Volume 17 Issue 2

The

TRAIL Vol 17 Issue 2 December 2023

GOODBYE 2023 FOOD WASTE AT RUTGERS CONSUMER CULTURE AND THE HOLIDAY CULTURE - ONE AND THE SAME?

HOW WILL THE 2026 WORLD CUP EFFECT ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH?

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Contents Meet our Staff

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The Cancellation of New 7 Jersey’s Offshore Wind Turbine Projects Nicole Ficken

Coral Bleaching in the Caribbean Sea

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The Spirit of Thanksgiving

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Miranda Ma

How will the 2026 World Cup Effect Environmental Health?

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Advancing Sustainable Shellfisheries in New Jersey

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Kim Kardashian’s Climate Controversy

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Food Waste at Rutgers

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Works Cited

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Aleen Mirza

Amelia Keagel

Consumer Culture and the Holiday Culture – One and the Same?

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Nourishing Roots: A Dominican-Salvadoran Student's Journey in Decolonizing Diet Culture

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Grace Ingenito

Sofia Little

Judy Wu

Writers' Team

Brianny Alvarenga-Mercedes

Katie Marra

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Philip Kim

Emily Yang

Gifting the Planet: How to Reduce Food Waste This Holiday Season

Thanksgiving History The Indigenous Take on Sustainability

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Interested in joining The Trail?

Email us at epibtrail@gmail.com

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Meet Our Staff

Aleen Mirza

Amillia Keagle

Writer & Editor

Writer, Editor &, Photographer

Brianny AlvarengaMercedes

Cassy Gelston

Writer & Editor Table of Contents

Writer & Editor

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Meet Our Staff

Emily Yang

Evan DeAngelis

Writer & Editor

Writer & Editor

Grace Ingenito

Joey Velke

Writer & Editor

Writer & Editor Table of Contents

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Meet Our Staff

Judy Wu

Julisa Collardo

Writer & Editor

Writer & Editor

Kailey Purnell

Lea Cerini

Graphic Designer

Editor Table of Contents

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Meet Our Staff

Nicole Ficken

Miranda Ma Writer & Editor

Writer & Editor

Philip Kim

Priyal Patel

Writer, Editor, & Graphic Designer Table of Contents

Editor-in-Chief

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Meet Our Staff

Shan Chen

Sofia Little

Graphic Designer

Writer & Editor

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Two years after taking office, Governor Phil Murphy proposed a plan known as the “Energy Master Plan” to strive for 100% renewable energy by 2050. The main goal of this plan is to reduce energy consumption overall, along with decreasing carbon emissions and air pollutants for a more sustainable future. This can be achieved by building more solar panels, encouraging more electrically powered transportation, and building offshore wind turbines (“About the Energy Master Plan”). So far, great success has been seen in the implementation of solar energy. In 2022, the New Jersey Board and Public Utilities recognized a new record in the solar market, with around 18,000 solar panels installed in homes and businesses (New Jersey Board of Public Utilities). Another form of renewable energy, wind energy, is currently underway.

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Wind turbines are a form of sustainable energy that converts wind into electricity. In simple terms, the turbine's spinning blades spin a generator which creates electricity (Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy). Wind turbines can be built on land and also offshore. Offshore wind farms are generally more efficient due to higher wind speeds in the ocean. They also utilize the free space in the ocean instead of taking up land. One concern about offshore wind turbines is their interference with marine wildlife. The loud noises created by wind turbines can make it difficult for marine animals to communicate. However, wind turbines provide benefits for marine species in the long run. By preventing climate change, ocean temperatures will not rise at the same rate as it is currently, which can protect wildlife.

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In the spring of 2022, Governor Murphy announced that a deal had been signed with Orsted, a Danish renewable energy company that is responsible for developing and operating “offshore and onshore wind farms, battery storage, and solar projects” (Orsted, 2023). Initially, the goal of Murphy’s projects (Ocean Wind 1 and 2) was to complete the construction of the offshore wind farms by 2025. However, in late October of 2023, Orsted announced that they would be canceling both of Murphy’s wind projects. This cancellation was due to “problems with supply chains, higher interest rates, and a failure to obtain the amount of tax credits the company wanted” (The Associated Press, 2023).

Initially, Orsted had announced that the wind farm project would be delayed in 2026, however, as economic concerns worsened, the project was canceled

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entirely. Governor Murphy expressed disappointment towards the cancellation of the wind farm projects, especially since it is entirely due to economic constraints.

Although the supporters of Murphy’s Energy Master Plan were disappointed, many were relieved by the cancellation of the wind project. Numerous New Jersey residents were against the wind farm project, claiming that the wind turbines would ruin the view of the ocean. “These things are going to be so brightly lit, it’s going to look like an industrial park.

The days of moonlight beach strolls are gone

and that’s not okay with us,” said Suzanne Hornick, a resident of Ocean City who does not support the wind farms (WHYY 2021).

Others expressed concerns about the expenses of constructing and maintaining the wind farms, which would likely be expensive.

Although pricey, the transition to renewable energy is necessary to protect our environment.

The costs of implementing solar energy may outweigh the impact of greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, and, consequently, global warming.

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CORAL BLEACHING IN THE CARIBBEAN SEA Emily Yang Over the last decade, ocean temperatures have been rising steadily as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions.

Warming ocean temperatures have severe implications for marine life, these higher temperatures can cause coral bleaching events and disrupt entire ecosystems.

Coral bleaching is a phenomenon where corals lose their vibrant colors due to the expulsion of symbiotic algae, known as zooxanthellae, from their tissues. When corals are exposed to prolonged high temperatures, they become stressed, and in response, corals expel zooxanthellae. As a result, the coral tissue becomes pale or white, hence the term “coral bleaching.”

In the Caribbean Sea, unusually warm waters are fueling one of the worst coral bleaching events in the region ever recorded. According to the National

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), reefs in and around the Caribbean face high levels of heat stress, which could lead to a catastrophic die-off of corals in the area (NBC News, 2023).

Derek Manzello, the coordinator of NOAA’s Coral Reef Watch Program, states lingering warm temperatures in the Caribbean Sea can be the start of a global bleaching event, which is characterized by widespread bleaching in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Ocean basins (NBC News, 2023). The last global bleaching event occurred from 2014 to 2017, coinciding with the return of El Niño conditions, which is a natural climate cycle characterized by the periodic warming of sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean (NBC News, 2023). However, according to Ian

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Enochs, a research ecologist at NOAA’s Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, the severity and longevity of the heat waves came as a surprise (NBC News, 2023).

