaped by the presence or absence of value. Our economic and social investigations focus on the everyday reality of inequality, its causes & its effects. We have explored the development and decline of industries, the resulting deprivation and the ever evolving impacts felt by communities throughout the city.

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Cody Hay Craig Stephens Edris Goubin L’Azou Georgios Kazantzis Geraldine Reid Harry Lindsey Jonathan Hill Kenneth Brangman Lillianne Rokstad Lindsay Parkinson Sarah Owens Mate Gehberger Martin Zizka William Ramsay

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TO GLASGOW: SEEDBED OF CAPITALIST PHILOSOPHY & INDUSTRY Martin Zizka

Musings on the origins of the industrial revolution in 18th century Scottish Enlightenment and moral philosophy through the lens of the work of Adam Smith.

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What do roaming 18th century Scottish Gypsies, Glasgow, and the formation of the global capitalist economic system have in common? Not a great deal, but perhaps more than one would expect, in fact; if Adam Smith, one of the most influential economists in Western history, and a prominent persona of the Scottish Enlightenment who was a professor at Glasgow University had permanently fallen prey to an unsuccessful abduction by a band of gypsies as a little boy, the global financial and economic landscape today could have perhaps been very different.

Here’s why: Glasgow’s rise as one of the world’s most prominent industrial and economic centres of the 19th century was preceded by its equally important status as the hotbed of some of the most significant personas of the Age of Enlightenment, including the philosophers Carmichael, Hutcheson, Smith and Hume and the inventor of the steam engine James Watt amongst others. The geographically remarkable period of the 18th century Scottish Enlightenment was the formative intellectual and scientific environment of the soon to be born industrial revolution. Adam Smith, a student and later professor at Glasgow University from 1751 to 1764 is considered until this day to be one of the world’s most influential economists. Yet prior to what we now consider the field of modern economics, the politico-economic theories of the time were deeply embedded in the rationality of Enlightenment thought and moral philosophy as it developed the mechanistic and pragmatic ideas and observations which helped pry

Glasgow: The ethical city?

To Glasgow: Seedbed of Capitalist Philosophy & Industry

society away from the waning influence of the parochial Christian and monarchic social orders of the ancient regime. As a moral philosopher, Adam Smith helped establish the philosophical groundwork of capitalism with his theoretical advocation of the non-necessity of government intervention in the dealings of ordinary people, believing instead that they should be allowed to “act in accordance with their own judgements”1. This stimulating assertion of the laissez-faire approach in Smith’s magnum opus, The Wealth of Nations can be considered the theoretical basis of capitalism. One of Smith’s most famous assertions is his humanistic insistence on the inherently benign nature of those self-seeking individuals “led by an invisible hand…without knowing it, without intending it, [to] advance the interest of the society”2.

The revolutionary economic and technological development of the 19th century was thus in-part thanks to the articulation of new liberating political laissez-faire philosophies such as Smith’s, and equally a part of broader scientific discoveries grounded in new mechanistic and empirical models. These had the tendency to reduce phenomena to their machine like properties. Coupled with Locke’s ideas of the tabula rasa nature of human development and the ex-nihilo utopianism of the infinitely expansive urges of the new commercial cities set out on abstract, neutral grids such as Glasgow, the wholesale transformation of landscapes in to strategically expansive and interconnected territories of urban economic development occurred at an explosive rate over the course of the 19th century.

Glasgow is thus a prime example of the synthetic influence that Philosophy, Science and Commerce at the onset of the liberal capitalist and technological social order we

know today. The importance of the confluence of these fields for the success of the industrial revolution cannot be overstated. Since when the intellectual and commercial prowess of 18th century Glasgow was brought together with large scale engineering operations such as the setting out of the further growth of the city on a neutral grid and the construction of canals and the artificial modifications of the river, the city was able to manoeuvre itself into a position of superior technological, economic and social growth in the 19th century. And while the canals served to bring coal and iron ore in to the city from an abundant supply of mines in the Lanarkshire region, the docks on Glasgow’s Clyde became the producer of half of Britain’s tonnage of shipping. On shore, Glasgow produced a quarter of the global supply of locomotives. It was not long before Glasgow became hailed as the second city of the Empire.

As industry in Glasgow developed, so too did the policing and control of the poor and working class. As a result of structural poverty, the slums which developed in Glasgow’s city centre forced the upper class to move west— effectively intensifying destitution and social inequality— while the overflow of the poor and destitute was dealt with in the city poorhouses where paupers were forced to work long hours for no wages under gruelling conditions3.

As the overcrowding in the inner city became unbearable, Smith’s alma mater university building, the famous centre of the Scottish Enlightenment, also moved west and in the spirit of the economic pragmatism and the utopianism of the ex-nihilo landscape, the beautiful old building which was originally situated on the High street was torn down to make room for more industry and trade.

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To Glasgow: Seedbed of Capitalist Philosophy & Industry

[Fig. 1 - the original Glasgow College on the High Street where Adam Smith taught, torn down in the late 1800’s.

