Public Perceptions of Cremation research report

Public Perceptions of Cremation Research commissioned by

The Cremation Society to mark its 150th Anniversary

®

July 2026

The Cremation Society Brecon House, Albion Place, Maidstone, Kent ME14 5DZ, United Kingdom +44 (0)1622 688292/3

@

info@cremation.org.uk www.cremation.org.uk

in The Cremation Society of Great Britain © 2026 The Cremation Society Registered Charity No. 209978 Printed in England

Designer: Christopher Monk/ www.Yellowduck.net

Public Perceptions of Cremation Research commissioned by

The Cremation Society to mark its 150th Anniversary

July 2026

The Cremation Society ®

Rooted in history: committed to the future

Contents n Foreword

3

n Introduction and Background

5

n Executive Summary

7

n Key Findings

9

n Funeral Experience

11

n Understanding of and Concerns around Cremation

17

n Views of Cremation Today

21

n Ashes: Emotional Significance and Uncertainty

31

n Planning Ahead

35

n Direct Cremation

41

n Funeral Choices

51

n The Future of Crematoria in the UK

55

n Summary and Conclusions

59

n Key Conclusions

63

n Appendix: Methodology Sample profile Recruitment Screener Discussion Guide Survey Questionnaire

65 65 67 68 74 80

Contents | 1

“ Pic of Hilary

This study was designed to provide a comprehensive and inclusive view of public attitudes and experiences around cremation in the UK. It combined a qualitative depth approach with a quantitative breadth, ensuring both an emotional nuance and statistical robustness in reaching a broad and representative sample.

2 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Foreword .

The adoption of cremation in the UK tells a remarkable story.

When the Cremation Society built the first

In publishing this research, the Society’s Council

crematorium in Woking in 1879, offering an

recognises the hard work and dedication of

alternative to burial, it met with considerable

crematoria teams across the UK who strive

opposition and prejudice. Even as late as 1939 only

tirelessly, on a day-to-day basis, to provide for the

3.7% of deaths resulted in cremation in 54

needs of the bereaved in exceptionally difficult

crematoria whereas today there are 334

circumstances. The Council offers its sincere

crematoria across the UK and a cremation rate of 80%. The ritual dominance of cremation results

thanks to all those who work in the cremation sector for their professionalism and commitment.

from evolving public attitudes towards funerals.

No longer merely the place for a committal service, modern crematoria now provide the focus for committal, ritual and remembrance, often providing state of the art IT facilities and catering onsite in response to public expectations.

To mark the 150th anniversary of its founding in 1874, the Cremation Society resolved to research public attitudes and experiences of cremation and crematoria in the UK today. The Society’s Council was keen for this comprehensive research to capture the public’s perceptions rather than what

Professor Hilary J Grainger OBE

we, the sector, perceive these to be. We are

Chair

grateful to all those who participated in the

The Cremation Society

research and shared their attitudes and experiences with us.

July 2026

Foreword | 3

“ Today, cremation is not just a practical decision; it reflects shifting societal values, evolving personal beliefs, and a growing emphasis on simplicity, sustainability, and affordability.

4 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Introduction and Background Background

What we wanted to know

In 1874, the Cremation Society of Great Britain was

We aimed to gain a deep understanding of

established with a pioneering mission: to promote

how people feel about cremation and

and make possible the practice of cremation in the

crematoria – both now and looking to the

UK. Over the last 150 years, cremation has evolved

future. We wanted to explore:

from a marginal concept to the predominant funeral choice across England, Scotland, and Wales, with

n

Northern Ireland showing steady, if slower, adoption.

How people currently view cremation and crematoria

n

What individuals want and need from a

Today, cremation is not just a practical decision; it

cremation – for themselves and someone

reflects shifting societal values, evolving personal

close to them

beliefs, and a growing emphasis on simplicity,

n

What factors influence people's choices

sustainability, and affordability. Over the past

around cremation and crematoria,

decade, the funeral landscape has undergone a

including how much environmental

significant transformation. The expanded use of

concerns matter

crematoria for full-service ceremonies, rather than

n

How people feel about newer practices

just committals, and the more recent growth of

such as direct cremation, and how

direct cremation have reshaped both expectations

crematoria might be used differently in

and experiences.

the future

To mark its 150th anniversary, The Cremation Society commissioned an in-depth ‘State of the Nation’ study – an exploration of people’s experiences of cremation today. This report draws on first-hand accounts to better understand decision-making surrounding cremation, perceptions of crematoria, and the evolving nature of funeral choices. It also looks ahead, considering how cremation services and crematoria may continue to evolve in response to societal and cultural shifts.

Introduction and Background | 5

How the research was conducted

Terminology used

The research was designed to provide a

We have adopted the following terminology:

comprehensive and inclusive view of public

n

The terms ‘deceased’, ‘person who has died’ or

attitudes and experiences around cremation

‘someone close to them’ are used throughout

across the UK.

the main body of the report. The term ‘loved one’ was used in individual survey questions

Focus groups (9 groups in total) and a nationally

(see Appendix) since this descriptor often

representative survey of almost 1,600 adults, were

resonates with the public; it also came through

conducted across England, Scotland, Wales and

in various responses. We have chosen not to

Northern Ireland, combining qualitative responses

use this in the report (unless it appears in a

(i.e. individual opinions and observations) with

direct quotation) as it can be seen to prejudge

quantitative data to expand and inform the

someone’s relationship with the person who

research findings.

has died.

n

Respondents ranged in age from 18 to 80,

n

We use the generic term ‘respondents’

offering a broad consumer view. (While an

throughout the report, to refer to both focus

applicant for cremation can be aged 16 or over,

group participants and survey interviewees.

research involving minors raises particular ethical issues; as a result, we were not able to

n

We use the term ‘socio-economic group’ which

include 16-17 year olds in our focus groups and

is a way to classify people based on shared

surveys)

social and financial standing, combining factors such as income, education, and occupation to

n

The research was representative of gender and

understand societal structure, life opportunities

included a full range of socio-economic groups

and consumer behaviour. The different socioeconomic groups are:

n

To guard against digital exclusion, 300 survey

n

AB i.e. those in higher and intermediate

interviews were conducted by telephone,

managerial, administrative or professional

targeting individuals without internet access or

occupations

email. (The remaining interviews were

n

C1 i.e. those in supervisory, clerical & junior

conducted online, using a research survey

managerial, administrative, professional

platform)

occupations

The research took place between late March and

n

C2 i.e. those in skilled manual occupations

n

DE i.e. those in semi-skilled and unskilled

June 2025. The data presented here has been

manual occupations, state pensioners,

weighted to ensure that it is reflective of a

casual workers, and the unemployed

nationally representative profile.

A full and comprehensive research methodology is available in the Appendix to this Report.

6 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Executive Summary n

Cremation remains a widely accepted choice, with most crematoria deemed to be fit for purpose. However, public expectations are evolving, with families increasingly seeking services that combine emotional depth, greater personal choice, and a dignified experience

n

The timing of services at some older local authority sites can often feel rushed and impersonal, with moments that can be emotionally jarring. The provision of extended time slots and space between funerals is needed to provide a more respectful/ emotionally fulfilling service

n

More modern crematoria offer longer services and inclusive environments, helping mourners feel supported

n

Myths persist (e.g. whether coffins are cremated separately, whether ashes returned are only those of the person cremated, and whether anything is removed from the coffin before cremation), which greater education around cremation could address

n

Whilst the physical presence of ashes and the scattering of them can provide significant comfort, some families need support to decide what to do with the ashes

n

Direct cremations are valued for simplicity by many of those who prefer this option. However: n

There is often a lack of understanding around what a direct cremation involves

n

The decision to opt for direct cremation can lead to significant negative emotional impact within a family.

n

Half of respondents with experience of direct cremation feel they have been left without closure

n

There is an urgent need to build more crematoria in Northern Ireland to meet rising demand

Executive Summary | 7

“

The findings offer insight into how current practices are experienced by families, where pressures are most acute, and what matters most to people at the end of life.

8 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Key Findings Crematoria and Changing Practices: Key Insights on Public Attitudes and Service Needs This summary highlights emerging public attitudes and service needs around cremation in the UK. As societal expectations shift and demand patterns evolve, crematoria must balance practical delivery with emotional resonance. The findings below offer insight into how current practices are experienced by families, where pressures are most acute, and what matters most to people at the end of life.

Fitness for Purpose Crematoria across the UK are broadly seen as

the flexibility it offers around ashes. However,

fit for purpose, with most facilities accommodating

the choice of crematorium is often dictated by

the diverse needs of different faiths and cultural

practical factors such as travel distance,

backgrounds.

accessibility, and availability, rather than

However, evolving public expectations and

emotional or symbolic considerations.

regional disparities are placing new pressures

Regional Pressures: The Case of Northern Ireland

on existing provision – particularly in terms of

Northern Ireland faces an urgent need for new

emotional experience, accessibility, and future

crematoria. As burial options decline and

capacity.

cremation demand rises, existing facilities will

Meaningful Farewells Matter Families consistently emphasise the importance of time and space to reflect, mourn, and celebrate the lives of people close to them. The timing of services at some older sites can often feel rushed and impersonal, with moments that

be under a greater strain than they currently are. Without changes to the current law which restricts development to local authorities only, and without investment, they will encounter challenges in meeting the needs- both logistical and emotional- of the communities they serve.

can be emotionally jarring. The provision of

The Rise of Direct Cremation

extended time slots and space between funerals

The practice of direct cremation is now firmly

is needed to provide a more respectful/

established, often chosen for its simplicity,

emotionally fulfilling service. This perceived

affordability, and visibility through advertising.

‘conveyor belt’ experience can undermine the

While practical, direct cremations can reduce

emotional value of the farewell.

opportunities for communal mourning and

Cremation: A Choice Shaped by Tradition and Flexibility Cremation remains the preferred option for

closure, with some families reporting unresolved grief due to the absence of an attended service or shared tribute.

many and is often driven by family tradition and Key Findings | 9

“

These findings reflect both traditional and practical considerations, with regional and cultural influences continuing to shape end-of-life decisions.

10 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Funeral Experience Experiences and Attitudes Toward Cremation: Age, Culture and Choice Experience of attending crematoria increases with

Burial vs. Cremation

age, as expected, with virtually everyone having attended a cremation by the age of 75+. While

n

66% of respondents have attended a burial,

significantly lower among 18–24 year-olds, 56% of

but this is less frequent than cremation,

18-24 year-olds have still attended a cremation

with the last attendance on average over

(which they may have attended before the age of 18).

5 years ago n

n

There is little difference by socio-economic grouping

n

n

Among 18–24-year-olds, burial attendance is again significantly lower

n

Socio-economic group differences are more

Attendance is significantly lower in Northern

pronounced:

Ireland, where only half of adults have

n

C1 respondents are more likely to have

attended a cremation compared with those in

attended a burial than AB or C2 groups

England, Scotland and Wales

(see page 6 for socio-economic group

This matters because first-time attendance

definitions)

can be emotionally impactful. For younger

n

In Northern Ireland, 92% have attended a

people, the unfamiliarity of the cremation

burial – reflecting its status as the dominant

process, particularly the moment the coffin

form of funerary method

disappears from view, can be unsettling. One respondent described their first cremation as

Burial experiences tend to be much less recent:

“a bit traumatic,” though subsequent

n

experiences helped them understand and accept the process.

Nearly 40% last attended a burial over 10 years ago

n

In contrast, 65% attended a cremation within the last two years, with the average being

“That was our first experience of a cremation

three years ago

and think it traumatised quite a few of us …

I think everyone thought that her coffin would

“I’ve been to 5 funerals in the last year.

be there as we walked out and said our goodbyes,

I’m never away from the crem.”

but it literally opened up and down she went.”

18 - 40 yrs, NI

60 -75 yrs

Funeral Experience | 11

Funeral Experience n

A total of 85% of adults have attended a crematorium 56%

71%

77%

84%

89%

97%

94%

18-24

25-34

35-44

45-54

55-64

65-74

75+

83%

79%

81%

82%

83%

85%

82%

t

52%

t AB

C1

C2

DE

England

Wales

Scotland

Northern Ireland

The demographic profile of those who have attended a crematorium.

n

A total of 66% of adults have attended a burial 40%

56%

60%

65%

72%

82%

88%

18-24

25-34

35-44

45-54

55-64

65-74

75+

63%

71%

58%

69%

63%

72%

72%

t

92%

s AB

C1

C2

DE

England

Wales

Scotland

Northern Ireland

The demographic profile of those who have attended a burial.

Which, if any, of these types of funerals have you ever attended?

Base: Total (1598), 18 – 24 (171), 25 – 34 (271), 35 – 44 (270), 45 – 54 (248), 55 – 64 (259), 65 – 74 (197), 75+ (182), AB (495), C1 (527), C2 (240), DE (336). England (1269), Wales (101), Scotland (127), Northern Ireland (101)

12 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

s Significantly higher t Significantly lower

Emotional Responses by Age Cultural and Religious Perspectives Younger respondents, who on average have attended 4 cremations, often described

While cremation is broadly accepted across

cremation as less traumatic than burial,

religious groups, Roman Catholic respondents

particularly due to the absence of coffin-lowering

expressed more uncertainty:

rituals. Their reflections focused on:

n

Some questioned whether cremation was

n

The eulogy

truly appropriate

n

The opportunity to say goodbye

n

Hearing about the life of the person who has

before they could feel confident in

died

choosing this option

n

Others said they needed more information

“I think of the eulogies and the nice stories

For Hindu respondents, cremation is customary

when I think of cremation. It’s remembering

and culturally embedded. However, from the

someone’s life story and talking about them.

focus group discussions we could see that

Little funny stories, with other people attending.”

other groups, such as more traditional

18-30 yrs

Caribbean communities, can face practical challenges with cremation:

Older respondents (65+) have a more practical

n

outlook towards and acceptance of cremation, having attended an average of 10 cremations.

services, which can last for up to 3 hours n

Their emotional response was often less intense, especially when attending funerals of friends and

Their traditions often include long church Their services need to accommodate many attendees

n

A cremation does not allow for a grave to

acquaintances rather than close family. They also

be backfilled by the family, which feels

expressed a preference for cremation to avoid

culturally incomplete

leaving a grave for others to tend.

While the respondent’s faith often aligns with “You see so many graves now that aren’t cared

that of the deceased, this cannot be assumed.

for, and I don’t want my family to feel

The data presented here reflects the religion of

responsible for tending the grave.”

the person arranging the funeral, which offers

60-75 yrs

valuable insight into likely choices.

Attitudes towards ashes also showed different responses n

Younger people described ashes as deeply emotive, especially following the loss of a parent

n

Older respondents were more pragmatic, focusing on practical arrangements rather than emotional connection

Funeral Experience | 13

Arranging a Funeral Cremation Preferences: n

n

32% of respondents have arranged a

n

cremation, on average 6 years ago

cremation, highlighting the gap in adopting

Most arrangers are aged 65+, but 28% of 18–34-

cremation as a mainstream choice

year-olds have also been involved, often in n

In Northern Ireland, only 9% have arranged a

n

Respondents identifying with the Church of

decisions for grandparents or parents

England or Church of Scotland are most likely

C1 respondents are significantly less likely to

to choose cremation

have arranged a cremation, aligning with their

n

One-third of Catholic respondents have

higher burial attendance (see page 6 for socio-

arranged a cremation – indicating growing

economic definition)

acceptance, though still lower than other Christian denominations

Profile of those arranging a cremation or burial n

32% of adults have arranged a cremation – on average, 6 years ago 29%

28%

25%

20%

18-24

25-34

35-44

45-54

34%

26%

36%

36%

33%

55-64

49%

49%

s

s

65-74

75+

34%

26%

25%

Catholic

Other religions

Atheist/ humanist

s t

Significantly higher Significantly lower

t AB

C1

C2

DE

35%

32%

21%

9%

43%

t

s

Northern Ireland

CofE/S

England

Wales

Scotland

Have you ever been the main person responsible for arranging a cremation? By arranging, we mean that you made the key decisions or were very involved in the decisions for the funeral Base: Total (1598)

How long ago did you last arrange a cremation?