In recent months, sea surface temperatures have exceeded record levels, with some of the largest and most continuous temperatures being recorded in the North Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea (NBC News, 2023). For example, sea surface temperatures off the coast of Florida just this past summer peaked at over 90 degrees Fahrenheit and stayed that way for weeks, triggering bleaching watches and alerts for the region (NBC News, 2023).

Phanor Montoya-Maya, a marine biologist and restoration program manager at the Coral Restoration Foundation, a non-profit organization, said that the heat waves experienced this summer were so intense and unprecedented that many corals “‘... didn’t even have time to bleach. They were burned to death’” (NBC News, 2023).

With the 2023 year coming to an end, new climate data shows that the global average temperature is the highest ever recorded in observational history (CBS News, 2023).

According to the European Union’s Copernicus Climate Change Service,

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the average sea surface temperature for the month of October was higher than 69 degrees Fahrenheit, the highest on record (CBS News, 2023). As we witness the alarming evidence of record-breaking global temperatures and escalating climate change impacts, it is imperative that we unite as a global community to address the urgent threat of global warming. Each individual's actions matter, and together, we must advocate for sustainable practices, support renewable energy initiatives, and engage in collective efforts to mitigate the impact of climate change for a healthier, more sustainable future for our planet. Whether that be through taking public transportation instead of driving individually or using reefsafe sunscreen, we all have the power to create substantial change.

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is to show gratitude for a bountiful harvest and communal bonds.

To kickstart the holiday spirit, here are two ways to get involved and support the local Rutgers community Miranda Ma Table of Contents

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Eating food that is produced locally helps to support local farmers and the local economy.

Purchasing locally also lowers food waste and transportation energy expenses. This means that choosing local produce minimizes your carbon footprint by cutting down fossil fuel consumption, air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions.

Additionally, the food quality is higher and tastes better, making local eating not only good for the environment and the economy, but for you and your taste buds as well!

Here’s Some Places To Try: Rutgers Gardens: Cook’s Market Open Fridays from 11am-3pm until December 15th Click here for more info!

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George St Co-op You can get there using the Socam bus stop on the EE RU-bus. The entire store sells only vegan and vegetarian food that are all either locally sourced and/or follow an organic and fair trade standard. Click here for more info!

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SUPP

ORT

LOCAL A

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S I RT

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L U IKE… O Y F I

N E T TO… S I L

DEATH CAB FOR CUTIE BAND OF HORSES CAVETOWN

SKYLAR POCKET

Car Seat Headrest Surf Curse The Jins

Loveseat Pete

COMA CINEMA JOYCE MANOR MODERN BASEBALL

LATCHKEY KIDS

THE BACKSEAT LOVERS WALLOWS HER’S

SEE PLUS

HERB ALPERT & THE TIJUANA BRASS GROOVE COLLECTIVE** FRANK ZAPPA * *(ONLY THE INSTRUMENTALS)

RUGBURN

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IF Y OU

DESCENDENTS DEFTONES BLACK FLAG

MANNEQUIN PUSSY INDIGO DE SOUZA SLOW PULP

LIS TE

O… NT

…

E K I L

TOADS

TULA VERA

LIZZY MCALPINE LEITH ROSS ARLO PARKS

KYRA CAMILLE

DAZEY AND THE SCOUTS KITTEN FOREVER BRATMOBILE

PATHETICA

CAKE DEVO GUIDED BY THE VOICES

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Here’s a playlist of two songs from each artist listed. Starting off with Skylar Pocket, I chose the two most environment-esque songs off the album, “To Hell with Heaven”. This album is great for slow Sunday mornings with their sweet lyrics and a honey-soaked sound. My favorite song is Mead, but if you are a born and raised New Jerseyian, I highly suggest you listen to the song New Jersey off the “Crying Kind” EP. It does invoke some tear-jerking, especially when it gets to the part of the song that says, “the heart is the most resilient muscle, it is also the stupidest”.

Moving on from Skylar Pocket comes Loveseat Pete. I am a huge Loveseat fan! Their music is definitely what I would call, “late-night-going-fast music”. If you’ve got a-need-for-speed, the EP “God Damn, Give Up” is your new soundtrack. Feeling the wind in your hair is necessary when listening to Feed the Ducks (if you are a skater please night-skate down a big hill to this song, you will feel like the main character of a coming-of-age A24 film).

Next on the playlist is Latchkey Kids. If you are a Demarest Hall frequent flier, you need a little Latchkey Kid in your 2024 spotify-wrapped (especially if you are graduating soon). Their nostalgic songs perfectly capture what it is to be a Rutgers undergrad on a Thursday night surrounded by the coolest kids in the sickest outfits. See Plus up next! See Plus is for the indie kids in the audience with the Lady Bird posters and muddy adidas sambas. Their music is great for road trips with friends and for the days where you want to feel drenched in adolescent-invincibility.

The playlist’s jazzy era starts after See Plus, with Rugburn. I was introduced to Rugburn earlier this year when I heard the guitarist playing at the Yard and had to do a double-take. His playing sounded just like Tony Iommi’s (Black Sabbath) Orchid off of “Master of Reality”. When I spoke to the guitarist, he was extremely humble and polite and showed me his band (Rugburn) on Spotify. I’ve been a fan ever since. If you enjoy experimental acid jazz definitely check these guys out!

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Next on the playlist is Tula Vera’s combo of jazz, funk, and punk. The vocals are ultra rich and velvety smooth, almost enchanting. If you are someone who enjoys mysterious almost witchy songs, add some Tula Vera to the playlist! If male punk-rock is more your speed, Toads is what you are looking for. They are the noisy love-child of Black Flag and Deftones. Slow and spooky one second, deep and aggressive the next, this is definitely a band that makes you wanna break out the docs and do some stompin’.

The next two artists are fan favorites of the Trail as they are present and past EPIB (Environmental Policy, Institutions, and Behavior) students. If you are vibing with the punk-scene but want something more riot-grrrl, give Pathetica a listen. For a 180° change of pace, Kyra Camille provides a folk-pop, bass heavy sound that is perfect for a coffee shop study session.

The closers of this local sounds playlist is my favorite local band: 3 Way Kiss. This band of 6 found a way to sound both young and old at the same time. This band is for you if you enjoy dad-rock, alternative-indie, or even glam-pop. The musicians of this band are exceptionally talented in their own rights, but when playing together they create an even more awe-inspiring cohesive sound.

You can tell that these guys are having fun creating music which adds to the 3 Way Kiss charm. I would definitely recommend listening to New Brunswick Nocturne off of the EP “Mr. Flower & Friends” if only to hear the awesome guitar solo!

The Rutgers area is swarming with unbelievable talent. This list only covers 10 bands/artists but there are so much more to discover. Check out a basement show, at least once, during your time here. You might just find your new favorite band.

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Consumer Culture and the Holiday Culture – One and the Same?

Sofia Little Consumerism is ingrained in American culture. Massive bouts of shopping on Black Friday and giving gifts around the holidays are yearly occurrences. The use of credit cards and effective advertising undermine American citizens’ willpower to save money and lead to impulsive spending. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, Americans’ “personal bankruptcy filings have reached record highs” (Novotoney, 2008). Around the holidays in 2023, the International Council of Shopping Centers predicts that Americans will spend “$1.60 trillion as 235 million (90%) of consumers plan to shop this year” (Faithfull, 2023). Considering the vast amount of money spent around the holidays, is the holiday season only spent spending?

Holiday shopping alone accounts for a great deal of pollution, mainly coming from transportation. In 2021, the online Black Friday sales from “the UK alone was expected to emit 386,423 tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions, the same weight as 3,679 blue whales” (Rauturier, 2023). In addition to negatively impacting the climate, Black Friday also impacts the workers producing what we buy.

Amazon workers are working 12-16 hours daily to meet demand, and Amazon workers in 30 countries are threatening to go on strike during Black Friday (Rauturier, 2023). The United States Postal Service delivered 900 million packages, 14.5% of all packages delivered in 2018 (“The environmental”, 2020). As of 2018, transportation accounts for about 30% of all the US’s yearly greenhouse gas emissions (“The environmental”, 2020).

In addition to the transportation of gifts, holiday packaging also causes pollution.

Around the holidays, 1.6 billion cards are sold in the US, 30 million trees are used to make wrapping paper, and 38,000 miles of ribbon are thrown away. There are also 25-30 million Christmas trees sold yearly (Brown, 2021). Gifting pets to loved ones during the holidays is also potentially harmful, as many pets return to animal shelters after being adopted, putting a strain on both the shelters and the animals themselves (Rauturier, 2023).

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21 The TRAIL Despite the many negative environmental impacts caused by gift-giving around the holidays, there is value to gift-giving and showing appreciation for someone.

An example of this is one of my favorite parts of Christmas – the stocking my abuela got as a gift that I still use today. She smelled smoke coming from a neighbor's house, realized it was on fire, and called the firemen.

Due to her call, the firemen were able to save the house. The neighbor was an older woman who liked doing oldfashioned crafts, so as a thank you to of buying Christmas trees, there is my abuela for saving her home, she “tree cycling,” where a few weeks sewed her a pink Christmas stocking. following Christmas, the trees are Even though this happened in the mulched and used in public parks, or late 1970s, I still hang that stocking the option to reuse artificial trees around the holidays, which holds a (Brown, 2021).

Buying more lot of significance in my family. mindfully also means buying less, so Holiday culture has been agreeing with loved ones to give dramatically influenced by economics smaller presents this year also helps. and convenience, however, there are Besides buying new or fewer items, ways to give gifts to loved ones more you could also buy used or thrifted sustainably without breaking the gifts instead, even better if they come bank. Buying from local shops rather from the local thrift store. Something than large corporations and gifting I personally plan to try this holiday experiences such as spending time season is a gift exchange with friends with loved ones and seeing a play where no one purchases anything new, could also be a way to show and we only exchange used or crafted appreciation for someone (Carter, items. You can even cut down on 2021). Additionally, checking how packaging by reusing old wrapping ethical a company is before tissue paper and bows or reusing other purchasing from them, using sites items such as newspaper as wrapping. like Good On You, which looks at the There are also reusable wrapping sustainability of clothing brands, is paper options such as fabric wrapping another way to be a more conscious – Furoshiki, a traditional Japanese consumer. Another way to be a more cloth gift wrap – and reusable bags mindful consumer is to buy from and boxes (Faletra, 2022). All this to Certified B Corps, which evaluates say, gifts can still be an integral and companies and only certifies those meaningful part of the holidays in a that “demonstrate high social and more sustainable and less wasteful environmental performance” (“B manner.

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Nourishing Roots: A DominicanSalvadoran Student's Journey in Decolonizing Diet Culture Brianny Alvarenga-Mercedes

In the vibrant aisles of the supermarket, I find myself at the crossroads of tradition and modernity, where the echoes of my Dominican-Salvadoran heritage reverberate. This journey of decolonizing diet culture transcends mere culinary exploration; it is a profound awakening —a recognition that the perceived unhealthiness of our traditional foods is deeply rooted in the environmental echoes of colonialism. As a student navigating the complexities of cultural identity, I grapple not only with the misconceptions surrounding Latin cuisine but also with the weight of a diet culture that often subscribes to unsustainable and biased ideals.

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The realization that our traditional foods were unjustly labeled as unhealthy due to the environmental echoes of colonialism has become a catalyst for both personal healing and broader cultural awakening. In this, I've come to understand that our culinary heritage is a source of nourishment but also a powerful tool for reclaiming identity and resisting the subtle biases ingrained in the American food landscape.

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Culinary Identity: Tradition Branded as Unhealthy Growing up, the misconceptions surrounding Latin cuisine and traditional "un-American" foods were pervasive.

Flavorful, historically rich dishes were unfairly labeled as unhealthy, overshadowing their inherent nutritional richness. The introduction of processed meats, dairy, and refined carbs during the colonial era skewed perspectives on the healthiness of our culinary heritage, contributing to distorted cultural identity and body image ideals external to our traditions.

Recognizing weight struggles as systemic biases ingrained in diet culture prompted a reevaluation of the foods consumed but also the narratives surrounding our culinary heritage. It became evident that our ancestors' holistic approach to food and well-being had been obscured by a narrow, weight-centric lens. As I work towards decolonizing my perceptions of food, beauty, and body image, unraveling layers of bias reveal the true essence of our culinary identity. The journey involves reclaiming the nutritional value of traditional foods and shedding unjust labels for a healthier, more authentic relationship with both our culinary heritage and our bodies.

Unraveling Environmental Impacts of Colonization The environmental repercussions of colonization went beyond politics, seeping into our diets. Cash crops and unsustainable farming disrupted the balance between communities and the land, replacing centuries-old practices with ecologically harmful methods.

This shift led to soil degradation, loss of biodiversity, and deforestation, altering the nutritional content of traditional foods and promoting a narrative of Western dietary superiority.

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Unraveling Environmental Impacts of Colonization Decolonizing our diet culture involves recognizing how colonization's environmental impacts shaped our views on traditional foods. Our ancestors cultivated sustainable crops, fostering both nourishment and environmental balance.

Reconnecting with these practices becomes a form of environmental activism, aiming to restore the disrupted harmony from centuries of colonial exploitation.

In the journey of decolonizing diet culture, wereclaim culinary heritage but also strive to restore ecological harmony. This dual process, blending personal and environmental healing, guides us toward a more authentic, culturally rooted, and ecologically sustainable relationship with the foods that sustain us.

Decolonizing Diets: Recognizing Environmental Wisdom

Decolonizing our diets involves not only reclaiming traditional foods but also recognizing the environmental wisdom embedded in our culinary practices.

The shift towards plant-based alternatives such as corn-based tortillas, quinoa, Millet, sorghum, corn, beans, and squash in the decolonization movement reflects an acknowledgment of the environmental toll of industrialized agriculture and a return to more ecologically sustainable practices.

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Decolonizing Diets: Recognizing Environmental Wisdom Here are simple ways to embrace his wisdom:

Sustainable Farming: Modern Application: Embrace regenerative poultry farming practices by supporting local farmers who prioritize rotational grazing. Chickens are moved regularly to different areas, mimicking their natural behavior. This approach enhances soil fertility, reduces reliance on external inputs, and fosters a healthier ecosystem.

Eat Seasonally: Modern Application: Instead of purchasing blueberries from a supermarket year-round, opt for locally grown blueberries during the summer season. In regions where blueberries are cultivated, this aligns with their natural growing cycle and supports local farmers.

Choose fresh, local blueberries during the summer months, or consider preserving them through methods like freezing or canning to enjoy them in the off-season.

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Support Local and Community: Modern Application: Support local farmers, buying at farmers’ market. This connects you with local agriculture but also ensures farmers receive fair compensation for their products.

Minimize Waste: Instead of discarding vegetable scraps like carrot peels, onion skins, and celery ends, collect them in a freezer bag. When you have a good amount, use these scraps to make a flavorful vegetable broth. Boil the scraps with herbs and spices, then strain the liquid. This minimizes waste while also adds depth of flavor to your dishes.

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As a Dominican-Salvadoran student committed to the path of decolonizing diet culture, the recognition of our culinary heritage as a key to holistic nourishment has become a guiding principle. The centrality of our traditional foods, particularly maize, holds profound cultural and historical significance. In the Dominican Republic, dishes like mangu and mazamorra showcase the enduring connection to corn, while in El Salvador, pupusas often feature masa harina, emphasizing the cultural importance of this grain.

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The impact of colonization disruptedthese traditional practices, replacing them with monoculture and cash crops that marginalized native foods. However, in the journey of decolonization, there is a transformative act of resistance. Reclaiming traditional foods, such as maize, liberates our bodies from dietary biases but also contributes to a broader movement toward a more sustainable and equitable future.

This act involves supporting local farmers cultivating heirloom varieties, embracing traditional dishes, and, in turn, fostering environmental stewardship. By choosing and celebrating our traditional foods, we nourish not only ourselves but also the land, echoing the resilience of our shared Latin American history and strengthening the cultural identity of our communities.

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Gifting the Planet: How to Reduce Food Waste This Holiday Season Katie Marra

According to the United States Department of Agriculture, the average American wastes about one-fifth of the food they buy (Buzby 2020). This phenomenon also has been shown to spike about 25 percent between Thanksgiving and Christmas (Golan,2014), making the holidays peak food waste times. While it may seem hard to care about throwing away those last few pieces of leftover turkey, there are serious problems surrounding food waste which add up collectively on a larger scale. First of all, it is a huge waste of money, especially for families, coming out to about $1,500 in uneaten food per family each year.

Not only does it take a toll on our pockets, food waste is also harmful for the planet.

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, food waste accounts for one-third of humancaused greenhouse gas emissions. Rotting food in landfills releases methane, one of the most powerful greenhouse gasses which is 25 times stronger than carbon dioxide. However, as consumers we have the power to control food waste in our homes and help others do the same. Here are some tips to ensure every item in your kitchen goes to use this holiday season.

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To begin, approach the holidays with careful planning, keeping in mind the items already in the fridge, and make a list to avoid unnecessary purchases at the food store. When cooking, make sure no scrap goes to waste, especially carrot peels, broccoli stalks, and leftovers of previously roasted vegetables. These can be frozen and then later used for an amazing veggie broth. An excellent scrappy soup recipe can be found here. You can never go wrong with a comforting homemade soup on a cold winter day, especially knowing you saved food from the landfill! Post-holiday food management is the most important factor, due to the fact that leftovers are often the biggest culprit when it comes to food waste. This can be remedied by giving new life to old dishes, which can be done by making stale bread into croutons, mashed potatoes into breakfast potato fritters, or adding extra leftover veggies into omelets and salads.

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Soup can also be a savior in this scenario, providing options for a hearty squash, turkey, or cauliflower broccoli soup. Another option is to compost leftovers that have become unfit for consumption. Composting is important because it allows the materials to break down in the presence of oxygen as opposed to in the landfill where there is no oxygen and the food begins to rot instead of decompose which produces methane.

While the traditional mashed potatoes, rolls, and desserts don't work well in compost, scraps from produce such as fruit cores and vegetable seeds will decompose nicely. No matter which holidays you will celebrate this season, practicing food management strategies is a great habit to implement in the kitchen for the family and the planet to begin the new year. Cheers to all the food waste-free holidays to come!

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THANKSGIVING HISTORY THE INDIGENOUS TAKE ON SUSTAINABILITY ALEEN MIRZA

Thanksgiving is a time when families and friends gather to give thanks for the precious things in life that are taken for granted while simultaneously feasting on ample amounts of food. However, this popularized day has a brutal history behind it. While the holidays are meant for relaxation and joy, the origins and historical significance of Thanksgiving must be remembered. For most people, the story of the “First Thanksgiving” suggests that it was a harmonious communal gathering where the settler pilgrims and the Native Americans feasted happily together, making the day popularly known for giving thanks.

However, for Indigenous Americans, the holiday is a reminder of the merciless colonization and genocide of their ancestors, which is acknowledged as the National Day of Mourning. As the holiday approaches, it is essential to amplify and listen to Native voices as they can help people better understand the historical marginalization of Indigenous peoples and learn about the roots of sustainability in the United States.

For Indigenous people, sustainability has always been a fundamental way of life, given that they have long held profound environmental values. For instance, many Indigenous communities cherish nature's inherent connection with human life, thus opting to make minimal alterations to

their environment in recognition of this relationship. However, during European colonization, wilderness was regarded as something that needed to be tamed, thus resulting in widespread deforestation and the extensive use of intentional forest burns (Pritchett, 2020). Alfred W. Crosby defined this phenomenon as the Ecological Imperialism theory, which argues that the “European’s destruction of native wildlife and plants through disease, animals, and physical destruction, contributed to the “success” of European colonization - at the indigenous peoples’ considerable expense (Pritchett, 2020). Regarding sustainable land use management, Indigenous Americans have stressed for centuries the importance of recognizing the deep connections between “people, flora, and fauna” (Pritchett, 2020). Therefore, they advocate for implementing sustainable methods such as harvesting, fishing, and hunting at a controllable scale to keep nature in balance and ensure the wellbeing of generations to come.

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Support Native American owned businesses.

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Go to Native Farms

As for the meal portion of the holiday, Dana Thompson, the co-founder of North American Traditional Indigenous Food Systems (NĀTIFS), argues that instead of opting for a turkey and other industrially farmed produce, Thanksgiving can serve as a way to support Indigenous producers (Link, 2023).

However, even if an individual cannot access local Native farms, they can still purchase ingredients at the local and seasonal levels. Additionally, another co-founder of (NĀTIFS), Sean Sherman, expressed that by understanding Native American history and implementing “the Indigenous approach of only using what you need and replenishing what you take,” individuals are not just helping to support struggling Indigenous food systems but also contributing to a “more sustainable food system overall” (Link, 2023).

Therefore, despite Thanksgiving being a time to be grateful and spend it with families and friends, we must take the opportunity to educate ourselves on Indigenous cultures that have immensely influenced our American culture and traditions.

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How will the 2026 World Cup Effect Environmental Health?

Philip Kim

The 2026 FIFA World Cup will be co-hosted by the United States, Canada, and Mexico, bringing with it a number of environmental challenges typical of major international sporting events. One of the major concerns is that the tournament is taking place at the height of summer in countries that have been ravaged by wildfires recently.

Meanwhile, a huge carbon footprint is inevitable, with flying unavoidable due to the distance between host cities (FelixKeith, 2023, September 26) This grand tournament will create the necessity for substantial infrastructure development, which frequently results in habitat destruction, deforestation, and changes to regional ecosystems, which is one major problem. The building of stadiums, transit systems, and lodging establishments may have long-term effects on the environment. They play a part in deforestation, habitat degradation, and biodiversity decline. Along with the energy-intensive characteristics of largescale development, the significant land use changes also contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and climatic effects. The longterm ecological effects are additionally made worse by soil deterioration and

changes in water flow patterns. A concentrated effort towards sustainable construction practices and careful urban planning is necessary to solve these issues and make sure that the event's legacy is in line with environmental conservation and stewardship. Garbage generation is another critical issue, as grand events such as the World Cup usually generate large amounts of packaging, disposable materials, and plastic garbage. Proper recycling and waste management procedures are essential to reduce changes in water flow patterns.

A concentrated effort towards sustainable construction practices and careful urban planning is necessary to solve these issues and make sure that the event's legacy is in line with environmental conservation and stewardship. Garbage generation is another critical issue, as grand events such as the World Cup usually generate large amounts of packaging, disposable materials, and plastic garbage.

Proper recycling and waste management procedures are essential to reduce the tournament's environmental impact— they impact how people behave.

Organizers, along with Environmental Health and Safety experts, can use educational campaigns, clear signage, waste sorting stations manned by trained

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personnel, recycling incentives, cooperation with local authorities, promotion of reusable products, postevent cleanup crews, collaboration with environmental organizations, waste management monitoring and reporting, and community engagement to encourage proper garbage disposal during the World Cup. These steps are intended to increase awareness, simplify responsible garbage disposal, and guarantee a clean, sustainable event environment.

As fans, teams, and officials travel by air and ground transportation between locations, the World Cup travel needs result in higher carbon emissions.

Moreover, the inevitable carbon footprint resulting from extensive air travel between host cities casts a long shadow over the tournament's environmental sustainability. For instance, there is a nearly 3,000-mile gap between the northernmost venue, Edmonton, and the southernmost, Mexico City. (Redacción, 2023, September 26). Addressing the ecological impact of prolonged travel necessitates implementing carbon offset programs and promoting sustainable travel options. Water use is also important to take into account because holding the

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event requires a lot of water to maintain the playing fields, keep them clean, and meet the needs of the attendees. In order to limit the tournament's impact on nearby water sources and avoid over-extraction, sustainable water management techniques are crucial. It is vital to lessen the tournament's environmental impact.

Moreover, the local biodiversity may be threatened by infrastructure development and related activities. To safeguard ecosystems, the possible encroachment on natural habitats needs to be carefully assessed and mitigated. However, the World Cup can also have negative impacts on the environment. The construction of new stadiums and infrastructure can lead to deforestation and habitat destruction, and the influx of tourists can put a strain on local resources and contribute to air and water pollution. (Hub, W. O. C., 2022, December 11).

Since the running of stadiums, lights, and other facilities adds to increased energy demands, addressing energy consumption is also essential. Analysis of data from the past dozen years (from 2011 to 2022) shows that the sky brightness resulting from artificial light is increasing exponentially in the world with an alarming average of 10% each year—i.e., doubling in less than 8 years. (Science, 2023) Reducing the tournament's overall carbon footprint can be achieved by implementing energy-efficient equipment and incorporating renewable energy sources. Lastly, the World Cup's legacy and long-term effects must be considered.

Particular attention should be paid to

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making sure that the infrastructure developed for the event has long-term uses beyond the competition and helps the local community. Plans for the 2026 World Cup will probably include a big emphasis on addressing environmental issues as environmental awareness spreads throughout the world.

In conclusion, a comprehensive and proactive strategy is required to address the environmental issues related to the United States, Canada, and Mexico hosting the FIFA World Cup in 2026. Comprehensive solutions are required due to the increased risk of wildfires, significant carbon emissions associated with travel, and potential effects on water sources and biodiversity. Important actions include putting carbon offset plans into place, encouraging eco-friendly travel choices, and implementing eco-friendly water management strategies. Together with a dedication to energy efficiency and renewable sources, mitigating deforestation and habitat destruction, these three countries can help lower the tournament’s total environmental impact during infrastructure development.

Prioritizing long-term advantages for nearby towns can help ensure that infrastructure improvements have a favorable impact even after the competition.

With environmental consciousness gaining worldwide traction, the 2026 World Cup offers a chance to establish new benchmarks for sustainability in significant international athletic events and create a legacy of conscientious and environmentally conscious hosting.

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Advancing Sustainable Shellfisheries in New Jersey

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Amelia Keagel February 28, 2019, the Rutgers Office of Public Outreach and Communication announced that the HSRL had been awarded a $592,390 NOAA Sea Grant to enhance bivalve aquaculture. This initiative was deemed crucial for the socioeconomic health of coastal areas affected by the decline of wild fisheries.

The Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory (HSRL) is a New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station (NJAES) and field station for the Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences(DMCS) at Rutgers University.

The initiation of shellfisheries research at Rutgers dates back to 1888 with the appointment of Julius Nelson as the biologist for the newly established NJAES(History.)

During his time as a biologist for the newly NJAES, Nelson developed an interest in addressing biological challenges associated with clams and oysters, recognizing their importance to New Jersey’s coastal economy.

In 1901, the significance of Nelson's contributions led the New Jersey Legislature to enact legislation [NJSA 4:16-10; originally PL 1901 C99, p.226] that explicitly mandated the New Jersey Agriculture Experiment Station to establish one or more research stations, “to support its mission of providing scientific assistance to the oyster industry.”

(History.)

“Shellfish aquaculture is one of the most important aquaculture industries in the U.S. and around the world.”(Office of Public Outreach and Communication, 2020). Emphasizing the significance of shellfish aquaculture in New Jersey, it is recognized as among the most environmentally friendly food production systems worldwide.

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Consumer interests in sustainably farmraised shellfish in New Jersey are fueled by their exceptional flavors, along with their positive impact on the local environment and economy. However, until recently, the commercial cultivation in the state was limited to only two species: hard clams and oysters. NOAAs grant has empowered Rutgers University scientists to distribute thousands of hatchery-reared bay scallops and surf clams to a dozen shellfish farmers in New Jersey’s coastal bays.

NOAA Sea Grant to Enhance Bivalve Aquaculture February 28, 2019, the Rutgers Office of Public Outreach and Communication announced that the HSRL had been awarded a $592,390 NOAA Sea Grant to enhance bivalve aquaculture(Office of Public Outreach and Communication, 2019).

According to the release, "Within the framework of the NOAA Sea Grant project, the research team will concentrate

in cultivating resilient eastern oyster stocks that thrive and flourish in high-salinity environments. Moreover, the project aims to enhance the growth of bay scallops for a same-year harvest; in addition to developing surf clams with rapid growth rates and heat tolerance to improve survival and enable early harvesting."

(Office of Public Outreach and Communication, 2019).

Both bivalve species face threats from diseases, a consequence of the changing coastal environment influenced by anthropogenic factors. While scientists successfully developed disease-resistant stocks for eastern oyster aquaculture, the majority of these stocks have been tailored for low-salinity estuaries. Rutgers scientists are now advancing their efforts to further enhance bivalve aquaculture by focusing on species improvement and diversification.

Surf clams and bay scallops, both native to New Jersey, have experienced significant declines in their once abundant wild populations, according to Ximing Guo, the lead of the initiative. The team is actively working to cultivate fast-growing bay scallops and heat-tolerant surf clams capable of adapting to increasing water temperatures. This project exemplifies how scientists are dedicating their efforts daily to ensure a sustainable future for

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both people and the environment.

While the project's primary focus is on addressing rising water temperatures in the long term, its benefits extend to the immediate interests of farmers. Initial findings suggest that bay scallop seed, released into Barnegat Bay in July, can attain a marketable size of 50 mm by December with minimal mortality.

Similarly, surf clam seed sown in early September may develop into harvestable clams (45mm) by the subsequent June or July. (Office of Public Outreach and Communication, 2020). Daphne Munroe, a co-investigator on the project and an associate professor in the Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, stationed at

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the Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory states “These fast turn-around culture cycles will certainly attract interests from shellfish farmers in New Jersey and beyond.” Thus recognizing the relevant significance to enhancing bivalve aquacultures for local producers.

Additionally, the production cycle of bay scallops and surf clams is much faster than oysters and clams. The introduction of novel bivalve species will allow shellfish farmers in New Jersey to diversify their product range and strengthen the resilience of their businesses, particularly in the face of challenges presented by a rapidly changing climate.

Farm-raised bay scallops collected from a Barnegat Bay farm trial demonstrate impressive growth just two months after planting. Photo: Matt Gregg.

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In her distasteful advertisements, Kim Kardashian says, “The Earth's temperature is getting hotter and hotter. The sea levels are rising, the ice sheets are shrinking, and I am not a scientist. But, I believe everyone can use their skill set to do their part. That's why I’m introducing a brand new bra, with a built-in nipple.

So no matter how it is, you’ll always look cold. Some days are hard but these nipples are harder and unlike the icebergs…these aren’t going anywhere”(Kardashian 2023).

KIM KARDASHIAN’S CLIMATE CONTROVERSY GRACE INGENITO Kim Kardashian is no stranger to the public or social media, but with her last advertisement, you would think she is incapable of reading the room! The American socialite, lawyer, and businesswoman released a campaign on October 27, 2023, launching the newest addition to her clothing line, SKIMS. SKIMS is an American shapewear and lounge clothing line developed and founded by Kim Kardashian. Her recent and controversial new development contains a new bra with a built-in plastic nipple. Although you may believe this to be completely useless, maybe Kim created this product for trans-women or breast cancer survivors? Wrong. Kim Kardashian created and manufactured this bra strictly for profit, and it is clear. So, let's get into it…

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Now, where do I begin…this is complete greenwashing! In this advertisement, Kim Kardashian used climate change as a marketing tool to promote a fossil fuel-derived bra. And let me tell you, this has gotten climate activists across the globe pissed off! The Kardashians have always been a topic of conversation and quite honestly, have been seen as controversial on many occasions. The Kardashian lifestyle promotes excessive consumer culture and overconsumption through their businesses and everyday lives. Social media climate activist Lauren Bash says, “Kim’s private jet emits 610x more annually than the average American does in a year. Yet, she jokes about global warming and melting icebergs to promote her newest SKIMS bra? This is a new low”(Bash 2023).

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The bra combines 84% nylon and 16% spandex, two of the worst fabrics that could be produced. Nylon and spandex are both synthetic plastic materials, made from nonrenewable sources, these being oil. These forever chemicals can break down in the wash releasing pfas into our water. Additionally, the lack of recyclability leads to these bras contributing greatly to the waste crisis and ending up in a landfill upon the end of its life. According to the SKIMS FAQ page, “Committed to the highest ethical standards and legal compliance in all aspects of our business and product supply chain. We only work with suppliers and vendors who we believe in and share our commitment to sustainability, accountability, and transparency” (SKIMS 2023). After a long and far search, there is absolutely no proof of any of these sustainable efforts.

Additionally, their labor practices are not any better than their sustainability efforts.

After reading an extremely vague statement about “fair wages”, I wanted to do further research. According to, goodonyou.com, “Seven former staff members have accused Kim of withholding wages, refusing to pay overtime, and not giving them meal breaks” (Rauturier 2022). However, SKIM's vague statements and lack of information available to me, Table of Contents

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there was a failure to inform us of working conditions, specific hourly wages, health benefits, or working conditions.

Keep in mind that this is not focusing on the workers who are abroad, which worries environmentalists, consumers, and human rights activists.

In all, if you are looking to shop sustainably or ethically, SKIMS is NOT it.

The entire Kardashian family has failed society to use their platforms and influence for good. Supporting the pockets of the billionaires you support is extremely important and can even be acknowledged by a simple unfollow.

Remember to research brands you are suspicious of and stay safe out there!

P.S.- Kim, do better.

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Food Waste at Rutgers Judy Wu

As SEBS students, we are well-familiar with Rutgers Climate Action, a task force established in September 2019 to develop comprehensive climate action strategies for the university. With this task force, the university administration has pledged to enhance Rutgers more sustainable and energy efficient by achieving carbon neutrality and climate resilience; a part of the agency focuses on food and water systems, and ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in food waste on campus.

Part of this pledge included the Rutgers EcoComplex, the clean energy innovation center of Rutgers, which commissioned a new automated in-vessel composting system on the Cook/Doug campus in New Brunswick during the summer of 2023. “We’ve been exploring potential composting plans for the Cook Campus for many years,” explains Dr. Serpil Guran, director of the EcoComplex Clean Energy Innovation Center and project leader at Rutgers, “the new composting system will help us divert our cafeteria

Rutgers University Earth Flow Composting System

and animal waste from landfills, which is very important for Rutgers’ sustainability and climate change mitigation strategies”.

The Earth Flow In-Vessel composting system from Green Mountain Technologies (GMT) can automatically process up to 30,000 pounds (~1,000 lbs/day) of compostable materials per month, including food and animal waste. Waste will be transformed into ready-to-cure compost in less than a month, compared to previous manure generated composted in static piles that need to be turned about once a week, which takes about 6 months. The automatic auger mixes and aerates

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compostable materials in this shipping container-like vessel. Composting processes are expedited, and the aeration system provided incorporates an exhaust air vent designed to manage odors through a biofilter.

The incorporation of this innovative new technology will reduce the environmental impact and financial cost of the current solution of hauling all waste to landfills by creating compost on campus, which will then be used to enrich campus landscapes, gardens, and greenhouses.

Inside of Rutgers Earth Flow Composting System

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Moreover, it will provide students with a close look into the future of greenhouse gas reduction, students with a closer look at technological innovations and the process of policy implementation. “This project will serve as the first step in the creation of an organics recycling and reutilization Living-Laboratory,” Guran stated. The vessel will become the focus of on-campus organics diversion recycling research, providing many great opportunities for students, staff, and faculties to expand their knowledge.“Our research project will provide invaluable data on several types of composting activities. A big thanks to our collaborators, including the New Jersey Composting Council who will provide additional support for this composting research project,” she added.

This funding was provided by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. The Earth Flow™ In-Vessel fits into the broader climate goal of drastically reducing greenhouse gas emissions and reducing food waste, and its continuation remains dependent on its success, its educational purpose, and its feasibility.

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Works Cited

“The Cancellation of New Jersey’s Offshore Wind Turbine Projects” About Ørsted. (n.d.). Retrieved December 5, 2023, from https://orsted.co.uk/about-us/our-company Board of Public Utilities | Newsroom<br />& Public Notices. (n.d.). Retrieved December 5, 2023, from https://www.nj.gov/bpu/newsroom/2023/approved/20230503.html Energy Master Plan | About the Energy Master Plan. (n.d.). Retrieved December 5, 2023, from https://www.nj.gov/emp/energy/ How do Wind Turbines Work? (n.d.). Energy.Gov. Retrieved December 5, 2023, from https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/how-do-wind-turbines-work Major Wind Energy Developer Scraps Two Big Offshore Projects. (2023, November 1). NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/science/environment/major-wind-developer-scraps-two-major-offshore-windprojects-rcna123190 Offshore Wind Critics Say Farms Will Damage Shore Economies and Ruin Ocean Views. (n.d.). WHYY. Retrieved December 5, 2023, from https://whyy.org/articles/offshore-wind-critics-say-farms-will-damageshore-economies-and-ruin-ocean-views/

Coral Bleaching in the Caribbean Sea Chow, D. (2023, October 22). Extreme ocean temperatures threaten to wipe out Caribbean coral. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/science/environment/extreme-ocean-temperatures-threaten-wipecaribbean-coral-rcna120594 Cohen, L. (2023, November 8). 2023 is “virtually certain” to be the warmest year every recorded, climate agency says. CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/2023-warmest-year-ever-recorded-climate-agency-says/

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Works Cited

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Consumer Culture and the Holiday Culture – One and the Same?

B Corp. (2023, October 6). B Corp certification demonstrates a company’s entire social and environmental impact. B Corp Certification demonstrates a company’s entire social and environmental impact. https://www.bcorporation.net/en-us/certification/ Brown, R. (2021, December 15). How much does waste generation rise during the holidays?. RoadRunner Modern Waste + Recycling. https://www.roadrunnerwm.com/blog/waste-generation-during-holidays Carter, K. (2021, November 26). 5 ways to shop sustainably this holiday season. Frost Science. https://www.frostscience.org/shop-sustainably-this-holiday-season/ Faithfull, M. (2023, October 23). Holiday forecasts show confident shoppers starting to spend early.

Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/markfaithfull/2023/10/20/holiday-forecasts-show-confidentshoppers-starting-to-spend-early/amp/ Faletra, M. (2022, November 4). 10 reusable wrapping paper ideas for a waste free holiday. Madre by Megan. https://thewellco.co/reusable-wrapping-paper-ideas/ Novotney, A. (2008). What’s behind American consumerism? Monitor on Psychology . https://www.apa.org/monitor/2008/07-08/consumerism The environmental effects of holiday shopping (and what you can do to shrink your own holiday footprint). Imago. (2020, December). https://imagoearth.org/2019/12/04/the-environmental-effects-ofholiday-consumerism-and-what-you-can-do-to-shrink-your-own-holiday-footprint/ Rauturier, S. (2023, November 20). Stop before you shop: The issues with Black Friday and cyber Monday.

Good On You. https://goodonyou.eco/issues-with-black-friday/ Reynolds, M. (2018, December 19). Shelters full of “present” animals after the holidays. PETA. https://www.peta.org/blog/shelters-full-unwanted-present-animals-after-holidays/

Nourishing Roots: A Dominican-Salvadoran Student's Journey in Decolonizing Diet Culture Cerasi, O. B., Hannah DiLiberto, and Nicholas. (n.d.). The sustainability of locally-sourced food.

Decolonize your diet: Mexican-American plant-based recipes for health and healing. (2018, May 31). Real Food Media. https://realfoodmedia.org/portfolio/decolonize-your-diet/ Ferreira, J. (2018, July 1). Decolonizing foods: This is how latinas are reclaiming their ancestral diets.

HipLatina. https://hiplatina.com/decolonizing-foods/ Seasonal food guide. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2023, from https://www.seasonalfoodguide.org/whyeat-seasonally

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Works Cited

Gifting the Planet: How to Reduce Food Waste This Holiday Season Buzby, Jean. “Tips to Reduce Food Waste at Thanksgiving.” USDA, 17 November 2020, https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2020/11/17/tips-reduce-food-waste-thanksgiving. Accessed 19 November 2023.

“Food Wastage Footprint & Climate Change.” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, https://www.fao.org/3/bb144e/bb144e.pdf. Accessed 19 November 2023.

Golan, Elise. “Thanksgiving Is a Great Time to Start Reducing Food Waste with Friends & Family.” USDA, 24 November 2014, https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2014/11/24/thanksgiving-great-time-start-reducingfood-waste-friends-family. Accessed 19 November 2023.

“Importance of Methane | US EPA.” Environmental Protection Agency, https://www.epa.gov/gmi/importance-methane. Accessed 19 November 2023.

Thanksgivings History - The indigenous Take on Sustainability Link, K. (2023, November 16). A Native American perspective for Thanksgiving - FoodPrint. FoodPrint. https://foodprint.org/blog/native-american-thanksgiving/ Pritchett, L. (2020, December 17). Thanksgiving History: What Indigenous Americans can teach us about sustainability. LIVEKINDLY. https://www.livekindly.com/thanksgiving-history-indigenous-sustainability/

How does the World Cup Effect Environmental Health?

A Felix-Keith. (2023, September 26). FIFA slammed over “insane” 2026 world cup climate policy after Gary Lineker Plea. The Mirror. https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/fifa-2026-worldcup-climatelineker-31031557 Hub, W. O. C. (2022, December 11). What has World Cup got to do with environmental sustainability?.

LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-has-world-cup-got-do-environmental-sustainability#:~:text=However%2C%20the%20World%20Cup%20can,to%20air%20and%20water%20pollution.

Light pollution is Skyrocketing | Science. (n.d.). https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adf4952 Redacción. (2023, September 26). FIFA faces scrutiny for World Cup 2026 hosting amidst environmental and sustainability concerns. Mundo Deportivo USA. https://www.mundodeportivo.com/us/en/20230926/662402/fifa-faces-scrutiny-for-world-cup-2026hosting-amidst-environmental-and-sustainability-concerns.html

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Advancing Sustainable Shellfisheries in New Jersey

Bivalve Laboratory. (n.d.). https://hsrl.rutgers.edu/facilities/bivalve-laboratory/ History. (n.d.). https://hsrl.rutgers.edu/about-us/history/

Historical Milestones (Rutgers NJAES). (n.d.). https://njaes.rutgers.edu/about/milestones.php#:~:text=1880%3A%20New%20Jersey%20Agricultural%20 Experiment,put%20this%20knowledge%20to%20work.

Office of Public Outreach and Communication. (2020, September 24). Rutgers-led research further enhances shellfish aquaculture in New Jersey. https://sebsnjaesnews.rutgers.edu/2020/09/rutgers-ledresearch-further-enhances-shellfish-aquaculture-in-newjersey/#:~:text=Shellfish%20aquaculture%20is%20one%20of,both%20socioeconomic%20and%20ecologi cal%20benefits.

Office of Public Outreach and Communication. (2019, February 28). Haskin Lab Awarded NOAA grants to enhance coastal bivalve aquaculture. https://sebsnjaesnews.rutgers.edu/2019/02/haskin-lab-awardednoaa-grants-to-enhance-coastal-bivalve-aquaculture/ https://sebsnjaesnews.rutgers.edu/2020/09/rutgers-led-research-further-enhances-shellfishaquaculture-in-new-jersey/

Kim Kardashian’s Climate Controversy https://www.instagram.com/reel/CzUJcjuvgkR/?igshid=ODhhZWM5NmIwOQ== How ethical is skims?.

Good On You. (2022, October 19). https://goodonyou.eco/how-ethical-is-skims/ Skims. (n.d.). https://skims.com/pages/faqs https://skims.com/products/skims-ultimate-bra-nipple-push-up-bra-clay

Food waste at Rutgers Food and Water Systems – Climate Task Force. (n.d.). Climate Task Force. Retrieved November 26, 2023, from https://climatetaskforce.rutgers.edu/about/working-groups/food-systems/ Rutgers Researchers Explore Policy Options to Reduce Food Waste, Methane Emissions – New Jersey Climate Change Resource Center. (n.d.). New Jersey Climate Change Resource Center. Retrieved November 26, 2023, from https://njclimateresourcecenter.rutgers.edu/rutgers-researchers-explorepolicy-options-to-reduce-food-waste-methane-emissions/ https://www.biocycle.net/university-food-waste-composter/ https://www.wastetodaymagazine.com/news/rutgers-university-ecocomplex-recieves-earth-flowcomposting-system-green-mountain-technologies/

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