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SAMPLE EXAM PAPERS

BASED ON THE NEW SUBJECT SPECIFICATION FOR LEAVING CERTIFICATE

• 4 SEC Sample Papers (2 Higher and 2 Ordinary)

• 12 4schools Sample Papers (8 Higher and 4 Ordinary)

• Student Guide to the Exam

• Full-colour papers to reflect the SEC exams

E-BOOK | ONLINE SOLUTIONS AND MARKING SCHEMES | LESSONS FROM THE TUITION CENTRE ON HOW TO APPROACH THE AACS 12 Sample Papers • Includes Exam 16 • e r s

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SAMPLE

ISBN 978-1-918341-07-2

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Introduction

BUSINESS

Welcome to the New Specification

The Leaving Certificate Business specification is designed to give students an engaging, relevant and real-world learning experience in the world of business. The subject:

• Develops awareness of the role and significance of business in the Irish and global economy.

• Helps students understand how business operates, how decisions are made, and how people lead and manage in organisations.

• Builds business and financial literacy, equipping students with knowledge and skills useful in day-to-day life, future further study and the workplace.

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• Encourages students to become informed decision-makers who appreciate ethical, sustainable and entrepreneurial thinking in business contexts.

• Supports the development of key competencies such as critical thinking, analysis, problemsolving and research.

This learning experience is structured around meaningful and contemporary business concepts, bringing theory and practice together. The course also includes a significant additional assessment component (investigative study) that encourages students to apply their learning in authentic contexts.

The specification is organised into four contextual strands, each focusing on a distinct area of business knowledge and skills. Together with the Unifying Strand (Investigating Business) these provide a coherent framework for study:

1. Exploring the Business Environment

This strand introduces students to the broad context in which businesses operate, including economic, social, legal and market influences, helping them to understand how external and internal factors affect business decisions and performance.

2. Understanding Enterprise

Students explore what enterprise is, the characteristics of entrepreneurs, how opportunities are identified, and how business ideas can be developed and grown. This strand promotes an appreciation of innovation and entrepreneurial thinking.

3. Leading in Business

This strand focuses on leadership, human resource management, organisational behaviour, teamwork and management activities that enable businesses to function effectively. Students learn about how people are managed and led within organisations.

4. Making Informed Decisions

Here students apply business knowledge and tools to analyse information, evaluate options and make reasoned decisions. It emphasises financial literacy, business planning, risk assessment and strategic thinking to support effective decision-making in business.

•

Unifying Strand - Investigating Business

In addition to the four contextual strands, the specification includes a unifying strand –Investigating Business – which threads through and connects students’ learning. This strand underpins the investigative research project (additional assessment component), where students apply research skills to explore real business issues and present findings.

• Cross-Cutting Themes

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All strands are explored through four crosscutting themes that act as lenses across the specification:

» Ethics and Sustainability

» Entrepreneurial Thinking

» Business and Financial Literacy

» Digital Transformation

These themes are woven throughout learning to ensure students engage with contemporary and relevant business ideas.

Coimisiún na Scrúduithe Stáit

State Examinations Commission

Leaving Certificate Examination Sample 1 Business

Higher Level

2 hours 30 minutes

300 marks

Instructions

There are ﬁve �ues�ons in this paper.

�ues�on � �� marks �ues�ons 2 to � �� marks each

Answer ��e��o�� and any three other �ues�ons.

Write your �xamina�on �umber and your Date of Birth in the boxes on the front cover.

Write your answers in blue or black pen. You may use pencil for sketches, graphs and diagrams only.

Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet. There is addi�onal space at the end of �ues�on one and at the back of the booklet. Label any such extra work clearly with the �ues�on number and part.

This examina�on booklet will be scanned and your work will be presented to an examiner on screen. Anything that you write outside of the answer areas may not be seen by the examiner.

SAMPLE

Driving Creativity and Sustainability

ProjectOne, a cutting-edge design and innovation engineering firm based in Kildare, is making waves in the world of product design and research and development. Catering to a diverse clientele that includes start-ups and multinational corporations across the consumer, healthcare, and professional sectors, ProjectOne has built an enviable reputation as an independent agency with international acclaim.