Base: All arranging a cremation (532)

14 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Burial Preferences: n

n

n

n

n

Only 15% of UK adults have ever arranged a

n

Atheist and humanist respondents are least

burial, a relatively small proportion

likely to choose burial, favouring cremation for

There was no significant difference by socio-

its simplicity and alignment with secular

economic group

values

There were higher burial arrangement rates in Wales and Northern Ireland compared with

These findings reflect both tradition and practical

England and Scotland

considerations, with regional and cultural

Catholic respondents are more likely to have

influences continuing to shape end-of-life

arranged a burial (28%)

decisions.

15% of adults have arranged a burial 6%

13%

17%

14%

14%

19%

17%

18-24

25-34

35-44

45-54

55-64

65-74

75+

16%

13%

16%

14%

AB

C1

C2

DE

13%

23%

14%

24%

t

s

s Significantly higher t Significantly lower

s

England

Wales

Scotland

Northern Ireland

15%

28%

16%

9%

Other religions

Atheist/ humanist

s CofE/S

Catholic

Have you ever been the main person responsible for arranging a burial? Base: Total (1598)

Funeral Experience | 15

“

While 37% of adults feel well-informed and do not seek further information, particularly those aged 55 and over, nearly a quarter say they feel informed but would still like to know more, especially about ashes and what happens after the service.

16 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Understanding of and Concerns around Cremation Knowledge, Myths and Emotional Impact

Despite cremation being the most common form

While 37% of adults feel well-informed and do not

of funerary choice in the UK, public understanding

seek further information, particularly those aged

of the process remains mixed.

55 and over, nearly a quarter say they feel informed but would still like to know more,

Informed

Uninformed (not

especially about ashes and what happens after

(very/quite well)

much / not at all)

the service. Importantly, this curiosity is not about technical detail, but about dispelling certain

Want more information

myths, such as whether coffins are cremated

22%

16%

separately, whether ashes returned are only of the person cremated, and whether anything is removed from the coffin before cremation.

A smaller group (16%) feels uninformed and

Don’t want/ need more

37%

25%

information

actively wants more information. This is especially true for: n

Younger adults, whose experience of cremation is lower

n

Catholic respondents, some of whom seek reassurance that cremation is acceptable

Even if you have never attended a cremation, how well informed do you feel about what happens during a cremation?

within their faith n

People in Northern Ireland, where cremation is less common and curiosity is higher

Which of these statements reflects your desire to

Others (a quarter) prefer not to know, expressing

know more about the process of cremation?

comfort in remaining relatively uninformed.

Base: Total (1598)

Understanding of and Concerns around Cremation | 17

Some respondents described their first

Concerns About Cremation

cremation as emotionally challenging due to a lack of experience and awareness of what to

While half of adults expressed no concerns, and

expect, particularly when the coffin lowered

9% were unsure, 41% cited at least one concern.

unexpectedly, or the service felt very short and impersonal.

Ashes were a particular source of concern.

Respondents expressed uncertainty about: n

Common Myths and Questions

Identity and integrity: How can I be sure the ashes belong to the person who has died?

n

Process transparency: Are multiple bodies

Qualitative responses revealed widespread

cremated at once? Could ashes be mixed

myths and uncertainties, including:

with those of someone else?

n

n

What the person who has died can wear during cremation (e.g. leather shoes,

These concerns mirror the myths and questions

religious garments)

raised in focus group discussions and reflect a

Whether cremation is acceptable within

greater need for education around cremation.

their religion n

n

When the cremation takes place

For many, understanding the process, especially

(immediately after the service or later)

around ashes, is emotionally significant and

Whether ashes are truly those of the

central to their decision-making.

person who has died n

Concerns about the possibility of mixing of ashes

These questions reflect a need for accessible, optional education, not detailed technical explanations, but clear, reassuring information for those who seek it.

“I don’t know how long the cremation takes,

“Catholics aren’t allowed to be cremated,

but we were told to collect the ashes the

are they? That’s why my gran was buried.”

following day, so it may be overnight.”

18-30 yrs

45-60 yrs

“I’ve heard that there might be ashes left over

“They can’t wear their own clothes, can they?

from the previous person, and that when you

The undertaker puts them in a shroud, and I

get the ashes, they’re not completely your

was very young, but I remember we were upset

loved ones. That’s an awful thought.”

about that because we wanted him in his

60-75 yrs

favourite suits.”

60-75 yrs

18 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Overall environmental aspects of cremation are

n

Only 18% claim they would be influenced by

either not a concern or are unlikely to be taken

'which crematorium is more environmentally

into account when considering a cremation:

friendly' when deciding which crematorium to

n

There is very little spontaneous concern about the environment in relation to a cremation,

n

use n

The environment can be a consideration for

with only 6% citing any concerns about e.g. air

those who would prefer a cremation for

pollution or the carbon footprint involved.

themselves, but from the perspective of

The majority feel that a cremation is

preserving land (vs. a burial) – 31%, not from an

environmentally friendly (57% agree strongly

air pollution or carbon footprint perspective

or slightly with the statement 'Cremations are environmentally friendly', with 27% not knowing and only 16% disagreeing)

Spontaneous concerns about cremation Uncertainty about process

4%

General about the process

4%

Being alive during process

3%

If body handled with respect

2%

The whole process is carried out properly

1%

Ashes getting mixed up

10%

What to do with ashes

1%

Ashes getting lost

1%

Emotional struggles for those left behind

5%

General about burning of body

4%

Air pollution/ environment

6%

Cost more expensive

3%

Too much like production line

2%

Religious conflict

3%

Cultural conflict

2%

What concerns, if any, do you have about cremation?

Base: Total (1598)

Understanding of and Concerns around Cremation | 19

“

This tension, between who the funeral is for and whose wishes guide its planning, is particularly relevant in the context of direct cremation, where the absence of a formal ceremony can challenge families trying to respect the preferences of the person who has died.

20 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Views of cremation today Who is the Funeral For? When asked who they felt the funeral was

considered paramount, with 71% feeling the

primarily for, respondents revealed a nuanced

wishes of the person who died were most

understanding of its purpose, with the majority

important.

believing the funeral is for the family and friends of the deceased, rather than for the person who

This tension, between who the funeral is for and

has died.

whose wishes guide its planning, is particularly relevant in the context of direct cremation, where

This suggests a widely held view that funerals

the absence of a formal ceremony can challenge

serve the needs of the living - those mourning

families trying to respect the preferences of the

and attending - rather than being solely a tribute

person who has died. The lack of shared wishes

to the person who has died. However, when it

can complicate decision-making, even when the

comes to arranging the funeral, the deceased

intent is to be respectful and personal.

remains at the centre. Their wishes, if known, are

Who is funeral primarily for

Whose wishes are most important when arranging the cremation

3% 29%

34%

n Person who's died

Loved one’s wishes

71%

n Family of deceased

Everyone’s wishes are equal

11%

n Family & friends

The arranger’s wishes

10%

n The community

Other family member's wishes

8%

34%

When it comes to arranging (loved one’s) cremation, whose wishes would you say will be most important when you are making decisions Who do you think the funeral is primarily for?

about the cremation?

Base: Total (1598)

Base: All likely to arrange a cremation (798)

Views of cremation today | 21

How Well Do Cremations Meet Today’s Needs?

Is a Crematorium Still Needed?

Despite being an emotional experience, 80% of

We asked whether people felt a crematorium was

respondents felt that cremation meets a range of

needed as a place to pay final respects.

needs either very or quite well.

The response was largely affirmative, with fewer than 1 in 10 disagreeing.

n 14% Don't know n 1%

Not at all well

Agreement was strongest among those affiliated

n 5%

Not very well

with the Church of England or Church of

n 52% Quite well

Scotland, while Catholics were more likely to be

n 28% Very well

negative. Those who had attended a modern-style crematorium were more likely to agree than those who had experienced a basic-style facility (which we understand is most likely to be an older local authority-owned crematorium).

In Northern Ireland, 7% strongly disagreed with the need for crematoria as a place to pay final

How well do you think current cremations

respects to someone who has died – a small but

(i.e. the service and crematoria) serve the needs of

notable minority.

those who have died and those bereaved today?

Base: Total (1598)

n 1%

Strongly disagree

n 6%

Slightly disagree

n 22% Neither / nor

A small proportion said they did not know, with

n 40% Slightly agree

uncertainty highest among:

n 31% Strongly agree

n

18–24-year-olds

n

Those with no religion or from minority faiths

n

Significantly higher in Northern Ireland, where there is a much lower prevalence of cremations

This highlights a gap in awareness, particularly in Northern Ireland, and suggests opportunities for

Based on your overall experience attending a

public education around cremation and its role in

cremation, which of the following statements do

contemporary bereavement practices.

you agree or disagree with?

Base: All attending a cremation (1298)

“It’s the last thing you can do for someone, isn’t it. When I leave the crematorium, the service, I feel I can start moving forward.

You can’t until the funeral is over.” 45-60 yrs “It’s strange, but you look back and think it was lovely to see family or colleagues that you haven’t seen for ages, all because you cared for that one person who’s died.” 60-75 yrs

22 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Frustrations with Time and Experience Two core frustrations emerged around cremation

This left many with a perception of a ‘conveyor

services:

belt’ approach, with respondents within the

1.

The number of services held each day, which

groups recognising this to be driven by high

leaves little or no time between the services,

demand and limited capacity, resulting in a

with mourners left waiting outside for the

quarter of adults feeling that some crematoria are

service before to finish and then “herded out”

not fit for purpose today.

at the end.

2. Rushed services, which can be limited to a 20-

“You get 20 minutes. Another family is waiting

minute time slot, are considered too short to

to come in, and it’s so pressured that you don’t

pay proper respects to the person who has

feel it’s respectful.”

died, especially as this can include the time to

60-75 yrs, NI

enter and exit the crematorium. Some mourners have been asked to cut readings,

“It was so rushed. They even asked us to cut out

which can be very upsetting for the mourners.

a reading because they were running late.

It left such an awful feeling for us afterwards.”

45-60 yrs

Issues with current cremations / crematoria 14%

32%

14%

28%

24%

20%

42%

10%

Cremation services can feel rushed / insufficient time to say goodbye

12% 4% Crematoria try to conduct too many services / day

9%

16%

n Strongly agree

54%

n Slightly agree

13%

n Neither / nor

8%

Some crematoria are not fit for purpose today

n Slightly disagree

n Strongly disagree

Based on your overall experience attending a cremation, which of these statements do you agree or disagree with? Base: All attending a cremation (1298)

These concerns were most pronounced among

“I think it’s getting more difficult to buy a plot.

younger respondents (under 35) and those

And whereas you might have had a graveyard in

attending basic-style crematoria. This leads a

mind, maybe in your area you might now have

quarter of respondents to form the opinion that

to be interred or buried in a remote graveyard

some crematoria are not fit for purpose.

or somewhere quite distant and therefore it’s probably swinging the pendulum over to cremation as we run out of space” 60-75 yrs, NI

Views of cremation today | 23

Is There a Need for More Crematoria?

47% of the respondents felt there is a need for

Suggestions to improve services included:

more crematoria, with no differentiation between

n

Extending operating hours

those who are dissatisfied with crematoria for

n

Opening at weekends

operational (47%) or aesthetic reasons (49%).

n

Allowing longer time slots

This sentiment was especially strong among:

n

Increasing awareness of options such as

n

Older age groups, particularly those aged 75+

booking a double slot, which many were

n

Northern Ireland residents, where 32% of

unaware of

respondents strongly agreed that more facilities are needed

“You’re limited to 2 crematoria in Northern Ireland. We’re used to holding a funeral within 2-3 days, and now there’s an enormous delay for up to 10 days. My dad couldn’t be cared for at home as a result. It wasn’t right.”

31-44 yrs, NI

Is there a need for more crematoria?

17%

30%

44%

6% 3% There is a need for more crematoria

n Strongly agree

n Slightly agree

n Neither / nor

n Slightly disagree

n Strongly disagree

Based on your overall experience attending a cremation, which of these statements do you agree or disagree with?

Base: All attending a cremation (1298)

Personal Experiences at Crematoria While broader attitudes towards cremation reveal

“It didn’t look like a church; it wasn’t gloomy at

concerns about time constraints and emotional

all, but you could still tell it was a place for

impact, personal experiences at crematoria paint

funerals. The grounds were really nice and well-

a more nuanced picture. When asked to reflect on

kept, and it had, like, a nice long driveway

their most recent visit to a crematorium, typically

leading up to it. It was just a really peaceful

around three years ago, respondents reported

place that had a nice feel. I remember it being

high levels of satisfaction, despite the inherently

very calm, well-kept, and pleasant.”

difficult nature of the occasion.

18-30 yrs

n

88% said their experience was very or quite

This is notable given the emotional intensity of

positive:

bereavement and the challenge of evaluating

n

The majority of which are only quite positive

such moments through a ‘satisfaction’ lens.

(64%) vs. very positive (24%)

The findings suggest that, despite systemic pressures, many crematoria are delivering services that feel respectful and meaningful to mourners.

24 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Style Matters: Impact of Crematorium Design We wanted to ascertain the type of crematorium

So, when satisfaction levels are broken down by

that respondents had last attended. In doing so,

crematorium style, most types showed similar

we chose the following descriptions to use in the

results, except for functional, minimally decorated

survey as the simplest for respondents to relate to:

crematoria, where dissatisfaction was significantly

n

Church/chapel style

higher:

n

Elaborate brick with ornate details

n

Basic/functional building, with little decoration

n

Modern with an open, airy interior, typically

these sites said their experience was not

with lots of natural light

positive

Up to 25% of respondents who had attended

n

We believe that the basic/functional building style

Given the volume of cremations conducted

relates to the very large proportion of the

annually, this represents a substantial proportion

crematorium stock that was built between 1950

of mourners who felt let down by the

and 1970 and is primarily local authority owned.

crematorium setting. It reinforces earlier findings

At the time these crematoria were being built,

that basic-style crematoria are more likely to be

the needs were very different from today. They

perceived as not fit for purpose and suggests that

were designed primarily for the committal of the

physical design and atmosphere play a key role in

body rather than to accommodate the full

shaping emotional responses.

services which are generally requested today.

How did you feel overall about this experience at the crematorium?

24%

64%

10%

2% Total

25%

64%

8%

3% Chapel / Church style

25%

63%

11%

1% Elaborate brick / ornate detail

10%

67%

19%

4% Functional, little decoration

34%

60%

5% 1% Modern, open / natural light

n Very positive

n Quite positive

n Not very positive

n Not at all positive

How did you feel overall about this experience at the crematorium?

