Topic 4 | Ancient Rome

10.6 Sample Questions B and C

This is an engraving by Paul Revere, who fought against the British in the American Revolution. It shows his version of the Boston Massacre of 1770. Examine it and answer the questions that follow. B. Why is it important to know that Revere was a supporter of the Revolution when assessing the reliability of this source? C. This picture was published all over America and led to a lot of anger towards the British. Is it an example of propaganda? Explain your answer. B. It is crucially important to know the background of the individual giving the information when judging the reliability of any source. In this case, Paul Revere was directly involved in the events of the revolution, which might have added to his reliability; however, he fought on the American side, so the possibility of evidence given by him being biased is very strong. This is obviously the case in this picture, as it portrays the British Redcoats badly: well armed and shooting at an unarmed, defenceless American crowd. C. Yes, I do believe that this picture is an example of propaganda. SAMPLE Propaganda is designed to influence how people think, and in this case, Revere portrays a very one-sided version of the Boston massacre, showing the British Redcoat army shooting and killing the unarmed defenceless American people. Pictures like this are designed to get a reaction and to influence how people think, and the American people were bound to be angry after seeing the events portrayed like this.

> The First

Continental congress – a meeting of representatives from all the states

1776

1770

> The 7-year war between Britain and France > The Boston

Massacre – the redcoats open fire, killing 5

> The second Continental Congress – Washington becomes head of American armed forces > 4th July 1776 – The Declaration of independence > Britain had control of 13 colonies > The Quartering act introduced

1756-1763 1750 > The first shots are fired at Lexington and Concord > The Americans defeated at Bunker Hill

> The Boston Tea Party 1773 SAMPLE 1765 1775

1781

> The Americans defeated in Philadelphia > The Treaty of 1777 Paris is signed recognising American independence 1783

> Washington spends the harsh winter alongside his troops at

Valley Forge > The Americans win the decisive battle at Yorktown and General

Cornwallis surrenders 1777-1778 > The American

Constitution is drafted

1787 SAMPLE

> The French send troops and weapons to help the Americans

1778

> Washington becomes the first President of America 1789

Topic 10 10.7 The Consequences of the American Revolution

> The success of the American revolution had an impact all around the world. > Other countries, France and Ireland, for example, experienced rebellions of their own in 1789 and 1798 respectively, having been directly influenced by events in

America. > People in other countries wanted the same rights that the Americans had earned for themselves. > America would continue to grow from this point, eventually comprising 50 states. > The Native American population were, however, almost completely wiped out.

> Slavery was in place at this time and would continue to exist in America for the next 200 years. > As America grew, it became known as ‘the Land of Opportunity’, with the upshot that millions left their own countries and moved to America. > Ireland is a prime example of the flow of SAMPLE people to America. During the Famine, between 1 and 5 million people left Ireland, many destined for America. Today, over 31.5 million people in America claim to have Irish ancestry.

Having studied this topic, you should now have a better understanding of the following learning outcomes: 1.1, 1.9, 1.10, 3.3.

THE COLD WAR Topic 26

26.1 Background 26.2 Reasons for the Cold War 26.3 America's Policies for Dealing with Communism 26.4 Sample Question A 26.5 The Berlin Blockade, 1948–1949 THE COLD WARSAMPLE 26.6 The Korean War, 1950–1953 26.7 Sample Question B: Cuba

26.8 The Vietnam War

26.9 Russia and the Eastern Bloc Countries

26.1 Background > Despite the fact that Russia and America were allies during World War 2, there was still a mistrust between both countries. > An example of this was Stalin’s anger at

America’s refusal to share their atomic secrets. > After World War 2, America and Russia were the only two superpowers left. Both sides despised each other because of their different ideologies. > Over the next 45 years, there would be dislike and distrust between the two and competition in all areas; for example, land, space, weapons, and control. > They came close to war on a couple of occasions, the closest being the Cuban missile crisis of 1962.

26.2 Reasons for the Cold War > Russia was a communist country, which meant that the state had full control over factories, businesses, property, land, and the lives of its people. Democracy was not allowed. > America, on the other hand, was a capitalist country, which meant people were free to own their own businesses and their own property and, if they worked hard, to become wealthy. Democracy was in place here. > Both sides despised each other. > After World War 2, Russia began increasing their ‘sphere of influence’. They did this by putting communist governments in control of a buffer zone of countries such as Poland, SAMPLE Bulgaria, Romania, and Yugoslavia. > These countries were known as satellite states of Russia. > America was afraid of the spread of communism. > Winston Churchill said in 1946 that ‘an iron curtain’ had descended over Europe, meaning that communism was forcing its people to stay inside this curtain.

26.3 America's Policies for Dealing with Communism

> President Truman introduced the Truman

Doctrine, which involved giving military aid to countries like Greece and Turkey to stop them from becoming communist. > America introduced the Marshall Plan, which involved giving large amounts of money to countries in Western Europe to allow them to develop, and thus to avoid becoming communist. > Truman had a policy of containment.

This meant that America would not allow communism to spread to places beyond where it already was. > The Domino Theory meant that Americans thought that if one country in a region became communist, all the other countries around it would follow. > Deterrence meant building up enough nuclear weapons to frighten the Russians off from ever starting a nuclear war. 26.4 Sample Question A Do you think that this cartoon is biased or neutral in its portrayal of America’s role in the Cold War? Explain your choice with reference to the cartoon. I believe that the cartoon is biased in favour of America’s role in the Cold War and is very pro-American based on that cartoon. The Russians are symbolised by the bear, who in this cartoon is standing above the Eagle, which represents America, in a very threatening manner, giving the impression that the aggression is coming from the SAMPLE

Russians. There are two phrases in this cartoon: ‘irresponsible statements‘ and

‘deepening suspicions’, both of which are placed on the Russian side of the gulch or gap, yet again giving the impression that these comments are in reference to their behaviour.

As a result, I do believe that this cartoon is biased in favour of America.

Topic 26 26.5 The Berlin Blockade, 1948–1949

> After World War 2, Germany and Berlin were divided into four zones. > France and Britain controlled two of them, but the two most important were controlled by Russia and America. > Both sides realised the importance of

Germany, and of Berlin in particular. > Stalin saw Berlin as his opportunity to spread communism further, while Truman saw Berlin and Germany as the barrier to communism. > The allied countries of America, England, and

France wanted a financially strong Germany so that it would not become Communist. > In 1948, they introduced a new currency called the Deutsch Mark to ensure this. > Stalin was furious at this, so in August 1948, he sent Russian troops to blockade any

entrance to West Berlin (the American part of Berlin). > America responded by airlifting and dropping food and supplies into West Berlin. > This became known as Operation Vittles. > Stalin did not believe that America would continue doing this all winter long. > America, on the other hand, carried on dropping supplies for the next 10 months until May 1949. > Stalin at this point withdrew his troops, which was seen as a victory for containment. > Berlin was now split in two for good, with

Russia controlling the east and America controlling the west. > In 1961, the Russians built the Berlin Wall to separate both parts of Germany. > In 1949, America, Canada, and 10 other countries set up NATO (the North Atlantic

Treaty Organisation). > This was a military alliance with huge nuclear capability. > In the 1950s, the arms race grew, with billions being spent on nuclear weapons. > In 1955, Russia created their own communist military alliance called the Warsaw Pact. > To encourage other countries to join the

Warsaw Pact, Russia gave both financial

and technological help to these countries to convince them that communism was better than capitalism. > There were several attempts by America and Russia to improve relations in the 1960s and 1970s; for example, when JFK met Khrushchev (the Russian Leader) in Vienna in 1961, and the setting up of a hotline between the White House and the Kremlin (Russian Results of the Berlin Blockade SAMPLE headquarters) after the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962.

Berlin Wall