According to management, the company’s success is rooted in the dedication and talent of its employees. ProjectOne has fostered a workplace culture where team members feel valued and appreciated, resulting in strong employee loyalty and internal promotions. With a dynamic workforce of 64 employees, ProjectOne champions a modern and balanced working environment. The company has implemented a four-day working week. Employees enjoy blended working arrangements, alternating between on-site and remote work.

working arrangements on both employee satisfaction and productivity.”

The company’s commitment to community engagement is also noteworthy. Several team members volunteer with Junior Achievement Ireland, to deliver high-impact programmes to students. These initiatives introduce young people to working life through hands-on experiences, showcasing the innovative and inspiring nature of ProjectOne’s work.

Tackling Sustainability with GlowInc

One of ProjectOne’s clients, GlowInc, a beauty product manufacturer, has partnered with the firm to develop an innovative, organic nail polish. With the nail polish industry becoming increasingly saturated, GlowInc predicts a growing demand for sustainable alternatives and has tasked ProjectOne with bringing their vision to life.

product, with plans to launch it on shelves by next year.

Adopting an iterative approach, the team will create and refine a prototype through small-scale testing to perfect the formula. A key hurdle in the project will be sourcing unique, sustainable materials, but ProjectOne remains committed to delivering a high-quality, innovative product that aligns with GlowInc’s standards for sustainability and originality.

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“Our team’s creativity and hard work are the cornerstone of our growing client base and project successes,” says a ProjectOne spokesperson. “We’re thrilled to see the positive impact of our

To meet the challenge, ProjectOne has assembled a forward-thinking team that includes recently hired staff eager to gain hands-on experience with this pioneering project. The firm has also invested in state-of-the-art equipment to support the development of the new

This ambitious collaboration underscores ProjectOne’s ability to combine innovation with environmental responsibility, further cementing its position as a leader in the design and engineering sector. “Our partnership with GlowInc exemplifies the kind of creative and impactful projects that define ProjectOne,” says the spokesperson. “We’re excited to help shape the future of sustainable beauty products.”

(a) Outline one way ProjectOne contributes to the local economy.

(b) ��en�fy three challenges for ProjectOne with their current working arrangements.

(d) Outline how ProjectOne can use each of the four phases of design thinking to successfully �eet �low�nc�s e�pecta�ons�

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(e) (i) �nal�se the com�e��ve forces in the market for Glow Inc using Porters Five Forces Model. �on�nued answer s�ace on ne�t �age �

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(ii) �den�fy �low �nc�s poten�al compe��ve advantage and, �ased on this advantage, recommend an appropriate strategy for launching their new product on the market.

Label each part clearly.

�u��o� � (�� ar��)

Grá Chocolates was founded in Galway by Gráinne Mullins. Handmade in small batches� the e��uisite ar�san confec�ons blend the ﬁnest raw ingredients with na�ve Irish �avours.

(a) (i) Iden�fy four key competencies that innovators such as Gráinne Mullins posse ss.

(ii) Grá Chocolates start with the ﬁnest ingredients in the world: ethically sourced Valrhona Chocolate� Casa �uker cocoa bu�er and the world�s best dairy pr oduce – Irish cream and bu�er.

�utline the importance of Grainne�s rela�onship with her suppliers.

Gráinne has decided that it�s �me to build a permanent head�uarters for Grá Chocolates.

Gráinne plans to build her own chocolate factory, using the Crowdfunding pla�orm �ic�starter, to fund the expansion.

(b) (i) Explain the term Crowdfunding.

(ii) Explain two �ey characteris�cs of each of the following technology-driven business models:

Outline three factors that Grá Chocolates should consider before expanding into the interna�onal market.

(d) �he increasing rental costs ha�e mo��ated �rainne to build the new factory.

Explain the impact of three economic indicators on business growth.

In 2024, new ESG repor�ng rules were signed into Irish �aw.

(a) Iden�fy the three elements of an ESG report.

(b) Fill in the missing term in the case of each of the following statements.

SAMPLE

(i) Interest groups engage in ______ ___ to inﬂuence policy development.

(ii) Selling oﬀ state-owned enterprises is known as ___________________________.

(iii) A group of countries who remove trade barriers to promote economic coopera�on is known as a _________ ______ .

(iv) Balance of Trade equals _____ minus _______ .

(v) Interest rates in Ireland are set by the .