Source: University of Glasgow]

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After the first world war Glasgow entered a process of lengthy economic decline which brought about rapid de-industrialization. The contentious Bruce-report, published in 1945 advocated amongst other notoriously ineffective public policy decisions the de-densification of the inner city of Glasgow. Young talented families were allocated space in the attractive new-towns such as Cumbernauld, while poor people were herded into badly built and unsuccessful high-rises4 in desolate neighbourhoods with little or no amenities offered, while enormous swaths of neighbourhoods of slum tenement dwellings were torn down. It’s hard to imagine the utter loss of a sense of locality; especially since the high-rises have since also been torn down as Glasgow is repeatedly laid waste in successive chapters of promise and hope of progress.

It’s hard to imagine what Adam Smith would make today of the amount of poverty that is structurally embedded in the system he helped define, as wages are kept as low as possible as a requisite for economic growth7. And then again, perhaps if Smith had been abducted by Gypsies for good he would have learned a thing or two in their company about the systemic and racial inequalities that are perhaps still as present today in our societies as ever.

1 https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/smith-moral-political/#Met 2 Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations 2007 Metalibri, page 346 3 https://www.theglasgowstory.com/image/?inum=TGSE00900 4 David Walsh, Gerry McCartney, Chik Collins, Martin Taulbut, G David Batty. History, politics and vulnerability: explaining excess mortality in Scotland and Glasgow. 2016, Glasgow Centre for Population Health. p.7 5 https://www.greenspacescotland.org.uk/news/scottish-index-of-multiple-deprivation-2020-published 6 https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/jun/10/glasgow-effect-die-young-high-risk-prematuredeath 7 Rutger Bregman, Utopia for Realists, 2018 Bloomsbury, p. 260

Yet during the 1980’s Glasgow began witnessing an economic resurgence. As the economy diversified; art, culture and education sprung back to life, making Glasgow currently one of the most popular destinations for students.

But while solace for the post-industrial city is found in its rich academic heritage, economic deprivation continues unchecked. A staggering 44% of people on the lowest 20% margin of the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation5 live in Glasgow and in disproportionately close proximity to the post-industrial wastelands of the more than 1000 hectares of vacant and derelict land scattered around Glasgow. This deprivation is colloquially known as the “Glasgow Effect”, with its perhaps most pressing issue being that Glaswegians experience the lowest mortality age in Britain. As an interviewee for an article in the Guardian put it “we die young here, but you just get on with it.”6 Glasgow: The ethical city?

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How could Glasgow utilise its post-industrial urban fabric to alleviate food inequality issues within the City?

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TOWARD A NEW FUTURE FOR GLASGOW’S INDUSTRIAL RELICS Cody Hay

“People would rather go hungry than suffer the indignity of going to a food bank”

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Around 60% of Glasgow is considered to be obese or overweight, while many face food insecurity issues. There are currently 109 formally established food banks in Glasgow.

In a 2018 survey across Glasgow, 10.8% of respondents had experienced food insecurity, and 4.6% had experienced severe food insecurity. Food insecurity was determined by asking respondents whether they had eaten less than they thought they should, or less healthily, because of a lack of money or resources.

In this map, the Scottish index of multiple deprivation has been utilised to visualise a connection between the three primary factors resulting in food deprivation: low income, benefit delays, and benefit changes. The white circles mark the presence of formally established free food organisations. The map highlights these access points following the partially derelict City Union railway line. This was previously a key link in Glasgow’s industrial rail network and a major component of the former St Enoch station.

Looking toward increasing the social value of food in the City and how Glasgow can increase dignity within deprived populations accessing food banks - could post industrial relics such as the City Union railway serve as a site for growing food in the city? Could these relics be indicative of a new sustainable future which de-stigmatises food?

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Toward a new future for Glasgow’s industrial relics

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This image conveys the pattern of growth and decline in the industrial economy of Port Dundas throughout history, highlighting spaces of industry in red.

Established in the late 18th century Port Dundas is located in close proximity to Glasgow city centre at the terminus of the Forth & Clyde and the Monkland canals.

Group 5 Economics

THE VANISHING INDUSTRY

It served as an industrial centre from the early 19th century with industries such as textiles, chemical works, distilleries, iron foundries and power stations located here.

Two distilleries were established on the site opening in 1811 and 1845 respectively and in 1900 the Pinkston Power Station was constructed in order to produce electricity for the Glasgow Corporation Tramway.

Sarah Owens

Industrial use declined in the 20th century. The Monkland canal was closed in 1952, The Pinkston power station decommissioned in 1958, the Forth & Clyde canal closed 1963 and St.Rollox chemical plant closed 1964. The distilleries closed from 1903 to 1945, were modernised in 1970 but were eventually closed in 2009 by Diageo.

The site now sits derelict with no significant industrial use as a signifier of modern Glasgow and its changing priorities.

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The Vanishing Industry: An analysis of Port Dundas and its historical economic prevalence and its decline.

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INDUSTRY IN THE CITY

Jonathan Hill

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For centuries, industry has defined the way that the city relates to its landscape, and this relationship in turn has bred the social conditions that define the way that we live in the city. The industrial revolution sought progress at any cost: thousands of miles of railway tracks were laid with no thought given to the land that they scarred and divided, and clusters of factories were built with no thought given to the harmful pollutants released into the air and the river.