Base: All attending a cremation (1298)

Views of cremation today | 25

Why Some Experiences Fall Short: Practical Constraints Over Aesthetics Among the minority who reported a less positive

These shortcomings relate to lack of basic space

experience at a crematorium, the reasons were

and dignity. People described feeling as though

clear and, notably, were practical.

they were standing in line, exposed to the elements, with no opportunity to pause or gather

Respondents pointed to a range of logistical

before or after the service. This lack of physical

shortcomings that disrupted the emotional flow

provision can compound the emotional strain of

of the occasion:

the moment.

n

n

n

Insufficient time between services, leading to a sense of being rushed or impersonal

These issues were echoed in the qualitative

Rooms too small to accommodate mourners

responses, where respondents consistently

comfortably

emphasised the lack of time and space as barriers

Lack of shelter or waiting space, with

to a meaningful experience. Interestingly, decor

mourners often queuing outside in all

and ambience were rarely mentioned, during the

weathers, or being moved on quickly after the

focus group discussions suggesting that mourners

service to make way for the next funeral

are less concerned with visual aesthetics and more attuned to whether the environment

“They need to be a bit bigger. At my friend’s

supports their emotional and social needs.

cousin’s, the church was big, but the crematorium was so small. People were

This reinforces the idea that functionality and flow,

standing outside, I would want to be inside,

not just appearance, are central to how crematoria

being there for their family and their friends.”

are experienced. It also highlights the importance

25-40 yrs

of designing spaces that allow time, privacy, and connection, especially in moments of grief.

Reasons why it didn’t feel positive Insufficient time between funerals

33%

Felt impersonal

33%

Nowhere to gather after

29%

Nowhere to gather before

26%

Room too small

22%

Whole process traumatising

22%

Seeing curtains drawn

17%

Service too short

15%

Seeing coffin lowered

8%

No digital option

7%

Room too big

4%

Nothing positive about a funeral

8%

Why did you not feel positive after this experience at the crematorium?

Base: All not positive with last experience (162)

26 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Experiences at Crematoria: What Worked and What Did Not When asked about specific elements of their

Importantly, respondents were not asking for a

most recent crematorium experience, most

café per se, but this may be because it is not a

respondents reported high satisfaction across

common provision in crematoria and therefore

several practical criteria:

not widely experienced.

n

n

n

Grounds and landscaping were widely appreciated

Style and Location Matter

Ease of access and car parking were generally

n

Modern-style crematoria consistently provided

positive, though some reported “car parking

better experiences, especially in terms of:

nightmares”

n

Length of service

Capacity for attendees was mostly sufficient

n

Space available in the chapel and car park

n

Digital technology

These aspects were highlighted by nearly all

n

Basic-style crematoria tended to be perceived

respondents, suggesting that the core infrastructure

more negatively by respondents, especially in

of most crematoria is functioning well.

terms of: n

Service timing

In response to questions around additional

n

Perceived atmosphere

specific provision at crematoria, levels of

n

In Northern Ireland, 23% reported a negative

satisfaction dropped and a rise in ‘neutral’

experience due to short intervals between

responses emerged.

services

n

Digital technology (e.g. screens showing

By way of context, provision in Northern Ireland is

photographs or livestreaming) was praised

limited to two crematoria – one long established

where it was evidently used. A third stated

and one more recent – both operating under

they had not experienced (or been aware of)

considerable pressure.

any digital technology being used at that cremation service n

Café or wake facilities were even more limited: n

50% said not applicable

n

Of those who had access, it was relatively evenly split, with a third each stating they found it positive or neutral or negative

Qualitative feedback suggests that even where café spaces exist, they are not well used or wellintegrated into the funeral experience. There were mixed views about the appropriateness of a café, with some appreciating the chance to gather before the cremation, but feeling they were not suitable for a wake.

Views of cremation today | 27

Experience of last cremation attended (excluding N/A)

Grounds at Crematorium

78%

19%

3%

78%

19%

3

75%

21%

4%

Ease of accessibility

71%

20%

9%

68%

22%

10%

67%

28%

Car parking

Size of room for attendees

5%

Length of service

61%

29%

10%

Any digital technology

58%

29%

13%

58%

29%

13%

Space to gather after funeral

Space to wait for funeral to begin

48%

37%

15%

Time scheduled between services

35%

35%

30%

Café / wake facilities at Crematorium

n Positive

n Neutral

n Negative

Continuing to think about this specific cremation (last attended), please indicate whether your experience with the following aspects were positive, negative or neutral?

Base: All attending a cremation & aspect was applicable to their last cremation (1264 - 654)

28 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Views of cremation today | 29

“

The emotive weight attached to ashes is especially pronounced among under 45s, who are more likely to retain them or struggle with decisions about the ashes. Splitting ashes can be a source of comfort for some, but balancing family dynamics with differing wishes around what to do with the ashes, can cause conflict for others.

30 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Ashes: Emotional Significance and Uncertainty Ashes remain a deeply emotive aspect of

“I remember him every day (dad), because I keep

cremation, especially for younger people.

his ashes next to my bed and wake up next to them. I wouldn’t want to spread his ashes, because

Drawing on their experience of attending a

in my heart, I’d lose him, and I never want that.

cremation or their perception of a cremation:

I remember more with ashes than I do without.”

18-30 yrs

n

n

79% said cremation provides comfort through the ability to scatter or retain ashes

“I wasn’t close to my cousin, and I didn’t know

55% agreed that a grave (i.e. a burial plot or

what he’d want, so the undertaker offered to

plot with interred ashes) provides more

scatter his ashes in the Garden of

comfort, especially among younger

Remembrance, and that was fine by us.”

respondents, who value having a physical

60-75 yrs

place to visit This highlights the importance of choice and flexibility, being able to retain, inter or scatter ashes in a way that feels personally meaningful.

Attitude towards cremation ashes 35%

Cremations provide the comfort of

44%

8% 3% 10%

78%

having ashes to scatter / retain

19%

23%

32%

21%

n Slightly agree

n Slightly disagree

n Strongly disagree

10%

3 14%

A grave provides more comfort than having ashes

n Strongly agree

n Don’t know

Thinking about your experience of attending a cremation, or your perception, how much do you agree or disagree with these statements?

Base: Total (1598)

Ashes: Emotional Significance and Uncertainty | 31

What Happens to the Ashes?

Anticipated Decisions and Lingering Uncertainty

Respondents who had arranged a cremation

In addition to asking what people have chosen to

reported a range of outcomes (below).

do with ashes, we explored what people anticipate doing when arranging a cremation in

The emotive weight attached to ashes is especially

the future. The findings echo previous patterns,

pronounced among under 45s, who are more

but with even greater uncertainty.

likely to retain them or struggle with decisions about the ashes. Splitting ashes can be a source of

What People Expect to Do

comfort for some, but balancing family dynamics

n

Among those expecting to arrange a

with differing wishes around what to do with the

cremation in the next 10 years:

ashes, can cause conflict for others.

n

Scattering ashes in a special place remains the most anticipated action

Perhaps most strikingly, 17% of families find

n

themselves feeling uncertain about what to do

Interring or burying of ashes is a less favoured option

with ashes, sometimes years after the cremation.

n

Keeping ashes (e.g. in a keepsake, garden,

This can leave both emotional and practical

or for future burial with a person close to

burdens, particularly when the deceased’s wishes

them) continues to be more common

were not shared or discussed with those

among younger people, reflecting a desire

responsible for the ashes e.g. family members.

to feel emotionally connected to the person who has died

“Dad never said what he wanted us to do with

n

Splitting ashes is anticipated by some,

his ashes, so we are keeping them at home with

though again this can be divisive within

us. It doesn’t seem right, but one sister thinks

families

we should bury them, and another wants them split between us.”

45-60 yrs

What they have done with the ashes Interred in cemetery

24%

Some / all scattered elsewhere

24%

Some / all scattered at crematorium

22%

Still have ashes for placing with another family member later

15%

Have ashes to stay connected

11%

Buried in the garden

11%

Ashes put into a keepsake

11%

Ashes split between family

8%

Still have ashes as uncertain what to do with them

11%

Ashes not yet collected

6%

What happened to the ashes?

Base: All arranging a cremation (532)

32 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

“Dad was buried, but mum has decided to be

n

cremated, so we’ve asked, and we’ll be able to

Rising Uncertainty n

27% of those anticipating arranging a

put her ashes in his plot, so they’ll be together.”

cremation said they were unsure what they

45-60 yrs

would choose to do with the ashes l

“Mum has asked to have her ashes scattered in

This figure is higher than among those who have already arranged a cremation

her favourite place, so that’s what we’ll do.”

n

45-60 yrs However, many feel unprepared or conflicted

Reasons for uncertainty include: l

Disagreement among family members

l

Lack of prior discussion

l

Emotional difficulty of arriving at a decision

when choosing what to do with ashes. This suggests that the emotional and relational

This uncertainty is especially common among

challenges around ashes are not just retrospective

over-35s, with respondents saying this had never

– they are ongoing and anticipatory.

been discussed.

What is anticipated they will do with the ashes Scattered in a special place

32%

Ashes interred / buried

14%

Scattered at the crematorium

12%

Keep ashes so feel connected

12%

Ashes put in a keepsake

12%

Bury ashes in garden

9%

Keep ashes so with other family later

11%

Split ashes between family

10%

Not sure, could be some disagreement

4%

Not sure, never discussed it

23%

What do you anticipate will happen to your (loved ones) ashes?

Base: All anticipate arranging a cremation (791)

Reflections and Implications The findings across both current and anticipated

Choosing what to do with ashes is not just a

ashes decisions point to a clear need for:

practical matter because for many they carry deep

n

n

n

Timely conversations about ashes and wishes

emotional significance, especially for younger

amongst family members

people and those seeking a continued connection

Support and guidance for families navigating

with the deceased. Yet without discussion or

emotional disagreements

support, families can find themselves in limbo,

Clear information from crematoria and funeral

unsure how to respect the views of the person

providers on the range of options available

who has died or reconcile differing views.

around ashes, and flexibility to accommodate diverse preferences Ashes: Emotional Significance and Uncertainty | 33

“ We asked people across the UK whether they expect to arrange a funeral in the next 10 years.

57% said yes, and cremation remains the most likely choice, with 87% of this cohort expecting to arrange a cremation.

34 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Planning Ahead What People Expect when Arranging a Funeral Cremation remains the dominant funeral

Respecting Wishes – Even When It Is Difficult

choice for the future Most people want to honour the wishes of the We asked people across the UK whether they

person who has died. However, 6% of those

expect to arrange a funeral in the next 10 years.

expecting to arrange a cremation say they are not

57% said yes, and cremation remains the most

comfortable with that as an anticipated choice,

likely choice, with 87% of this cohort expecting to

with this figure being equal across the UK. This is

arrange a cremation.

especially true for Catholic respondents, where 11% feel conflicted about cremation versus burial.

This trend is consistent across all age groups and regions, but Northern Ireland stands out.

Burial Expectations

While only 9% of people in Northern Ireland have arranged a cremation before, nearly a third expect

While only 20% of funerals today are burials, 34%

to do so in the future. This shift will put pressure

of respondents expect to arrange a burial in the

on existing crematoria, given that there are only

next 10 years. This is especially high among:

two facilities located in Northern Ireland, which

n

18–24-year-olds (38% vs. 3% of 75+s)

are already struggling to meet demand.

n

Men (40% vs. 27% of women)

n

Socio-economic group AB (38% vs. 25% of DE

“We’ve run out of space for plots here in NI, and

(See page 6 for socio-economic definition)

I’m sure that’s why cremation is becoming more common. If we haven’t already planned ahead

The higher expectation of arranging a burial

and bought a family grave, it’s either too late to

may be due to some guessing what they think

get one or you can’t afford it.”

the person they are arranging the funeral for

64–75 yrs, NI

would have wanted, rather than relying on actual knowledge. Younger people often have not discussed funeral wishes with older relatives and may not realise the cost and difficulty of arranging a burial – especially finding a plot and paying for a burial.

In Northern Ireland, where burial is more common, 46% expect to arrange one.

Planning Ahead | 35

Who Is the Funeral Being Arranged For?

Funeral Plans: What is in Place?

Expectations of who they anticipate arranging a

Amongst respondents, there is confusion as to

funeral for shift with age:

whether or not a funeral plan exists for the person

n

Younger people expect to arrange funerals for

whose funeral they expect to arrange.

a mix of relatives n

n

Middle-aged adults are most likely to

35% believe a plan is in place, which is much

anticipate arranging a funeral for a parent or

higher than the proportion of funerals that were

parent-in-law

paid for in advance during 2024 (source: The

Older adults (65+) often expect to arrange a

National Association of Funeral Plan Providers,

funeral for a spouse or partner, and with this,

2024 Funeral Plan Market Volumes, published

they are more likely to know their wishes

29th Jan 2025) Some respondents may genuinely believe that a person close to them has made funeral arrangements, when in fact it may be a life insurance policy, which does not provide the same practical support at the time of need or guarantee that funeral arrangements are fully in place or understood.

Younger people are most likely to think there is a plan (50% of 18–44-year-olds vs. 28% of 75-year-olds).

Who they anticipate arranging a funeral for (in next 10 years)

18-24

25-34

35-44

45-54

n Spouse / partner

n Parent / in-law

n Grandparent

n Sibling

n Other relative

n Friend

55-64

65-74

When thinking about the next cremation you anticipate you may need to arrange, who do you anticipate arranging a cremation for?

Base: All anticipate arranging a cremation (798)

36 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

75+

Whether a funeral plan in place

n

45% of those who have arranged a funeral believe a plan is in place, often because losing a person close to them prompts others to take out a plan

25%

n Yes, has a plan 35%

n

This compares to only 25% of those who have not arranged a funeral believe a plan

n No, does not have a plan

exists

n Don’t know

n

40% do not think there is a plan in place

n

25% simply do not know if a plan exists or not

40%

This highlights that open conversations are needed within families, not just about funeral preferences, but about what practical arrangements are in place.

Does … Have a funeral plan?

Base: All anticipate arranging a cremation (798)

In total: n

35% of those likely to arrange a cremation in the future believe their family member has a funeral plan, however perception differs based on whether they have arranged a funeral before or not

Influences on the decision to have cremation Family chosen cremation before

23%

Want ashes in specific location

17%

So ashes can be put with other family

14%

Only ever been to a cremation

5%

Don't like idea of being buried

19%

So family not obliged to visit a grave

15%

Unable to get a burial plot

5%

A cremation is cheaper

19%

Crematorium closer for attendees

8%

To have non-religious funeral

17%

For religious beliefs

8%

Attending a cremation less traumatic

13%

Don’t know

16%

What has influenced the decision to have a cremation?

Base: All anticipate arranging a cremation (792)

Planning Ahead | 37

Why People Choose Cremation Many people believe that the choice of cremation

When people do consider different crematoria,

by the person they anticipate arranging a funeral

the 4 most important factors are:

for, is shaped by family tradition. If a person close

n

to them had a cremation in the past, it often becomes the default choice for future funerals.

especially for elderly mourners n

Easy access – for all mourners

n

Cremation costs at different crematoria –

“Dad hadn’t talked about what he wanted, but he’d been really involved in planning Mum’s

Distance (which equates to travel time) –

though many do not know the actual figure n

funeral, so we did exactly the same for him.”

Best room size – to ensure all mourners can be accommodated comfortably

45-60 yrs “I live in Cardiff, so that’s the one we use.

Other reasons for choosing cremation include: n

I think you can ask for the Vale, but it would be

Discomfort with burial – 19% say they fear

unusual.”

being buried, and 15% dislike the idea of a

60-75 yrs

grave needing ongoing care n

Cost – cremation is usually cheaper than burial

“We have three crematoriums, but everyone

n

Practicality – cremation allows for a non-

uses the closest and it’s as simple as that

religious service and is seen by some as less

really.”

emotionally distressing than attending a burial

45-60 yrs

n

Ashes – especially when there is a clear plan for the ashes

n

Only 5% mention difficulty finding a burial

Religious and Cultural Considerations

plot, though this may reflect a lack of awareness about how hard it can be in some

Most people do not see crematoria as religious

areas.

buildings – only 26% agree with the statement that ‘a crematorium is a religious place’. This

Choosing a Crematorium

neutrality is seen as a strength, as it means that different religious or cultural traditions can be

Among those expecting to arrange a cremation in

included in the service:

the next 10 years, nearly half expect to have a

n

41% expect to include religious or cultural

choice of crematorium. In practice, though, most

elements in the cremation they

people use the closest one.

arrange

n

30% do not expect to have a choice of

n

crematorium n

24% are not sure

Most people believe this will be easy to arrange

n

23% of Catholics are unsure whether the Catholic church is accepting of cremation

Overall, crematoria are seen as sympathetic spaces that are able to accommodate a wide range of beliefs and traditions.