Outline three factors that can a�ect a person�s credit ra�ng.

(d) Digital Business Ireland (DBI) is the voice of the Irish digi tal commerce sector and the leading re�resenta�ve body for online businesses.

DBI concludes online sales are forecast to reach almost €16 billion this year.

Analyse three ways digital technology can inﬂuence consumer behaviour.

(e) �rant �hornton�s recent �nterna�onal �usiness �eport highlights the resilience and adaptability o� �rish businesses as they aim to mi�gate ne� and emerging risks. Discuss four risk management strategies that can be used by businesses to respond to poten�al risk.

�ues�on 4

Dexcom, a global medical device manufacturer, will open its Athenry plant in 2026.

(70 marks)

(a) (i) Outline two reasons why a business such as Dexcom, would locate in Ireland (ii) Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false, by pu�ng a �c� �) in the correct box.

5 Strategic Planning sets out a ﬁrm’s long-term ob�ec�ves 1 2

1 A STEEPLE analysis may be used to assess the impact of internal factors on a business

2 Variable costs include employee wages, insurance and electricity

3 �oncilia�on is a process of con�ict resolu�on where an independent third party issues a recommenda�on

4 Induc�on Training is also �nown as �onboarding’

(b) Outline two o��ortuni�es and two challenges of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) for Ireland.

(c) Dexcom is expected to create around 500 construction jobs in the region and up to 1,000 high-tech graduate and technician level jobs once the site is fully operational.

Evaluate how digital technologies can inﬂuence the recruitment and selec�on process for businesses.

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�on�nued answer space on next page �

(d) The Dexcom plant in Athenry will incorporate a 2.1km nature trail around the facility. Discuss four ways employee mo��a�on can �e in�uenced �y corporate wellness ini�a��es.

marks)

(a) New EU law means gig economy workers must get be�er working condi�ons.

The number of workers in the gig economy within the EU is expected to rise to 43 million by 2025.

(i) Explain the term gig economy.

(ii) �den�fy three challenges faced by workers in the gig economy.

(b) As consumers grow increasingly conscious of corporate responsib ility� aligning mar�e�ng strategies with ethical and sustainable prac�ces isn't �ust commendable—it's crucial.

Outline three ways ethics is an important considera�on when designing a mar�e�ng strategy.

Name: �xplana�on:

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(ii) �xamine two posi��e and two ne�a��e impa�ts the �� re��la�on �o� named abo�e has on diﬀerent stakeholders in Ireland.

�on�n�ed answer spa�e on next pa�e �

(d) ��loyees are losin� �a�ence wit� c�an�e ini�a�ves� accordin� to Harvard Business Review.

Analyse four reasons for resistance to c�an�e in an or�anisa�on.

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�on�nued answer s�ace on ne�t �a�e �

��i�o�al wri�� ace�

Label all work clearly with the ��e��o� ��ber a�� art�

��i�o�al wri�� ace� Label all work clearly with the ��e��o� ��ber a�� art�

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Acknowledgements

Images

Pg 3 shu�erstock.com

Pg 10 h�ps://grachocolates.com/

Pg 11 h�ps://grachocolates.com/

Pg 15 shu�erstock.com

Pg 17

www.rte.ie/news/business/2024/0807/1463850-digital-business-irelands-forecasts/

Pg 21 h�ps://www.dexcom.com/en-I�

Pg 23 h�ps://www.dexcom.com/en-I�

Text

Pg 10 h�ps://grachocolates.com/

Pg 10 h�ps://www.businesspost.ie/news-focus/sweet-taste-of-success-for-galway-chocolatecompany/

Pg 11 h�ps://grachocolates.com/

Pg 13 h�ps://www.businesspost.ie/news-focus/sweet-taste-of-success-for-galway-chocolatecompany/

Pg 14 h�ps://grachocolates.com/

Pg 15 h�ps://enterprise.gov.ie

Pg 16 h�ps://www.rte.ie/news/business/2024/0809/1464098-drawdown-of-car-loans-hitrecord-high-in-ﬁrst-quarter/

Pg 17 www.rte.ie/news/business/2024/0807/1463850-digital-business-irelands-forecasts/