Although heavy industry has now left the city, and the largest industrial complexes have been demolished, its legacy can still be read through the patchwork of districts, land parcels and boundaries that make up the fabric of the city that we know today. Old foundations and contaminated land are covered over with concrete, residential areas and retail parks are built on plots demarcated by old railway tracks, and the city is decorated with pockets of post-industrial wasteland.

These images begin to catalogue the lost industrial sites that gave shape to the city through its period of vast expansion. We can no longer see them, but we feel their presence, walk their perimeters, and cross their boundaries. By studying historic maps and photographs, roof plans have been drawn to explore the sprawling scale and expansive compositions of their sites, free from context.

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Industry in the City

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Industry in the City

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Industry in the City

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THE GLASGOW STYLE: DESIGN IN ITS DNA – ARTS FOR A WEALTHY CITY Craig Stephens

In the late 1800s, the City of Glasgow was a bustling metropolis thriving on innovation and industry. As the Empire’s Second City – it was one of the richest in the world.

A centre for trade and manufacturing, Glasgow was a global city with an international reputation. The exhibitions of 88 and 01 allowed the city to showcase its might across the empire; As the factory of the world, Shipbuilding, Locomotives, Engineering and Textiles required additional trades and services including furniture design and carpenters, metalworkers, and fashion designers. Design was central in the city’s DNA as it contributed to industrial and commercial success.

Francis Newbury became director of GSA in 1885. His influence changed the school; Inspired by the ideals of William Morris, he moved focus away from traditional fine arts and expanded the curriculum to offer more applied arts including: pottery, embroidery, metalwork, stained glass and woodcarving. Newbury’s mission was to create designers for the city’s manufacturing industries.

Industrial success had created huge amounts of wealth for the city allowing for large scale change which encouraged the development of progressive, modern Architecture, which was characterised with distinct, decorative style.

This became known as the Glasgow Style. Architecturally, most of this is limited to commercial and civic structures in the city centre, with only a handful of private dwellings commissioned by wealthy clients.

The Glasgow Style and Modernity route walk, by the CRM Society offers an insight into this period of industrial success and wealth.

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“Social capital refers to connections among individuals, social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them”

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SOCIAL CAPITAL & SOCIAL CONNECTIONS

A social capital focuses on the social connections, and the benefits and resources that they contribute to the wellbeing of citizens and to the community. A social capital can facilitate a more socially united, sustainable and resilient city.

The following categories of Social Connections assist in the development of a Social capital.

-Social infrastructure -Street life & meeting places -Sharing spaces & places

Georgios Kazantzis

-Education & learning These social connections are crucial in developing good-neighbourliness, a welcoming character, co-operation, trust among citizens, improving social and economic outcomes for all people.

The following diagram maps several social connections across Glasgow’s 9 city centre districts. The diagram represents visually which districts have higher social connections and where the gaps exist. The intention is to provide a solid view of the spatial distribution of social connections across the city centre of Glasgow.

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Social Capital & Social Connections

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Social Capital & Social Connections

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Social Capital & Social Connections

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PROFITS BEFORE PLAY

Geraldine Reid

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For a child the playground is part of everyday life. Playing is more than second nature to a child, it is the way they navigate and experience the world. A successful playground is the place of social, physical, emotional and mental growth: a place of pure experimentation. It is in the playground that the child’s understanding of space can be strengthened. So why is it that in the heart of our city, there is a severe lack of playable environments for children or even any child-focused urban design?

Through mapping the playspaces of the city centre of Glasgow and its immediate context it is clear there is a lack of any play environments in the city centre. Over-commercialization of this key district of Glasgow has driven away the possibilities of a successful public realm and with vast squares, and large shopping streets an ‘adult’ behaviour to the urban spaces is dictated. It seems that the only playable spaces are commercialized and placed within shopping malls or the shops themselves.

Due to the nature of a playground and its social and spatial requirements, when placed within a dense urban context an exciting public realm and an enhanced sense of place becomes a by-product of this urban intervention.

In redesigning the urban spaces, refocusing to a more child-centric urban planning and integrating playable environments into the design language of the streets and squares of Glasgow city centre it is possible that we can create the sense of place that the commercial district of our centre is currently severely lacking.

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Profits before Play

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Tasked to focus on economics within the city of Glasgow I knew from various research sources that the city has a known employment issue and I wanted to quantify this by area. Using multiple indices of economic need, I hoped to identify architectural and economic opportunities based on the same data used by the government and city councils to inform employment policy and economic investment.

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DEVELOPMENT BY WARD

Kenneth Brangman

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The first figure shows Glasgow City wards and the percentage of their populations who are jobseekers. This data came from the May 2016 Department of Work and Pensions report. Overlaid on this figure I added “Jobcentre Plus� locations to see any current relationship between the job seekers and their physical access to employment facilitators.

The second figure looks at a 2020 survey, the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD). This map highlights the top 5% of the most deprived areas of Glasgow. In the third figure I have overlaid the city ward jobseeker percentages over the SIMD map to see if these areas have stayed the same over time and to identify where the most opportunities for employment development are within the city of Glasgow. It is evident that there are deprived areas and locations without access to employment facilities still.

