GLOBAL SPACE ECONOMY: COMPARING THREE NATIONAL OUTER SPACE PROGRAMS

by Rob Shapiro and Rose Ho

FOUNDED

Canadian space agency (CSA) was founded in 1989 national aeronautics and space administration (NASA) was founded in 1958

China national space administration (CNSA) was founded in 1993

CANADA: Marc Garneau in 1984

USA: Alan Shepard in 1961

CHINA: Yang Liwei in 2003

Recent Major Accomplishments

James Webb Space Telescope (which replaces the old beloved Hubble)

Chang’e 4 and 5 unmanned missions to the Moon; Tiangong space station

Newly NASA-graduated astronauts Jenni Sidey-Gibbons and Joshua Kutryk (both Canadians)

Upcoming And Pending Projects

Artemis II manned Moon mission (which will include one woman, one person of colour, and one Canadian)

2021 Expenditures

$54 billion

Chang’e 6, 7, and 8 manned Moon missions

$10.26 billion

$403.6 million

Canadarm3 robotics systems for the International Space Station

Sources

Council on Foreign Relations, 2021. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/space-exploration-and-us-competitiveness Global Times, 2022.

https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202206/1269329.shtml https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/publications/2020-state-canadian-space-sector-factsfigures-2019.asp ; https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/astronomy/moon-exploration/artemis-missions.asp Space.com, 2022. https://www.space.com/topics/china-space-program ; https://www.space.com/china-probes-jupiteruranus-same-launch ; https://www.space.com/china-rocket-launch-doubleheader-september-2022 ; https://spacenews. com/china-plans-more-than-50-space-launches-in-2022/ Statista, 2022. https://www.statista.com/statistics/745717/global-governmental-spending-on-space-programs-leadingcountries/

The Globe and Mail, 2018. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-lost-in-space-why-canadas-diminishingrole-in-the-heavens-is-a/ Government of Canada, 2020.

The White House, 2021. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/united-states-space-prioritiesframework-_-december-1-2021.pdf

World Politics Review, 2020. https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/the-u-s-space-program-is-back-but-it-can-t-go-italone/

by David Messiha

hina’s economy is burgeoning and so is its tech industry, which is in healthy competition with the United States. Just think — some of the biggest names in tech are headquartered in China, such as the national big four companies: Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent, and Xiaomi. Other American businesses like Microsoft, Apple, and Tesla also manufacture chips and parts there.

China’s largest tech companies cater to its massive population. Baidu, for example, provides search enginerelated services; Alibaba focuses on e-commerce; Tencent is the creator of WeChat, a messaging, gaming, and social media app. Xiaomi manufactures phones, consumer electronics, and home appliances. It is also one of the largest local manufacturer of smartphones in China.