Pg 18 h�ps://www.gran�hornton.ie/news-centre/irish-businesses-focusing-on-managing-risksfor-the-next-12-months-as-they-navigate-economic-uncertainty/

Pg 23 h�ps://www.dexcom.com/en-I�

pg 24 h�ps://www.irishexaminer.com/opinion/commentanalysis/arid-41304328.html

Pg 25 https://www.forbes.com/c ouncils/forbesag encycouncil/2023 /10/06/ethics-indigital-marketing-what-to-know-and-how-to-align/

Pg 27 h�ps://hbr.org/2023/05/employees-are-losing-pa�ence-with-change-ini�a�ves

Material may have been adapted, for the purpose of assessment, without the authors’ prior consent.

Do not write on this page

This examination paper may contain text or images for which the State Examinations Commission is not the copyright owner, and which may have been adapted, for the purpose of assessment, without the authors’ prior consent. This examination paper has been prepared in accordance with section 53(5) of the Copyright and Related Rights Act, 2000. Any subsequent use for a purpose other than the intended purpose is not authorised. The Commission does not accept liability for any infringement of third-party rights arising from unauthorised distribution or use of this examination paper.

Leaving Certificate Examination – Higher Level

SAMPLE

Business

Sample 1

2 hours 30 minutes

Sample

Higher Level 2 hours

minutes

Examination Number Date of Birth For example, 3rd February 2005 is entered as 03 02 05 You can download this paper’s marking scheme by scanning the QR code:

Instructions

There are five questions in this paper.

Question 1 90 marks Question 2 to 5 70 marks each

Answer Question 1 and any three other questions.

Write your Examination Number and your Date of Birth in the boxes on the front cover.

Write your answers in blue or black pen. You may use pencil for sketches, graphs and diagrams only.

Write your answers in the spaces provided below in this booklet. There is additional space at the end of questions one and at the back of the booklet. Label any such extra work clearly with the question number and part.

This examination booklet will be scanned and your work will be presented to an examiner on screen. Anything that you write outside of the answer areas may not be seen by the examiner.

SAMPLE

Question 1

Question 1 is compulsory. Answer all parts.

The Business World (90 marks)

TradLink

TradLink is a Kilkenny-based social enterprise founded in 2020 by former design students Sive and Eoin. The business was launched during the COVID-19 pandemic in response to the cancellation of physical craft fairs. TradLink’s mission is to help independent Irish craft producers — such as weavers, ceramicists, woodturners and jewellery makers — connect with customers globally through a sustainable, digital marketplace.

From the beginning, TradLink positioned itself as an ethical and socially responsible business. Its goals extend beyond profit to include rural development, digital inclusion and the promotion of traditional Irish crafts. By 2024, it had over 120 active producers, many from rural or Gaeltacht areas, and annual exports had increased significantly. In 2023, TradLink secured funding from Enterprise Ireland to scale operations, a recognition of its contribution to the national enterprise ecosystem.

To support producers, TradLink developed a multilingual e-commerce site with carbonneutral hosting, integrated payment and shipping systems, and access to analytics tools. It also introduced a “Verified Sustainable Craft” badge for products that meet ethical and environmental standards. This supports both digital transformation and ethical consumerism — key elements of modern enterprise.

However, growth has brought challenges. Some producers struggle with digital literacy, inventory management, and meeting rising international demand without compromising the handmade nature of their products. There are concerns that rapid scaling could lead to reduced quality, reputational damage and pricing issues.

Internally, leadership tension is emerging. Sive favours a democratic leadership style, encouraging shared decision-making and team autonomy. Eoin believes a more structured, authoritative approach is now needed to achieve their growth goals. Employees have expressed confusion around roles, decision-making and the future direction of the business.

As a social enterprise in a competitive digital environment, TradLink must now balance its values with strategic business decisions, while supporting producers and staff, upholding sustainability standards and responding to a dynamic global market.

(a) Outline three benefits of Ireland’s EU membership for businesses like TradLink that export products across Europe.

(b) (i) Referring to the graph above, interpret the export trend.

Trend:

(ii) Evaluate one possible reason for this trend and one challenge it may create for producers.

Reason:

Challenge:

(c) Discuss two ethical or sustainability initiatives TradLink has introduced. For each, assess how it might influence customer behaviour.