38 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

“The one we go to is a lovely building.

It’s neither religious nor non-religious and suits both.”

60-75 yrs I’ve been to a full religious service led by a Minister at our crem, and one for someone who had no beliefs and was led by a Humanist.

The building didn’t seem to matter, it was the way it was led and the words used that set the tone.”

45-60 yrs

Planning Ahead | 39

“ While direct cremation is increasingly recognised, a consistent understanding of what it entails should not be assumed.

40 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Direct Cremation Direct Cremation: Awareness and Perceptions Public Awareness

This reinforces the need for clear and honest information and marketing around the process, to

Although direct cremation has been legally

support informed choice.

available for decades, its promotion began in earnest in the 2010s, particularly with Simplicity

“I’ve seen this advertised on telly and I like the

Cremations marketing it as a low-cost,

idea of it being simple and getting it over with

straightforward alternative. Awareness surged

quickly, so it appeals to me. I’d be quite happy

during the COVID-19 pandemic.

to avoid the fuss and just have my immediate family there to say goodbye rather than drag

Today, direct cremation is widely known: n

62% of UK adults have heard of it n

loads of people along.”

60-75 yrs

Most aware: those aged 65+, with 79% familiar (40% have heard a lot, 44% a little)

n

Increasing visibility among 18–24-year-olds

Awareness of Direct Cremation varies by Region

too (60% aware), is more likely to be driven

and Religion

by being aware of someone who has either had a direct cremation (16%) or taken out a

n

Awareness levels are broadly consistent across

direct cremation plan (22%), rather than

mainland UK, but notably lower in Northern

advertising

Ireland:

Many associate it with ‘Pure Cremation’,

n

England: 66%

n

Scotland: 48%

n

Wales: 63%

n

Northern Ireland: 32%

highlighting the impact of TV brand advertising, especially among older viewers.

This lack of awareness may be due to lower levels of advertising and fewer providers operating in Northern

While direct cremation is increasingly recognised,

Ireland, despite direct cremations being available.

a consistent understanding of what it entails should not be assumed. Focus group discussions

n

Awareness also varies by religious identity:

revealed variable interpretations e.g. whether a

n

Lowest among people with no religion (57%)

small number of people can attend a service at the

n

Highest among those affiliated with the

crematorium, suggesting that public perception

Church of England or the Church of

may not fully align with the practical reality or

Scotland (76%)

emotional implications of a direct cremation.

Direct Cremation | 41

These differences highlight a need for targeted,

Positives (chosen by 80% of respondents):

culturally sensitive communication, ensuring that

These words very much reflect the key messages

people feel informed and confident about their

given in the advertising:

choices, regardless of background.

n

Simplicity, uncomplicated, affordable, easy

n

Stronger among:

Public Perception The survey invited people to select words they

n

Those without religion (simplicity)

n

Socio-economic group DE (affordability) (see page 6 for socio-economic definition)

associate with direct cremation, both positive and negative.

However, the word ‘celebratory’, despite being a key message in some direct cremation advertising, was not often chosen, suggesting lower resonance.

Words associated with a direct cremation (prompted) It’s simple

52%

Uncomplicated

42%

Affordable

40%

It's easy

37%

Respectful

23%

Celebratory

7%

With a direct cremation, the deceased is cremated with no service or attendees at the crematorium.

Family and friends may choose to have a separate gathering to remember the person who has died.

The ashes are returned to the family or can be scattered by the direct cremation provider, in a garden of remembrance. Which words or phrases would you associate with a direct cremation?

Base: 1598

Negatives (selected by 53%):

“It just feels cold and totally lacking respect for

n

Emotionless, cold

someone you have loved.”

n

Particularly strong feelings of

60-75 yrs

‘inappropriateness’ expressed by some respondents:

“No way, we couldn’t have considered that.

The whole family was there, and Gran was so

“To me, it feels kind of sterile and lacking

popular that lots of people wanted to pay their

emotion. Yeah, it’s as if the person doesn’t have

respects.”

any value to you. It would be like turning your

18-30 yrs

back on someone in a way.”

45-60 yrs

42 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Words associated with a direct cremation (prompted) Emotionless

36%

Cold

28%

Insensitive

19%

Harsh

16%

Abandoned

16%

Inappropriate

13%

With a direct cremation, the deceased is cremated with no service or attendees at the crematorium.

Family and friends may choose to have a separate gathering to remember the person who has died.

The ashes are returned to the family or can be scattered by the direct cremation provider, in a garden of remembrance. Which words or phrases would you associate with a direct cremation?

Base: 1598

Situations Where a Direct Cremation Can Feel

There was a common assumption that the ashes

Appropriate

would become a focal point for a later memorial.

Regardless of personal views, most respondents

Experience of Direct Cremations

could identify scenarios in which people might choose direct cremation:

There is a growing awareness of someone who

n

Where there is no or very little family

has had a direct cremation:

n

Following a long illness

n

n

When family disputes make gatherings

chose a direct cremation

difficult

n

n

If family is geographically dispersed

15% of UK adults say they know someone who Lower in Northern Ireland at just 6%, as a result of less advertising and limited availability. This concurs with other research

“I could see how, if a family had little money or

conducted recently, with the NAFPP report

the deceased wanted them to inherit the

on Funeral Plan Trends 2024 stating

money, rather than it pay for a funeral, that a

independent funeral directors’ data shows

cheaper direct cremation would be okay.”

14% of funerals were unattended.

45-60 yrs

n

The majority knew of a friend who had chosen a direct cremation (54%), followed by a family

“Dad died in a hospice, and we watched him die and grieved every day, and that was enough.

member (35%) n

In the majority of cases (60%), the decision to

We didn’t need a funeral.”

choose a direct cremation was made by the

60-75 yrs

person who has died, but in a third of cases it was chosen by someone else

Direct Cremation | 43

Know someone who has had a Direct Cremation 15%

13%

17%

16%

14%

11%

6%

t Total

Male

Female

England

Wales

Do you know anyone who has had a direct cremation?

Scotland

Northern Ireland

s Significantly higher t Significantly lower

Base: 1598

Who decided to arrange a Direct Cremation Deceased’s decision

60%

Respondent’s decision

17%

Other family’s decision

16%

Their partner's decision

1%

Don't know

4%

Whose decision was it for your family member / friend to have a direct cremation?

Base: 205

Absence of Farewell: The Emotional Reality of

Relationship Shapes Experience

Direct Cremation The relationship with the deceased appears to Direct cremation offers simplicity, but despite

impact on the likelihood of knowing that a

marketing messages, a significant percentage do

gathering is taking place, and of attending

not also involve an opportunity to gather together

n

For family, nearly 58% attended an event to

to remember the person who has died. Despite

remember the person who has died – yet 32%

growing awareness, a direct cremation can leave

report no opportunity to come together

mourners with unresolved grief.

n

For friends, only 40% attended, and 22% knew of an event but chose not to attend

n

n

46% of the people who knew someone who

n

Friends are less likely to be informed,

had a direct cremation had an opportunity to

reinforcing the feeling that someone has

get together with family/friends

been quietly erased

A further 17% were invited but chose not to attend

“It was what she wanted, but I just feel that it was very sterile and matter of fact. The week after she

This means that in 37% of direct cremations, it

died, the painters came in to paint the flat and it

appears that no gathering has taken place to

just felt as though someone had rubbed her out.

remember the person who has died.

She was no longer here, no one to attend, no one to say cheerio and nobody to grieve.”

60–75 yrs

44 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Opportunity to get together to remember this person 46%

17%

27%

10%

58%

Total n Yes, attended

10%

27%

5%

40%

Family Member n Yes, didn’t attend

22%

26%

13%

A friend

n Nothing arranged

n Not that I am aware of

Was there an opportunity for you to get together with family / friends to remember this person?

Base: 205

This echoes what we heard in focus group

n

This negative emotion is intensified when

discussions, that direct cremation is often

no event is held to remember and pay

perceived as lacking the inclusivity, respect,

respects to the person who has died

traditional rituals and cultural significance associated with a full funeral, because it is felt

“I felt my emotions were suppressed. We got

that important elements are missing.

the ashes back months later, but I still feel I didn’t celebrate his life with the close people

Whilst there may be reasons for choosing a direct

around me.”

cremation, this research has provided one of the

45-65 yrs

first opportunities we have to understand the impact this decision has on those left behind: n

“I felt empty afterwards. It’s taken me a long

50% of the respondents report a negative

time to grieve; a funeral would have helped me.

emotional impact - struggling with

There weren’t relatives there or anything, and

suppressed feelings and the lack of

because there are very few people and they live

opportunity to say goodbye

all over the place, they didn’t want to arrange

n

Notably, men (62%) appear to be more

like a big get-together.”

emotionally affected than women (41%)

45-60 yrs

Direct Cremation | 45

How Direct Cremation left them feeling Haven't said goodbye properly

31%

As though just disappeared

21%

Can't grieve for them

11%

Relieved didn't have to go to funeral

22%

Ashes more important to me

20%

Happy with decision

16%

50%

56%

How has the fact they had a direct cremation left you feeling? Please code all answers.

Base: 205

Yet 22% expressed relief at avoiding a funeral, with

Focusing on those who have taken out a direct

the qualitative insights suggesting this is

cremation plan, the data suggests that:

especially so where relationships were distant, or

n

logistics were difficult.

equating to around 4% of the UK population n

“I really hate going to funerals, they are so cold and impersonal. A direct cremation gives you

27% of respondents say they have one, 40% know a family member who has taken out a plan

n

22% are aware of a friend having arranged a plan

the chance to focus on the good things and come together when you aren’t feeling so raw.”

But it is not just about who holds a plan, it is also

45-60 yrs

about who made the decision. n

Where respondents knew someone who had taken out a direct cremation plan, in most cases (69%) it was the plan holder’s own

Anticipation and Planning for Direct Cremation

decision to take out that plan, suggesting high levels of personal agency

Direct cremation plans have been available for

n

Yet in 30% of cases, someone else has made

over 40 years, but it is with the growth of

the decision to take out a direct cremation

awareness in the last decade that their popularity

plan for a member of their family or on a

has increased.

friend’s behalf

n

62% of all new funeral plans sold in 2024 were for a direct cremation, 114,282 in total (Source: NAFPP report on Funeral Plan Trends 2024)

n

16% of people know someone who has taken out a plan

46 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Who has taken out a Direct Cremation plan 16%

27%

40%

22%

12%

Total

I have

Family member

A friend

Someone else

Who do you know that has taken out a direct cremation plan?

Base: 248

Whose decision was it to take out the Direct Cremation plan Plan holder’s decision

69%

Respondent’s decision

22%

Other family member’s decision

8%

Don’t Know

1%

Whose decision was it for your family member / friend to take out a direct cremation plan?

(Excluding those taken own plan out.) Base: 156

Family Sentiment When a person has purchased a direct cremation plan for themselves: n

n

n

57% believe their family supports the decision, indicating that they are most likely to have

18% report mixed emotions or quiet unease

talked to their family about it and ensured

from those close to them

they are comfortable with this decision

9% were not very happy with the decision

How family feel about your decision for a Direct Cremation Happy with my decision

44%

This is what family wanted

13%

Don't have other family members

9%

Mixed, some okay others not

10%

Not very happy

9%

Not too sure, willing to accept it

8%

Haven’t told anyone

2%

Dont know how they feel

5%

How do your family feel about your decision to have a direct cremation?

Base: 68

Direct Cremation | 47

Experiences differ for those who know a direct

n

cremation will take place because a plan has been taken out. While many accept that decision, they

Only 37% are happy with the decision and genuinely support their choice

n

Over half are willing to go along with the

don’t always fully accept not being able to attend

decision, but their acceptance is based on

a funeral, which may leave some people

respecting the wishes of the plan holder

struggling with their grief.

This suggests a passive acceptance, not active endorsement n

10% are not happy with the decision

How do you feel about their decision to have a Direct Cremation Happy with the decision

37%

I am accepting of the decision

54%

Not very happy

9%

Not at all happy

1%

How do you feel about the fact they will have a Direct Cremation, which means no one will attend the crematorium?

Base: 157

48 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Direct Cremation | 49

“ A key point to note is that 31% of adults have not decided what they want for their own funeral.

This uncertainty is consistent across all age groups, even among those aged 75+ and all nations.

50 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Funeral Choices What People Want for Their Own Funeral Looking ahead, attended cremation remains the

A key point to note is that 31% of adults have not

preferred option for UK adults. However, direct

decided what they want for their own funeral.

cremation is now as popular as burial across

This uncertainty is consistent across all age

England, Wales and Scotland, chosen by 19% of

groups, even among those aged 75+ and all

people.

nations. For some, it is due to a lack of information, especially within certain faiths –

In Northern Ireland, burial continues to dominate,

for example Catholicism, where acceptability of

with 33% preferring burial versus 22% for attended

cremation is still unclear. Additionally, 9% explicitly

cremation.

say they do not want to think about it, mostly among 18–24-year-olds, who feel the decision is too far off.

“It’s enough that as a Catholic, I’m considering a cremation, as Catholics, we were always buried, so a direct cremation without my family having a support mechanism there is unfathomable.”

60-75 yrs

Preference for own funeral Cremation with attendees

30%

Direct Cremation

19%

Burial

17%

Not decided yet

22%

Don't want to think about it

9%

Other

3%

What type of funeral would you like for yourself?

Base: 1598

Funeral Choices | 51

What Drives the Decision?

Direct Cremation

When specifically asked, people choose different

n

funeral types for different reasons:

A proactive decision, with over half of respondents saying that they ‘didn’t want a fuss’

Cremation

n

One third of respondents pointed to direct cremation being cheaper

n

Preserving land is a factor, making cremation

n

preferable to a burial n

One third of respondents did not want their families/others to go through a funeral

It is more likely not to be a proactive desire for cremation; it is more about rejecting burial i.e.

These elements are often emphasised in TV

a dislike of the idea of a burial and/or wanting

advertising.

to avoid family needing to attend a grave n

Within the Northern Ireland focus group

Burial

discussions, it was heard that the shortage of burial plots appears to be a growing factor

n

The reasons respondents gave for proactively choosing burial

n

n

Having a grave for family to visit

n

The importance for fulfilling religious beliefs

40% of respondents did not like the idea of being burnt

Why prefer a cremation Don't like idea of burial

45%

Don't want family tending a grave

35%

Cremation preserves land

30%

Cremation less traumatic

27%

To have non-religious funeral

24%

Cremation is cheaper

21%

Too difficult to get burial plot

8%

For religious beliefs

7%

Never been to a burial

5%

You’ve said you’d like a cremation, why would you like a cremation?

Base: 474

52 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Why prefer a direct cremation Don’t want a fuss

56%

It is cheaper

33%

Don't want family to go through a funeral

31%

Want family to get together separately to cremation

29%

Feel it gives more options to celebrate my life

27%

Don't have many family

19%

Family lives long way away

10%

Can't afford attended funeral

8%

You’ve said you’d like a direct cremation, why would you like a direct cremation?

Base: 238

Why prefer a burial Want my family to have a grave to visit

46%

Don't like idea of being burnt

40%

For religious beliefs

38%

Family tradition

33%

Have a family plot

20%

Don't like idea of family having ashes

12%

Crematorium too far away

5%

Never been to a cremation

5%

To return to the earth

3%

You’ve said you’d like a burial, why would you like a burial?

Base: 274

Funeral Choices | 53

“ In the view of respondents, crematoria are seen as single-purpose venues, associated only with mourning.

54 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

The Future of Crematoria in the UK Future societal needs for crematoria in the UK Most people (81%) believe current cremation

n

Northern Ireland shows a significant shortfall

provision (ie the service and the crematorium) are

in provision, with:

likely are likely to meet future societal needs, but

n

Only two crematoria located in the region

only a quarter feel current provision meets their

n

Nearly a third of respondents (double the

needs ‘very well’, particularly the ‘basic style’

UK average) believing the current provision

crematoria.

is inadequate

n

n

n

Both modern and more elaborate style

“There’s a dire need for more crematoria in

crematoria are seen as better suited to meet

Northern Ireland. We only have two here, and I

future needs (28% – 32% respectively vs. 19% for

and the rest of the family had to drive 1½ hours

basic style)

to my dad’s funeral. When we got there, we had

19% of adults express doubt that the existing

to queue outside in the rain and only had 20

cremation provision will suffice long-term

minutes to say our goodbyes. It just doesn’t feel

Lowest confidence is observed among Black /

respectful to put a family through that

Caribbean and Asian communities, (11% feel

experience.”

current crematoria will not serve future needs

60-75 yrs, NI

at all well vs. 3% White British). From the qualitative findings this is most likely linked to these communities having: n

Larger funeral gatherings

n

Longer, culturally specific services

n

Sensitivities around ritual and space

The Future of Crematoria in the UK | 55

How well current cremations will service the future needs of society

3%

3% 15%

n Not at all well

14%

3% 14%

62%

70%

24%

13%

6% 24%

16% n Not very well 58% n Quite well

58%

23% n Very well

24%

Total

England

Wales

Scotland

45%

25% N. Ireland

How well do you think current cremations (i.e. the service and the crematoria) will serve the future needs of society in the next 15 – 20 years?

Base: 1598

The Role & Limitations of Crematoria in Society

Sensitive Expansion Opportunities

In the view of respondents, crematoria are seen as

When asked about alternative uses for the

single-purpose venues, associated only with

crematorium and its grounds, respondents

mourning:

considered some funeral-related activities

n

n

Unlike churches, crematoria do not easily

appropriate i.e.:

accommodate multiple or ongoing

n

Visiting Gardens of Remembrance

community roles

n

Anniversary memorial services

Emotional connections to bereavement limit

n

Social gatherings for the bereaved

the appeal of the crematorium for wider use

n

Holding the wake after the service, however, it was perceived that there would be logistical challenges in managing this, e.g. concern not to get in the way of subsequent cremation services, and lack of sufficient space to accommodate the number of multiple families holding a wake at the crematorium

“I can see a role for the crematorium to host memorial events and maybe a candle service at Christmas, but I don’t see how the vibe could change enough to use the space for something else altogether.”

45-60 yrs

56 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

However, non-related community uses (e.g. book

“If you struggled with the death of somebody,

clubs, singing groups) are largely rejected – 64% of

the last place you’d want to go for any

respondents did not support this idea.

unrelated reason is a place that reminded you of their death. I can’t think of going there for even grief counselling, which is very attached to it.”

60-75 yrs

Appropriateness of using crematorium for other purposes 4% 9%

8%

9%

8%

16%

17%

14%

17%

31%

26%

45% 45%

46%

n Not at all n Not very n Quite

33%

43%

n Very

38% 42%

Encourage visiting garden of remembrance

31%

To hold anniversary memorial

24% 28%

Hold social gatherings for the bereaved

25%

19%

Room for holding wake after service

Have café to visit any time

12% Other community purpose (e.g. book club / singing groups)

How appropriate do you think it would be for a crematorium or its grounds to be used for the following purposes?

Base: 1598

The Future of Crematoria in the UK | 57

“ Current strengths, emerging challenges, and future opportunities to ensure cremation remains a respectful and accessible choice for all.

58 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Summary and Conclusions Crematoria and Changing Practices: Key Insights on Public Attitudes and Service Needs

Public attitudes towards cremation in the UK are

Pressures and Challenges

evolving as expectations shift and demand for cremation grows. This summary outlines current

n

Myths and misunderstandings persist,

strengths, emerging challenges and future

especially around religious acceptance of

opportunities to ensure cremation remains a

cremation

respectful and accessible choice for all.

n

Some people choose cremation based on cost and/or because of a lack of burial options,

What is Working Well

rather than personal preference n

n

n

Most crematoria are fulfilling their overall

scheduled services, respondents perceive

purpose, with facilities that meet the needs of

these to be rushed and impersonal –

diverse faiths and communities

frequently described as a ‘conveyor belt’

Respondents suggest that crematoria

experience

designed more recently tend to offer an n

Where crematoria offer short, tightly

n

Some mourners are unprepared for the

enhanced emotional experience

closing of curtains or lowering of the coffin,

Cremation is often seen as less distressing

which can feel traumatic

than burial, offering flexibility and comfort – especially through the option to keep ashes

n

Families may be uncertain about what to do with ashes, leaving them feeling unsettled

Regional Urgency As burial plots become more difficult to secure and demand for cremation rises, there is a pressing need for new crematoria in Northern Ireland. However, further investment and changes in the current law are needed to facilitate this.

Summary and Conclusions | 59

Direct Cremations: A Mixed Picture n

n

Direct cremations are now well established,

Looking Ahead n

valued by some for simplicity and affordability

impact of direct cremation may take years to

For many individuals a direct cremation is an

manifest

appropriate option, with family members

n

accepting their decision n

responsive to individual needs

The absence of an attended service can leave

n

Younger generations would appear to

families without closure. Some report

currently favour burial, but their attitudes may

unresolved grief due to the lack of opportunity

shift with a greater understanding of

to gather together to remember the person

cremation and the limitations of burial

There is an opportunity to educate sensitively cremation and providing information for those who want to learn more More crematoria could adopt a range of good practices to improve the emotional experience of the bereaved, e.g. longer service times and space between funerals, which may be facilitated by extending service hours, including evenings and weekends Crematoria could broaden their role to incorporate grief-related activities

n

Any efforts to educate the public about

their decision

and clearly – dispelling certain myths around

n

n

cremation must remain clear, sensitive, and

Opportunities

n

needs of mourners

their family are not sure/unwilling to accept

who has died

n

Without investment, many crematoria risk becoming unable to satisfactorily meet the

However, nearly 1 in 5 respondents who have chosen a direct cremation recognise

n

The potential long-term negative emotional

Encourage open conversations within families about cremation choices, funeral wishes and plans for ashes

60 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Summary and Conclusions | 61

“ Key conclusions were drawn from the research … further education is needed to inform and dispel certain myths around cremation.

62 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Key Conclusions The following are the key conclusions drawn from the research:

n

There was considerable concern expressed about what was felt to be a ‘conveyor belt’ experience n

Extended service times, gaps between services, and weekend provision were options that featured in a number of responses

n

Many people are uncertain what to do with ashes n

n

More guidance is needed on options available

Further education is needed to inform and dispel certain myths around cremation n

Respondents suggested greater engagement with certain communities was needed to clarify that cremation can be a respectful, appropriate, and acceptable alternative to burial

n

More crematoria are needed in specific geographical areas n

There is a pressing need in Northern Ireland, with burial plots increasingly hard to secure and limited options outside the Greater Belfast area

n

There was recognition amongst respondents of the potential negative emotional impact resulting from a direct cremation

n

Many people have only a limited understanding of what direct cremation involves, which contributes to common misconceptions about the process n

Education is required so that people can make informed choices

Key Conclusions | 63

“

This study was designed to provide a comprehensive and inclusive view of public attitudes and experiences around cremation in the UK. It combined a qualitative depth approach with a quantitative breadth, ensuring both an emotional nuance and statistical robustness in reaching a broad and representative sample.

64 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Appendix Methodology Summary of Approach n

n

Qualitative Research

Qualitative phase: 9 focus groups,

We spoke to 43 respondents through a series of

72 respondents, aged 18–80

9 focus groups, each comprising 4 – 5

Quantitative phase: 1,598 respondents,

respondents, conducted in an open,

nationally representative

conversational format. These focus groups were

n

n

Mixed methods: Online and telephone

carefully structured to reflect a wide range of

interviews

perspectives:

Inclusive sampling: Gender, age, region,

n

Respondents ranged in age from 18 to 80,

socio-economic group, and digital access.

offering a total consumer view — unlike many

Ethnicity was allowed to fall out naturally

funeral studies which focus primarily on those aged 45+

This robust methodology ensured that the

n

All respondents had attended at least one

findings accurately reflected the real-world

cremation, ensuring they could speak from

experiences and attitudes of the UK population

personal experience

today — not just those who are most visible or vocal.

n

Among those aged over 45, we included individuals who had arranged a cremation or anticipated doing so in the future

This study was designed to provide a comprehensive and inclusive view of public

This qualitative phase provided rich insights into

attitudes and experiences around cremation in

emotional responses, practical concerns, and

the UK. It combined a qualitative depth approach

evolving expectations – and formed the

with a quantitative breadth, ensuring both an

foundation for the subsequent quantitative

emotional nuance and statistical robustness in

survey.

reaching a broad and representative sample.

Appendix | 65

Quantitative Survey Building on the qualitative findings, we developed a detailed questionnaire and conducted a nationally representative survey of 1,598 adults aged 18 and over. This included respondents from: n

All major UK regions, across England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland

n

A full range of ages, genders, and socioeconomic groups

To ensure digital inclusion, we used a mixed quantitative channel methodology: n

300 interviews were conducted by telephone, targeting individuals without internet access or email — particularly those at risk of digital exclusion

n

The remaining 1,298 surveys were conducted online, using a research survey platform

These figures reflect the UK population and demonstrate that the survey successfully included digitally excluded groups, ensuring a more equitable and inclusive dataset.

The data has been weighted to ensure that it is reflective of a national representative profile.

Research took place: n

Qualitative focus group discussions – 24th March – 2nd April 2025

n

Quantitative survey – 1st May – 19th June 2025

66 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Sample Profile A nationally representative sample of the UK population was interviewed, with the following quotas set:

GENDER (weighted)

SOCIAL CLASS* (weighted)

Male

49%

(chief wage earner)

Female

51%

AB

31%

Cl

33%

C2

15%

DE

21%

REGION (weighted) N. East

6%

Yorkshire

9%

* Social class is a hierarchical classification

E. Midlands

7%

determined by a combination of factors

E. England

6%

including occupation, income and education

W. Midlands

7%

S. West

7%

DIGITAL ENGAGEMENT

London

13%

Very confident

70%

N. West

13%

Quite confident

20%

S. East

11%

Not very confident

4%

Wales

6%

Not at all confident

3%

Scotland

8%

Don't use/ have access

3%

N. Ireland

6% ETHNICITY

AGE (weighted)

White

89%

Black / African / Caribbean

4%

18 - 24

11%

Asian

5%

25 - 34

17%

Prefer not to say

2%

35 - 44

17%

45 - 55

16%

56 - 65

16%

RELIGION

66 - 75

12%

Church of England / Scotland

32%

75+

11%

Catholic

12%

Methodist / Baptist

3%

Quotas were not set on digital engagement,

Sikh / Hindu / Buddhist / Jewish / Muslim

5%

religion or ethnicity

Atheist / No religion

36%

Other religion

7%

Prefer not to say

5%

Appendix | 67

Final Recruitment Questionnaire Good morning/afternoon/evening.

My name is ________________________ from Compass Research Limited. We are undertaking market research on behalf of a registered charity to gauge people’s views on funerals today. Could you spare a few moments to help us with the research we’re conducting?

We are looking for certain types of people to take part in a group discussion on __________________ at ____________pm. Would you be available to take part?

The discussion will be conducted over Zoom and will last up to 60 minutes (Groups 1& 7) OR 90 minutes (Groups 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 & 9) As I mentioned, the purpose of the discussion is to explore people’s attitudes towards funerals, particularly cremations. No attempt whatsoever will be made to sell you anything. It is purely market research.

I just need to ask you a few questions

Q1

Please tell me if:

a.

you

b.

any of your friends/relatives

Work or have ever worked in any of the following trades/professions mentioned here? a) You

b) Friends/ Relatives

Market Research

V

V

Journalism

0

0

Advertising

1

1

Public Relations

2

2

Funeral directors/services

3

3

Crematoria

4

4

IF ANY OF THE ABOVE TRADES/PROFESSIONS ARE MENTIONED AT Q1 – DO NOT RECRUIT. PLEASE DOUBLE-CHECK WITH RESPONDENTS THAT THEY DO NOT HAVE ANY FRIENDS / SONS / DAUGHTERS / IN-LAWS IN THESE PROFESSIONS.

68 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Q2

Have you ever attended a funeral where

Q4

If you have attended more than one

all or part of the funeral was held at a

cremation, please answer the following question

crematorium?

about all these cremations. Which of the following best describes the type of cremation(s)

If necessary, add: A crematorium is a specific

you have attended?

venue where cremations take place and cremation is a process that uses intense heat to

I have only attended a cremation where the

turn the remains of a person who has died into

whole service was held at the crematorium

1

ashes.

Yes

1

GO TO Q3

I have only attended a cremation where

No

2

CLOSE

the service was carried out at a

2

crematorium in addition to another ALL MUST HAVE PERSONALLY ATTENDED

venue (e.g. a church)

A CREMATORIUM I have attended both types of cremation described above Q3

3

How recently was this?

ENSURE THERE IS REPRESENTATION OF

Within the last 3 months

1

PARTICIPANTS WHO HAVE ONLY ATTENDED THE

In the last 4 - 12 months

2

CREMATORIUM AND THOSE WHO HAVE ALSO

1 – 2 years

3

BEEN TO A SERVICE ELSEWHERE PLUS THE

2 – 3 years

4

CREMATORIUM

4 – 5 years

5

More than 5 years

6

CLOSE

Q5

Have you ever personally organised a

cremation for someone? This means you were CLOSE IF ATTENDED A CREMATION MORE THAN

involved in the main arrangement meeting with

5 YEARS AGO

the funeral director and responsible for making decisions solely or jointly with others.

PLEASE ENSURE A MIXTURE OF THE LENGTH OF TIME SINCE ATTENDING A CREMATION.

INTERVIEWER INSTRUCTION: PLEASE ENSURE THIS WAS A CREMATION AND NOT A BURIAL THAT WAS ARRANGED. Yes

1 GRPS 1, 2 & 7 CLOSE

No

2

GROUPS 1, 2 & 7 – IF YES PERSONALLY ORGANISED A CREMATION - CLOSE GROUPS 1, 2 & 7 – IF NO GO TO Q9 GROUPS 2 – 6 & 8 – 9 ASK QUESTIONS Q6 - 8 GROUPS 2 – 6 & 8 – 9 ASK ALL WHO HAVE ARRANGED A CREMATION

Appendix | 69

Q6

How recently did you arrange this

Q8

How likely is it that you will personally

cremation? If necessary, add: If you have

need to arrange a cremation for a loved one in

arranged more than one cremation, please

the next 5 years? This means you would be

answer about the most recent cremation you

involved in the main arrangement meeting with

have arranged.

the funeral director and responsible for making decisions solely or jointly with others.

Within the last 6 months

1 CLOSE

In the last 6 - 12 months

2

Definitely

1

1 – 2 years

3

Very likely

2

2 – 3 years

4

Quite likely

3

4 – 5 years

5

Not very likely

4

More than 5 years

6

Not at all likely

5

CLOSE IF ARRANGED A CREMATION WITHIN THE

1 – 3 PARTICIPANTS TO DEFINITELY / VERY LIKELY

LAST 6 MONTHS. 1 – 3 PARTICIPANTS TO HAVE

/ QUITE LIKELY TO ARRANGE A CREMATION IN

ARRANGED A CREMATION BETWEEN 6 MONTHS

THE NEXT 5 YEARS. ALL PARTICIPANTS OF

– 2 YEARS (PER GROUP).