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Development by ward

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Development by ward

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Development by ward

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REMNANTS, COMMUNITY, PLACE

William Ramsay

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Lauriston’s fabric has changed dramatically over the last century. Minutes from the Glasgow’s economic centre yet segregated from the surrounding city by the Clyde to the north and railway arches to the south, this section of the Gorbals has suffered greatly through periods of industrial decline and slum clearance. What was once a complex & bustling urban scene catering to a vast mix of uses has since been swept away. As of 1952 the neighbourhood possessed 6 churches, 2 synagogues, 5 cinemas, 4 schools ,a theatre, a nursery, a library, Public baths & a wash house, and a very generous 45 public houses. In its stead replacements and interventions, heavy with the flawed urban philosophies of their times have come and gone.

With each sweeping and dramatic change of the built environment communities and the bonds they had built have been severed.. The fortunes of the twin estates Norfolk Court and Stirlingfauld place tested the belief that better quality building and construction inevitably leads to vitality and a better quality of life. The newly constructed Laurieston transformational regeneration area hopes to rectify the flaws of past housing solutions but only time will tell if these latest solutions for city dwelling succeeds in forming long term bonds, rooting community and place.

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Remnants, Community, Place

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BRIDGING GAPS

Lillianne Rokstad

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As well as providing opportunities, cities do also have a high concentration of unemployment, poverty and segregation. In order for the socio-economic state of a district to flourish, one of the essential factors is social - and urban connectivity. An inclusive city needs to offer connectivity to all its inhabitants. The presented illustration focus on Govan and Partick, two city districts with historical and industrial importance to Glasgow. The map explores the socio-economic state of the districts and the possibility for participation in available activities.

Dark red signifies the most deprived, and dark blue signifies the least deprived urban zones within the two districts.

The yellow buildings represent cultural activities, and hot pink represent community-based activities. The red circles and boundaries indicate admission free activities and community-based participation.

The dashed line reaching across the River Clyde represents a new link proposed to connect the two districts. The connectivity the link adds to the urban fabric will provide opportunities to strengthen the socio-economic state of districts. The figure shows a clear distinction in deprivation from the north to the south side. The result of the mapping might suggest the importance of bridging a gap between deprivation zones to ensure a more sustainable outcome of the new link proposed between Govan and Partick.

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Bridging Gaps

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In the area of one of the most historically under-supported areas of Glasgow, there is a clear correlation of how the quality of social housing has affected those living there.

Glasgow needs more support and construction of higher quality dwellings and developments to bridge the gap in the quality of life between those who live in areas such as Hamilton Hill.

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BRIDGING THE CANALS OF GLASGOW

Lindsay Parkinson

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The connection between the quality of life and social housing also indicates a deeper issue of the lifestyle of those under the pressure of living situations created by the high rent prices of their dwelling and the low levels of financial support from the government.

I am planning to add to the proposed development of the Claypits Nature Preserve at the Canal currently underway to attempt to remedy social behaviour represented in Image 2. This provides a peaceful and safe environment that connects them to those outside their typical communities.

Combined with the development of an outdoor activities centre that allows both adults and children to engage with the once regularly used Timber Basin on the water as they did in the past. I propose both of these ideas will provide a boost to employment, health, and social wellbeing of the area. This would prevent the current and future outlook of a situation expressed in Image 3.

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Bridging The Canals of Glasgow

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Bridging The Canals of Glasgow

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Bridging The Canals of Glasgow

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GLASGOW IN SPECTRUM

Concealed within the barriers of the M8, North Clyde train line, and the Clyde, patterns can be seen. Sectors can be identified, and travel routes can be speculated. The figure ground indicates changes in the topography, breaks can be seen between the stringent grid, as they offshoot, forms start to fragment, whilst maintaining order with their adjacent neighbours. Mixed use can be seen as a consequence of density, but also as an indication of activity nodes outwith the city centre.

Harry Lindsey

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Glasgow In Spectrum

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In a city of 175 square kilometres and 600 000 inhabitants, the question of economic and political regulation is an important one. We can wonder what territories do these institutions control, and investigate the reach of their influence.

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ABSOLUTE CENTRALITY

Edris Goubin L’Azou

What the map indicates is the absolute centrality of such institutions, even in our era of bottom up initiatives.

Among the city centre, the demarcation stays fairly obvious according the activities, and continues to thrive in less deprived areas: Local institutions remains firmly outside of the boundaries, where the institutions pertaining the metropolitan areas of Glasgow are historically located on George square, whereas the ones belonging to the Scottish government are implanted on the riverfront, at Broomielaw.

The once renowned shipbuilding industries of Glasgow may have been replaced industries more oriented towards the consumer, but their headquarters also remain in the city centre. And finally the financial organisations, such as the international firms and banking, have settled in what is now considered the financial district.

All in all, the institution structuring our economy are still very much located where the instance of power and money were a century ago, whereas Glasgow has continued to expand.

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Absolute centrality

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Absolute centrality

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Absolute centrality

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NON-HUMAN HABITANTS IN GLASGOW

Mate Gehberger

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Glasgow is a city for human habitation but also a landscape for non-human species. Due to the rapid industrialisation, many places of this landscape has been altered for the benefit of a singular species. The capitalist economic system has been dredging and concealing rivers and burns, levelling and poisoning the soil, altering and segregating places of non-human habitation with large scale infrastructures and leaving them to decay once they are unable to provide a profit. Today, Glasgow has one of the highest numbers of derelict and vacant sites in Scotland, many of which is contaminated with heavy metals like lead, remnants of the shipbuilding industry. But even with this heavy poisoning, plants and animals find their way back into these lands, which provide them with some dwelling and breeding spaces and food sources.

In comparison to the high numbers of derelict sites, Glasgow has only one area which has been given the status of a Site of Special Scientific Interest. Possil Marsh is home to many native and endangered species, it has unique and important fauna and flora, which is set out to be protected and conserved. But while sites like the Possil Marsh have been enjoying a protective status, the level of contamination in other places like Govan Graving Docks prevent further diversification of the existing wildlife. With the ever increasing effects of climate change, these vacant and derelict sites could become important places for non-human species to take refuge and for humans to take responsibility over their past actions and learn to coexist with others.

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Non-human habitants in Glasgow

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Non-human habitants in Glasgow

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Non-human habitants in Glasgow

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One of the effects of the rapid de-industrialization that Glasgow was witness to are the post-industrial wastelands, which total around 1000 hectares, or 6% of Glasgow’s total area. To meet the plans of the Green Network Vision stretching from the Loch Lomond & Trossachs National Park to the upper Clyde valley woodlands, vacant and derelict land in Glasgow could be used to allow nature to regenerate and stop to process of biodiversity and habitat loss.

POTENTIAL OF THE CITY WIDE TRANSFORMATION OF THE POST-INDUSTRIAL WASTE-LAND SITES

Martin Zizka

Even though Glasgow has 26% greenspace, the attrition of local habitats and the wider ecosystem continues due to increasing urbanisation which does not consider the needs of natural habitats. Generic greenspace and brownfield sites do not contribute to the overall health of the struggling natural ecosystem of Glasgow.

There are 12 Local Nature Reserves which make up just under 2% of the land coverage of Glasgow. But because of their fragmented nature, these reserves continue to struggle and loose biodiversity, meaning species are still prone to dying out within the city.

To address diminishing nature in Glasgow due to urbanisation, a renewed focus needs to be applied on the interconnectivity and resilience of the different types of habitats that were naturally found in the once unspoiled landscape which the city now occupies. Those habitats which remain are on the periphery of the city, which shows the way in which human centered thinking has neglected the importance of integrating natural habitats within urban frameworks.

Major issue with the current style of species and habitat conservation is the focus on preservation instead of regeneration.

Regeneration would occur if habitats were properly integrated into continuous networks. Vacant and derelict land could provide a spatial provision for this interconnection.

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GREEN SPACE & VACANT AND DERELICT LAND

Group 5 Economics

Potential of the city wide transformation of the post-industrial waste-land sites in Glasgow called Vacant and Derelict Land, for the support, interconnection and regeneration of wildlife habitats

GREEN SPACE

VDL Vacand and derelict land

Vacand and derelic land - generic green space with little to no provision for non human habitats

Glasgow Green - generic green space with little to no provision for non human habitats

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City Habitats are in the last stage of fragmentation called Attrition

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PROTECTED NATURE RESERVES Potential of the city wide transformation of the post-industrial waste-land sites in Glasgow called Vacant and Derelict Land, for the support, interconnection and regeneration of wildlife habitats

Possil Marsh

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Dawsholm Park

SINC

Linn Park

Sites of importance for nature conservation

LNR VDL Vacand and derelict land

Possil Marsh

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Dawsholm Park

Linn Park

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Habitats Potential of the city wide transformation of the post-industrial waste-land sites in Glasgow called Vacant and Derelict Land, for the support, interconnection and regeneration of wildlife habitats

Woodlands

Wetlands

Grasslands

SINC

SINC

LNR

LNR

LNR

LNR

LNR

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Broadleaf Woodland

SINC

Sites of importance for nature conservation

LNR VDL Vacand and derelict land

Woodlands

Wetlands

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Grasslands

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6

ENVIRONMENT

We have investigated Glasgow’s environment through both objective study, as well as making connections between specific knowledge, broadening the scope of environmentally conscious thinking that can filter into our thesis investigations.

Specifically, we have explored the pressing ecological emergency, a theme that positions Glasgow within the widest of context, but requiring local studies to start to understand how to enact change in the city.

The environment is inevitably interwoven with the society that lives within it, this is reflected in our all our investigations, from large scale observation to a close up understanding of a person inhabiting the city.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

Chiara Chisari Chloe Spiess Connor Doyle Divya Shah Ds Paderog Ingrid Wennemo Jessica Xie Xi Jorge Velasco Natalia Kowalska Samuel Us Tarn Zaid Yik Yeong Look

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The term ‘Glasgow Effect’ has been coined in recent years to describe the high levels of mortality and poor health experienced in Glasgow.

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DERELICT LANDS, ENVIRONMENT AND GLASGOW EFFECT Chiara Chisari

Even if various theories have been formulated, no single factor appears to explain why Scotland, and Glasgow in particular, have different mortality patterns than other UK and European cities with similar deprivation patterns (like Manchester and Liverpool).

Although socio-economic and cultural factors are undoubtedly major contributors to this phenomenon, environmental aspects definitely play a key role in Glaswegians’ life quality and expectancy.

The radical urban planning decisions from the 1950s onwards had made not just the physical but the mental health of Glasgow’s population more vulnerable to the consequences of deindustrialisation and poverty.

Analyzing the environmental quality of spaces in Glasgow and linking it to health and wellbeing of its residents, It becomes clear how quality of life and environmental deprivation are deeply connected.

It’s not a coincidence that the most deprived areas contain the highest number of vacant and derelict land and, in general, have the lowest quality of spaces.

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Derelict lands, Environment and Glasgow effect

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Derelict lands, Environment and Glasgow effect

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Derelict lands, Environment and Glasgow effect

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SUBWAY STALKING

Chloe Spiess

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What makes a place feel safe, scary, or even threatening?

Glasgow’s distinctive passageways: tenement closes, lanes, and underpasses seemed to lend themselves to this kind of study. I conducted an online survey asking my coursemates to share the scariest places they had experienced in Glasgow. Most responses noted a lack of people around and inadequate lighting as major contributing factors to the feeling of fear.

Fear is, according to dictionary.com, “a distressing emotion aroused by impending danger, evil, pain, etc., whether the threat is real or imagined; the feeling or condition of being afraid.” To gain a large-scale understanding of fear or crime in Glasgow, I accessed police data recording the number of reported assaults per city region in a year.

I noticed that the highest numbers of assault were mostly in the city centre or large shopping centres. To gain a first-person perspective of spaces around the city centre, I decided to use the Subway as a case study examining the difference in day and night conditions.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Subway Stalking

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Subway Stalking

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Subway Stalking

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ETHICAL CHOICES IN THE CITY

Divya Shah

Maraya Lactao

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This study focuses on social attitudes towards the sustainability and the impact of the environment on social structures in Glasgow. For the study, the focus was on key parts of Glasgow’s identity as a city. Known as the most vegan friendly city in the UK, Glasgow has several vegan restaurants for those looking to eat mindfully. Glasgow is also known as the shopping city of Scotland; however, fashion is the second largest environmental polluter in the UK. Additionally, a study found that only 25% of household waste in Glasgow gets recycled, lower than the national average.

These illustrations seek to highlight the changes taking place around Glasgow, as a result of increased collective awareness about the global climate crisis. Rather than buying fast fashion, the city is home to several secondhand vintage and charity shops where one can shop mindfully and find something truly unique. There are several neighborhood bins and recycling centres where Glaswegians can go to recycle their waste. Glasgow City Council’s Avenues Project to encourage bike use is a step towards reducing carbon emissions in the city. Additionally, the city council is actively encouraging public transport use to reduce pollution and noise in the city. For instance, Union and Oswald Street are only open to buses between 7am and 7pm everyday to discourage private car use and make one of the busiest areas in the city centre safer and more usable for people. The city provides all the resources for a more ethical and sustainable lifestyle, one just has to seek it and follow it.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Ethical Choices in the City

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Ethical Choices in the City

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Ethical Choices in the City

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The main consideration relating to the form would be thinking about its permanence in urban environment.

I’m interested in looking at longevity of urban patterns and an important part of that research became the observing and studying the examples of the urban communities that maintained its original patterns over the years.

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BETWEEN FORM AND LIFE

Natalia Kowalska

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In relation to Glasgow, the Industrial Revolution and further on modernist movement and the technological improvement over the years brought an immense impact on architecture and especially urban fabric of the cities.

Urbanity, then directly influences the patterns of living in the city. As one of the results of that civilisation progress, in some places the sense of community was lost and the problem of social isolation became more and more apparent. I am planning to investigate how these changes could be tackled with the means of architectural planning and how design can influence the patterns of life.

The investigation would include thinking about what are the preconditions that contribute to creation of good cities and good places to live and the main determining factors of analysis would be look at interaction, exchange, choice, density and adaptability.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Between Form and Life

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Between Form and Life

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Between Form and Life

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

2019

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Glasgow’s industrial cores remained at the north, east and south extremities, dissipating towards the edges of the more affluent region of the west, following along the River Clyde and using it as a source of transportation and power. Emphasis is given to these forgotten industrial centres by leaving the city centre we recognise today, blank.

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LIVING FOSSILS

Tarn Zaidi

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Many of these former thriving districts have now been left as relics of the past: vast expanses of derelict land, once enjoyed a sense of purpose, now lie vacant with little remaining of their historic identity. Buildings slowly decayed around them and were finally demolished. The livelihoods of many, originally displaced, people were gone and never replaced, leaving inherited generational traumas that are explicit in the levels of deprivation today, which, to no one’s surprise, are most prevalent in these post-industrial centres. It is easy to forget that these unique districts formed their own communities and their own individuality that had deep-rooted ties to its labour.

Glasgow has embedded in its fibres a culture of labour, knowledge and creativity, spreading beyond the boundaries of the city. A rich and varied collection of industries took place, with each district honing its own character and area of expertise – from textiles, distilleries and of course, shipbuilding. Beneath the city lay rich seams of coal and iron ore, which certainly did not go unnoticed, becoming the catalyst of the Industrial Revolution.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

Living Fossils

RUCHILL

KELVINSIDE

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GOVAN

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Shipbuilding, Foundries

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PORT DUNDAS

E Engineering, Shipbuilding Services, Textiles, Grain Mill, Sewage Pumping Station

Distilleries, Chemicals, Paint, Foundries, Electricity Generator, Cottonmill, Locomotive Works

TRADESTON

PARKHEAD

BRIDGETON

Light Engineering, Foundries, Forges and Textiles / Cotton Spinning, Weaving, Biscuit Factory, Pottery, Electricity Generator

Engineering, Food / Baking Factory GORBALS

Food / Grainmill, Engineering for Sugar Machinery, Engine Works GOVANHILL

Mining Locations

RUTHERGLEN

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Areas of Deprivation

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SCOTLAND’S MOST POLLUTED STREET

Despite having one of the lowest levels of car ownership in Britain, the Glasgow Urban Area ranks the fourth highest for illegal air pollution in the UK. Glaswegians are 25 times more likely to die from respiratory illnesses caused by vehicle emissions than by being involved in a car crash.

One of the biggest hot-spots that contributes to these statistics is Hope Street, which topped the most polluted roads in Scotland in 2019. The high density of buildings along Hope Street and the surrounded area reduces the dispersion of pollutants caused by traffic - particularly the number of heavily polluting buses that use Hope Street - which contributes to air pollution levels of 56.6 micrograms of nitrogen dioxide per cubic metre (µg m-3) - 16.6µg m-3 over the legal limit. This being said, the city has introduced Scotland’s first Low Emissions Zone across the city centre in order to tackle pollutions levels caused by traffic, with all buses having to meet low emissions by end of 2022.

Connor Doyle

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Scotland’s Most Polluted Street

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The main consideration relating to the form would be thinking about its permanence in urban environment.

I’m interested in looking at longevity of urban patterns and an important part of that research became the observing and studying the examples of the urban communities that maintained its original patterns over the years.

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CLIMATE, WINDOWS, LIGHT AND HEALTH, COMMUNITY Samuel Us

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In relation to Glasgow, the Industrial Revolution and further on modernist movement and the technological improvement over the years brought an immense impact on architecture and especially urban fabric of the cities.

Urbanity, then directly influences the patterns of living in the city. As one of the results of that civilisation progress, in some places the sense of community was lost and the problem of social isolation became more and more apparent. I am planning to investigate how these changes could be tackled with the means of architectural planning and how design can influence the patterns of life.

The investigation would include thinking about what are the preconditions that contribute to creation of good cities and good places to live and the main determining factors of analysis would be look at interaction, exchange, choice, density and adaptability.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Climate, Windows, Light and Health, Community

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This study deducted in the area of Charing Cross and Anderson, explores how the various elements of the environment impact the built fabric and how over time the city is exposed to forces of various weather and pollution by traffic or industry.

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THE WEATHERING CITY

Ingrid Wennemo

The exploration looks into how the weather and climate of Glasgow can be seen in its elevations by photographic documentation.

As well as the rest of the city the area experiences heavy rainfall throughout the year which is present in the elevations of the area. It can be seen as stains and marks on the material fabric as well as with an overgrowth of moss particularly where the building meets the ground.

With close proximity to the M8 the elevations show the impact of pollution from traffic as well as smoke and soot from Glasgow’s industrial past. This is particularly clear in the black sandstone where the elevation sits close to heavy traffic.

The area is also largely exposed to strong winds for its proximity with and therefore vertical rainfall. This is present on the deteriorating sandstone and flaky paint.

The study conducted aims to show how the built fabric changes over time, influenced by its place in the city and impacted by the climate of its location.

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The Weathering City

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The Weathering City

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The Weathering City

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ACCESS TO NATURE

Jessica Xie Xi

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The COVID-19 pandemic has made many of us realise the importance of outdoors spaces and how much we value being in nature. Now more than ever, we need the access to nature, as it benefits our physical and mental health.

However, not every neighbourhood has the luxury of being able to access the greenspaces. Looking at the Glasgow city centre itself, there are not that many greenspaces for us to visit besides the Kelvingrove Park or Glasgow Green. So how do we improve the access to nature for everyone, especially for the low-income neighbourhoods who has the least access to it?

New greenspaces such as parks, gardens or playgrounds could be designed using the derelict buildings or spaces that are currently vacant within the city, and more importantly, we should bring nature back to the city, providing spaces where nature could thrive. It does not even have to be a complete plot of land, the disused railways, or the areas around the Clyde like Govan Dry Dock has so much potential for some good quality greenspaces.

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Access to Nature

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GLASGOW AQUEDUCTS

Ds Paderog

Glasgow was rapidly growing in the early 19th century due to the industrial revolution. It had certainly outgrown its water supply – most of it still came from an 1807 scheme using the river Clyde as a source however the quality of water from the Clyde was declining and outbreaks of cholera were common. This is a study of the history of the aqueducts that supply water to the city of Glasgow and how it is currently treated in the city. John Frederick Bateman was already famous for designing Manchester’s water supply system. He suggested raising the level of Loch Katrine, an 8 mile long freshwater loch in the Scottish Highlands, to provide an abundant supply of water to the city.