Initiative 1:

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Influence:

(d) Some craft producers struggle with stock management and digital skills. Suggest two ways TradLink could support these producers using digital transformation.

Support 1:

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Support 2:

(e) There is disagreement about leadership style in TradLink.

(i) Compare Sive’s approach with Eoin’s, referring to two different leadership styles.

Leadership style 1:

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Leadership style 2:

(ii) Suggest which style might better suit a scaling social enterprise.

(f) Discuss three advantages for small producers of working with a social enterprise like TradLink rather than a traditional profit-driven company.

(g) Describe how TradLink’s “Verified Sustainable Craft” badge could be used in its marketing strategy.

Additional space for answers to Question 1. Label each part clearly.

Answer any three questions from questions 2, 3, 4 or 5.

Each question carries 70 marks.

Question 2 (70 marks)

Golden Goals Ltd is a medium-sized Irish business that began as a sole trader but has since grown into a private limited company. The company recently restructured into a social enterprise model to focus on sustainability and fair trade. It is now exporting eco-friendly cleaning products to customers in the EU and the USA. As part of its expansion, Golden Goals Ltd has increased its use of digital communication tools to connect with employees, customers and suppliers.

SAMPLE

(a) Indicate with a tick () if the following business are Sole Trader, Private Limited Company or Social Enterprise.

Sole TraderPrivate Limited CompanySocial Enterprise

(b) Explain three reasons why a business like Golden Goals Ltd might change from a sole trader to a private limited company.

EcoSip

EcoSip is an Irish reusable bottle and cup company expanding into Europe and Asia and may outsource production abroad. The founders want to stay environmentally ethical and plan to use digital marketing to grow globally.

SAMPLE

(ii) Illustrate two ways EcoSip could use digital marketing to increase sales in global markets.

ComNet Ltd

CornNet Ltd is a medium-sized Irish technology company with offices in Dublin, Cork and Galway. To improve communication between managers and employees across all branches, the company has started using online communication tools such as messaging apps, video calls and cloud-based platforms for sharing documents.

(d) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of using technology to communicate with internal stakeholders in a business like ComNet Ltd.

Advantage:

Disadvantage:

(e) Fill in the missing term in the case of each of the following statements.

(i) The total value of all goods and services produced in a country in a year is called

SAMPLE

(ii) A sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services over time is known as

(iii) The percentage of the labour force without a job but actively seeking work is called the _______________ rate.

(iv) The cost of borrowing money, usually set by a country’s central bank, is called the _______________ rate.

(v) The value of one country’s currency compared to another currency is known as the ____________________ rate

Question 3 (70 marks)

WildPeak Adventures

WildPeak Adventures is an Irish-owned business offering adventure experiences such as rock climbing, white-water rafting and zip-lining. Customers range from thrill-seekers to those looking for more relaxed activities. Recently, a storm during one of their rafting trips caused delays and cancellations, prompting management to review how they prepare for emergencies.

(a) (i) Describe the meaning of risk tolerance from a consumer’s perspective.

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(ii) Explain the importance of considering risk tolerance for a business like WildPeak Adventures.

BrightWave Electronics

BrightWave Electronics is a medium-sized Irish company that designs and sells smart home devices. Its headquarters is in Galway, and it distributes products across Ireland and Europe. The company relies on overseas suppliers for key components and ships finished products from its main warehouse near Dublin. The management team has recently expressed concerns about unexpected events that could disrupt operations.

(b) (i) Outline contingency planning in the context of BrightWave Electronics.

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(ii) Analyse the importance of contingency planning for a business like BrightWave Electronics.

EcoPack is a small Irish start-up that makes reusable packaging for online retailers. The founders want to create a new product that reduces waste and is easy for customers to return and reuse. They decide to use a Design Thinking approach to develop this product.

(c) Demonstrate, using the case study above, three stages of the Design Thinking Process that EcoPack could use to develop the new reusable packaging product.

(d) You have been given the monthly cashflow statement for an events management company.

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(i) Describe any concerns in the cash position.

(ii) Suggest practical actions the company could take to address these concerns mentioned in (i) above.

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(e) Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false, by putting a tick () in the correct box.