GROUPS 2 – 6 & 8 – 9 MUST HAVE ARRANGED

ASK ALL WHO HAVE ARRANGED A CREMATION

EITHER A CREMATION AND/OR ANTICIPATE

BETWEEN 6 MONTHS – 2 YEARS:

ARRANGING A CREMATION IN THE FUTURE. ASK ALL

Q7

Thinking of the person who died for

Q9

You may or may not have heard of a direct

whom you arranged this cremation. Did they

cremation, this is where someone decides to be

have a funeral plan in place for their funeral?

cremated but there is no service at the crematorium.

By funeral plan, we mean that they had pre-paid

No one can attend at the crematorium. The family

for their funeral with a specific funeral director/

receives the ashes at a later date. A memorial

provider. This does not include where a person

service or other gathering may be arranged away

who died has taken out life insurance, which pays

from the crematorium at a later date to

a sum of money which may be used to pay for

remember the person who has died if desired.

the funeral.

Do you know if any of your close family members Yes

1

have either taken out a direct cremation plan

No

2

(where they have already paid for the direct cremation) or want a direct cremation for

1 – 2 PARTICIPANTS’ LOVED ONE MUST HAVE

themselves?

HAD A FUNERAL PLAN

Yes, have taken out a direct

ASK FOR ALL GROUPS 2 – 6 & 8 – 9

cremation plan Yes, are seriously considering a direct cremation for themselves No, neither of these

1 2 3

AT LEAST 2 RESPONDENTS ACROSS ALL OF THE GROUPS TO KNOW SOMEONE WHO HAS TAKEN OUT A DIRECT CREMATION PLAN OR IS SERIOUSLY CONSIDERING A DIRECT CREMATION.

70 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Q10

How would you describe your religion?

Q12

The group discussion will focus on

attitudes to cremations today. We appreciate Church of England / Scotland / Ireland

1

that this may be difficult for you to discuss in a

Catholic

2

group environment, and our interviewer will be

Methodist

3

very understanding of this when she talks to you.

Baptist

4

Do you feel able and willing to discuss this topic

Sikh

5

with our interviewer and other people who have

Buddhist

6

attended or arranged a cremation (delete as

Jewish

7

appropriate) over Zoom?

Muslim

8

Hindu

9

Yes

1

CONTINUE

Humanist

10

No

2

CLOSE

Atheist / No religion

11

Other religion

12

ALL RESPONDENTS MUST BE WILLING AND

Prefer not to say

13

ABLE TO DISCUSS THIS SENSITIVE SUBJECT ALL GROUPS WILL BE HELD ON ZOOM

4 - 5 X TO BE METHODIST / BAPTIST / SIKH /

IF ELIGIBLE AND ABLE TO TAKE PART IN THE

BUDDIST / JEWISH / MUSLIM OR HINDU ACROSS

RESEARCH CHECK THE FOLLOWING

ALL GROUPS. NO QUOTA SET FOR ANY OTHER RELIGIONS AND THOSE WITH NO RELIGION. Q13 Q11

What ethnic group do you most identify with?

White - British White - Irish White – Other Mixed/Multiple ethnic group White and Black Caribbean Mixed/Multiple ethnic group White and Black African Mixed/Multiple ethnic group White and Asian Mixed/Multiple ethnic group - Other Asian/Asian British – Indian Asian/Asian British - Pakistani Asian/Asian British – Bangladeshi Asian/Asian British – Chinese Asian/Asian British – Other Black African/Black Caribbean/ Black British - African Black/African/Caribbean/Black British – Caribbean Arab Any other ethnic group Prefer not to say

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Which of the following devices do you

have access to daily at home?

Desktop computer

1

CONTINUE

Laptop

2

CONTINUE

Mini Laptop / Notebook (10” screen)

3

Tablet

4

Mobile phone

5

CONTINUE

ALL MUST HAVE AT LEAST A DESKTOP COMPUTER, LAPTOP OR TABLET

Q14

Does your laptop / PC have a webcam,

that you know works?

13 Yes

1

CONTINUE

14

No

2

CLOSE

15 16 17

ALL MUST HAVE A WEBCAM

1 – 2 PER GROUP TO IDENTIFY WITH ETHNICITY GROUPS 4 – 16 ABOVE. Appendix | 71

Q15

Do you have a very strong Wi-Fi

connection within your home?

Classification

Yes

1

CONTINUE

BREAKDOWN FOR GROUPS

No

2

CLOSE ENGLAND / SCOTLAND / WALES n Group 1 n 18 – 30-year-olds

Q16

Can you ensure you have a headset

n Attended a cremation only

(i.e. headphones with a built-in microphone), which you can use with your laptop or PC to hear

n Group 2

and speak to other people online for the research

n 31 – 44-year-olds

group?

n Attended a cremation only

Yes

1

CONTINUE

n Groups 3 & 4

No

2

CLOSE

n 45 – 60-year-olds / 1 x ABC1 & 1 x C2DE n Attended + arranged/anticipate arranging n Groups 5 & 6

LET THE RESPONDENT KNOW THE

n 61 – 75-year-olds / 1 x ABC1 & 1 x C2DE

INFORMATION BELOW:

n Attended + arranged/anticipate arranging

Compass Research is a member of the Market Research Society and abides by its

NORTHERN IRELAND

professional Code of Conduct.

n Group 7 n 18 – 40-year-olds

All participant identities will be anonymous,

n Attended a cremation only

and the group discussions will be recorded and these recordings may be viewed by our

n Group 8

client for information and education

n 45 – 60-year-olds

purposes. Some clients may be watching the

n Attended + arranged/anticipate

group, but none of their personal details will

arranging

be disclosed to the client. n Group 9 A consent form will be sent to the

n 61 – 75-year-olds

participant for review and signature before

n Attended + arranged/anticipate

the group discussion. Participation in the group discussion will not take place without formal consent.

72 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

arranging

RESPONDENTS STATUS : Head of Household

……….

V

Not Head of Household

X

OCCUPATION OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD /

OCCUPATION OF RESPONDENT

IF UNEMPLOYED, OCCUPATION OF CHIEF

(Write In)

WAGE EARNER, IF ANY (Write In) Profession/Industry Worked in : Any qualifications/apprenticeship

Profession/Industry Worked i.e : Yes

Any qualifications/apprenticeship

Yes

(write-in)

(write in)

No ……………………………..V

No ……………………………..V

IF SELF EMPLOYED, MANAGERIAL

IF SELF EMPLOYED, MANAGERIAL

OR SUPERVISORY:

OR SUPERVISORY:

How many people are responsible for in the

How many people are responsible for in the

workplace:

workplace:

If Civil Servant/Police/Armed Forces:

If Civil Servant/Police/Armed Forces:

What Grade/Rank:

What Grade/Rank:

NON-WORKING HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD (ie: retired or widowed) State Pension only ……………………………..V

State Pension Only …………………………….

.V

Private Pension/Means …………………… X

Private Pension/Means ……………………

X

QUOTA AGE:

SEX

WRITE IN AGE

n Male

1

n Female

2

}

AT LEAST 2 x MALE

n 18 – 24

1 GROUP 1 ONLY

n 25 – 30

2 GROUPS 1 & 7

n 31 – 40

3 GROUPS 2 & 7

SOCIAL CLASS

n 41 – 44

4 GROUP 2

n ABC1

1 GROUPS 3 & 5

n 45 – 52

5 GROUPS 3, 4 & 8

n C2DE

2 GROUPS 4 & 6

n 53 – 60

6 GROUPS 3, 4 & 8

All other groups mix of social class

n 61 – 68

7 GROUPS 5, 6 & 9

n 68 – 75

8 GROUPS 5, 6 & 9

LOCATION

n 75 or over

9 CLOSE

ranges above as appropriate to

n England n Scotland n Wales

1 2 3

the group

n N. Ireland

4 GROUPS 7 – 9 ONLY

A mix of ages from the 2 age

}

& 2 x FEMALES / GROUP

GROUPS 1 – 6 AT LEAST ONE PARTICIPANT FROM EACH COUNTRY / GROUP Continued overleaf

Appendix | 73

Discussion Guide

Introduction and Background (5 minutes)

Cremation Society

n

Moderator introduction

State of the Nation Research

n

Explain that this is purely exploratory research and explain the nature/process

FINAL Discussion Guide Audience: Under 45-year-olds – 1 hour

of the group discussion n

Over 45-year-olds – 1½ hours

Stress confidentiality/MRS Code of Conduct and assure participants that their responses will be anonymous

The following discussion guide provides

n

Reconfirm that participants permit

an outline of the process that

recording of the group, explaining it will

participants will be guided through to

be viewed by the client but not used

build a comprehensive picture of where

outside their organisation. N.B. GDPR,

cremation stands in today’s society.

consent, and permissions will have been explained and agreed upon as part of

This discussion guide will be used

the recruitment process

flexibly to focus on the main areas for exploration as appropriate to the target

Background (25 - 35 minutes)

participants and bearing in mind this is a sensitive subject.

Experience of attending a cremation.

Throughout the discussions, spontaneous responses will be sought

These questions aim to gather insights into

before any prompting. Answers to the

the emotional, attitudinal, cultural, and

following question areas will be probed

personal aspects of cremation, providing a

to understand why a particular

comprehensive understanding of

response has been given and to

perceptions and experience.

understand the impact and options that may have led to a better outcome.

If required, after exploring a topic unprompted, an explanation may be used to assist the discussion and ensure all participants within a group have a common understanding e.g. a definition of Direct Cremation.

74 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

We want to start by garnering spontaneous perceptions about cremations, so rather than have an initial warm-up discussion, we will begin with a short word mapping exercise, by asking everyone to write down: n

n

Their very first thought when someone

n

What do they think/expect when attending a

mentions the word cremation

cremation

We will then prompt participants to develop

n

their thoughts further by writing down:

What are their views of cremation services held at a crematorium

n

What the word cremation means to them

n

What comes to mind when they think of

types of cremation services, inc. services

cremation

held elsewhere before or after the

n

Their views about cremation

crematorium

n

What positive and negative experiences

n

n

n

What experience do they have of different

In what ways do cremation services enable

have they of cremation

different cultural traditions to be respected

How it feels when they anticipate attending

and incorporated

a cremation

n

How can a cremation service help them remember and respect the person who has

The above word map will form the basis for the

died

following discussion. N.b. Participants will be

l

asked to take a photo and send it to us at the end

What aspects of the service help to do this

of the group.

n

What is their overall experience of cremation services and how could they be

n

n

n

What experience do they have of cremation(s) n

How many have they attended

n

Who for and how recently

improved n

What came to mind when they wrote their

What are their views of crematoria n

What type of crematorium have they

initial thoughts about cremation and why was

experienced e.g. old/traditional/modern etc.

this their primary response to cremations

l

What are their perceptions of cremation n

crematorium

Do they focus on the service element of a

l

cremation and/or the process of cremation How well do they feel they understand the What are the positives and negatives

n

What information would they like to know, or prefer not to know

n

How has the type of venue they’ve attended shaped their views

process of cremation (vs. the service itself) n

What positive and negative experiences have they of the crematorium/crematoria

l n

How does it feel to arrive at / enter a

n

Thinking about their experience of different crematoria, how could they be improved

n

Why might the process of cremation be

Overall, how positive or negative do they feel about cremations today

considered vs. burial n

How appropriate are cremations in society today and in the future

Appendix | 75

n

What is their view of cremation for a loved one,

Experience in arranging a cremation/

how do they feel / would they feel knowing a

thoughts/consideration in anticipation of

family member had chosen a cremation (vs. a

arranging a funeral (20 minutes)

burial) n

What is their view of cremation for themselves

These questions delve into the cultural

in the future

and emotional dimensions of arranging

n

n

n

Have they considered their preferred option

a cremation, providing a deeper

e.g. burial or cremation

understanding of the personal and

How likely are they to choose cremation for

emotional factors involved and how

themselves

cultural beliefs and practices influence

What concerns may they have about

emotional experiences.

cremation for themselves n

What role does the crematorium have in the

n

ritual of grieving n

they have arranged

Explore its role as: l

One of many steps of saying farewell

l

A unique place to be for the ritual of

n

n

n

n

If not arranged, who do they anticipate arranging a cremation for in the future

n

How do they feel about the thought of

An important place of closure in its own

arranging a cremation

right

n

Positives and negatives

How important is it to be present at the

n

Does this differ from arranging any

crematorium for the cremation n

Who was the most recent cremation arranged for

grieving that couldn’t take place elsewhere

Double check how many cremations

Can the farewell take place at a different time and location

other type of funeral (i.e. burial) n

What were the key reasons for choosing cremation (this will identify if someone already had a cremation plan

ASK ONLY FOR GROUPS 2–6 7 8–9 (THOSE WHO

and where appropriate we will discuss

HAVE ARRANGED A CREMATION OR ANTICIPATE

the impact of the plan on their

ARRANGING A CREMATION):

decision re: which crematorium to use) n

Did they / would they consider other options l

If so, what were/are they, and why ultimately choose cremation?

(Listen out / probe for reference to; cost, location, funeral director influence, family tradition, deceased person’s wishes, wanted my family to have ashes to keep/scatter etc.)

l

When organising a cremation, whose wishes and needs do you feel are most important; the wishes and needs of the person who has died, their family/person organising the funeral

76 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

n

Did they / would they consider different

n

Satisfaction and feedback for those who have

cremation options e.g. Cremation with a

arranged a funeral

service, direct cremation etc. Where a plan has

n

been / is in place we will ask about the

Looking back, how do they feel about their decision to choose cremation

motivations for the deceased (if known) for

n

taking out this plan, especially if a direct

Is there anything they wish had been different or improved in the process

cremation plan n

n

Which type of cremation did / would they

n

Are they aware of the costs of the cremation

choose

and the crematorium

What factors influence their decision

n

regarding the type of cremation/service

a cremation

they choose n

n

Influences n

Did cost play a part in their decision to have Did cost play a part in choice of crematorium

What sources of information did they / would they consult when making their

Ashes

decision (e.g. family, friends, online resources, funeral director) l

n

What did they do / what do they plan to do with

How influential are these sources in their

the ashes following the cremation and why e.g.

decision

n

Are there any emotional challenges or

Were they / will they be: n

concerns they faced/anticipate facing when

no family present

deciding on cremation l

How to address or overcome these challenges

n

Family history n

l

Are there differences in how various

n

Interred in a grave at the cemetery

n

Held onto by the family e.g. scattering in a favourite/special place

n

How has / would their family’s history with cremation influenced their decision?

Scattered by staff at the crematorium with

Do people view the ashes as more or less ‘sacred’ than the body of the person who died

n

What personal or cultural significance do the ashes hold for you

generations in their family view cremation l

How do these differences affect their

ASK ALL GROUPS

feelings and decision-making process l

Can they share any stories or experiences from previous generations that impacted their choice

n

Cultural and Religious Factors n

Were there / would there be any cultural challenges or conflicts they faced when deciding on cremation. l

How can cultural beliefs and practices influence their decision to choose cremation

l

Can they share any specific cultural traditions or rituals associated with cremation that are important to them

l

How important were these factors in the decision-making process

Appendix | 77

Awareness and attitude towards alternatives e.g. Direct Cremation (10 minutes) These questions aim to explore attitudes toward various cremation options, providing insights into personal preferences, emotional responses, and cultural considerations n

What alternatives, if any, are they aware of

n

other than cremation and burial? n

Decision Factors n

How have they become aware of these and

How likely would they be to consider a direct cremation for themselves

what do they know about them?

n

What factors would influence their decision to choose direct cremation

Direct Cremation n

n

n

How familiar are they with the concept of

cost, and convenience in their decision-

direct cremation

making process

What is their understanding of a direct

n

cremation n

Emotional Considerations n

a direct cremation for themselves and/or for

direct cremation (Listen out to references of

their family n

Listen to descriptions then read out / show on

Family and Community Impact n

community would react if they or other

ensure an accurate understanding i.e. A direct

family member were to choose a direct

cremation is with no mourners in attendance

cremation? n

returned to their next of kin if requested.

What are their initial thoughts and feelings n

How do they feel about the lack of an

Would their reactions influence their feelings about this option?

n

about direct cremation.

n

How do they think their family and

screen a description of Direct Cremation to

and no service is held. The ashes can be n

Do they have any concerns about choosing

Where and how have they heard about adverts)

n

How important are aspects like simplicity,

Would they consider a direct cremation for themselves

n

What do they think of the direct cremation

attended funeral service with direct

advertising

cremation

n

Has any direct cremation advertising

Do they know of anyone who has had or is

encouraged them to review their own

considering a direct cremation

funeral thoughts / decisions

n

How do they feel about that

n

What impact, if any, do they think this may

encouraged them to consider a direct

have on the grieving process for those left

cremation for themselves

n

behind n

n

Why do they think people are choosing a

Has any direct cremation advertising

What messages within the adverts have made them consider this type of cremation

direct cremation (e.g. cost, wanted to avoid

n

family attending a funeral, no close relations

As a result, would they consider taking out a direct cremation plan, if so, why

etc.) n

How would they feel if a family member were

Thinking about what was said above about ashes

to choose a direct cremation

earlier: n

Does their view about the importance of the ashes change if there was no service at a cremation

n

Are people scattering ashes when there has been no service or are they being held onto?

78 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Future Use of Crematoria (15 mins) These questions aim to gather insights into how customers might use crematoria in the future, focusing on service preferences, facilities, technological integration, community support, and cultural considerations. n

Service Preferences n

n

Types of Services l

Community and Support n

What types of services would they like to

engagement and support services being

see offered at a crematorium in the future

made available at a crematorium

(e.g. memorial services, scattering

n

gardens, digital memorials). l

How important are these services to them

n

l

How important is the ability to customise

crematorium l

crematorium l

they like to have available n

Facilities and Amenities

Cultural and Religious Considerations n

What features or amenities would they n

gardens, meditation rooms)

would they like to see offered n

Accessibility and Convenience

Future Vision n

How important is accessibility and n

crematorium What factors related to location and ease

n

l

n

crematorium

How interested are they in digital services

n

Would they attend an event at a

offered by a crematorium (e.g. virtual

crematorium, other than a funeral

memorials, online planning tools)

e.g. A regular meeting (e.g. book club/art

What digital services would enhance their

group/choir practice), a café, an open day to

experience with a crematorium

see ‘behind the scenes’ at a crematorium,

Innovative Practices l

What changes or improvements would make them more likely to use a

Technological Integration / Digital Services l

How do they envision the role of crematoria evolving in the future

of access are most important to them n

How do they envision cremation services evolving in the future

convenience when choosing a l

What specific cultural or religious services

How would these features impact their decision to use a crematorium.

l

How important is the inclusion of cultural practices and rituals at a crematorium

like to see in a crematorium (e.g. serene l

What specific support services would

What specific personalisation options would they like to have available

l

How appropriate are emotional support and counselling services at a

and personalise services at a

n

Emotional Support

Customisation and Personalisation l

n

What types of community activities or support groups would they find valuable.

if considering a crematorium. n

How appropriate is community

a bereavement-related event, a non-

Are they aware of any alternative options

bereavement event

to burial or cremation available or being l

considered for the future

Final Thoughts

If so, what is their view of alternative

n

cremations and how do they see these

Is there anything else they would like to share about their future use of crematoria.

fitting within the current crematorium offerings

Thank and Close

Appendix | 79

Survey Questionnaire Cremation Society State of the Nation FINAL Questionnaire

Introduction The following questions ask about your experiences of funerals.

We know this can be a difficult subject, but we would very much appreciate your views as they will help us to understand expectations and preferences when arranging a funeral.

We would very much appreciate your views as this will help us to understand expectations and preferences when arranging a funeral, but if it would be difficult or distressing for you to answer questions on this subject, please do not start the survey.

Q1

How old are you?

Tick one answer only.

Q2 Single code

How would you describe your gender?

Tick one answer only.

Single code

Under 18

1

Male

1

18 – 24

2

Female

2

25 - 29

3

Other gender

3

30 – 34

4

Prefer not to say

4

35 - 39

5

40 – 44

6

45 – 49

7

50 – 54

8

55 – 59

9

60 – 64

10

65 – 69

11

70 – 74

12

75 – 79

13

80+

14

Prefer not to say

15

80 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Q3

Please indicate the occupational group of the Chief Income Earner, or which group fits best.

The Chief Income Earner is the person in your household with the largest income (this could be you).

If the Chief Income Earner is retired with an occupational pension, please give the occupation that was their main career. If the Chief Income Earner is not in paid employment but has been out of work for less than 6 months, please give their most recent occupation.

Please select the most appropriate answer Single code Semi or unskilled manual work (e.g.

Higher managerial/ professional/

manual workers, all apprentices to be

1

administrative (e.g. established doctor,

skilled trades, caretaker, park keeper,

solicitor, Board director in a large

non-HGV driver, shop assistant)

organisation (200+ employees, top-level

5

civil servant/public service employee) Skilled manual worker (e.g. skilled bricklayer, carpenter, plumber, painter,

2

Student

6

Casual worker – not in permanent

7

bus/ ambulance driver, HGV driver, AA patrolman, pub/bar worker, etc.)

employment Supervisory or clerical/ junior managerial/ professional/ administrative (e.g. office

3

Unemployed for more than 6 months

8

employees, salesperson, etc.)

Homemaker

9

Intermediate managerial/ professional/

Retired and living on state pension

10

(under 3 years) doctor, solicitor, Board

Not working due to long-term sickness

11

director small organisation, middle

or disability

worker, student doctor, foreman with 25+

administrative (e.g. newly qualified

4

manager in large organisation, principal officer in civil service/local government)

Full-time carer of another household

12

member Not applicable

Q4

13

In which region of the country do you permanently live? Single code

North East

1

South West

9

North West

2

Wales

10

Yorkshire & Humberside

3

Scotland

11

East Midlands

4

Northern Ireland

12

West Midlands

5

East

6

Greater London

7

We are going to start by asking some questions

South East

8

about attending funerals

Appendix | 81

Q5

Which, if any of these types of funerals

have you ever attended?

Q7

When was the last time you attended a

cremation and/or burial (only show wording appropriate to answer at Q5)?

Multicode Single code for each column. Only show columns Cremation at the crematorium only

1

Cremation, with a service held at a separate venue and the crematorium

as appropriate Cremation i.e. if Q5 = code 1 or 2 and/or Burial Q5 = code 4

2

Cremation, attended a service held

Cremation

Burial

at a separate venue, but did not attend the crematorium

3

In the last year

1

1

Burial

4

1 – 2 years ago

2

2

None – never attended a funeral

5

3 – 5 years ago

3

3

6 – 10 years ago

4

4

More than 10 years ago

5

5

ONLY ASK IF Q5 = CODE 1, 2 or 4. OTHERWISE, GO TO Q9

ASK IF Q5 = CODE 1, 2 or 4 & IF FROM NORTHERN IRELAND (Q4 = CODE 12), OTHERWISE GO TO Q9

Q6

How many funerals have you ever

Q8 Where have you attended a cremation?

attended?

Please tick all that are appropriate Multicode An approximate number is acceptable. Single code for each column. Only show columns as

Roselawn Crematorium, Belfast

appropriate Cremation i.e. if Q5 = code 1 or 2

Antrim and Newtownabbey

and/or Burial Q5 = code 4

Crematorium A crematorium in the Republic of Ireland Cremation

Burial

One only

1

1

Wales

2–5

2

2

A crematorium elsewhere

6 – 10

3

3

11 – 15

4

4

More than 15

5

5

82 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

A crematorium in England / Scotland /

ASK ALL

1 2 3 4 5

Q9

Who do you think the funeral is

Q12

What concerns, if any, do you have about

primarily for?

cremation?

Please tick one answer only Single code

Please give as much detail as possible Open-ended question option Code frame

The person who has died

1

The family of the person who has died

2

Gen. Not for me/I prefer other

The family and friends

3

methods (burial etc.)

The Community

4

Gen. The whole process of cremation

1

itself/burning the body then

2

receiving ashes Q10

Thinking now about cremations

Uncertainty over the process/don’t know how it works/don’t understand it

Even if you have never attended a cremation,

Ashes getting mixed up/could end up

how well-informed do you feel about what

with someone else’s ashes/a combination

happens during the cremation process? i.e. the

of different people’s ashes

actual cremation procedure in the crematorium?

Ashes getting lost

6

environmental concerns Costs/more expensive than other methods

Very well informed

1

Spending money on a coffin to

Quite well informed

2

have it burned

Not very well informed

3

If the body is handled with respect/

Not informed at all

4

with dignity

9 10

the body isn’t dead during cremation Which of these statements reflects your

Cultural conflict/goes against some

desire to know more about the process of

cultural beliefs/practices

cremation?

Religious conflict/goes against

11 12

some religious beliefs/practices Single code. Flip order of code frame

Emotional/psychological struggles for the loved ones left behind (doesn’t

I would like to know a lot more

1

give closure, too abrupt, no body to

I would like to know a little more

2

mourn over at a final resting place etc.)

I don’t need to know any more

3

What to do with the ashes afterwards

I really don’t want to know about the process

7 8

Being alive during the process/that Q11

4 5

Air pollution/carbon footprint/ Single code. Flip order of the code frame

3

4

14

Negative press coverage makes

15

me concerned (all mentions) Too much like a production line/not enough time or space given to the ceremony Knowing too many details about the process/I’d prefer not to know anything That the whole process is carried out properly/correctly/ethically

13

16 17 18

Other

19

Nothing / no concerns

20

Don’t know / not sure

21

Appendix | 83

Q13

How well do you think current cremations

(i.e. the service and crematoria) serve the needs of those who have died and those bereaved, today?

Single code Very well

1

Quite well

2

ASK Q14 OF ALL WHO HAVE

Not very well

3

ATTENDED A CREMATION AT A

Not at all well

4

CREMATORIUM (Q5 = CODE 1 OR 2),

Don’t know

5

OTHERWISE GO TO Q22

Q14

Thinking about your experience of attending a cremation, or your perceptions,

how much do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements?

Single code for each row.

Randomise order of code frame & flip order of response codes (i.e. strongly agree etc.)

Strongly Agree

Slightly Agree

Slightly Disagree

Strongly Disagree

Don’t know

Cremation is less traumatic for those attending than a burial

1

2

4

5

6

A cremation feels more personalised than a burial

1

2

4

5

6

1

2

4

5

6

Cremations are environmentally friendly

1

2

4

5

6

Having a grave to visit provides more comfort than having ashes

1

2

4

5

6

Cremations provide the comfort of having ashes to retain / scatter

1

2

4

5

6

Cremations are becoming more appropriate/ acceptable among different religions

Q15

Based on your overall experience attending a cremation,

which of the following statements do you agree or disagree with?

Single code for each row.

Randomise order of code frame and flip order of response codes (i.e. strongly agree etc.)

Strongly Agree

Slightly Agree

Neither / nor

Slightly Disagree

Strongly Disagree

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

Crematoria try to conduct too many services each day

1

2

3

4

5

Some crematoria are not fit for purpose today

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

There is a need for more crematoria Cremation services can feel rushed, with insufficient time to say a proper goodbye

Crematoria are needed to provide a place to pay final respects to someone who has died A crematorium is a religious place

84 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Q16

Thinking about the last cremation that

Q17

Who was the last cremation you

you attended. Who arranged the funeral?

attended for?

Please select one answer only Single code

My spouse / partner

1

My parent

2

I was the main arranger of the funeral

1

My father / mother-in-law

3

I arranged the funeral alongside others

2

My grandparent

4

My sibling

5

Other family members arranged the funeral

3

My child

6

Someone else arranged the funeral

4

My son / daughter-in-law

7

My aunt / uncle

8

My cousin

9

Another relative

10

My friend

11

A work colleague

12

My friend’s relative/

13

loved one of a friend A family friend

14

(a friend of my parents etc.)

Q18

My neighbour

15

A client/patient of mine

16

Other (please specify)

17

Prefer not to say

18

Continuing to think about this specific cremation for your

(insert answer from Q17), please indicate whether your experience with the following aspects were positive, negative, or neutral. If you have no experience with a particular aspect, please select ‘Not applicable’.

Single code for each row. Randomise order of code frame & flip order of responses (i.e. positive etc.)

Positive

Neutral

Negative

N/A

Car parking

1

2

3

4

Ease of accessibility

1

2

3

4

The grounds around the crematorium

1

2

3

4

Length of service

1

2

3

4

Size of room for the number of attendees

1

2

3

4

Space to wait for the funeral to begin

1

2

3

4

Any digital technology e.g. TV showing photos

1

2

3

4

Space to gather after the service

1

2

3

4

Café/wake facilities at the crematorium

1

2

3

4

The time scheduled between cremation services

1

2

3

4

Appendix | 85

Q19

How did you feel overall about this

Q20

Why did you not feel positive after this

experience at the crematorium?

experience at the crematorium?

Single code. Flip order of code frame

Multicode. Randomise code frame, except something else option

Very positive

1

Quite positive

2

The service was too short /

Not very positive

3

not enough time

Not at all positive

4

Room was too small / people were standing

ASK Q20 IF NOT VERY OR NOT AT ALL POSITIVE

The room was too big for

(Q19 = CODE 3 OR 4) OTHERWISE GO TO Q21

the number of people Poor sound system Seeing the coffin being lowered was distressing Seeing the curtain drawn around the coffin was disturbing No streaming facility No digital option to e.g. show photographs It felt impersonal Insufficient time scheduled between cremation services There was nowhere to wait before the funeral There was nowhere to gather after the funeral Found the whole process traumatising

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

It was a funeral/there is nothing positive about a funeral/

14

losing a loved one Covid restrictions

15

Something else (please write in)

16

None / nothing

17

Don’t know / Not sure

18

ASK Q21 IF Q5 = CODE 1 OR 2

86 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Q21

Which description best describes the style

of the crematorium for this cremation?

Q24

Thinking about the ashes from the last

cremation that you arranged. What happened to the ashes?

Single code

Multicode, except single code D/K Randomise code frame, except something else option & Don’t

Chapel / Church style

1

know

2

We still have the ashes so we

Elaborate brick building with ornate details Basic/functional building with little decoration

can stay connected 3

Modern with an open, airy interior,

We still have the ashes so they can be placed with another family

typically with lots of natural light.

4

member at a later stage

Other (please write in)

5

We still have the ashes as we’re

None / Nothing / No Service

6

unsure what to do with them

Don’t know / Not sure

7

Some or all the ashes have been scattered at the crematorium

ASK ALL

Some or all the ashes have been scattered elsewhere The ashes have been split

Q22

Have you ever been the main person

between different family members

responsible for arranging a cremation or a burial?

The ashes haven’t been collected yet

By arranging we mean that you made the key

The ashes have been interred/buried

decisions or were very involved in the decisions

at a cemetery

for the funeral.

The ashes have been put in a keepsake, such as jewellery or

Please select all that apply. Single code for codes

1

2

3 4 5 6 7 8

9

another meaningful item The ashes have been buried

10

Yes - cremation

1

in a garden

Yes - burial

2

Something else (please write in)

11

No – never arranged a funeral

3

Don’t know

12

ASK Q23 IF ARRANGED A CREMATION (Q22 = CODE 1) OTHERWISE GO TO Q26

Q23

How long ago did you last arrange

a cremation?

Single code In the last year

1

1 – 2 years ago

2

3 – 5 years ago

3

6 – 10 years ago

4

More than 10 years ago

5

Can’t remember

6

Appendix | 87

Q25

How much do you agree or disagree with

the following statements about these ashes?

Q27

When thinking about the next cremation

you anticipate you may need to arrange, who do you anticipate arranging a cremation for?

Single code per row Single code Randomise the statements and flip the response

My spouse / partner

1

options

My mother

2

My father

3

My mother-in-law

4

My father-in-law

5

I have/ had little or no sentimental

My grandmother

6

attachment to the ashes

My grandfather

7

My brother

8

I found it emotionally difficult

My sister

9

when the ashes were returned

My son

10

My daughter

11

Having ashes rather than a grave

My son-in-law

12

makes it more difficult to grieve

My daughter-in-law

13

5

My aunt

14

I am comforted by knowing where the ashes are

My uncle

15

My cousin

16

Another relative

17

My friend

18

Myself

19

Other (please specify)

20

Don’t know / Not sure

21

Prefer not to say

22

Strongly Agree

1

1

1 1

Slightly Agree

2

2

2 2

Neither / nor

Slightly Disagree

3

Strongly Disagree

4

3

5

4

3

5

4

3

4

5

ASK ALL

Q26

How likely do you anticipate arranging

Q28

Does your (insert response from Q27)

either of these types of funerals in the next 10

have a funeral plan? By funeral plan we mean

years?

that they had pre-paid for their funeral with a funeral director. This is not a type of insurance

Single code for each column, must answer each

where money will be provided to pay towards the

column

funeral.

Cremation

Burial

Very likely

1

1

Quite likely

2

2

Not very likely

3

3

Yes

1

Not at all likely

4

4

No

2

Don’t know

3

ASK Q27 IF LIKELY TO ARRANGE A CREMATION (Q26 CREMATION = CODE 1 OR 2) OTHERWISE GO TO Q37

88 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Single code

Q29

What has influenced the decision to have a cremation?

Please tick all applicable Multicode, except single code D/K Randomise code frame, except ‘Something else’ & don’t know option Don’t like the idea of being buried

1

Feel attending a cremation is less traumatic than a burial

2

The crematorium is closer for those attending

3

A cremation is cheaper than a burial

4

Unable to get a burial plot

5

Have never been to a burial, only ever attended a cremation

6

For religious beliefs

7

Want the ashes placed in a specific place

8

To have a non-religious funeral

9

Don’t want family to feel obliged to visit a grave

10

It’s what the family has chosen before

11

Wants ashes to be with the ashes of another family member

12

It’s the person’s choice/what they wanted

13

It is an easier option

14

Something else (please write in)

15

Don’t know / Not sure

16

Q30

How happy are you about your (insert

Q31

When it comes to arranging this cremation,

response from Q27) their decision to have a

whose wishes would you say will be most

cremation?

important when you are making decisions about the cremation?

Single code Flip code frame Single code Very happy

1

Quite happy

2

Your (insert from Q27) wishes

1

Neither happy nor unhappy

3

Your wishes

2

Not very happy

4

Other family members wishes

3

Not at all happy

5

Everyone’s wishes were equal

4

Q32 Do you expect you will have a choice of crematorium?

Single code Yes

1

No

2

Don’t know

3

Appendix | 89

Q33

If you were to have a choice of crematorium, which, if any, of the following aspects would you

expect to influence your decision as to which crematorium to use?

Multicode, except single code D/K. Randomise code frame, except something else option & D/K How far away the crematorium is

1

If you have used the crematorium before

2

If it is recommended by the funeral director

3

The cost of the crematorium

4

Which has the more attractive building / grounds

5

Which has the earliest date for the cremation

6

Which has the best room size of the number of attendees

7

Which is more environmentally friendly

8

Which has the best car parking

9

The length of the service

10

Which has easier access for attendees

11

The ability to incorporate specific cultural or religious traditions

12

The provision of refreshments / wake facilities

13

Something else (please write in)

14

Don’t know

15

Q34

Would you expect there to be any religious

Q35

How easily do you expect it will be able to

or cultural traditions to be incorporated into the

incorporate your cultural or religious traditions

cremation?

into the cremation?

Single code

Single code Flip code frame

Yes

1

Very easily

1

No

2

Quite easily

2

Don’t know

3

Not very easily

3

Not at all easily

4

ASK Q35 IF ANTICIPATE RELIGIOUS OR CULTURE REQUIREMENTS (Q34 = CODE 1) OTHERWISE GO TO Q37

90 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

ASK Q36 IF Q26 CREMATION = CODE 1 OR 2

Q36

What do you anticipate will happen to your (insert response from Q27) ashes?

Multicode, except single code, Not Sure (codes 8 & 9). Randomise the order of responses To have the ashes scattered at the crematorium

1

To have the ashes scattered in a special place

2

To keep the ashes so we can stay connected

3

To keep the ashes so can be with another family member at a later stage

4

To split the ashes between different family members

5

The ashes will be interred/buried at a cemetery

6

Have the ashes put in a keepsake, such as jewellery or another meaningful item

7

Bury the ashes in a garden

8

Not sure, there could be disagreements within the family

9

Not sure it’s never been discussed

10

Something else (please write in)

11

Don’t know / Not sure

12

ASK ALL We now want to ask about a different option now available called a Direct Cremation, this is an unattended cremation, where there are no attendees or service at the crematorium. The ashes are returned afterwards. There are several different companies offering direct cremations, these include Pure Cremation, Simplicity Cremations and Distinct Cremations.

Q37

How much have you heard about direct cremations before now?

Single code Flip code frame

Heard a lot

1

Heard a little

2

Not heard of them

3

Easy

1

the deceased is cremated with no service or

Simple

2

attendees at the crematorium. Family and

Empowering

3

friends may choose to have a separate gathering

Uncomplicated

4

to remember the person who has died. The ashes

Respectful

5

are returned to the family or can be scattered by

Affordable

6

the direct cremation provider, in a garden of

Celebratory

7

remembrance. Which words or phrases would

Cold

8

you associate with a direct cremation?

Abandoned

9

Inappropriate

10

Please tick as many as appropriate Multicode.

Harsh

11

Randomise the order of words

Insensitive

12

Emotionless

13

Q38

As mentioned, with a direct cremation,

Appendix | 91

Q39

Do you know anyone who has taken out a

direct cremation plan or had a direct cremation?

Q42

Was there an opportunity for you to get

together with family/friends to remember this person?

Single code Single code Yes – know someone who has taken out a direct cremation plan Yes – know someone who has had a direct cremation No - neither

1 2 3

Yes, was able to attend

1

Yes, but didn’t attend

2

No, nothing was arranged

3

Not that I know of

4

ASK Q40 IF KNOW SOMEONE WHO HAS HAD A DC (Q39 = CODE 2) OTHERWISE GO TO FILTER BEFORE Q44

Q43

How has the fact they had a direct

cremation left you feeling?

Multicode. Randomise the order of answers Q40

Who do you know that has had a direct

cremation?

Multicode

Relieved I didn’t need to go to the funeral

1

That I haven’t said goodbye properly

2

That I can’t grieve for them

3

That the ashes are more important to me

4 5

A family member

1

As though they have just disappeared

A friend

2

Fine/happy with their decision/

Someone else

3

happy they had their wishes honoured

6

Something else (please write in)

7

ASK Q41 IF OTHER FAMILY MEMBER / FRIEND

Don’t know / Not sure

8

HAS HAD A DC (Q40 = 1 OR 2)

None / No feelings at all

9

OTHERWISE GO TO FILTER BEFORE Q44 ASK Q44 IF KNOW SOMEONE WHO HAS TAKEN OUT A DC PLAN (Q39 = CODE 1) OTHERWISE GO TO Q48 Q41

Whose decision was it to for your (insert

answer from Q40) to have a direct cremation?

Q44 Single code

direct cremation plan?

It was their own decision

1

It was my decision

2

It was another family member’s decision

3

It was someone else’s decision (please write in) Don’t know

Who do you know that has taken out a

4 5

Single code I have

1

A family member

2

A friend

3

Someone else

4

ASK Q45 IF TAKEN OUT A DC PLAN THEMSELVES (Q44 = CODE 1) OTHERWISE GO TO Q46

92 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

Q45

How do your family feel about your

Q47

decision to have a direct cremation?

How do you feel about the fact they will

have a direct cremation, which means no one will attend the crematorium?

Multicode Randomise code frame, except something else option They are not too sure but are willing to accept it They are not very happy about it Mixed, some of my family are okay with it, others not

Single code

1 2 3

I’m very happy with the decision

1

I’m accepting of the decision

2

I’m not very happy with the decision

3

I’m not at all happy with the decision

4

I haven’t told anyone about my decision

4

ASK ALL WHO DO NOT HAVE A DC PLAN (Q44 IS

This is what my family want

5

NOT CODE 1) OTHERWISE GO TO Q52

They are happy with my decision

6

I don’t have any other family members to consider

7

Don’t know how they feel

8

Q48

Something else (please write in)

9

yourself?

ASK Q46 IF OTHER FAMILY MEMBER / FRIEND

What type of funeral would you like for

Single code

HAS A DC PLAN (IF Q44 = CODE 2 OR 3) OTHERWISE GO TO FILTER BEFORE Q48

A cremation with attendees

1

A direct cremation, without attendees

2

or service at the crematorium Q46

Whose decision was it to take out a direct

cremation plan?

A burial

3

Sea burial

4

Body left to medical research / science

5

Whatever my family wants to do/ Single code

their decision/ whatever brings them

6

most comfort It was their own decision

1

None / I don’t want a funeral

7

It was my decision

2

Something else (please write in)

8

Not decided yet

9

Don’t want to think about it

10

It was another family member’s decision Their partner’s decision It was someone else’s decision (please write in) Don’t know / Not sure

3 4 5

ASK Q49 IF WANT A CREMATION (Q48 = CODE 1) OTHERWISE GO TO FILTER BEFORE Q50

6

Appendix | 93

Q49

You’ve said you’d like a cremation for

Q50

Why would you like a direct cremation?

yourself, why would you like a cremation?

Multicode Randomise code frame, except Multicode Randomise code frame, except

something else option

something else option I don’t want my family and/or others I don’t like the idea of being buried Feel attending a cremation is less traumatic than a burial

1 2

1

to go through a funeral I don’t want a fuss

2

It is cheaper

3

The crematorium is closer

3

I can’t afford an attended funeral

5

Cremation is cheaper

4

I don’t have many family

6

It’s too difficult to get a burial plot

5

My family lives a long way away

7

I’ve never been to a burial

6

Want my family to get together

For religious beliefs

7

separately from the cremation

So I can have a non-religious funeral

8

Feel it gives them more options

I don’t want my family to feel obliged to visit/care for a grave Cremation preserves land rather than being used for burial plots More environmentally friendly My ashes can be placed/scattered somewhere specific (all mentions)

9 10 11

8 9

to celebrate my life Something else (please write in)

10

ASK Q51 IF WANT A BURIAL (Q48 = CODE 3) OTHERWISE GO TO Q52

12

Cremation is simpler/the easiest option

13

It’s what other family members had

14

Something else (please write in)

15

Q51

Why would you like a burial?

I don’t like the idea of being burnt

1

ASK Q50 IF WANT A DIRECT CREMATION (Q44 =

The crematorium is too far away

2

CODE 1 OR Q48 = CODE 2) OTHERWISE GO TO

I’ve never been to a cremation

3

FILTER BEFORE Q51

I don’t like the local crematorium

4

For religious beliefs

5

It’s a family tradition

6

There is a family plot

7

I don’t like idea of family having my ashes

8

I want my family to have a grave to visit

9

To return to the earth/placed back in nature Something else (please write in) ASK ALL – Thinking now about the future

94 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

10 11

Q52

How well do you think current cremations

Demographics

(i.e. the service and the crematoria) will serve the

Finally some questions about yourself to finish off

future needs of society in 15 – 20 years?

with

Single code

Q54

Which ONE of these best describes your

relationship status?

Very well

1

Quite well

2

Not very well

3

Not at all well

4

Single code Single (never married)

1

With a partner (not married)

2

Married / Civil partnership

3

for a crematorium or its grounds to be used for

Separated

4

the following purposes?

Divorced

5

Widowed

6

Prefer not to say

7

Q53

How appropriate do you think it would be

Single code per row.

Randomise the order of the statements Very

Quite

Not very

Not at all

To hold a memorial on the anniversary of a loved one’s death

1

2

3

2

3

Which of the following best applies to you,

you can select more than one. I have..?

4

To have a café for people to visit at any time 1

Q55

Multicode 4

To hold social/support gatherings for those who

No children

have been bereaved 1

A child/ children aged less

2

3

4

Other community purpose (e.g. book club/ singing groups etc) 1

2

3

than 1 year old 4

To encourage people to visit the Garden of Remembrance

1

2

3

4

A room for holding a wake after the service 1

2

3

4

1 2

Children aged 1 – 5 years

3

Children aged 6 – 10 years

4

Children aged 11 – 15 years

5

Children aged 16 – 17 years

6

Children aged 18 years or older

8

Appendix | 95

Q56

How would you describe your religion?

Q58

Finally, which of the following statements

best describes your digital interaction?

Single code I am very confident using online Church of England / Scotland

1

services e.g. use the internet

Catholic

2

regularly for shopping, banking,

Methodist

3

searching, streaming etc.

Baptist

4

I am quite confident using online

Sikh

5

services e.g. use the internet

Buddhist

6

regularly but can be uncertain

Jewish

7

about some aspects

Muslim

8

Not very confident e.g. use the internet

Hindu

9

but need help from others at times

Humanist

10

Not at all confident e.g. can do one or

Atheist / No religion

11

two things online but don’t use it very

Other religion

12

often or much. Other people may go

Prefer not to say

13

online for me I don’t use or don’t have access to the internet at all

Q57

1

2

3

4

5

What ethnic group do you most identify

with ?

Flag any respondents taking less than 30% average time to complete or straight lines Q14 or

Single code

Q15 or Q18

White – British

1

White – Irish

2

White – Other

3

Mixed/Multiple ethnic group – White and Black Caribbean Mixed/Multiple ethnic group – White and Black African Mixed/Multiple ethnic group – White and Asian

4 5 6

Mixed/Multiple ethnic group – Other

7

Asian/Asian British – Indian

8

Asian/Asian British – Pakistani

9

Asian/Asian British – Bangladeshi

10

Asian/Asian British – Chinese

11

Asian/Asian British – Other

12

Black African/Black Caribbean/ Black British – African Black/African/Caribbean/ Black British – Caribbean

13 14

Arab

15

Any other ethnic group

16

Prefer not to say

17

96 | Public Perceptions of Cremation

The Cremation Society, a registered charity, was established in 1874 and is recognised as the pioneer of cremation in Great Britain.

It is the parent company of the London Cremation Company plc, which owns and operates six crematoria. Since its formation, the Society has worked to promote the practice of cremation, with cremation now being the preferred funerary method in over 80% of funerals in the UK. The Cremation Society is the central repository of cremation data, collating and publishing cremation statistics from across the world each year. The Society’s activities also include producing regular publications aimed both at the public and the cremation sector; hosting educational conferences; providing impartial advice to the public on cremation issues; working with government and sector colleagues on the development of cremation-related legislation; and the commissioning of research with the evolving practice of cremation. ®