The construction began in 1855 and it included reservoirs, nearly 26 miles of aqueduct, 13 miles of hard rock tunnels and almost 4 miles of iron pipes. Today, Bateman’s scheme including extensions and modernisations still provides Glasgow with water. The first 41.5km stretch ran from Loch Katrine to Mugdock reservoir with engineers adapting the route to its surrounding. Bateman built 25 iron and masonry aqueduct bridges up to 24m high along the route. He used cast iron siphon pipes to carry the water, with a fall of 947mm per km.

Today, the Metropolitan Glasgow Strategic Drainage Partnership brings together local authorities, the ports authority, Scottish Government, Scottish Enterprise, Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) and Scottish Water to deliver integrated improvements to the city’s water environment. This £250 million strategic plan’s aim is to focus on the waste-water and surface water drainage to reduce the risk of flooding and pollution to the city and substantially improve urban watercourses.

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Glasgow Aqueducts

Craigend Water Tower

Drumchapel Water Tower

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Garthamlock Water Towers

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Daldowie Waterworks

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3 Cranhill Water Tower

Mackintosh Lighthouse

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Allers Waste Water & Sewage Treatment Company

HCS Water Treatment Water treatment plant

VWS Westgarth Ltd Water treatment plant

Hamilton Sewage Works

Water Towers and Treatment Plants in the Glasgow Area

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Glasgow Aqueducts

ALONGSIDE LOCH CHON

LOCH KATRINE (RAISED LEVEL)

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LOCH KATRINE TUNEL 2325 YARDS

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BLAIRMULACHLAN TUNNEL 790 YARDS

CULEGARTON

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DUCHRAY VALLEY

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DUCHRAY RIVER

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NEAR DUCHLAGE

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DUNMORE TUNNEL 1418 YARDS

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CLASHMORE TUNNEL 3175 YARDS

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KELLY BURN

TUNNEL 465 YARDS

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DUNMORE TUNNEL 1418 YARDS

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ENDRICK VALLEY

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TUNNEL 726 YARDS

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BLANE VALLEY

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TUNNEL 506 YARDS

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Long Section from Loch Katrine to the City of Glasgow Long Section from Loch Katrine to the City of Glasgow

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DUNTREATH TUNNEL 800 YARDS

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Glasgow Aqueducts

ALONGSIDE LOCH CHON

LOCH KATRINE (RAISED LEVEL)

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LOCH KATRINE TUNEL 2325 YARDS

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NEAR LOCH ARD

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BLAIRMULACHLAN TUNNEL 790 YARDS

CULEGARTON

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DUCHRAY VALLEY

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NEAR DUCHLAGE

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DUNMORE TUNNEL 1418 YARDS

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CLASHMORE TUNNEL 3175 YARDS

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KELLY BURN

TUNNEL 465 YARDS

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

DUCHRAY RIVER

DUNMORE TUNNEL 1418 YARDS

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ENDRICK VALLEY

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TUNNEL 726 YARDS

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The Glasgow effect is a concept that refers to the quality of life of people living in the city compared to other European cities.

We can observe the evolution of two blocks, where originally there were flat towers, which were later demolished affecting the surrounding urban environment.

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DERELICT LAND, ENVIRONMENT AND GLASGOW EFFECT Jorge Velasco

170 Sandiefield Road was completed in 1971 and along with 170 Sandiefield Road, was the last survivor of the ill-fated Area E estate that was largely demolished in 1987.

It was refurbished in the mid 1990s.

Both Sandiefield Road blocks were demolished by controlled explosion on the 21st of July 2013. This marks the complete removal of Area E from the Glasgow skyline.

After remaining empty for a few years, projects were developed that benefited the neighbourhood, a health centre, housing association and some houses are some examples; this totally changed the dynamics and urban image of the Gorbals.

Demolition Videos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xm2PhDlbL-8 https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2w71l7 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BkKM-ZqUTBs

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Derelict Land, Environment and Glasgow effect

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Derelict Land, Environment and Glasgow effect

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Derelict Land, Environment and Glasgow effect

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DERELICT LANDS, ENVIRONMENT AND GLASGOW EFFECT Yik Yeong Look

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The concept of “Glasgow Effect” refers to the low life expectancy and poor health of the population of Glasgow, compared to the rest of the UK. Govan is identified as one of the most deprived places in Glasgow according to Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) 2020. This study maps the derelict lands found in Govan and observes how derelict lands affect the environment, as well as analyzes the impact on the people living in the area. The hypothesis is that people living in close proximity to derelict land in deprived area will have lower life expectancy and more likely to have poorer health.

From the observations, the neighborhood with the most derelict lands in Govan is in very poor condition. The walls of the derelict structures and even of the housing in the neighborhood are vandalized and vacant lands are treated as dumping ground. According to the “broken windows” theory, the visible cues of crime in the environment such as improper waste disposal and vandalism will indicate lack of control over neighborhood conditions, encouraging criminal activities in the neighborhood. This results in the withdrawal of fearful residents from neighborhood life, causing social isolation that leads to poor health outcomes.

Glasgow: The ethical city?

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Derelict Land, Environment and Glasgow effect

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Derelict Land, Environment and Glasgow effect

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Glasgow: The ethical city?

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