1 Resistance to change only happens at employee level, not management.

2 Poor communication about why a change is needed increases resistance.

3 Involving employees in planning the change can reduce resistance.

4 Training and support can lower resistance by building confidence and skills.

5 Fear of losing status or power can cause resistance to change.

Question 4 (70 marks)

Ireland’s economy is made up of a variety of sectors. The government introduces national policies to address different challenges. These policies can affect the use of resources in different ways. Businesses in each sector must adapt to these policies, which can create both opportunities and challenges for their operations.

(a) (i) Identify three national policies that you have studied as part of your business course and the sector each one affects.

Policy Sector

SAMPLE

(ii) Taking one policy that you have mentioned above, describe the impact it has on the affected sector of the economy. Use relevant Irish examples to support your answer.

Impact:

Example:

GreenBrew Ltd

GreenBrew Ltd is an Irish company that produces eco-friendly coffee pods made from biodegradable materials. The company employs 45 staff. After securing a partnership with a major supermarket chain, it invested in new machinery and expanded its digital marketing campaigns. Management is now reviewing how the company’s costs have changed, and the different sources of finance they have used over time. To meet increased demand, they also plan to introduce a new staff training programme and offer opportunities for professional development.

(b) (i) Illustrate one key cost that Green Brew Ltd would face as it expands its operations.

(ii) Suggest two suitable long-term sources of finance that a business like Green Brew Ltd could use to fund its expansion.

Training and development in a business involve providing employees with the skills, knowledge and opportunities they need to perform their jobs effectively and to grow professionally. Effective training and development improve productivity, enhance product and service quality, and help retain motivated staff.

(c) Describe the different types of training and professional development that may be offered to employees in a business.

SAMPLE

(d) Assess the importance of ongoing training and professional development for a business, with reference to Human Capital Management.

(e) ‘Study finds communication between management and workforces is poor’ Explain the possible barriers to communication that may arise in an organisation.

SAMPLE

Question 5 (70 marks)

Case Study

Emma O’Reilly has recently received €25,000 from an inheritance. She is considering a range of saving and investment options:

1. Deposit Account — Interest rate: 3% per annum. DIRT rate: 33%.

2. Government Bonds — Fixed return of 4% per annum. DIRT rate: 33%.

3. Shares in an Irish PLC — Estimated dividend yield: 5% per annum. No DIRT, but subject to income tax at 20%.

(a) (i) Calculate the gross return for each option.

(ii) Calculate the net annual return for each option.

Show Working - Deposit Account Answer

SAMPLE

Show Working - Government BondsAnswer

Show Working - Shares in an Irish PLCAnswer

(b) Using examples, describe how personal data is protected by legislation in Ireland.

(c) Discuss the measures consumers and businesses can take to protect themselves from financial fraud. Use examples to support your answer.

(d) Evaluate the impact of digital technology on the workplace. Use examples to support your answer.

GlobalTech Inc., a leading US technology company, has recently announced plans to open a new European headquarters in Cork, Ireland. The company will invest €250 million in building a state-of-the-art campus, employing 1,200 people in research, software development and customer support roles. The Irish Government has welcomed the move, highlighting the country’s skilled workforce, low corporate tax rate and strong reputation for innovation as key reasons why multinational companies choose Ireland for investment.

(e) Outline the contribution of Foreign Direct Investment to the Irish economy.

SAMPLE

Page 8 https://supermacs.ie/locations/

Page 8 https://www.socialentrepreneurs.ie/aoibheann-o-brien-and-iseult-ward-foodcloud/

Page 8 AI generated

Page 8 https://www.c103.ie/features/grow-it-yourself/ Page 8 AI Generated

Page 10 EcoSip - Sustainable Water Bottles for a Greener Planet – Ecosip Page 11 AI Generated Page 14 Ai Generated Page 15 Ai Generated Page 21 Ai Generated

Do not write on this page

This examination paper may contain text or images for which the Examcraft Group is not the copyright owner, and which may have been adapted, for the purpose of assessment, without the authors’ prior consent. Any subsequent use for a purpose other than the intended purpose is not authorised. The Examcraft Group does not accept liability for any infringement of third-party rights arising from unauthorised distribution or use of this examination paper.

Leaving Certificate Examination - Higher Level

SAMPLE

Business

Sample A

2 hours 30 minutes

You can download this paper’s marking scheme by scanning the QR code: