Koreana Winter 2006 (English)

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Worki ng together， we can bI ・ ing out the best in all ofus.

Hyos ung ， A Compa ny Phi l osophy Bas ed on Bui l di ng Part nershi ps Wi t h an over 40 year hi story of mar ket l eadershi p and consi st ent l y st rong fi nanci al peバ or manc e ， we pri de oursel ves on our abi l i ty to bri ng out t he best in our peopl e， our product s ， and our part ners. A s has been true in our past ， we are commi t t ed to bui l di ng part nershi ps for and even mor e pr osper ous future. C o me wor k wi th us.

. Texti l es

. Industri al Materi al s

. Chemi cal s

• Power &Indus制alSystem s

・ Constructi on

GPFX9mNG

. Tradi ng

.Inform ation &Commun陥 目 。n

A ni ght vi ewof Hangang Ri ver， and even your romant i c ni ghts are not po岱 ible wi t hout KOPEC. Havi ng power in our everyday lives is not possi bl e wi t hout KOPEC. く ￨ OPEC' st echnol ogy 仁an be f ound just about eve叩wher e in our dai l y lives and based on this advan仁edt e仁hnol og， y KOPEC is bui l di ng t he worl d' s best nucl ear and t hermal power pl an也.

KOPEC is a natural pa同 of our lives. KOPEC is wi t h you.

An戸me，Anywhere. . . K OP E仁is all

aroundyou

.

§ 警密裏宮 ENGINEERMJJ Sお;35.

Yonggwang Nucl ear Power Pl ant

Dangj i n Thermal Power Pl ant

Ai r Poll 凶 on Control 5yst em

BE AUT Y OF K ORE A

S OBA N

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Oog leg style soban [Lee In-seJ

A r eguLar s oban me a s ur e s about 60 c ent i met er s

us ed a soban，a s m山 山 t hat doubLes as a t ray. A s oban f unct i ons as a tray for se 内ー

acr oss ，wi t h a r i mme d upper sur f ace suppor t ed by f our

i ng f ood，but it aLso has Legs ，whi ch enabLes it to se 同 e as a

Legs. Muc h car e went i nto carvi ng t he Legs f or a ref i ned

t abLe as weL.L It is a conveni ent househoLd i t emfor smaLL Liv

appear ance ，and vari ous t ypes of s oban ar e na me d f or t he

i ng spaces ，in whi ch t her e mi ght be no di sti ncti on bet ween

charact eri st i cs of t hei r Legs . For exampLe ，an oedari soban

be dr oom，Li vi ng r oom，and di ni ng r oom. In addi t i on ，its

incL udes a f r ame- t ype suppor t ，wher eas a s amgakban is

pract i caL uses incL ude as a di ni ng t abLe ，t ea tray ，des k ，bev-

bui Lt wi t h t hr ee Legs. T he Legs of 'a j ukj eol ban r es embLe a

er age/ snack t ray ， and even a t abLe f or memor i aL rites.

j oi nt ed ba mboo staLk. For a gaedari soban，t he bot t om of

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Soban ar e ma d e wi t h Li ght wei ght but dur abLe wood，

eac h Leg is car ved i nto t he s hape of a dog' s p a w，or a

s uc h as gi ngko，pauLowni a ，or pi ne. Har dwood is us ed to

t i ger' s p a w f or a hoj okban. Thi s basi c yet c onveni ent

ma k e t he sLender Legs ，whi ch are of t en j oi nted to suppor t a

hous ehoLd arti cL e weLL refL ect s t he di gni f i ed Li festyLe of

heavy Load. Af t er a s oban is as s embLed，it is f i ni shed wi t h Lac-

anci ent Kor eans wh o vaLued gracef uL eLegance aLong wi t h

quer for an attracti ve s heen as weLL as a prot ect i ve coat i ng ・

f unct i onaL practi caLi ty.

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Kor ean Ar t & Cul t ur e V o l.

20，N o . 4

Wi n t e r

2006

一一一/

M_ i gr at or y Bi r ds of Kor e a 8

Migratory Bi rds Fi nd a Saf e Haven in Korea I

12

Korea' s Popul ar Si tes to Observe Migrat ory Bi rds I

24

Y o o n Moo- boo

Korea' s Domest i c Efforts to Protect Migrat ory Bi rds I

28

C h a e H uトy e o ng

K i mHa e- c ha ng

Protecti on of Migratory Bi rds Requi res Internati onal Cooperat i on I P a e 5 e叫

Kor eana I nt emet We bs ite http.l l www.koreana.or.kr @ The Korea Foundall on 2006 may be All rights reserved. No parl 01 thls ~ ublcation reproduced in any formwithout the pnor perm l SSl on 01 the Korea Foundati on

The opinl Ons expressed by the authors do not necessari l y represent those 01 the editors 01 Koreana r the Korea Foundati o門

。

Koreana. regi stered as a quarterly magazi ne 州 th the Mlnlstry 01 Cul ture and TOUrl sm[Registration No 8a- l 033 ，dated Aug. 8，1987). is also publ i shed in Chi nese，French，Spani sh，Arabi c ， Russi an，J apanese. and German

30

F OC US ミ 句

Korean Dancers Steadi l y El evate thei r Gl obal Stature I J a n g Gwa n g - r y u l

36

I N T E R V I E W Pa r k S e o- Bo

Pi oneer of Korea' s Moder n Art 42

I Y ooJ a e - k i l

A R T I S A N L e e J a e - ma n

Perseveres in the Obscuri ty of Ox- Horn Craft 48

MA S T E R P I E C E S

Enduri ng El egance of Goryeo Cel adon 52

I C h o i T a e哨 o n

I C h u n g Y a n g - mo Publ i shed quart erl y by The Kor ea Foundati on 1376 1 Seocho 2- dong ，5eocho- gu Seoul 137- 863 ，Kor ea

A R T RE VI E W

←

Reveal i ng the Essence of J oseon Dynast y Porcel ai n I K a t a y a ma Ma b i

58

D I S C O V E R I N G K O R E A C h e o ms e o n g d a e

Unvei l i ng the Myst ery of Cheomseongdae 64

I Pa r k S e ong - Ra e

O N T H E G L O B A L S T A G E H o n g He i - k y ung

Pri ma Donna of Ne wYork' s Metropol i tan Opera 68

I C h a n g I l bum

O NT H E R O A D

J angseong Looks to the Future wi th an Eye on the Past I H a J i - k won

76

C UI S I NE

Favori te Beef Ri b Di shes: Gal bi j j i mand Gal bi gui 80

L1V I

I C h u n H uトj un

NG

Korea' s B- Boys Capt ure the Internati onal Spotl i ght 77

Cover: Al ong 刊 th its bounti ful nal ural envi ronmen.t the Korean Peni nsul a se刊 es as a critical 51叩 over pOtnl for ml grat o印 刷 rds. S ome 300 speci es of mi gral o円 bi rds ，i ncl uding the whooper s wan [ above，l are known 10 visi t Korea on an annual basi s Photo: Yoo 8um- j oo

J OUR NE Y S I N K O R E A N L I T E R A T UR E

H A S E ONG- NAN A Desperat e Struggl e to be Underst ood The Woma n Next Door

I Tr ans l

I P a r k J u- y e o n

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凶盟以正主且正皇巴且

I J i n J e o昨 日o k

Ki m. s Communl cat i on Associ at es 504- 5 Munbal - ri . Gyoha- eup Paju. Gyeonggi - do 413- 756 ，Kor ea TeL 82- 31- 955- 7421 F a" 82- 31- 955- 7415 www.gegd. co.kr

PRI NTED IN WINTE R 2006 Sams ung Moonwha Pri nti ng Co Seongsu- dong 2-ga ， Seongdong- gu， 274-34， Seoul 133- 121，Korea TeL 82-2-468- 0361/5

。 件..

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T h e daunt i ng j our ney of mi gr at or y bi r ds r epr es ent s a n ody s s ey of nat ur e as wel l as a r esol ut e st r uggl e f or survi val . A s f or t he Nor t heas t

t he Kor e a n Peni ns ul a is l i ke a ma g n e t t hat at t r act s a As i an r egi on， var i et y of mi gr at or y bi r ds t hr oug hout t he year .

Cha e Hui γ eong Di rector，Ko陀 a Nat i onal Park Cent er for Mi gratory Birds Y o o Bum- j oo Phot ograph巴「

Hundred of thousands of Bail 姐 l teals perf orma m agni fi cent group dance as they 刊y up into the sky.

Wi t h Korea bei ng the onl y pl ace where this group dance of Bail 姐 1 orni thol ogi sts teals can be seen， and bi rdwatchers f romabroad flock to Korea in wi nter to observe this spectacle.

Pr i mar y Mi gr at i on Rout es of Mi gr at or y Bi r ds -;:"i~

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凶 r吋d 仇山 worl d 臼 ca 叫 tωory bi rds. In t erms of Korea' s resi dent bi rds ， whi ch breed sparrows are the and spend the wi nter on the Korean Peni nsul a， most representati ve. As for migrat ory bi rds ，they can be catego ri zed as s ummer visitors ， wi nter visitors ， passage migrants ， and vaaccordi ng to thei r migrat i on patter・ ns. A mong the migratogrants ， ry bi rds“，s ummer visitors" refer to bi rds that spend the wi nter in war mer areas 1戸ng to the sout h of Korea， such as Southeast Asi a， and stop over on the peni nsul a to breed. Exampl es of s ummer visitors i ncl ude swal l ows ，cuckoos ，wat ercocks ，and bush warbl ers.

Wi nt er visitors ，whi ch breed in areas col der t han Korea，such as Si beri a and Chi na，and stay in Kor ea duri ng wi nt er ，i ncl ude cranes ， ducks ， and geese. As for passage migrants ， they breed in areas nort h of Koreq， i ncl udi ng Si beri a， remai n briefly on the peni nsul a and t hen cont i nue sout hward for the wi nter ， reachi ng such remot e desti nati ons as Ne w Zeal and and Austral i a. Vagrant s are those bi rds that stray far 仕o mtheir usual habi tats perhaps due to thei r bei ng bl own off course by a t yphoon and endi ng up in unexpected areas.

Mi gr at or y Res ear c h Mi grat i on， f r omthe Lati n wor d “ migrare" (to migrat e or cha時 e area of resi de配 e) ， refers to 出 e reg叫 ar annual j ourneys of bi rd pop叫 ati ons as they travel back and forth bet ween breedi ng areas and wi nteri ng sites. As for scientific observati on of bi rd mi the Dani sh school teacher Hans Mort ensen is credi ted for grati on， bei ng the first to a伍x I D bands to bi rds and t hen tracki ng their annual movement s. Thereafter ，也e A meri can orni thol ogi st J ohn J ames Audubon used 出is I D- band met hod to i dent 均 the wi nteri ng sites of swal l ows ， and t hen went on to di scover the breedi ng areas and wi nteri ng sites of a l arge number ofbi rds ， thus establ i shi ng a val uabl e database for the field of migrat ory research.

Recent l y，the appl i cati on of moder n t echnol ogy has l ed to unprecedent ed advances in the research of migrat ory routes. In not ewort hy results have been real i zed t hrough the utiparti cul ar ， l i zati on of radar- and satellite-related technol ogy. Radar is an effective means for tracki ng bi rds that migrate in l arge-si ze fl ocks ， 10 Koreana I Wint er 2006

Bean geese f1yi ng in a f10c k over whi t e fi el ds of snow; in Kor ea， t hese bi rds pri mari l y visit t he mout h of t he ).

Nak donggang Ri ver ( upper le仕 T h e bl ack- wi nged stilt wil l mi gr at e or settl e in an ar ea as a resi dent bi rd， dependi ng on regi onal condi t i ons. rarel y seen in Kor ea， is l i kel y T h e bl ack- wi nged stilt ( bel ow) ， af t er havi ng l ost its way. a resi dent bi rd， Egret s f1yi ng up t hr ough .t he fog; egret s ar e s u mm 町 ' vi si tors t hat c o me t o Kor ea in mi d・ Apri l and i nhabi t ri verbanks ， reservoi rs ， and shal l owshorel i nes ( opposi t e page) .

之 ，

enabl i ng accurate document at i on of their al ti tude and speed. In addi ti on， satellite i magery can be used to preci sel y det ermine the migrat ory routes of i ndi vi dual bi rds. In fact ，wi t h sophi sti cated satellite i magery， it is possi bl e for researchers to track the l ocati on of i ndi vi dual bi rds anywhere on earth. Furt hermore， they can also det ermine the l ength of stopovers and the preferred habi tats of indi vi dual bi rds duri ng their migrat ory j ourneys.

Pr i mar y Mi gr at or y Rout es Bi rds migrate in search of areas wi th mor e pl enti ful f ood and migrat i on has to avoi d the ha1' sh condi ti ons of weat he1'. As such， evol ved as a natural means of survi val for bi rds . Mos t bi rds can endure the col d of wi nter if f ood is readi l y avai l abl e， but must mi grate el sewhere if f ood sources are i nadequate. A m勾ori ty of resident bi rds ， such as sparrows and crows ， are pri mari l y grai n eaters or pol yphagous speci es. In contrast ， migrat ory bi 1' ds ， such as swal l ows ， cuckoos ， sni pes ， and pl overs ， t end to eat i nsects f ound in the wat er ， and trees. A mong l arger bi rds ， the i nsect-eati ng honey air ， buzzard and the repti l e-eati ng gray-faced buzzard migrate annual ly， whi l e the gol d eagl e， whi ch mai nl y preys on Korean hares and field mi ce， is general l y a resi dent species. In this way， bi rd migrati on is cl osel y rel ated to di etary practi ces and f ood suppl i es.

A mong the bi rds observed in Korea， there are known to be 75 types of s ummer visitors ，117 wi nter visitors ，133 passage mi grants ， and 114 vagrants. The Korean Peni nsul a occupi es a stratein regard to the rni gratory routes of bi rds of the Far gic l ocati on， Eastern regi on， as evi denced by the fact that Korea is home to far mor e migrat ory bi rds t han resi dent birds. The rni gratory routes of notabl e bi rds that regul arl y pass 出 rough 出 eKor ean Peni nsl 血 S ummer vi si tors ，such as swal l ows ，cuckoos ， wat ercocks ， stonechats ，and pal e thrushes fol l ow a migrat ory route that encompasses Southeast Asi a，the eastern coast of Chi na，Yel l owSea i sl ands of the Korean Peni nsul a，and the Korean mai nl and. They use 出 e same route comi ng and goi ng， but vari ous bi rds prefer the nort hern and sout hern areas of the Korean Peni nsul a. Wi nt er visitors ，i ncl udi ng ducks ，geese，and c1' anes ，travel al ong a Si beri a， Chi na，Korean Peni nsul a，and J apan migrat ory route. Most geese

and cranes wi nt er on the Kor ean Peni nsul a，but certai n cranes ， such as the hooded c1' ane and whi t e- naped crane，pass t hrough the Korean Peni nsul a and cont i nue on to J apan. Passage migrant s ， such as sni pes and pl overs ，general l y f ol l ow a Si beri a，Kor ean Peni nsul a，and Aust ral i a/New Zeal and migrat ory route. Bi rds of prey， i ncl udi ng eagl es and fal cons ， stop ove1' on Yel l owSea i sl ands ， such as Hongdo，Heuksando，and Gageodo， whi l e mi g1' ati ng to the Korean Peni nsul a， the Chi nese mai nl and， and Southeast Asi a The sparrow hawk migrates al ong the west coast of the Kor ean Peni nsul a in the spri ng，but j ourneys al ong the sout hern end of the Korean Peni nsul a and passes t hrough Tsushi ma Isl and on its way sout h to Oki nawa and on to Southeast Asi a in aut umn I deal St opov er Ar e a As a resul t of the recent i ncrease of bi rdwat chers in Korea and the establ i shment of vari ous research i nsti tuti ons ， such as 出E Nat i onal Park Mi grat ory Bi rds Cent er ，ever mor e detai l ed i nformat i on is bei ng compi l ed on rni g1'atory routes. In the Far East regi on， the Korean Peni nsul a provi des i ndi spensabl e ecol ogi cal areas for migrat ory bi rds al ong thei r annual routes. Korea thus serves as an ideal stopover poi nt for migrat ory bi rds ， where they can 血l d pl enti ful f ood and l ei surel y p1' epare for the remai nder of thei r j ourney，f r ombreedi ng areas in the nort hern hemi spher e to Southeast Asi a or the sout hern hemi sphere. In parti cul ar ，也ewest coast of Korea features expansi ve tidal flats ， whi ch offer an abundance of f ood for migrat ory bi rds ，such as sni pes and pl overs. In addi ti on，the i sl ands scattered off the west coast of the Kor ean Peni nsul a are i mport ant stopovers ， whi ch enabl e bi rds migrati ng to the Korean Peni nsul a， Chi na， and Southeast Asi a.

Due to the Kor ean Peni nsul a' s 'essenti al rol e as a st opover poi nt for the migrat ory bi rds of the Far Eastern regi on，t;he1' e is a clear need fo1' addi ti onal research to be conduct ed on 出 e current state of migrat ory bi 1' ds enteri ng and departi ng Korea，as wel l as devel opment s rel ated to changes in migrat ory bi rd popul at i ons and thei r migrat i on routes. Mor eover ，concert ed efforts will be necessary to pr omot e cl ose i nternati onal cooperat i on in these research activities. 四 Wi nt er 2006 I Koreana

11

Korea' s Popul ar S比es t o Obs er ve Mi gr at or y Bi rds

S o me 3 0 0 s peci es of mi gr at or y bi r ds ar e k n o wn t o vi si t t he K o r e a n at t r act ed b y t he saf e ha v e n a n d vas t Peni ns ul a o n a n annual basi s ďźŒ

bount y of Kor ea' s expans i v e t i del and basi ns a n d wet l ands ar eas.

Y o o n Moo- boo Orni t hol ogist and For m塴r Professor of Biology at Kyunghee Uni versi ty Y o o Bum- j oo Phot ographer

The Korea' s demil i tari zed zone ( DMZ) ， for l ong a has become a paradi se for rare no-man' s-l and， mi grat ory bi rds. Thi s barri er ， whi ch so pai nful l y separates Koreans i nto sout herners and nort herners ， poses no such obstacl e for the mi grat ory bi rds that freel y traverse this manmade boundary.

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14 Kor eana I Wi nt er 2006

Eurasi an wi geons t ake f1i ght in a V - shaped f or mat i on， wi t h t he st r onger and mor e exper i enced bi rds at t he poi nt ， whi l e t he ot hers f ol l ow behi nd (Ieft) .

A maj est i c whi t e・ tai l ed sea eagl e gl i des e仔. ortl essl y t hr ough t he ski es. In K orea， thi s bi rd wil l wi nt er ar ound del t a and coast al regi ons ， or al ong maj or ri vers ， such as t he I mj i ngang， Hangang， and Nak donggang ( above) .

.

Wi nt er 2006 I Koreana 1 5

T h e oyst er cat cher ， whi ch f1 i es f r omnor t heast er n Si beri a t o wi nt er her e， st ops over at ri ver mout hs or coast al t i del ands ， wher e t hey eat oyst ers ， cl ams ， wo r ms自 ，sh， and crabs ( above) ・ T he whi t e st ork， an i nt ernat i onal l y pr ot ect ed bi rd and a nat ural mo nume nt of is at t ract ed t o t he dense r eed fi el ds al ong Sunc heonman Bay ( bel ow) .

Kor ea，

Seagul l s ar e at h o me al ong coast l i ne areas ， i ncl udi ng ri ver del t as ， i nl and l akes ， and t i del and basi ns ( opposi t e page， above) .

Cheons uma n Bay has be c ome an ever mo r e popul ar si te f or mi gr at or y bi rds ， l i ke t he Bewi ck' s s wan， whi c h not abl y enhanc e a gor geous sunset ( opposi t e page， bel ow) ・

.

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.

Na k d o n g g a n g Ri v er Del t a The 10wer reaches of the Nakdonggang Ri ver f or ma broad area of river del tas 出at exto 出e east ， to tends 企o mthe city of Busan， the Gi mhae P1ai n， in the wes t. In 1966， 出e gover nment desi gnated this regi on，wi t h Eul sukdo Is1and at its center ，as a protected natural monument . The upper 紅 白 of 由 is regi on consi sts of a vast del ta， where the river's fl owi ng waters and tida1 acti on have created 1arge sand dunes.

Even when the central regi ons experi ence sub- zero ( Cent i grade) t emper atures ， the waters of the Nakdonggang Ri ver del ta wil l rarel y freeze. Accordi ng1y， wi nt er vi si tors can comf ort ab1y gat her here 企omNov ember・t hrough March. Mi gratory bi rds desi gnated as natural monument s ，such as t he rare whi t e- naped crane，and l i mited number s of the b1ackfaced spoonbi l l ，eag1es ，and fal cons ，will regu1arl y wi nt er here，whi 1e passage mi grants ， whi ch pass t hrough Korea on their wa y s out hwar d，such as t he east ern cur1ew，bar-tai 1ed godwi t ，dun1i n，rednecked sti nt ，I ndi an prat i nco1e ，and spoon- bi l l ed sandpi per ， can be observed here in 1arge number s. Thus far ，140 speci es of bi rds have been observed in this area.

Accordi ng to an annua1 bi rd survey conduct ed by the Nati onal Insti tute of Envi r onment a1 Research，f r om40 to 90 speci es of bi rds have been observed each year ( annual average of 57 speci es) ， duri ng the seven- ye紅 peri od 仕o m1999 to 2005， wi t h a tota1 of 102 speci es havi ng been 20

Koreana I Winter 2006

i denti fi ed. Al so duri ng this peri od，f r om 11 ， 420 to 44， 781 bi rds ( annual average of 22 ， 816) vi si ted t he 10wer reaches of Nakdonggang Ri ver yearl y，maki ng this area a worl d-cl ass site for migrat ory birds.

The most preval ent speci es of bi rds that vi si ted the Nakdonggang Ri ver area duri ng this peri od i ncl uded the mal l ard (1 999- 2005) ， b1ack-tai 1ed gul l ( 2002) ， c ommon shel duck ( 2004- 2005) ，and her ri ng gull (2005). Dur i ng a si x-year st udy f r om 1999 to 2004， t hree endanger ed speci es - t he whi t e- t ai 1ed sea eag1e ， Steller's sea eag1e，and peregri ne fal con and 17 protected speci es ー 出e red- 出 roated 100n，whooper swan，Bewi ck' s swan， s wan goose ，bean goose，brent goose ， Bai kal teal ， osprey， b1ack kite， hen harri er ， c ommon buzzard，hooded crane，whi tenaped cr ane ，oyst ercat cher ，east ern curl ew，relict gul l ，and Saunder' s gul l were seen 111 出is area.

Che or won Pl ai n Duri ng the Korean Wa r (1950- 1953) ，山 Cheor won P1ai n was t he site of t he confl i c t' s mos t fi erce1y f ought battles. But after 出e armistice ended 出ehostilities in 1953， 出is area sout h of the D MZ was 1e丘unat t ended t hrough the such that 出e fields and rice paddi es 1970s ， of the broad p1ai ns t urned i nto grass1ands wi t h t hi ck shrubbery. Dens e forests emerged in those areas that had not been cl eared due to securi ty consi derati ons.

These forest areas can on1y be accessed by mi1i t ary roads ，whi ch have been bui 1t ami dst dangerous minef i el ds ，maki ng it

necessary to restri ct ci vi 1i an entry.

Nonet hel ess ，the 1ack of human i nterventi on has enab1ed the 10ca1 eco1ogi cal syst ems to undergo a gradual process of natural recovery f r omits previ ous state of degradati on.

It had been f ound that rare protected bi rds ， whi ch have been desi gnated as natural monument s ， such as the red- crowned crane and whi t e- naped crane，have regu1arly vi si ted this area for the wi nter si nce the 1970s. Thereaf ter ，when it was conf i rmed that groups of the hooded crane， after wi nt eri ng in J apan， passed t hrough this area on their way nort hward， the government desi gnated the regi on as Natural Monument No. 245，whi ch i ncl uded the i mposi ti on of protecti ve measures.

A n annual wi nter survey conduct ed by the Nati onal Insti tute of Envi ronment al Research，f r om 1999 to 2004，i denti fi ed f r om37 to 48 speci es of bi rds each year (叩 nual average of 43 speci es) ， wi 出 a total of 75 speci es bei ng observed in the area over the si x-year survey peri od. Dur i ng this peri od，1arge number s of bi rds regur叩 gi ng f r om2， 977 to lar1y visited the area， 44， 994 ( annual average of 12， 225).

Cheor won Pl ai n is 出 e most Of note， popul ar area in Korea for visiting cranes ， whi ch i ncl uded si ghti ngs o'f 332 to 581 red- crowned cranes and 377 to 488 whi tenaped cranes duri ng the si x-year peri od. In addi ti on to cranes ， other rare bi rds ， such as the whooper swan，bean goose， hen harri mar sh harri er ， goshawk， c ommon buzer ， zard，and eagl e o w，l have al so been ob-

Spot-billed ducks and large egrets flock to Korea' s numerous wetl ands areas for food and rest (opposi te page， left) .

The black-tai led godwi t uses its poi nted beak to extract food f rom a paddy of rice seedlings (opposi te page，right).

Nest of a great reed warbl er ，whi ch w ill lay f romone to five eggs duri ng the winter in Korea (right)

the number of served here. 1n recent years ， eagl es fl yi ng in 企o mMongol i a has shown a sharp rise. 1n 1999， onl y ei ght eagl es were observed， but this count bal l ooned to 475 in 2003 and 386 in 2004， wi t h anywher e 仕o m300 to 500 annual si ghti ngs.

Ga n g h wa d o I sl and Ti del ands

A

J anuary 2000 survey，conduct ed si mul taneousl y in 6 countri es of East and Sout heast Asi a， i ncl udi ng Kor ea and Tai wan， f ound that onl y s ome 660 bl ack- f aced spoonbi l l s r emai n巴d i n exi stence worl dwi de.

1n Kor ea ，thi s endanger ed bi rd speci es has been protected by the government si nce its desi gnat i on as Nat ur al Monument No. 205. 1n J anuary 1999， four bl ack- f aced spoonbi l l s wer e capt ured i n Hong Kong and Tai wan， and t hen rel eased after bei ng affl xed wi t h satellite- tracki ng devi ces to moni t or 出回・ mlgrat l On routes.

Thi s st udy f ound that 出e four bil 由 mi grat ed to areas al ong the Yel l ow Sea， where civilian access had been restri cted in Apri l 1999， l eadi ng to a concl usi on that their breedi ng sites were si tuated al ong the Wes t coast of Korea. 1n J ul y that year ，it was conf umed 白紙 the bi rds were breedi ng in groups nearby Seodo- myeon， Ganghwagun， Kor ea， showi ng that Korea' s Wes t coast is of critical si gni l i cance，in t erms of efforts to preserve the bl ack-faced spoonb出. As a consequence，the ti del and areas vi si ted by the bl ack f aced spoonbi l l ， for f eedi ng and breedi ng， wer e desi gnat ed a natural monument ， as ofJ ul y 6， 2000. 四

Each year bet ween Ma y and Oct ober ， s ome 70 to 100 bl ack- f aced spoonbi l l s have been observed al ong the coastal tidel ands of Ganghwado 1sl and. The bi rds br eed o n uni nhabi t ed i sl ands ar ound Ganghwado，whi ch are 0 ~ l i m i ts to ci 札l i ans due to thei r pro泊rni tyto 出 e mari ti rne demarcat i on border ， wher e an abundance of f ood is avai l abl e when the shorel i ne is exposed duri ng l owtide.

Coveri ng an area of 450 square kilo met ers ， the Ganghwado ti del ands ， wher e the bl ack- f aced spoonbi l l breeds ，repre sents the si ngl e l argest area to be desi gnated for the protecti on of mi grat ory bi rds.

Thi s regi on is not onl y a critical habi tat for the bl ack- faced spoonb出 ， but the expansive ti del ands of sout hern Ganghwado 1sl and and t he i sl ands near by ，such as Seongmodo and Bor eumdo， serve as vital st opover sites for mi grat ory bi rds ， whi ch breed in areas such as Si beri a and Al aska， and bri efl y visit here on thei r way to J apan， Austral i a， and Ne wZeal and.

S u n c h e o n ma n B a y Sunc heonman Bay， ensconced bet ween Yeocheon Peni nsul a and Goheung Peni nsul a， is a body of cal mwat er that produces a vast tidal basi n， encompassmg m出i ons of square met ers ， at l owtide. The area is constantl y suppl i ed wi t h 仕esh wat er f r omnearby ri vers and was previ ousl y protected as a fish spawni ng ground. 1nterest in Suncheonman Bay has i ncreased noti ceabl y si nce it was discovered 出 at s ome 140 speci es of bi rds inhabi t 血is area， i ncl udi ng 出 e hooded crane

bot h i nternati onal l y proand whi t e stork， tected speci es and natural monument s of Kor ea A four -ki l ometer stretch， f r omwher e t he Dongc heon St r eam and 1sacheon St reammer ge and 白en make thei r way to Suncheonman Bay，is home to vast reed fields that sway like waves in the wi nd. The greeni sh reed shoots of spri ng endure the mug g y season and pr oduce whi t e bl oss oms i n wi nt er. The reed fields of Sun cheonman Bay， whi ch has been the setti ng for several novel s ， is bel oved by artists and romant i cs for its graceful t ranqu出ty.

Suncheonman Bay is no w recei vi ng wor l dwi de attenti on for bei ng a treasure trove w l 出 a boundl ess natural ecol ogy. 1t is the sol e wi nteri ng site e氾 sti ng in Korea for the hooded crane， Nat ural Monument No. 228， 、 whi l e 山 ti del ands and reed flelds are home to s ome 140 speci es of m i gratorγ bi rds ，i ncl udi ng 11 nat ural monument s such as the bl ack- f aced spoonbi l .l Sunc heonman Bay is strategi cal l y l ocat ed al ong the twi ce- yearl y mi grat i on routes taken by vari ous bi rds ， al ong wi t h servi ng as an essenti al st opover area for sni pes (bi rds of 出e scol opaci dae famil y) ， in parti cul ar ， whi ch migrat e bet ween Austral i a and Si beri a. Dur i ng the wi nter ， the hooded crane，Saunder' s gul l ，mal l ar d，greenwi nged teal ，and c o mmo n shel duck are observed here. Suncheonman Bay is a wi nteri ng site for groups of the hooded crane and al so a critical area for the bl ack-faced spoonbi l l ， whooper swan， Saunder' s gull ， bl ack- wi nged stilt ， and other rare birds. 1n W inter

2006

I Kor eana 21

A gr oup of egr et s gracef ul l y t ake f1 i ght;

in Kor ea， t hey ar e c o mmo n s u mme r bi rds

t hat i nhabi t ar eas ar ound t he nat i on.

spri ng and aut umn， the dunl i n， whi mbrel ， gr eenshank ，t erek sandpi per ，east ern curl ew， and other bi rds are reg叫ar visitors to the area.

Che ons uma n Ba y Hyundai Engi neer i ng & Const ruct i on Co. ，Lt d. bui l t an ei ght- ki l ometer- l ong embankment that encl osed ti del ands bet ween Seosan- gun and Hongseong- gun，in Chungcheongnam- do Provi nce. Thi s recl amat i on project created rice paddi es so expansi ve 出 at t hey have to be seeded and fertilized by pl ane，as wel l as a shal l owyet mammot hsize l ake surrounded by reed fields. Thi s manmade habi tat has resul ted in an ideal envi ronment for visiting migrat ory birds.

In fact ，a number of rare bi rds that had never been seen here before can now be muc h to 出 e del i ght observed in the area， of Seosan resi dents and visitors.

The natural wet l ands and huge l ake of Cheonsuman Bay offer a virtual wi nter paradi se for attracti ng migratory bi rds ， inspot-bi l l ed duck， divcl udi ng 出e mal l ard， i ng duck，red-t hroat ed l oon，little grebe， and vari ous types of wi l d geese.

The Bai kal teal ，t he smal l est and most handsome of the duck speci es ， visits Korea every year. .W hen 出 ey take flight at sunri se or sunset ，they create a trul y awewhi ch onl y Mot her Nat ure i nspi ri ng sight ， can offer. In the past ， about 2， 000 of these ducks visited 出e J unamReservoi r area， in Changwon， Gyeongsangnam- do Provi nce， but the combi nat i on of the massi ve l ake and broad wet l ands of Cheons uman Bay 22

Koreana I Wi nt er 2006

has proven to be an irresistible attracti on.

Accordi ngl y， this wi nter onl y about 100 Bai kal teals gat hered at the J unam Reservoi r ，whi l e the remai nder chose to set tle ar ound Cheons u man Bay. Mor eover ，也e number of Bewi ck' s swans visiti ng the l ower reaches of the Nakdonggang Ri ver and J unamReservoi r is also on the i ncrease. Ot her annual vi si tors ，such 乱S w辺d geese， are bei ng i ncreasi ngl y observed al ong 出 e west coast ， at Cheonsuman Bay， whi ch is expected to emerge as a newGarden of Eden for migrat ory birds. ー

Eas t er n Coas t Korea' s east coast is home to popul ar touri st attracti ons and a safe haven for migratory birds. Numer ous bi rds ，whi ch can travel the worl d wi t hout concern for a passpo口 or airfare， are regular visitors to 出e east coast. The mi l d currents that f l ow al ong the pi ct uresque coastl i ne create a ki nd of wa r mnest for migrat ory bi rds ， some of whi ch can fly dis tances of t housands ofki l ometers. But they must be abl e to rest and eat enough so that t hey can ret urn i n t he spri ng to thei r breedi ng grounds ， where their eggs are laid and their young are hatched.

The l akes scattered al ong the east coast provi de a ready source of water and f ood for these gl obetrotti ng birds. Gyeong poho Lake in Gangneung，Gangwon- do is a mixt ure of fresh and sal twaProvi nce， ter. Long a favori te subj ect of poets and pai nters ，the l ake waters are as cl ear and cal mas a mirror ， gi vi ng rise to its “ Mi rror Wat er Lake" name. The east coast features

an ext ended series of seasi de l akes and natwhi ch serve as vital rest stops ， ural l agoons ， especi al l y for those bi rds 出at annual l y migrate bet ween Si beri a and Austral i a.

Sni pes and pl overs can be seen visiti ng here in spri ng and aut umn. Ar ound the t i me of the Harvest Mo o n Festi val ( Chuseok) ，some 15 species of sni pes can be obser ved here ，i ncl udi ng t he rednecked stint ， terek sandpi per ，dunl i n，redshank， bar-tai l ed godwi t ， ruddy turnstone， c ommon knot ，great knot ，and eastern curl ew. Vari ous pl overs ，such as the Kentish pl over ， little ri nged pl over ， and l apwi ng ，can be si ght ed here all t he year r ound， except for the hot s ummer mont hs.

F r omNovember to earl y Febr uaqら 出 e scene of rni gratory bi rds soari ng effortlessly t hrough the skies is i ndeed breathtaki ng. The area around Cheongchoho Lal<e，al ong the east coast ，is the onl y site where you can see all the di fferent types of gulls 出at i nhabi t Korea at once: the bl acktailed gull ， herri ng gull ， bl ack- headed g叫L bl ack-l egged ki tti wake， c ommon tern， and other seagulls. In addi ti on，anot her 84 or so speci es ofbi rds visit the area of this l ake， i ncl udi ng swans ， ducks ， and little grebes .

Ther e are al so l i mited number s of rare bi rds 出 at appear here reg叫arly， i ncl udi ng the Bewi ck' s swan ( Nat ural Monument oystercatcher ( Natural MonuNo. 202) ， ment N o. 326) ，whi t e- t ai l ed sea eagle ( Natural Monument No. 243) ， bl ack-faced spoonbi l l ，peregri ne f al con，and bl ackwi nged stil t.凶

出

ト

R a~

阿

E urasi an S poonbill

! ' mn[i l:

r;.j(・ ji i Fl .... ・ Vißì si~ t Kor ea

A rel ati vel y rare wi nt er vi si tor

that can be observed in wet l ands ar ound the nati on， t he Eurasi an spoonbi l l is about 86 cent i met ers in l ength. It settl es at coastal areas ，ri verbanks ，ponds ，

I

C hi nese E gret A s ummer vi 引 t or that f requent s the

H ooded Cr a ne The hooded crane is a wi nt er vi si tor

ti del and areas of t he west coast ，the Chi nese egret has a l engt h of about 60 cent i met ers. T he I UC N. and

that appears in smal l number s in Korea. In spri ng and aut umn，gr oups that spent t he wi nt er in j apan st op

Bi rdLi fe Internati onal ，or the Internati onal Counci l for

over at Haepyeong- myeon，Gumi ，in l arge number s of

and ri ce paddi es ，and pri mari l y f eeds on fish，frogs ，and

Bi rd Preservati on ( I CBP) ，have desi gnat ed this bi rd as

up t o 4 ， 000. Its l ength measur es about 1 met er ，wi t h a

beetl es. Its popul at i on is di stri buted t hroughout Korea ，j apan，Chi na，eastern Si beri a ，and 門ongol i a. In Ko-

a speci es in danger of exti ncti on，whi ch calls for urgent ef f oπ5 to assure its prese円 ati on. The Chi nese egret' s

wi ngspan of 48- 53 cent i met ers and a tail of 16- 19 cen ti meters. It breeds in sout heast ern Si beri a，門anchuri a， and 門 ongol i a. and wi nt ers in Kor ea，nort heast ern C h卜 na，and j apan. About 9， 300 remai n wor l dwi de，maki ng

rea，it Is prot ect ed as a natural monument . and t here

favori te breedi ng gr ounds in Kor ea i ncl ude t he uni n-

000 remai ni ng in the wor l d，rel ated are f ewer t han 100， to whi ch the Wor l d Conservat i on Uni on，or Interna-

habi t ed i sl ands ar ound Da e budo I sl and ，Ans an ， Gyeonggi - do Provi nce，and Ganghwado Isl and. It is

ti onal Uni on for Conservat i on of Nat ur e and Nat ural Resources ( I UCN) ，has pl aced it on i白 “ Red Li st of

prot ect ed as a natural monument ，wi t h onl y about 1， 800 to 2， 500 known t o exi st wor l dwi de，maki ng it a

Thr eat ened Speci es. " Each wi nt er ，about 30 Eurasi an

“ vul nerabl e" speci es. Its number s are rapi dl y decl i ni ng

spoonbi l l s st op over at Cheons uman Bay in Seosan， anot her 10 at t he j unam Reservoi r ，and about five on

due to t he st eady l oss of ti del and areas and its f ood

It a “ vul nerabl e' speci es. whi ch Kor ea prot ect s as a natural monument

sources.

j i ndo Island.

B l ack- f aced Spoonbi l l A rare s ummer vi si tor ，the bl ack-faced spoonbi l l is approxi mat el y 86 cent i met ers

naped C rane A wi nt er vi si tor regul arl y obW hi t e・ served al ong t he l ower reaches of t he Hangang Ri ver

cr owned crane has a l ength of 136- 140 centi meters. It

in l ength. It will swi sh its broad bill si deways to catch f reshwat er 日sh，frogs ，and tadpol es. It is ext r emel y

and Cheor won Plain，t he whi t e- naped crane' s l ength is about 川 9 cent i met ers ，wi t h a wi ngspan of 53- 61 cen-

仁

caut 旧 us and thus difficult to approach，whi l e prefer-

t i met ers and a wei ght of 5- 6 ki l ograms. It pri mari l y

flight in V- shaped patterns. They begi n t o appear in

ri ng r emot e areas away f r ompeopl e，such as the l ower reaches of ri vers or reservoi rs al ong t he coast. It

f eeds on hayseed or ri ce stal ks ，but as a pol yphagy it will al so eat mudf i sh. It breeds in East Asi a，i ncl udi ng

Kor ea in earl y Nov ember ，can be seen in t.he sout hern regi ons by late Dec ember and j anuary ，a; d t hen de

breeds on uni nhabi ted i sl ands ar ound t he mari t i me de-

Si beri a ，t he Ussur i Ri ver ar ea of Russi a ，and

marcat i on bor der in late july ，and wi nt ers in j apan and Sout heast Asi a. It has been desi gnated and is protect-

卜1anchuri a. whi l e spendi ng t he wi nt er in Korea. sout h

690- 2， 040 pa内 ar ound t he end of 門arch. Onl y about 1， are k nown to r em剖 n worl dwi de. The r ed- cr owned

ern j apan，and nort heast ern Chi na. Its number s have

crane is listed as “ endangered" by t he I UCN，and has

s hown a gradual downwar d t rend，wi t h onl y 4 ， 900 to 5， 300 r em副 ni ng worl dwi de. It is classified a "vul nera-

been grant ed i nternati onal prot ect 旧 n. In Korea. it is prot ect ed as a natural monument

ed as a natural monument . Wi t h a wor l dwi de popul a t 旧 n est i mat ed at less t han 700，it has been decl ared an “ endangered" speci es 回

R

ed~crown

C r ane A rare wi nt er vi si tor ，t he red-

prefers wet l ands wi t h thi ck reed gr owt hs ，wher e bot h oupl es and si ngl es gather. Wh e n in fl ocks ，t hey t ake

bl e" speci es ，and prot ect ed as a natural monument

Wi nt er 2006 I Kor eana 23

-

- -- -

-- ~

K orea' s Domest i c Ef f ort s t o Pr ot ect Mi gr at or y Bi rds

1¥

T h e ecol ogi cal s y s t ems of Kor ea' s mi gr at or y bi r ds ar e bei ng

i ncr easi ngl y t hr eat ened. In par t i cul ar ， t he wet l ands a nd ti dal basi n

ar eas of Kor e a， t he vi tal habi t at s of mi gr at or y bi r ds ， ar e bei ng r api dl y l ost d u e t o a s eemi ngl y rel ent l ess wa v e of c ommer c i al dev el opment .

K i mHae- chang Special Correspondent on Envi ronmental Issues ，Kookj e Shi nmun

…

町州川 la and whi t e bi rds 臼 ca 叩n be seen 出 gl i di ng across the surface ぱ 0ft白 he wat er ，like pl anes l andi ng on a r unway，al ong the sandy banks at the mout h of the Nakdonggang Ri ver ，whi ch wi nds t hrough the sout h of the Korean Peni nsul a. The nearby Eul sukdo islet is known such asan “ i nternati onal avi an ai rport" for t10cks of wi nter visitors ， as Bewi ck' s swans and wi l d geese. Thi s “ republ i c of mi grat ory bi rds" consi sts of the area ar ound 出 e Nakdonggang Ri ver' s mout h and the vari ous wet l and areas al ong Korea' s sout h and west coasts ， as wel l as sites al ong the east coast ， i ncl udi ng Cheonsuman Bay， 出e mout h of the Geumgang Ri ver ，Ganghwado Isl and，Cheor won， Upo， and Seongsanpo. These wetl ands serve as a vital stopover and resti ng pl ace for migrat ory bi rds ， some of whi ch make an epi c j our n灯 台o mas far nort h as Si beri a to Austral i a and Ne wZeal and. Yet these wet l ands areas ， whi ch have l ong been home to the migrat ory are gradual l y di sappeari ng. bi rds of East Asi a，

di cted nearl y hal f of the area' s fi shel Y resources woul d be el i m inat ed wi t h the seawal l ' s compl et i on. It also expect ed 出 at i nternati onal l y protected pl over speci es ，such as the bl ack- faced spoonb山 ， al ong wi t h Saunder' s gul l s and the spoon- bi l l ed sandpi per ， woul d drasti cal l y shri nk，in bot h speci es and number s ，wi t h the destructi on of thei r natural habi tat areas.

In 2003， promi nent member s of Korea' s rel i gi ous circles ， in cl udi ng pri ests and monks ，perf ormed a “ three steps ，one bow" ritual ( wal ki ng three steps and t hen maki ng a bow) over the hundreds of ki l ometers 仕o m出 e Saemangeumsite to Seoul as an exbut this endeavor failed pressi on of 也eir opposi ti on to 出 e proj ect ， to alter the gover nment' s devel opment pl ans. Meanwhi l e，l ocal envi ronment al groups such as 出 e Buan Ci ti zens Agai nst the SaemangeumProj ect and the Kor ean Federati on for Envi ronment al Mov ement s (J eonbuk) have mount ed hi gh- prof i l e prot est demonst rat i ons ， whi ch have proven futile as well.

NGOs Oppos e Dev el opment

Loss of Nat ur al Ha b比 at s

000 The SaemangeumTi del ands ( encompassi ng about 40， hectares) ，Korea' s representati ve ti del ands and one of the five l argest tidal basi n areas in the worl d，is the subj ect of a massi ve l and recl amat i on proj ect that has been decl ared a "nati onal pri ori ty proj ect プ In Ma y 2006， the Supr eme Court r申 cted a l awsui t that had been j oi ntl y filed by several envi ronment al organi zati ons ， whi ch sought to bl ock this recl amati on proj ect ， t hereby al l owi ng constructi on of the final 33- ki l ometer segment of the seawal l . Be justificagun in 1991 and nowschedul ed for compl et i on in 2011 ， ti on for the SaemangeumTi del ands Recl amat i on Proj ect has been based on cl ai ms 出 at its compl et i on will enabl e the annual produc429 tons of rice and create 1 bi l l i on tons of wat er reti on of 86， serves t hrough a 合eshwater reservoi r.

Neverthel ess ， envi ronment al experts have criticized this l and recl amat i on proj ect for bei ng economical l y unj usti fi abl e in consi derati on of the t r emendous destructi on bei ng wr ought on the natural envi r onment. Mor eover ， an int ernal report prepared by a j oi nt task force of the gover nment and pri vate sector not ed 出at a feasib出ty st udy conduct ed on the Saemangeumproj ect had pre-

There is anot her m匂or ti del ands area at the mout h of the Nakdonggang Ri ver ，nearby Busan，wi t h an area of about 109. 3 square ki l ometers ，whi ch is also under threat. In this case，a 4.8ki l ometer- l ong bri dge is bei ng bui l t al ong the sout hern end of Eul にdo， Korea' s Nat ural Monument No. 179. For l ong the l argest s叫 stopover site for the migrat ory bi rds of East Asi a， the ti del ands ar si nce the compl et i on of an eseas have been gr吋 ual l y shri nki ng， tuary embankment in 1987， whi ch paved the way for the constructi on of i ndustri al and housi ng proj ects. Vari ous ci ti zen groups ， l ed

by Wet l ands & Bi rds Korea and Gr een Busan， are spearheadi ng a vi gorous publ i c campai gn to preserve the Nakdonggang Ri ver estuary and to bl ock the bri dge construcfi on proj ect In addi ti on， at Seosan' s Cheons uman Bay， a favori te feedi ng grounds of migrat ory bi rds and Korea' s most pop凶ar site for bi rd seri ous envi ronment al degradat i on can be seen as well. wat chi ng， H 戸mdai Asan Corporat i on， a丘er compl et i ng a l arge-scal e reclamat i on proj ect in this area， has been se山ng off f arml and lots to indi 吋dual s for the past f ewyears ， whi ch has resul ted in a sudden int10 w of peopl e who are i ncreasi ngl y di srupti ng the bi rds' natural

O~

W inter 2006 I Koreana 25

behavi or. Member s of ci ti zen gr oups ， wh o seek to preserve and the Cheonsuman Wet l ands Research Cen Cheons uman Bay， ter ， whi ch promot es envi ronment al preservati on and rel ated educati ona1 activities ，are stri vi ng to ensure that Cheons uman Bay does not become a “ paradi se 10st" of Korea' s migrat ory bi rds.

The area ar ound the mout h of the Geumgang Ri ver in Gunsan is anot her site 出at warrants urgent attenti on. The 10cal government authori ti es ，havi ng no proper underst andi ng of bi rd wat chi ng，have erected a massi ve bi rd- observati on p1at f orm，whi ch in 丘i nges on the routi nes of migrat ory birds. P1ans are also bei ng pro mot ed to recl ai rn 1and areas around Yubudo， a smal l i s1and at 出 E mout h of the Geumgang Ri ver. Wi t h Yubudo bei ng the wi nt er 000 oystercatchers ，whi ch number no st opover site for s ome 3， mor e th叩 10， 000 worl dwi de，member s of the Kor ean F巴derati on for Envi ronment al Movement s ( Seocheon) are ral l yi ng forces to make known thei r st aunch opposi ti on to the recl amati on p1ans.

Ra ms a r Conv ent i on a symbo1 of the di vi ded KoThe Demil i tari zed Zone ( DMZ) ， rean Peni ns叫 a， is a 1and of 出 e free for migrat ory birds. A n entry permit is requi red to bi rd- watch wi thi n 出 eD MZ， where the Cheorwhi ch won area serves as a stopover site for the whi t e- naped crane， makes its w灯 台o mSi beri a to I zumi ， J apan， vi a the Korean Peni nsul a， and the most popul ar wi nteri ng site in Korea for red- crowned cranes. The Cheor won chapter of the Korea Associ ati on for Bi rd Protecti on regu1arl y undert akes activities to hel p feed wi nter mi gratory birds.

Fort unat e1y，not all wet l ands areas in Kor ea are bei ng destroyed. For examp1e，Suncheonman Bay became the fourth wet 1ands area in Korea to be regi stered under the Ramsar Conventi on，a mu1ti 1atera1 agr eement i nt ended to prot ect wet 1ands ar ound the worl d. In addi ti on，eco- t ouri smis bei ng acti vel y promot ed t hrough such measures as the openi ng of the Suncheonma n Eco- cent er. In 2008，the 10th Ramsar Convent i on will be Gyeongsangnam- do Provi nce ( Oct ober 28 to he1d in Changwon， November 4). At this i nternati onal g呂theri ng， whi ch is expected to attract nearl y 2， 000 representati ves of the 144 contracti ng parti es 2 6 Kor eana I Winter 2006

as wel l as Kor ean and i nternati onal NGOs ， Korea p1ans to propose 出 e regi strati on of four wet 1ands sites ， 10cated in the mount ai nous lon under the Ramsar Convent i on. areas of Chan~ Coexi s t enc e of Na t ur e a nd Peopl e Changwon' s J unamReservoi r was devel oped in the 1920s when a syst emof fl ood- contro11evees were bui l t to provi de a water supp1y for agri c 凶tural users; but t oday it serves as an i dea1 rest area for migrat ory bi rds as wel l as an eco1ogi cal cl assroom. The hosti ng of the 2008 Ramsar Convent i on in Changwon has enab1ed the Kor ean Federat i on for Envi ronment a1 Movement s ( MasanChangwon) to assume a 1eadi ng ro1e in the efforts to mobi l i ze the regi on' s ci ti zen groups and rel evant gover nment agenci es. Upo 、l on， whi ch has an Mar sh in Changnyeong，not far f r omChangヘ aura of anci ent myst ery， is Korea' s representati ve i n1and wet l ands 紅 白 . Al ong w i t h Yong Mar sh in 1吋e， it has a1ready been regi stered under the Ramsar Convent i on. The Upo Eco1ogy Educat i on Cen ter ，together wi t h the Gr een W oopo，acti ve1y endeavors to pre serve regi onal wet l ands sites. i ncl udes My recent book，There ‘ You Wil l Pi nd Bi rds ( 4002) ， descri pti ons of 18 of Korea' s representati ve wet l ands areas. But 出1S book al ready requi res extensi ve updat i ng due to 血e gr owmg number of wet l ands 也 at are di sappeari ng as a result of l and recl amati on proj ects. We humans are all too often so foo1i sh 白 at we c ome to realize what is i rnportant on1y after it is gone forever. As a wi tness to the want on destructi on of Korea' s wet l ands ， 1 can onl y hope for a f undament al rethi nki ng of the priorities in our everyday 1ife.

Al t hough nati onal borders mi ght be rel evant to peop1e，this is not the case for migrat ory bi rds. The SaemangeumTi del ands ， the tidal basi n area at the mout h of 出 e Nakdonggang Ri ver ，and other wet l ands areas in Korea do not bel ong to the K 匂rean peop1e al one. These resources be10ng to the-ci ti zens of the worl d as wel l as every 1i vi ng creature on earth. It is this concept that the me mbers of envi ronment groups in Korea wou1d like to share wi t h the worl d. A ny such ci ti zen of the worl d is encouraged to submi t thei r suggest i ons and t hought s to Wet 1ands & Bi rds Kor ea (e-mai 1: wbk nd@wbk. co. kr) 凶

The wet l ands and tidal basi n areas of the worl d， i ncl udi ng those on the く E: orean Peni nsul a， represent for whi ch humanki nd i rrepl aceabl e natural resources ， has s hown a l ack of proper respec t. There is thus an urgent need to reverse this t rend， in order to assure the l ong-t er mcoexi stence of humani t y and nature.

組幹

管支

〆 会

奇，

9ご

ちー

Me mbe r s of a bi rd prot ect i on associ at i on rel ease bac k i nt o t he wi l d an eagl e t hat had been t r eat ed f or i nj uri es ( opposi t e page) ・ Me mbe r s of an envi r onment al gr oup pr ovi de f ood f or mi gr at or y bi rds ( above) .

Wi nter 2006 I Koreana

27

P r ot ec t i on of Mi gr at or y Bi r ds Requi r es I nt er nat i onal Cooper at i on

Dr . Ge or g e Ar chi bal d is t he co- f ounder a nd t r ust ee of t he I nt er nat i onal Cr a ne Foundat i on， whi c h act i vel y pr omot e s ef f ort s t o pr ot ect mi gr at or y bi r ds ，

i ncl udi ng t he cr anes t hat vi si t t he Kor ea n Peni nsul a ever y wi nt er .

Pae Seong- hwan Seni or R巴search Sci 巴ntist ，Kor巴a Oc 巴an Research & D巴V 巴l opment Insti tute

Pa e S e ong - hwa n: 1 k now that you but have vi si ted Kor ea dozens of t i mes ， what is the backgr ound of your speci al rel ati onshi p wi th Korea?

Ge or g e Ar c h自bal d: My rel ati onshi p wi t h Kor ea began i n the 1970s ，when 1 st udi ed t he wi nt er i ng of cranes t hat i nhabi ted the Demil i tarized Zone ( DMZ) wi t h Prof essor W on Pyong- oh of K 戸mghee Uni versi ty and Professor Ki m Hon- kyu of Ewha Woma ns Uni versi ty. At the t i me，the pri nci pal habi tats of redcr owned cranes i ncl uded t he Sacheon Ri ver and t he Cheor won Pl ai n near Panmu吋e om，and the ti del ands nort h of I ncheon， whi c h have si nce been whi t e- naped recl ai med. Rel at ed to this ， cranes wer e observed pri mari l y i n t he ~ estuary regi on bet ween Hangang Rive Gi mpo and Paj u，whi l e the whi t e- naped crane wi nteri ng site at the Hangang Ri ver estuary has si nce been desi gnated a protected natural monument area.

Pa e: Even no w， you travel ar ound the worl d at least six mont hs of the year to part i ci pat e i n vari ous st udi es for t he preservati on of cranes in every corner of the earth. 川市at woul d you say are the primar y activities of the Internati onal Crane Foundat i on?

threats. We f ormul at e speci fi c pl ans for the protecti on of cranes and research progr ams for preservat i on acti vi ti es . These have been the pr i mar y acti vi ti es of the Internati onal Crane Foundat i on si nce its est abl i shment in 1973. In the 1970s ， the I CF was acti ve pri mari l y in J apan，Korea， Af ghani st an，and Indi a. I n t he 1980s ， Chi na was added to our area of acti vi ty， and si nce the 1990s we have been promot i ng a vari et y of pr ogr ams i n several A企i can nati ons and Russi a.

tion. 1have c ome to realize that the key to preservati on is conti nual efforts to broad en awareness. The day 出at resi dents of all regi ons c ome to val ue migrat ory bi rds as regi onal and nati onal treasures will be a t i me of great sati sfacti on for us and our preservat l On actr羽 tles. [ ; !

Pa e: Y ou have al ways emphasi zed t hE need for i nternati onal cooperati on for the protecti on of migrat ory birds. In parti cu lar ， what is the reason for this? 、

Ar chi bal d: Mi grat ory bi rds mi ght breed in one count ry，but t hey are di stri buted t hroughout a nei ghbori ng count ry or sev eral nei ghbori ng count ri es dur i ng t he wi nt er. Thus ，the first step in preservi ng cranes is for all the nati ons in whi ch these crane popul at i ons are di stri buted to j oi n forces and protect the cranes and thei r habi tats Pa e: The coexi stence of humani t y and mi gr at or y bi rds is no easy mat t er to assure. What do you bel i eve needs to be done in this regard?

Dr . Ge or g e Ar c hi bal d Co- f ounder of the Internati onal Cr ane Fqundat i on

Dr. Geor ge Archi bal d is the co- f ounder of the Internati onal Cr ane Foundat i on，whi ch has conduct ed research on cranes worl dwi de Qver t he past 40 years. In 1973，he f ounded the I CF t oget her wi th Ron Sauey，his Cornel l Uni versi ty cl assmate. For the next 27 years Dr. Archi bal d se同 ed as di rector of the I CF，and t oday he is pa同i ci pati ng in t he eff oπs to preserve Kor ean cranes in the D 門 Z ，and t he preservat i on of Si beri an cranes in Wes t er n Asi a. As a di rect or of t he D MZ F or um，Dr Archi bal d is acti vel y wor ki ng wi t h form

~ r

C NN

f or mer Sout h Afri can presi presi dent Ted T urn里r， deht Nel son r叶andel a，and others on pl ans to establish an envi ronmen臼 1peace park in the D 門 Z

Ar chi bal d: We visit many countri es and st udy the di stri buti on of cranes ，changes in the crane popul at i ons ，and requi rement s of thei r habi t at s ，and rel at ed

Ar chi bal d: In order for peopl e to pro tect migrat ory bi rds they have to understand what migrat ory bi rds need and recogni ze the i mport ance of thei r preserva-

He resi des wi t h his J apanese wi fe on a sm al l f arm nearby the I CF headquart ers ，whi l e travel i ng the worl d over for half of the year to prot ect cranes and thei r habitats.

Winter 2006 I Koreana

29

l

t 100 for 山

ance compani es vi si ted Ko-

document a円 pr ogr amon her dance career ，is still ci ted by

rea to present over 300 per f or mances ，and thi s t rend is

ma ny as t he ki nd of sacri f i ce r equi r ed of 司successf ul

n2005 山

l i kel y to be repeat ed thi s year as wel .l Of speci al not e ，Ko-

artl s .t

r ean dancer s are often a mong t he me mbe r s of t hese visiti ng compani es. Among t he vari ous f orei gn dance c ompa-

Kor ean Bal l et Dancer s

ni es t hat vi si ted Kor ea l ast year ，t he St ut t gart 8al l et of

A l ook at t he member s hi p rost ers of t he worl d' s l ead-

Ger ma ny gener at ed t he mos t publ i c i nt erest ，si nce its

i ng bal l et compani es wil l reveal t he na me s of a gr owi ng

pri nci pal dancer is Kang Sue J i n ，whos e st age tal ent is

number of Kor ean dancers. The Amer i can 8al l et Theat er ，

.s.

wel l - known a mong i nternati onal and Kor ean audi ences. In

one of t he mos t pr omi nent U

1985， she bec ame t he first Asi an to ear n t he t op honor s at

with t he Ne wYor k Ci ty 8al l et ，i ncl udes Seo Hee ，a previ ous

t he Pri x de Laus anne ，t he wor l d- r enowned i nt ernat i onal

wi nner of t he Pri x de Laus anhe ，wh o is f ol l owi ng in t he

bal l et compet i t i on，af ter whi ch s he j oi ned t he St ut t gart

f oot st eps of Kang Yena ，current l y t he pri nci pat. dancer of

8al l et in 1986 as its youngest me mbe r ，and has si nce be-

t he Uni versal 8al l et

bal l et compani es ，al ong

c ome a t enur ed perf ormer. Then in 1999 ，Kang recei ved

Kor ean dancer s Ryu J i - yeon and 8ae J oo- youn have

t he best f emal e dancer awar d at 8enoi s de la Dans e ，t he

been per f or mi ng for about 10 years wi t h t he Ki rov 8al l et

dance worl d' s versi on of t he Ac ademy Awar ds. An i mage of

a nd t he 8ol shoi 8al l et ，r espect i vel y ，t he t wo mos t

her f est ered t oes ，whi ch wa s s hown as part of a Kor ean

r enowned Rus s i an bal l et c ompani es . 80t h of t hes e

30 Koreana I Wint er 2006

dancers went to Russi a to study at the Vaganova Bal l et Academy ，and then gai ned muc h recogni ti on by bei ng invited to join these presti gi ous i nternati onal ballet compani es right after their graduati on.

Korean ballet dancers are notabl y active in Nort hern and West er n Europe as wel .l J un Eun- sun，the f ormer pri nci pal dancer of the Uni versal Bal l et ，is now perf orming wi th the Royal Swedi sh Bal l e.t Ki mSeh- yun，anot her former pri nci pal dancer of the Uni versal Bal l et ，is now a member of the l argest ballet company in Swi tzerl and，the Zuri ch Bal l et ，whi ch promot ed her to pri nci pal dancer last year . Ki mJ 卜young and Ki mYong- geol ，who regul arl y perf ormed as pri nci pal dancers of the Korean Nati onal Bal l et Company in the mid 1990s ，have al so j oi ned maj or ballet compani es in Europe. Ki mJ 卜young perf orms as a soloist of the Dut ch Nati onal Bal l et ，whi l e Ki mYong- geol is a member of the Pari s Opera Bal l e.t J ang Yoo-j i n，who j oi ned

the Essen Bal l et of Ger many in 2003，has ri sen rapi dl y t hrough the corps de ballet βnd will be pl ayi ng the l ead role of Odette ，in 5wan Lake this season. In addi ti on，Lee So-l a is a member of the Lyon Opera Bal l et of France ，and Han Sang-yi perf orms wi th the Mont e- Carl o Bal l et ，Monaco.

Kor ean Moder n Dancer s Among Korea' s vari ous mal e perf ormers who have danced thei r way onto the gl obal stage ，Ki mYong- geol has especi al l y di sti ngui shed hi m sel f. f1e began by passi ng the apprent i ce- member audi ti on of the ol dest dance ce l mpany in the worl d，the Pari s Opera Bal l e.t For six mont hs ，he att ended cl asses and j umped at every opportuni ty to perf orm on st age. Then，in an audi ti on in whi ch he compet ed agai nst the 50 most tal ented dance aspi rants f romaround the worl d，he was sel ected as a member of the troupe. Not Wi nter 2006 I Koreana 31

l ong ago，he was promot ed to sol ois.t Hi s step-by-step career advancement refl ects j ust how fertile the Kor ean dance envi ronment has become for nurturi ng i nternati onally competi ti ve perf ormers. Ot her Korean dancers pe ト f orming in forei gn countri es i ncl ude Seo Dong Hyun with the Nati onal Bal l et of Canada ，and Kwak Kyudong wi th the Nevada Bal l et Theatre.

Mor e recentl y ，ever mor e Korean dancers are regularly appeari ng wi th moder n dance compani es worl dwi de.

For exampl e，Ki mNa Young has al ready been perf orming wi th the Pi na Baush Tanztheater Wuppert al for ten years.

J eon Yeon- hee dances wi th the Saarburcken Bal l et in Ger many，whi l e Ki mNa m-jin is a member of the most prominent moder n dance company in Bel gi um，Les Bal l et C. de la B. Meanwhi l e ，Yeo Hyo- sung perf orms for the Ult ima Vez，and J eon Young- j a ，the Nederl ands Dans Theater.

For s ome of t hese perf ormers ，after a l engthy and 32 Koreana I Wint er 2006

successful dance career ，they have gone on to se内 e In rel ated professi ons ，such as tr 司i ners or choreographers. Hur Yong- soon，who preceded Kang Sue Jin at the Monaco Royal Bal l et School ，is a case in poi n.t Fol l owi ng her notabl e perf ormances as a pri nci pal dancer of the Zuri ch Bal l et and of the Dussel dorf Bal l e.t she has si nce become a professi onal trai ner and choreographer .

Except i onal Arti stry Ever si nce Kang Sue Jin proved the l egi ti macy of Korean dancers by j oi ni ng the Stuttgart Bal l et in 1986，Korean perf ormers have i ncreasingl y sought to l aunch themsel ves onto the i nternati onal st age. However ，t hrough the mid 1990s ，onl y a handful had attai ned muc h gl obal success.

But mor e recentl y ，perf orming with a forei gn dance company has become qui te commonpl ace. At the begi nni ng of the new mi l l enni um，the number of dancers who are W int er 2006 [ Kor eana

33

me mbe r s of f orei gn dance compani es ，al ong wi t h thei r in-

audi ti on for f orei gn dance compani es. Fourt h，t he ongoi ng

vol vement wi t h a gr eat er vari et y of danc e genr es ，has

exchanges with f orei gn da (1 ce compani es ，t hr ough i nterna-

sur ged not i ceabl y. Current l y ，about 120 Kor ean dancer s

ti onal dance festi val s hel d in Kor ea and t he per f or mances

are per f or mi ng in f orei gn count ri es ，of whi ch about one-

of f orei gn danc e c ompani es her e ，have gi ven Kor ean

hal f ar e prof essi onal dancer s wi t h l eadi ng i nt ernat i onal

dancer s t he conf i dence to audi ti on abr oad. And above all

dance compani es . Mor eover ，t here are a f ewwho per f or m

t here is now wor l dwi de recogni t i on of t he excel l ent t ech-

as pri nci pal dancer s wi t h top-ti er bal l et compani es ，al ong

ni que and a付istic flair of Kor ean dancers.

wi t h ot hers that are l ead dancer s wi t h s omewhat l esserk nown t roupes.

Ther e are several f actors behi nd thi s gr owi ng success of Kor ean dancer s in f orei gn count r ies. Fi rst ，t here ar e now expanded opport uni t i es to pa 出 ci pate in i nternati onal

As evi dence of thi s ，young Kor ean dancer s now regul arl y capt ure t op honor s at i nt ernat i onal dance c ompet 卜 ti ons . I ndeed，in J ul y ，five Kor ean dancer s won awar ds at t he I nt ernat i onal Bal l et Comt et i t i on- Var na ，Bul gar i a ， whi ch i ncl uded t he pa 吋i ci pati on ザdancer s fro市 32 coun-

dance compet i t i ons. Second，an i ncreasi ng number of Ko-

tries. In t he j uni or dance cat egory ，Choi Young- gyu won t he

r ean dancer s have been recei vi ng t op awar ds at presti -

si l ver medal ，whi l e Hong Hyang- gi t ook t he bronze. Then，

gi ous wor l d events. Thi rd，t he I nt ernet' s prol i ferati on has

in t he seni or dance sect i on，Lee Young- do and Par k Seul - gi

ser ved to di ssemi nat e an abundanc e of i nf ormat i on on

won br onze medal s. In t he creati vity cat egory for moder n

dance ，t hus provi ding dancer s wi t h mor e opport uni t y to

dance ，Mi n Sue- kyung recei ved t he first pri ze. Thi s i mpr es-

34 Koreana I Winter 2006

sive showi ng at the Varna competi ti on，was built on the moment umf romthe 2005 Prix de Lausanne competi ti on， in whi ch Korean parti ci pants earned four awards. Park Sae- Eun，who won the 2006 USA Internati onal Bal l et Competition，is anot her promisi ng Korean dancer who wi l l soon be appeari ng on the worl d stage.

Thi s standard of excel l ence was further bol stered in 2006，when Ki mJ oo- won，the pri nci pal dancer and 10- year member of the Korean Nati onal Bal l et Company ，earned the coveted Benoi s de la Danse award，al ong wi th a Russian perf ormer. As Korean dancers conti nue to earn hi gh mar ks at i nternati onal events ，their number s on the gl obal stage will steadi l y rise as wel .l Thi s presence will not onl y el evate the stature of Korea.s dance professi onal s but al so enhance the competi ti ve i mage of the count 印 .s cul ture and arts. '-'t

I NTERVI EW

Par kSeo 80: Pi oneer of Korea' s Moder n Ar t 聞

T

M s t w o f m伽

n a山

Kor ea is qui te 抑 制i ated. Korea' s m伽

n art

got under way in earnest wi t h t he advent of abst ract pai nti ng f ol l owi ng t he

Kor ean Wa r [ 1950- 1953] . Thereaf t er ，Kor ea went on to achi eve t he rapi d economi c devel opment that c a me to be k nown as t he " Han Ri ver Mi racl e ， " whi ch resul t ed f r omt he country' s i ndustri al advancement ，as wel l as its pol i ti cal and soci al stability. Thi s dr amat i c t ransf ormat i on l ed to sweepi ng changes in all of soci ety ，i ncl udi ng Kor ea's art and cul t ure. In parti cul ar ，moder n art in Kor ea ，after t aki ng a cue f r omWest er n abst ract art ，decl ared its i ndependence f r ompast tradi ti on and devel oped rapi dl y f r omt he l ate 1950s.

Launc h of Abst r act Pai nt i ng The pai nt er Par k Seo- bo [b. 1931) emer ged at thi s cri ti cal starti ng poi nt of Kor ea's moder n ar.t He pl ayed a l eadi ng rol e in t he l aunch of a ne w era of post wa r aパ by roi l i ng t he mai nst r eam art ci rcl es wi t h experi ment al creat i ons ，t he l i kes of whi ch had never been seen in Kor ea The 1956 "Exhi bi ti on of Four Mod 目

ern Arti sts ， " whi ch f eat ured Par k Seo- bo as t he cent ral fi gure ，r epr esent ed a publ i c chal l enge to t he est abl i shed art wor l d and t he start of a ne w art moveme n.t Of not e ，t hese moder n arti sts di st anced t hemsel ves f r omprevi ous gener ati ons ，wi t h thei r rej ecti on of st at e- sponsored exhi bi ti ons ，al ong wi t h shocki ng t he publ i c wi t h thei r present at i on of t he first l'a 吋 i nf ormel [ non- concept ual art) abst ract pai nti ngs.

Park' s l'art i nf ormel seri es ，enti tl ed " Pr ot opl asm， " whi ch wa s exhi bi ted at thi s t i me ，mar k ed t he begi nni ng of abst ract pai nt i ng in Korea. Thr ough hi s wor ks ，Par k sought to have t he publ i c under st and that pai nti ng wa s an abst racti on that del ved i nto t he i nner dept hs of humani t y ，i nto an i ntangi bl e wor l d beneat h t he surf ace. He recal l s that "the f or ml ess ，cel l -di vi di ng 'Pr ot opl asm' s ymbol i zed pai n，f r eedom，and creati ve ener gy ，wi t h a ne w styl e of pai nti ng ，whi ch had no pr ecedent in Korea' s art hi sto咋 " F r om a t echni cal perspect i ve ，hi s earl y wor ks wer e heavi l y i nf l uenced by Fr ench l'art i nf ormel and Amer i can abst ract expr essi oni sm. Par k l ater began to del ve i nto t he underl yi ng essence of t hi ngs rat her t han thei r physi cal appear ance ，l eadi ng to hi s depart ure f r omWest er n expressi on and a pref erence for achr omat i c col ors and mat i ere effects. Hi s "Pr ot opl asm" seri es ，whi ch above all expr essed hi s personal experi ences ，is an arti sti c i nterpretati on of t he Kor ean confl i ct and t he subsequent upheava.l Wi t h dar k and s omber achr omat i c col ors ， such as bl ack ，gray ，and br own ，coveri ng t he canvas surf ace ，he s eemed to denounce t he ext r eme cruel ty of wa r . Wi t h hi s abst ract expressi on of real l i fe，he st ruck a resonant chor d in vi ewers.

Hi s “ Pr ot opl asm" seri es under went a not i ceabl e' change in t he 1970s. At that t i me ，Par k wa s a prof essor at a col l ege of fi ne arts ，who greatl y int! uenced y oung arti sts as an avi d pr oponent of t he mode r n art mov e me nt ，in t he provi nces as wel l as Seoul ，t hr ough such efforts as suppo巾 ng up and- comi ng 白

arti sts and organi zi ng t he Ecol e de Seoul exhi bi ti on， In addi ti on，as a pai nt er ，he began to exhi bi t uni que abst ract pai nt i ngs that di ffered f r ompast wor ks ，based on mnovat l ve expenment at i on Wi nt er 2006 I Kor eana 3 7

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Par k al so f reed hi msel f f r omWest er n i nf l uences ，al ong wi t h bl azi ng a ne w trail wi t h hi s sel f - creat ed monochr omat i c abst ract pai nti ng ・Thi s evol uti on wa s mani f est ed in hi s “ Ecri ture" seri es ， whi ch he unvei l ed in t he mi d 1970s ， Thi s “

Ecri ture" seri es ，whi ch he cont i nues to add to t oday ，wa s t he start of mono-

c hr ome abst ract pai nti ng in Kor ea and an opport uni t y to val i date t he i denti ty of Kor ean moder n ar t.“ Ecri ture" rai ses i ssues of t he spi ri tual essence ，not j ust mat t er s of styl e or appear ance ，That is ，it is an abst ract expressi on that seeks to i ncorporat e t he arti s t' s essence i nto hi s pai nti ng t echni ques ， “ Ecri t ure" Ser i es

Par k says that he “ set out to have ' Ecri ture' symbol i ze a monk medi t at i ng in a Seon [ Zen) gar den，" Ul t i mat el y ，hi s 主cri ture" is not a seri es of pai nt i ngs on a one- di mensi onal surf ace ，but concept ual art that ' i nvi tes vi ewers i nto a pl ace of medi t at i on，" In fact ，t hese wor ks have carved out a ne w ni che in Kor ean moder n art and enhanced its i denti ty ， In hi s earl y "Ecri ture" wor ks ，Par k cover ed t he canvas in whi t e and t hen appl i ed an endl ess accumul at i on of l i nes ，whi ch created a scul pt ural effect on t he canvas ，wi t h t he flat surf ace bei ng t r ansf or med i nto a t hree- or f our- di mensi onal spi ri tual space ，or a “ r eal mof medi t at i on，" Par k expl ai ned:

“

I want ed to emphas i z e empt i ness mor e t han f ul l ness

t hr ough t he l i ne dr awi ngs that fill t he canvas ， Art is no l onger a t ask of filling somet hi ng but a t ask of empt yi ng somet hi ng ，and t hus mus t i nvol ve t hrowi ng yoursel f away ，Art mus t no l onger rei gn over peopl e ， it mus t comf or t peopl e ，Art that is filled by empt yi ng yoursel f is t he heal i ng art that I seek ，" Monochr omat i c t ones ，such as whi t e ，gray ，and pal e yel l ow，f or ma space that can be filled because of its empt i ness ， If West er n monoc hr ome abst ract pai nti ng deal s wi t h t he charact eri st i cs of t hi ngs and an expansi on of space ，t hen Par k Seo- bo' s “ Ecri ture" uti l i zes whi t e space ，whi ch si gni fi es an empt i ness of t he mat eri al wi t h a spi ri tual space and aut onomous “ medi t at i on r eal m，" In Parl く's monochr omat i c pai nti ng you can di scern a moder n arti sti c i denti ty that can be di fferenti ated f r omthat of t he We s.t Park' s “ Ecri ture" has si nce under gone vari ous stylistic changes duri ng its

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30- year exi st ence that r emai ns ongoi ng today. The earl y “ Ecri ture" wor ks ，whi ch wer e dr awn in penci l on a whi t e backgr ound，have l ong been super seded a spiri tual expressi on of mat t er that i nt roduced t he uni que mat i ere effects of tradi ti onal Kor ean paper. Spi ri tual expressi ons of t he t empor al and mat eri al are emphasi zed over mov e me n.t Above all ，t he mat i ere of Kor ean paper and changes in col ors l ead vi ewers i nto a ne w " r eal mof medi tati on. "' The non-fi nal i ty of acti on， al ong wi t h vari ances in surf ace t ext ure and col or ，bri ng to mi nd t he i mmat eri al i ty of accumul at ed mat eri al s. The densi t y of space i ntensi fi es as materi al i ty and t he sel f c ome i nto har mony.

Heal i ng Ar t Of l ate ，Par k has sought to f ocus attenti on on t he i ssue of "heal i ng art" t hr ough hi s “ Ecri ture." He states: “ Art mus t no l onger bur den t he vi ewer. In t he i nf ormat i on age ，t he di gi tal age of t he 21st cent ury ，art mus t no l onger di ctate but i nst ead pl ay a rol e in whi ch ti can soot he t he vi ewer. My wor k met hod for thi s ' heal i ng a吋 ， is to natural l y achi eve har mony bet ween t he m at eri al and i mmat er ial ，like pouri ng i nk ont o t he dr awi ng paper. " Recent l y ，hi s wor ks have been charact eri zed by a mov e away f r ompr i mar y col ors in f avor of neut ral col ors ，such as pal e pi nk ，fai nt bl ue ，and gray. The a 吋ist cal l s t hese t he “ del i cate neut ral col ors that are di scovered in a life at t he bot t om. " Mut ed monochr omat i c col ors ，wi t hout bri l l i ance or i ntensi ty ，are used to faci l i tate heal i ng in moder n life. Hi s l atest creat i ons ，whi ch f eat ure t he con cept s of empt i ness and heal i ng ，i ncl ude scul pt ural el ement s like a rel i ef wor k.

Thi s demands parti ci pati on of t he vi ewer ，who needs to vi ew “ Ecri ture" wor ks ， not onl y f r om t he front ，but al so f r omt he si de to real i ze a f ormat i ve change.

Al ong wi t h mai nt ai ni ng t he basi c requi si tes of pai nti ng ，Par k stri ves to st i mul at e t he vi ewe r' s tacti l e experi ence wi t h a vari ety of col or and f or m，whi ch are appl i ed to creat e a scul pt ural effect on t he flat canvas surf ace. The st i mul us to si ght and t ouch cont ri but es to a sense of comf or t and fam i l i ari ty. In thi s wa y ，t he vi ewer fills t he empt i ness and ent ers a r eal m of medi t at i on that can heal a wounded heart Interesti ngl y ，Par k admi t s ・ In t he past ，my hands wer e not hi ng but tool s used to achi eve an end. And t hose wor ks that rel i ed on t hese hands as tool s wer e s omet i mes di storted i nto handi craf t or decorat i ve wor ks. No w I want to bri ng to life t he t ouch of my hands. " For Par k Seo- bo，t he pi oneer of Kor ea'5 moder n a吋 ， he is t hus endeavori ng to creat e “ Ecri ture" wor ks that refl ect hi s arti sti c essence and can mani f est a "heal i ng arf' in keepi ng wi t h t he demands of t he 21st cent u印・J..;t

.

Wi nt er 2006 I Koreana 41

同

For t he l i t t l e- known and uni quel y Kor ean craft of hwa g a k， ox hor n is t ransl ucent panel s ， whi ch are caref ul l y gr ound and s haped i nto thi n， pai nt ed wi t h bri ghtl y col ored i mages to creat e an i ni mit abl e decorat i on t hat can be appl i ed to a vari et y of arti cl es.

Choi Tae- won Freel ance Wri ter Seo Heun- kang Phot ographer

A

ing to Lee J ae- man，K… 州 mast er of hwagak [ ox-horn craftJ: “ The moder n trend in crafts around the worl d is to mix and mat ch f roma vari ety of cul吋

tures. Of course ，we need to be mindf ul of tradi ti onal materials and techni ques ，but to attract the i nterest of a gl obal audi ence ，we cannot just hol d tight to our own thing. I a mnow expl ori ng ways to adapt tradi ti onal techni ques in order to create uni versal appea l." When he was too young to underst and better ，Lee unknowi ngl y stuck his hand into a hot brazi er that resul ted in per manent damage to his hand. But this disability did not hamper his artistic endeavors ，for whi ch he has been desi gnated Important Intangi bl e Cul tural Property No. 109 for his mast ery of ox- horn craft Though his hand might have been i nj ured，the intricate details of his exqui si te i mages say otherwi se. Coul d ti be that the hand of God is at wor k here?

Obscur e Wor l d of Hwa g a k That Lee woul d pursue an artistic career is hardl y i l y background. Lee' s mot her surpri si ng ，in light of his fam was known for her embroi dery tal ent ，whi l e his grandf ather was a carpent er ，and his father speci al i zed in dan cheong，the col orful l y pai nted patterns that embl azon the f ramework of tradi ti onal Korean bui l di ngs. In the case of

Lee J ae- man，he conti nued this famil y l egacy t hrough his lifelong dedi cati on to the uni que craft of hwagak Al t hough he has been resi di ng in I ncheon si nce the openi ng of his workshop there 20 years ago，his homet own is actual l y Seou.l tI was in Seoul that he was born，gr ewup， and met his ment or ，hwagak craf t sman E umIl -cheon，who mai ntai ned a workshop in Seoul until his death in the earl y 1980s. Before Lee was i ntroduced to hwagak ，he dr eamed about becomi ng a cartooni s .t Hi s talent for drawi ng was apparent f roman earl y age ，but fate woul d l ead hi mal ong a path that resul ted in his i mmersi on into the worl d of hw仕 gak ，whi ch eventual l y became an al l - consuming passi on “ A fter my teacher' s wife passed away ，all the housewor k ，i ncl udi ng cooki ng and doi ng the l aundry ，became my responsi bi l i ty. Instead of servi ng my parents ，I se内 ed my teacher. Even when I visited my mot her for a hol i day ，she woul d hastily send me on my way to prepare di nner for my t eacher . Still young at that t i me; I felt di sappoi nted ，but when Il ook back on ti now，ti was a preci ous experi ence. " The mast er craf t sman Eum. whom Lee served wi th such great care ，gave hi mthe pen name Wonseok [best stone，l as a means of encouragi ng Lee to never give up and al ways try to be the bes .t What is ti about hwagak that made Lee willingly take on such a rough roadつHwagak inWinter 2006 I Koreana 4 3

.

1 For hwagak ， ox h o mis gr ound and t r i mmed i nto thi n translucent panel s ， which are pai nt ed with bri ghdy colored i mages. Each step of this pai nst aki ng process requi res the ut most in craf t smanshi p and at tenti on to detai .l 2 Hwagak- decor at ed jewel ry boxes. Lee J ae- man appl i es a vari ety of h wagak t echni ques t o decorat e such i tems as busi ness-card hol ders ， j ewelry boxes ， and dressers. whi ch 3 Thr ee- dr aw dresser. !t takes about a year t o craft this parti cular type of dresser ， i nvol ves the pai nti ng and fitting together of numer ous ox- ho mpanel s.

44 Koreana 1 Winter 2006

同

" The moder n t rend in crafts ar ound t he wor l d is to mi x and mat c h f r oma vari et y of cul t ures. Of cour se ， we shoul d sti ck to but to attract t he i nterest tradi ti onal mat eri al s and t echni ques ， of a gl obal audi ence ， we shoul dn' t hol d on to our o wn thi ng.

I a mno wexpl ori ng way s to use tradi ti onal t echni ques and si mul t aneousl y refl ect uni versal beaut y. "

2

vol ves fl atteni ng and gri ndi ng ox horn into thin sheets that whi ch are pai nted with colare t ri mmed into smal l panel s ， orful desi gns on the backsi de and then appl i ed as decorati ons to furni ture and other househol d i tem s. The t ermis al so used for hwagak- rel at ed products . Customari l y ，hwagak was used to decorate the articles and accessori es of women，such as sewi ng i mpl ement s ，j ewel ry boxes ，and smal l bureaus.

Popul ar hwagak moti f s i ncl ude si pj angsaeng [ten symbol s of l ongevi ty，l genre scenes ，bi rds and fl owers ，and the four Chi nese characters representi ng l ongevi ty ，happト ness ，heal th，and prosperi ty. The desi gns wer e pai nted wi th natural pi gment s of red ，bl ue ，yel l ow，green，and whi te. Because the ox horn materi al is ground into such thin panel s ，the hwagak decorati ons are especi al l y fragile ， thus maki ng ti next to i mpossi bl e to find a t i meworn an tique. On occasi on，you might come across a hwagak wor k f romthe J apanese col oni al era [ 1910- 1945.1 but mor e likely than not ti used a ki nd of plastic materi al ，rather than ox horn. The surface of genui ne ox horn reveal s a bl acki sh grai n that seems to diffuse light Adapt at i on of Tradi t i on “ U nfortunatel y ，there are so f ew relics of hwagak ，a

craft uni que to Korea. And most of t hemare pri vatel y owned by i ndi vi dual s who are rel uctant to have t hem shown in publi c. I try to convi nce these pri vate owners to show me theIr hwagak wor ks by offeri ng to restore t hem for free.'.

Theref ore ，when Lee di scovered a hwagak artifact at the Musee Gui met ，whi ch mai ntai ns an extensi ve col l ecti on of Asi an relics ，he was ecstati c. He later contacted the mus eumto request permissi on to phot ograph and restore the relic. Lee exerts i nordi nate ti me and effort for the restoration of hwagak anti ques because of his belief that they are an i nval uabl e source of aパistic creativity. To hi m，creati ve i nnovati on is essenti al l y a process of transf orming traditional ways.

A mat t er of concern to Lee is that the pri ce of hwagak wor ks can be exorbi tant ，wel l beyond the affordabi l i ty of regul ar consumers. But this is because of the pai nstaki ng handcraf t smanshi p requi red for every step of the production process . For exampl e ，a natural gl ue ，made f romfish bl adder ，is used to affix the pai nted panel s to the wood objec .t For this ，75 ki l ograms of brown croaker bl adders are sl owl y boi l ed to yield t wo bowl ful s of gl ue. As such，he is striving to devel op hwagak- rel at ed cul tural products that can be market ed at mor e reasonabl e pri ces Wi nt er 2006 I Koreana 4 5

1， 2 Popul ar hwagak motif s， vivi dly depicted in brilli ant colors ， incl ude the ten longevi ty symbols and genr e scenes ， in whi ch ani mals are often port rayed in a humorous manner.

3， 4 Lee has endeavored to adapt hwagak techni ques to cont emporary handcraft ed art icles ， il ke thi s elaborately decorated guj eolpan (traditi onal ni ne-secti on Kor ean serving dish)， and the handl e of a circul ar fol di ng fan.

Rel ated to this ，Lee notes : "The most popul ar desi gn moti fs ，whi ch are deri ved f romtradi ti onal folk pai nti ngs ， mai nl y call for mi d- range col ors. But we can make mor e than 40 col ors f romthe five pri ma 印 col ors : yel l ow，bl ue， whi te ，red，and bl ack. Woul dn't the appeal of hwagak be expanded fi we used a wi der vari ety of col ors to attract the attenti on of mor e peopl e f romaround the worl dつ " Meanwhi l e ，tradi ti onal hwagak wor ks are steadi l y falling out of favor due to the prol i ferati on of hi gh-ri se apart ment devel opment s in Korea. Lee expl ai ns: “ Korea' s tradi ti onal houses are desi gned to al l ow natural air fl ow， but apa パment s are no.t Theref ore ，hwagak cannot breathe in moder n bui l di ngs. Then，what is the sense of maki ng a qual i ty hwagak wor k? Wi t hout proper care ，it' s all for naught . 50 ，whenever I recei ve an order ，I will visit the owner' s house to det ermine the i deal l ocati on for the hwagak to be pl aced. The life of a hwagak can be maxi mi zed when si tuated in a l ocati on wi th proper sunl i ght and fresh air . 50me peopl e will store hwagak in a gl ass encl osure ， because it' s so preci ous ，but this restri cts its breathi ng."

Li f e10ng Dedi cat i on Lee J ae- man's prof ound pri de in hwagak is readi l y evi dent f r omthe met i cul ous care that goes i nto hi s

restorati on of exi sti ng wor ks and creati on of new ones ， Thi s even i ncl udes the growi ng of l acquer trees and making of his own l acquer finishes. The keen attenti on to detail that he pays to baekgol ，the f r amewor k of wood 0同ects to be adorned wi th hwagak decorati ons and coated wi th lacquer ，refl ects his consummat e craf t smanshi p， Hi s basement workshop is full of bael 句 ol pi eces ranging in age f romfive to mor e than ten years ，After a t horough dryi ng and agi ng ，he will di scard any pi eces that are split or cracked. He can be fully satisfied onl y when he takes care of practi cal l y eve印 process by hi msel f ，i ncl udi ng preparation of the hwagak panel s as wel l as crafti ng the furni ture and even instal l i ng the lock. Thi s approach was l earned f romhis teacher who taught Lee: "If you have somebody to do a task，you can onl y knowfi he does good wor k when you yoursel f al ready knowthe process i nvol ved."

Lee J ae-man likes to bel i eve that he is not sel l i ng his wor ks ，but onl y renti ng t hem. He thi nks of hi msel f as a hwagak craf t sman who has wel l preserved the tradi ti onal ways of hwagak. But he does worry about who might carry on this tradi ti on in the future ，wonderi ng if anyone is willing to make such a great sacri fi ce for such a meager reward.

Then，as he becomes i mmer sed in his wor k ，such t houghts s eemto mat t er little. [ ; t Winter 2006 I Koreana 47

MAS T ERPI E CE S

E NDUR I NG E L E GANCE O F GOR Y E O C E L A DON Thi s c ons ummat e wor k of Gor yeo cel adon， compr i si ng a bowl ， cover ， st and， and l adl e， is hi ghl y es t eemed for its subt l e beaut y and met i cul ous craf t smanshi p.

Chung Y a ng - mo Me mb e r 01 Cul t ural Propert i es Commi t t ee Phot ogr aphy: L e e um，S a ms ung Mu s e u m01 Art

T

~ ~. y C h ar a my戸st怜er付巾 i ωous col or ，graceful l y fl owi ng cu刊 es ，and detailed decorati ve patterns. The j ade- green gl aze of Goryeo cel adon reached the hei ght of its magni f i cence in the earl y ， then decl i ned fol l owi ng the Mongol to mid- 12t h centu印 i nvasi ons. The col or' s brilliance was revi ved briefly in the latter hal f of the 13th cent ury，duri ng the rei gn of Ki ng Chungryeol [r . 1274-1308]. Inlaid cel adon fol l owed a si m i lar devel opment pattern but never did regai n its gl ory of the 12th century. Al t hough cel adon never qui te recovered the el egance of f ormand spl endor of pattern that ti boasted in the 12th century ，new shapes as wel l as inlaid desi gns and composi ti ons wer e devel oped and adopt ed f rom the latter half of the 13th century. 司

TI ん l. ELESS B ι 久UTY

Thi s covered bowl wi th stand is a true mast erpi ece of Goryeo cel adon，whi ch is thought to have been produced in the latter half of the 13th century ，during the rei gn of Ki ng Chungryeo.l In contrast to most covered bowl s ，this is a soup bowl ，rather than a rice bowl ，whi l e the shape of its

4 8 Koreana I Wi nt er 2006

stand and cover are al so uni que for its t i me. The ri mof the bowl curves out ward and the knob on the cover has a ca内 ed dragon. The knobs of earl i er covered bowl s usual l y featured a ca刊 ed l otus bud，but the l arger covered bowls of the 13th centu印 i ncl uded knobs wi th ani mal f orms ，such as a dragon，phoeni x ，or monkey. Anot her uni que feature of this bowl is the square openi ng cut in the cover for the ladle. In al l l i kel i hood，ti seems that this wor k was created at a ti me when the economi c si tuati on and royal authori ty had attai ned a state of relative stability ，in the af termath of the Mongol i nvasi ons . In addi ti on，ti provi des cl ear evi dence of exchange wi th Chi na ，Central Asi a ，and West er n cul tures ，via the Mongol s.

The shape of the bowl ，the cover ，and the knob wer e precedent before the all new i nnovati ons ，wi th no ~ now 13th century. And this was true as wel l for the. stand that supported the bowl: Large bowl s and smal l bowl s ，or baraegi ，often c ame wi th support st ands ，up t hrough the first hal f of the 12th cent ury ，whi l e cup sets i ncl uded stands until the earl y 14th century.

The stands for l i quor cups can be classified into t wo

.Cel adon Li dded Bowl and St and. 13t h Cent ur y，Hei ght [total] : 19. 3 c m，Bowl Hei ght 14. 9 c m，Di ameter [ mouth) 18. 5 c m，[bas e) 6.8 c m，Ladl e: Lengt h 28. 0c m，Nat i onal Tr easur e No. 220 ，L e e um，S a ms ung Mu s e u m01 Art

Winter 2006 I Kor eana 4 9

.

50 Koreana I Wi nt er 2006

Thi s cer ami c bowl is di sti ncti ve for t he exqui si t e decorat i ons of bowl ， and st and. Feat uri ng t he full r ange of t he its cover ， thi s arti cl e wa s mos t l i kel y popul ar i nl ai d desi gns for cer ami cs ， f r omt he royal pal ace.

basi c groups. First ，the mor e c ommon type incl uded a ri m and slightly rai sed ci rcul ar secti on onto whi ch the cup is pl aced. The second type，whi ch is in the shape of a cup，incl udes t wo subcategori es: one ，wi th an open secti on，and the other wi th the space bei ng cl osed. But the stand of this covered bowl was entirely di fferent f romany previ ous exampl es at the ti m e. The body of the stand is shaped like a shal l ow cup，wi th a foot ，whi l e just bel ow the recessed mout h is a wi de ri mthat flattens out. Thi s newtype of bowl stand emer ged after the 13th centu印・

DI STI NCTI VE DE COR AT I ON The decorati ve patterns and composi ti ons of this wor k are al so hi ghl y uni que. The interior and exteri or surfaces of the vessel are covered wi th desi gns ，consisting of pri ma印 and secondary patterns. The secondary patterns f ormfour bands on the cover and three on the bow.l The pri mary patterns on the cover i ncl ude dragon，phoeni x ，and cl oud i mages ，whi l e the bowl features a peony-scrol l decorati on.

The secondary patterns ，whi ch cover l arge surface areas in the f ormof bands ，represent a new style ，as is the case

wi th the dragon，phoeni x ，and peony-scrol l desi gns. The ri mof the stand is decorated wi th a dragon，phoeni x ，and cl oud pattern，whi l e the shal l owcup-l i ke body of the stand is embel l i shed wi th carved l otus fl owers. The seconda 門 patterns are pressed desi gns that appeared f romthe latter half of the 13th century. cover ， and stand are decorated with patterns The bowl ， cl ouds ， cranes ，peoni es ，lotus fl owers ， of dragons ，phoeni xes ， beads ，“目 [ man] "" symbol s ，l i ghteni ng ，and scrol l s ，whi ch have been inlaid or pressed onto the surface. Inside and out ， the bowl is covered with the full range of patterns typical of the ti me ，whi ch f orml ayers that create a rather busy and contri ved appearance. But the cel adon work. s t rademark j ade-green gl aze is of a subl i me sereni ty，al ong with exqui sitely rendered pri mary pat t ems. In'addi ti on，the harmoni ous bl end of the graceful cu同 es of the bowl ，wi de flat ri m，and verti cal l i nes of the cup- shaped body contri butes to the qui ntessenti al el egance of this artistic treasure，whi ch is al so rethis masterpi ece markabl e for its excel l ent condition. Indeed， and epi tome of Goryeo cel adon ceramics of the late 13th century has wel l endured the test of ti m e. l.i.'JII Winter 2006 I Koreana 51

ART REVI EW

Reveal i ng t he Es s ence of J os eon Dynast y Porcel ai n

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a m山

re when I started to 川

of 山

hi te por 任

l ai n cer ami cs of t he J os eon Dynast y [ 1392- 1910) as

"l adi es" ador ned in whi t e cl ot hi ng ・Per haps because of thei r shyness ，if you at t empt to t ake a f i rm hol d of thei r gracef ul hand，t hey will i nstantl y vani sh wi t hout a trace. All thi s whi l e ，t he si ght of t hese l adi es has been a secret known to curat ors and col l ectors al one. But now thi s secret is bei ng reveal ed to publ i c audi ences . Thanks to t he creat i ve hands of phot ogr apher Koo Bohnc hang ，t he porcel ai n l adi es of t he J oseon Dynast y can be seen by ordi nary vi ewers for t he first t i me.

Kor ean Sent i ment s Koo Bohnchang ，one of Kor ea's mos t accl ai med phot ogr apher s ，is al so qui t e wel l k nown in J apan. Bor n in Seoul in 1953，he c a me to be f asci nat ed wi t h phot ogr aphy whi l e st udyi ng in Ger many. Si nce ret urni ng to Kor ea in t he 1980s ，he has left hi s mar k on t he Kor ean art wor l d wi t h phot ogr aphs that are not mer e i mages ，but t rue wor ks of ar t. I ndeed ，wher ev er hi s wor k s ar e exhi bi t ed he has caused a stir ・Today ，he has gai ned i nternati onal f ame as far afi el d as Ne wYor k and Pari s : My first encount er wi t h Koo Bohnchang' s wor k occur r ed in 2003 ，t hr ough a magaz i ne adver t i sement that f eat ured hi s "Hyst eri c Ni ne" ma s k seri es . Whe n I vi ewed t he phot ogr aph of a ma n in a ma s k st andi ng vacant l y ，I felt a sense of unease，as t hough I shoul d not cont i nue to l ook at t he i mage. About t wo years l ater ，in spri ng 2005，I wa s Vessel ，154 x 123 c m，2005，L e e um，S a ms ung Mu s e u m01 Art ，Seoul

Y ou c an be capt i vat ed easi l y by t he me r e pr es enc e of whi t e por cel ai n， but it is not s o eas y t o expl ai n t he mys t er i ous powe r t hat it emanat es .

For t hi s ， t he phot ogr aphy of K o o Bohnc ha ng c an hel p us t o del ve i nt o t hi s i nt angi bl e r eal m.

Kat ay ama Mabi Cur at or ，Mu s e u m01 Ori ent al Cer ami c s ，Os aka

cont act ed by t he i ndi vi dual whos e phot ogr aphy had ma de

l ook at t he porcel ai n i t ems in t he st or er ooms wi t h hi s eyes ，

me feel uneasy. Koo Bohnchang wa s wor ki ng on a proj ect

rat her t han hi s l ens . I had not yet under st ood that phot og-

t hat had hi m phot ogr aphi ng J os eon Dynast y porcel ai n

r aphy ，like musi c ，is an art of t i mi ng. Not unti l l ater di d I re

hous ed at t he Kyot o Gor yeo Mu s e u m，L e e um S a ms ung

al i ze howfool i sh my suggest i on was. Nonet hel ess ，t he Po-

Mus e umof Art ，and t he Mus ee Gui met ，Pari s. And now he

l aroi d i mages that he t ook wer e excel l en.t They s eemed to

sought to phot ogr aph t he wor ks of our mus eum. Because

depi ct i mages of t he “ l adi es ， " whi ch heret of ore had been

t he speci al handl i ng for phot ographi c sessi ons wil l of ten

my own secret

resul t in da ma g e to mu s e u m i t ems ，I wa s rel uct ant to

Thereaf t er ，Koo cont i nued wor ki ng on hi s proj ect wi t h

grant approval to a non- acquai nt ance. But whe n I met Koo，

visits to not abl e mus e ums in Kor ea and over seas ，i ncl ud-

hi s prof essi onal appr oach and passi on won me over ，and I

i ng t he Nat i onal Mus e umof Kor ea ，J apan Fol k Craf t s Mu-

agr eed to hi s r eques .t Al t hough hi s ma s k seri es had left

s e um，and t he Met ropol i t an Mus e um of Art in Ne w Yor k.

me s omewhat uncomf or t abl e ，thi s experi ence di d gi ve me

Obt ai ni ng permi ssi on to phot ogr aph mus e umwor ks is no

i nsi ght i nto hi s charact er and a sense of hi s Kor ean spiri .t

easy mat t er even for mus e um per sonnel ，so thi s pr ocess

As an arti tst ，Koo Bohnchang does not stri ve to di rect-

mus t have been even mor e difficult for a pri vate phot ogra-

ly reveal Kor ean tradi ti on. Li ke whi t e porcel ai n ，ma s k s

pher like Koo. Then in J ul y ，after recei vi ng t he good news

have c ome to be wi del y pr omot ed as an i mage of Kor ea. By

that Koo woul d be exhi bi ti ng t he frui ts of thi s ar duous en-

hi ghl i ghti ng t he dynami c ener gy of mas ked dance- dr ama ，

deavor at Kukj e Gal l e印 in Seoul ，I pr epar ed to visit Kor ea

whi ch is so readi l y evi dent to audi ences ，it has been poss ト

wi t h great expect at i ons .

bl e to ma k e k nown its deep root s in Kor ean tradi ti on and sent i ment s. But such i mages of Kor ea have bec ome so preval ent that thei r overal l i mpact s eems to be di mini sh-

Arti sti c Ener gy At t he ent rance to t he gallerγ ，I wa s conf ront ed by a

l e avoi di ng s uch surf ace- l evel dy nami s m，Koo

squar e obj ect wr apped in cl oth，whi c h I coul d not f i gure

Bohnchang has succeeded in bri ngi ng t he essence of Ko-

ou.t F r omt he wor ks di spl ayed on ei ther si de ，ti s eemed to

rean tradi ti on to life by del vi ng i nto its underl yi ng tranqui l 卜

be a porcel ai n i t em，but s ome how mor e t han a si mpl e

ty. F r omthi s perspect i ve ，my initial uneas e t owar d Koo

“ vesseし "

wa s repl aced by trust

mensi onal surf ace ，for i nst ance ，Paul Cez anne or Gi orgi o

In g ・Whi

目

Whe n arti sts seek to depi ct a vessel on a t wo- di -

On a humi d mi ds ummer day ，whe n we began t he pho-

Mor andi ，t hey t end to emphasi z e t he f or mof t he obj ec.t In

t ographi c sessi ons ，I suggest ed to Koo that he shoul d first

cont rast ，Koo Bohnchang' s wor ks devi at e as muc h as posWi nt er 2006 I Kor eana 5 3

民

、 .

、一一 一一....-'

.-

凡

1 Koo Bohnchang arranged the i mages 01 six moon j ars to create a scene that l ooks like the moon bei ng obscured by cl ouds. " Moon J ars" seri es ，100 x 80 c m，2005. Fr omlelt to right ，the j ars are I romthe Nati onal Mus eum01 Korea ，Seoul ; Musee Gui met ，Pari s; Mus eum01 Ori ental Cerami cs ，Osaka; Leeum，Sams ung Mus eum01 Art ，Seoul ; J apan Fol k Cral ts Mus eum，Tokyo; and J apan Fol k Cral ts Mus eum， Tokyo 2 Vessel ，79 x 116cm，2005 ，Bri ti sh Mus eum，London 3 Vessel ，90 x 180cm，2005 ，Mus eum01 Ori ental Cerami cs ，Osaka 4 Vessel ，90 x 180cm，2005 ，Leeum，Sams ung Mus eum01 Art ，Seoul

一 ------

.

Ev en in phot oqr aphs . t he et her eal " l adi es" t hat r esi de wi t hi n whi t e por cel ai n wor k s appear onl y f l eet i nql y. Gl i mps ed vaquel y. t hei r exqui si t e f or m i5 r eveal ed t hr ouqh K o o Bohnc hanq' s i nnovat i ve phot oqr aphv.

si bl e f r omt he f or m and real i ty t hat appear s to t he eye:

ont o t he canvas. we c o me to s ee anot her at t ract i on of

J ars pl aced of f - cent er ，i mages del i beratel y out of f ocus ，a

whi t e porcel ai n. Ot her bl ack- and- whi t e seri es s how what

sect i on of a bowl enor mousl y enl ar ged，and vessel s that

Koo Bohnc hang has current l y f ocused on and in what dト

s e e mto c ommuni c at e wi t h each ot her ，whi l e bei ng onl y

recti on he mi ght pr oceed in t he future. Hi s evol vi ng i mages

parti al l y vi si bl e in t he i mage

s eemed to st ress t he f or ms that appear ed in t he earl y pe-

Ami d t hese i mages ，you gradual l y l ose your per spec

ri od of hi s whi t e porcel ai n seri es ，and l ater reveal ed t he

tive and sense of real i ty ，whi l e bei ng dr awn i nto a dr eam

cont empor ar y ，mi ni mal i st char act er of J os eon Dynast y

paradi se. In thi s pi nk paradi se ，t he l adi es pl ay hi de- and-

porcel ai n ，whi ch ser ved to enhanc e thei r s ubdued el e-

seek ，as thei r ephemer al f i gures and gracef ul smi l es s e e m

gance. Especi al l y not ewor t hy wa s t he wa y in whi ch Koo

to appear on t he phot ographi c paper and t hen vani sh. Al

had ar r anged several l arge- si ze 18t h- cent ury porcel ai n

t hough t he porcel ai n i mages are cl earl y pri nted，t he real i ty

j ars ，aptl y k nown as “ moon j ars ， " to creat e a scene of t he

of thei r shapes and col ors does not endur e for l ong. In-

moon bei ng obscur ed by cl ouds Li ke t he whi msi cal humor

st ead. what r emai ns is t he sent i ment s t hat t he vessel s

for whi ch J oseon Dynast y cer ami cs is of t en associ at ed ，

embody: a sense of vi brancy ，like that of gi ，or ener gy; and

thi s arti sti c i nnovat i on bot h conveys thi s sent i ment and

f eel i ngs of c har m，restrai nt ，or sol i tude. A cer ami c wor k

suggest s a possi bl e sta パi ng poi nt for hi s f ut ure endeavors.

目

can be an enchant ress- l i ke bei ng who is capabl e of rui ni ng huma n life. Si mil arl y ，Koo' s phot ogr aphs ar e not about present i ng pretty i mages . J ust as you can easi l y l ose t rack

Under l yi ng Es s ence On my wa y to Seoul ，on a rai ny day，I t hought about a

of t i me whi l e in paradi se and descend to a l ower wor l d to

gr owi ng consensus that phot ogr aphy and cer ami cs are art

fi nd that you have bec ome a gray- hai red el derl y per son，I

f or ms whi ch s eemed to have run thei r cour se recentl y. In

s eemed to experi ence an enchant ment i nvi si bl e to t he eye

t he wor l d of art gal l eri es t oday ，a noti on that cer ami cs is

that l urks onl y in t he subl i me i t ems of anci ent t i mes .

experi enci ng a l ack of appeal hC i S bec ome a seri ous prob-

Leavi ng t he al l ure of t he l adi es behi nd ，I ma k e my wa y

l em. Ho w can t he subt l e c har mof anci ent Kor ean cer am-

to t he second fl oor ，wher e I encount er t he di gni fi ed wor l d

ics spar k t he i nterest of vi ewers in a f orei gn count 印 ， such

of t he literati . Fi rst ，I vi ewed t he phot ogr aph of a bottl e that

as J apan，or in t he conf i ned space of an exhi bi ti on hal l ? As

r esembl ed a mal e body. Bri ngi ng to mi nd t he mast er f ul

for thi s concer n，Koo's phot ogr aphs s e e mto offer a r eady

sel f- portrai t by Yun Du- seo [ 1668- 1715，] t he J oseon Dy-

sol uti on. Besi des shape and col or ，anot her real i ty of porce-

nast y pai nt er who sought to real i sti cal l y port ray exi st ence

lain is t he essence embodi ed t herei n，whi ch is equal l y real

56 Korea na I Wi nt er 2006

1 Vessel ，63 x 50c m，2005 ，Museu m01 Ori ental Cer ami cs ，Osaka 2 Vessel，106 x 85cm，2005，Museum 01Ori ental Cer ami cs ，Osaka

It mi ght be that t he abi l i ty to vi vi dl y reveal t hese i nner and out er real i ti es lies in t he hands of a phot ogr apher such as Koo. Mor eover ，Koo' s wor ks never rel y on f ancy t echni ques or t echnol ogy. I nst ead，he ri gi dl y adher es to convent i onal met hods but still manages to extract even t he mos t deepl y buri ed qual i ti es of a subj ec.t To a f. orei gn vi ewer ，Koo's appr oach of deal i ng wi t h t he underl yi ri g essence of Kor ean art is hi ghl y prai sewort hy. Chi nese and J apanese art ，wi t h thei r affi ni ty for bri ght col ors and appeal i ng subj ect s ，can be mor e easi l y under stood. In fact ，thi s is why such ext ensi ve col l ecti ons of Chト nese and J apanese art can be seen in t he We s .t But Kor ean art is mor e difficult for f orei gners to appreci at e. Wh e n you visit a mu s e u m，t he i ntangi bl e gi ener gy cannot so easily be percei ved t hr ough a gl ass encl osur e ，whi l e t he shy “ l adi es"

pref er to r emai n out of cl ear vi ew. Al t hough t here

ar e det ai l ed descri pt i ons and phot ogr aphs of J oseon Dynast y porcel ai n，its i nner real i ty does not l end itself to t he wri t t en wor d or still i mages. But now，t hanks to thi s l abor of l ove of Koo，vi ewer s can mor e readi l y encount er t he essence of J oseon Dynast y porcel ai n. The arti stry of Koo Bohnc hang s hows that phot ogr ap'hy and cer ami cs have by no me a ns r un thei r cour se. I ndeed ，t he possi bi l i ti es ar e boundl ess . 国

Winter 2006 I Koreana 5 7

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一 仏ミ可 :f-

Unvei l i ng the Myst er y of

Cheomseongdae

Cheoms eongdae is a val uabl e cul tural rel i c t hat refl ects t he st at e of ast r onomi cal sci ence at t he t i me whe n it wa s devel oped. Al t hough bui l t s ome 400 year s ago，quest i ons cont i nue to swi rl about its backgr ound and f unct i on， 1， whi ch s e e mto el ude defi ni ti ve answer s.

Par k Seong- Rae Pr ol essor Emer i t us ，Kor ean Sci ence Hi st ory ，Hank uk Uni versi t y 01 For ei gn St udi es

c: …

Choi Hang- y oung Phot ogr apher

e吋 ae literally means "pl atf ormfor obse 刊 ing stars ， " whi ch can be i nterpreted as “ stargazi ng tower."' Al t hough ti was erected s ome 1， 400 years ago，this stone structure ，whi ch remai ns l argel y intact ，can be cal l ed the ol dest astronomical observatory of its ki nd in the worl d. But ti was onl y about 100 years ago that Cheomseongdae began to be hi ghl y regarded as an astronomical obse 刊 atory ，in a moder n sense. Bef ore then，ti recei ved scant attenti on; however ，with Korea' s entry into the modern worl d order ，the sci enti fi c si gni fi cance of Cheomseongdae came to be properl y appreci ated.

Doubt s about Cheoms eongdae Somet i me in the 1970s ，schol ars began to rai se basi c questi ons about Cheomseongdae. In parti cul ar ，the structure' s hei ght is relatively moderat e ，reachi ng about 10 me5 8 Kor eana I Wint er 2006

ters ，whi l e bei ng si tuated on an area of l ow-l yi ng terrai n of Gyeongj u，the capi tal of the anci ent ki ngdomof Silla [57 B. C - AD. 935J in sout heast ern Korea. S ome observers have thus questi oned just howeffectively the peopl e of Sil400 years ago，coul d conduct astronomical obla ，s ome 1， 白 川ati on by cl i m bi ng up this 1O- met er t ower and usi ng an armil l ary sphere [a si ghti ng i nstrument for identi 削ng the posi ti on and movement of heavenl y bodi es.J In response to this skepti ci sm，vari ous al ternati ve expl anati ons began to emer ge For exampl e ，one theory cont ends that Cheomseongdae was a modern- st yl e astronomical observatory. About 100 years ago，when the J apanese meteorol ogi st Wada Yuji first encount ered Cheomseongdae ，he concl uded that ti was an astronomical observatory based on the pri nci pl es of moder n sci ence. Hi s theory became the consensus vi ew ，

同

1 About 4.16 meters above the ground is a 1- met er t o whi ch a l adder from the sqll are ent r yway， grol l nd level was likely attached.

2 A t the 19th-20th and 25th- 26th secti ons there a印 刷o sets of int ersecti ng stone Sl l ppOrt beams.

that was wi del y hel d among the educat ed cl asses of Korea duri ng the J apanese col oni al peri od ( 1910-1945) . To Ko5 i ntel l ectual s ， who had been embi ttered by the l oss of rea ・ their soverei gnty ，this theory was a wel come source of national pride. tI meant that ，duri ng the Silla era ，the Korean peopl e had successful l y built an astronomical observatory ， whi ch utilized astronomical apparat us ，such as the armil lary sphere ，to observe the heavens. Thereafter ，Cheomseongdae came to be hi ghl y val ued by Koreans as a notewort hy achi evement of Korea' s tradi ti onal sci ence.

But just how effective woul d ti have been to conduct astronomical observati on by ascendi ng a t ower that stood 10 met ers hi gh on flat l and? Thi s f undamentei l questi on began to rai se consi derabl e doubt due to the l ack of a cl ear expl anati on. Thi s led to a newtheory that Cheomseongdae was not i ntended to be an astronomical observatory ，but rather an altar. built at a ti me when Buddhi smwas flouri shi ng ，whi ch was desi gned to commemor at e M.t Sumer u， the spiritual mount ai n of the Buddhi st faithfu.l Anot her hypothesi s suggest ed that Cheomseongdae was meant to be a sundi al ，whi l e there was al so conj ecture that ti was built wi th a vari ety of geometri cal f orms to di spl ay the state of geometri cal knowl edge at that ti me Silla' s Adv anc ed As t r onomy There is al so a questi on about the l ack of any specific ref erence to Cheomseongdae in Samguks agi ( Hi st ory of t he Thr ee Ki ngdoms ) (1145). A key factor behi nd the

mount i ng doubt s is that Samguk s agi ，the most detai l ed and authori tati ve hi stori cal reference on the Three Ki ngdoms peri od，does not i ncl ude a si ngl e wor d about Cheomseongdae. Onl y a suppl ement al document ，Samgungny us a ( Memor abi l i a of t he Thr ee Ki ngdoms) (1281). i ncl udes a brief ment i on that Cheomseongdae was built of stone dur ー ing the rei gn of Queen Seondeok (r. 632-646). Al t hough ti failed to attract the attenti on of hi stori ans ，Cheomseongdae was cited a f ewt i mes in geographi cal su刊 eys undertaken duri ng the J oseon Dynast y (1392-1910). Thi s i ncl uded the first descri pti on of its functi on，whi ch stated that peopl e woul d ascend the t ower to observe the heavenl y ski es . Apart f romthis ，several poems have been wri tten about Cheomseongdae ，i ncl udi ng those by J eong Mong- j u (1337-1392). the renowned schol ar of the late Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392). and vari ous literati of the earl y J oseon Dynasty. Still ，the dearth of detai l ed references to Cheomseongdae in Korea' s vol umi nous hi stori cal document s causes many to wonder about its actual si gni fi cance.

Then，how is possi bl e to separate fact f romfiction，in regard to CheomseongdaeつAl t hough muc h is difficult to ascertai n，ti is cl ear that duri ng the Three Ki ngdoms period，when Silla vi ed for hegemony over Goguryeo ( ~ 7 B，C.A. D. 668) and Baekj e (18 B.C.- A. D. 660). ast ronomy was already qui te advanced. For i nstance ，Samguks agi contai ns 000 references to natural phenomena of this per ト about 1， od，of whi ch about half i nvol ved astronomical events. In the case of Silla ，whi ch eventual l y consol i dated Goguryeo and Wint er 2006 I Koreana 61

A n archit ectural model suggests how Cheo mseongdae was utili zed. In al l l i kelihood， there was a l adder that extended f r omthe ground to the ent r yway， from whi ch anot her ladder inside woul d be used to reach the upper level for maki ng astronomi cal observati ons.

Bae同e i nto its Unifi ed Silla state in 668 ，it r ecor ded a l arge

have mai nt ai ned an offi ce of ast r onomy. Thes e pract i ces

number of such i nst ances . Sol ar ecl i pses ，comet s ，and t he

mus t have been i nsti tuti onal i zed f r oma muc h earl i er dat e ，

si ghti ng of pl anet s wer e r ecor ded，al ong wi t h r ecor ds of

as evi denced by t he pri or accumul at i on of records of astro-

any unusual occur r ences of heavenl y bodi es

n o mical events.

Of cour se ，thi s i nterest in ast ronomi cal event s ，whi ch di ffered f r omt he i nterests of moder n sci enti fi c research，

Ast r ol ogi cal Obs er v at or y

wa s root ed in astrol ogi cal i nterpretati on. Any unusual nat-

Then，what exactl y mi ght Cheoms eongdae have been?

ural phenomena wer e r egar ded as mes s ages f r om t he

Af t er consi deri ng t he rel at ed i ssues and val i d quest i ons

heavenl y power s that needed to be careful l y heeded by t he

t hat schol ar s have rai sed. it s e e ms cl ear to me t hat

ki ng and hi s mini st ers . In fact ，t hese ast ronomi cal event s

Cheoms eongdae wa s ，in a br oad sense ，an ast r onomi cal

of ten provi ded an i mpet us for t he r ef or m of gover nment

observat ory. The na me Cheoms eongdae appee l rs numer -

pract i ces . For thei r own pur poses ，each of t he Thr ee Ki ng-

ous t i mes in Kor ean hi stori cal records . si nce t here wer e

doms rel i ed on ast r onomer s and a syst emof ast ronomi cal

several di fferent Cheoms eongdae in separ at e l ocat i ons .

observat i on to wat ch for and i nterpret nat ural phenomena.

Al t hough t hese st ruct ures wer e desi gned for astrol ogi cal

In Si l l a' s case ，t he Offi ce of t he Wat er Cl ock ，whi ch wa s

pur poses ，t hey wer e nevert hel ess used for observi ng t he

first ment i oned in hi stori cal r ecor ds in 718 ，appear s to

cel esti al bodi es . The Gor yeo Dynast y ， whi ch succeeded Sil-

6 2 Koreana I Winter 2006

凡

Che oms e ong da e is not s o mu c h a n as t r onomi c aL obs er vat or y ， i n a mo d e r n s ens e ， a s it is a n ast r oLogi caL obser vat or y. A s s uc h ， it pr i mar i Ly f oc us ed o n Locat i ng i ndi vi duaL st ar s a nd const eLLat i ons in t he ski es abov e ， r at her t han obs er vi ng ceLest i aL bodi es f or sci ent i f i c pur pos es .

la ，built its own Cheoms eongdae at its capital ，Gaeseong ，

its base and top. The si de wi ndow is t hree st one sect i ons

r el at ed to whi c h t her e ar e nume r ous r ef er ences to

hi gh，wi t h 12 sect i ons above and 12 bel ow，maki ng a total

Cheoms eongdae.

of 27 secti ons. And if t he 3 or 4 squar e sect i ons are added，

Mor eov er ，in anci ent J apan ，as t r onomy- r el at ed

you get t he number s 28 ，29 ，and 30. Mor eover ，t he total

st ruct ures of an ast rol ogi cal char act er wer e bui l t and

number of st ones used is about 362 ，dependi ng on howt he

cal l ed J eoms eongdae. Thi s fact can be veri fi ed f r om t he

i rregul arl y s haped st ones ar e count ed. Thus ，Che om-

Chr oni cL es of J apan (720). The J eoms eongdae of J apan

seongdae can be sai d to represent 12 mont hs ，365 days ，29

have not survi ved ，wher eas t he Cheoms eongdae of Si l l a

or 30 days in a mont h，and t he 28 maj or st ar const el l at i ons

r emai ns l argel y i ntact even t oday. Whe n wri t t en wi t h Chト

k nown at t he ti me. And t hen t here is Queen Seondeok ，t he

nese charact ers ，t he J apanes e and Silla t er ms di ffer by

27t h rul er of t he Silla Ki ngdom， who sponsor ed t he devel -

one charact er ，but in pronunci at i on and meani ng t hey are

opment of Cheoms eongdae.

ve印 si mil ar .

Mor eover ，Cheoms eong dae appear s to have been

F r omthi s ，I have concl uded that al t hough it is cl ear

built on a si te that housed t he Silla gover nment offi ce re-

that Cheoms eongdae wa s t he f or emost ast ronomi cal ob-

sponsi bl e for ast r onomi cal observat i on and t i me me a -

at ory of its t i me ，it wa s used for astrol ogi cal pur poses ，

t.

doc ument s i ndi cate that ，in t he earl y

白川

suremn

rel ated to t he t hen preval ent condi t i ons ，rat her t han for as-

Silla Ki ngdom，thi s wa s al so t he appr oxi mat e l ocati on of

~istorcal

t ronomi cal observat i on for t he sake of sci enti fi c research.

an al tar wher e ri tes wer e hel d for t he spi ri t-star ，whi ch

Accordi ngl y ，its si gni f icance wa s rel ated mor e to its f or m

wa s rel at ed to t he agr i cul t ur e god. Accor di ng to t he

and l ocati on，and l ess to its abi l i ty to faci l i tate heavenl y ob-

Samguks agi ，t he Silla peopl e ma de of f eri ngs at thi s al tar

servat i on. As s uch ，t he backgr ound of Cheoms eongdae

in earl y spri ng. As wor shi p of t he spi ri t-star subsi ded，it

coul d be associ at ed wi t h Buddhi s m and M.t S umer u ，as

appear s that an ast r onomi cal observat ory wa s bui l t on t he

s ome have suggest ed.

site of t he spi ri t-star al tar. Si nce t he spi ri t-star wa s associ ated wi t h a st ar in t he sky ，it woul d have been nat ural to

Anc i ent S y mbol i s m

bui l d an ast r onomi cal st ruct ure ，of a gener al nat ure ，on

The st ruct ure of Cheoms eongdae mi ght offer s ome

t he f or mer si te wher e ri tual s for t he heavenl y bodi es had

i nsi ght as wel .l Bui l t to symbol i ze heaven and eart h，by

been conduct ed. Subsequent l y ，t he ar ea ar ound Cheom-

r epr esent i ng heav en as r ound and t he ear t h as fl at ，

seongdae bec ame a cent er of ast r onomi cal observat i on of

Cheoms eongdae' s body is r ounded wi t h squar e shapes at

t he Silla peopl e

国

Wi nt er 2006 I Kor eana

63

ON T HE GL OBAL S T AGE

Hong Hei - kyung Sopr ano Hong Hei - kyung has been at t he f oref ront of t he gl obal oper a scene si nce becomi ng t he first Asi an per f or mer to regul arl y appear in l ead rol es at t he Ne wYork' s Met ropol i t an Oper a House. Wi t h a trul y s he has ear ned accl ai mf r omaudi ences t he wor l d ove仁 l yri cal voi ce ， Chang Il b u mMusi c Cri ti c L ee Eun- j oo Phot ogr apher

l

t waSI nVer ona l叫 川 e eveni ng of Sat urday 川 6， 2003 山 un 5 setti ng provi ded little relief to the sol d-out audi ence packed into the open- ai r arena ，wher e Gi acomo Pucci n'i s Turandot opera was bei ng perf ormed The cast i ncl uded J ose Cura ，as Pri nce Cal af ，Gi ovanna Casol l a ，as Pri ncess Turandot ， and Hong Hei - kyung as Li u，the ill-fated chamber mai d who l oved Pri nce Cal af At the Arena di Verona ，wher e the perf ormers si ng wi thout the aid of microphones ，Hong' s superl ati ve perf ormance was mar ked by her extraordi nary clarity ，resonance ，and vocal i zati on，whi ch enthral l ed everyone in the arena ，

，

，

Fami l y Pri ori ti es Duri ng the curtai n calls ，the audi ence saved thei r most rousi ng appl ause for Hong Heトkyung (Li u.J rather than the l ead characters Pri ncess Turandot or Pri nce Cal af When Liu real i zes that her l ove for Pri nce Cal af is doomed，due to the di fferences in thei r soci al cl asses ，she commi t s sui ci de Thi s poi gnant scene ，hi ghl i ghted by Hong' s passi onate perf ormance ，left the aud.i ence in a state of tearful sorrowover Liu' s tragi c fate. As for Ital y' s knowl edgeabl e opera fans ，who wer e wel l aware of Hong' s stel l ar reputati on，they did not l eave disappoi nted.

I was abl e to meet up wi th Hong in her dressi ng r oomat 1 a.m. ，about one hour after the concl usi on of her perf ormance. We conti nued our conversati on at a cafe nearby the Arena di Verona. Hong' s commandi ng stature ，whi ch i ncl udes her notabl e hei ght - she stands as tall or taller than most West ern opera perf or mer s- as wel l as her open- heart ed personal i ty and dignified manner ，is part of what makes her one of the most i mpressi ve Korean women on the gl obal stage. i l y life. She Neverthel ess ，she tal ked first about the i mport ance of her fam told me a story about when she recei ved an invitation to perf ormVerd'i s La Travi ata at the Arena di Verona Opera Festi val in 2004. Al t hough she had been eager to perf ormthe repertory of La Travi ata，she was rel uctant to pursue this personal dr eambecause ti was schedul ed for the s ummer ，whi ch was the onl y ，

，

6 4 Koreana I Wint er 2006

.

Hong Hei - kyungďź&#x152; w ho has ear ned internati onal accl ai mas an oper a si nger ďź&#x152;has al so per l or med wi t h a number 01 t he worl d' s best - known orchest ras

.

Wi nt er 2006 I Kor eana 6 5

ti me she coul d spend wi th her famil y ，that she cheri shes above all el se. Hong has achi eved success as a pri ma donna and enj oyed a happy fam i l y life by balanci ng the demands of her professi onal career wi th her personal priorities. Her famil y val ues wer e readi l y evi dent f romour conversat i on，whi ch of course meant that she ended up decl i ni ng the Verona' s offer at this ti me.

Di va of the Met ropol i t an Oper a Hong Hei - kyung has sai d that she l earned how to si ng before she knew howto talk. With a natural vocal tal ent f roman earl y age ，Hong went to the Uni ted States when she was a middl e- school st uden.t After recei vi ng a full schol ar-

shi p to the Juilliard School at the age of onl y 16，she went on to perf ormin numer ous operas duri ng her course of study at this presti gi ous institution. Fol l owing her recei pt of the top honors at the Metropol i tan Opera Concour in 1982，she made her debut on the stage of the Metropol i tan Opera House in 1984，in a per f ormance of Mozar t' s La cl emenz a di 刀to opera ，conduct ed by J ames Levi ne.

66 Koreana I Wint er 2006

Hong is a genui ne di va wh o has gr aced t he st age of t he Met ropol i t an Oper a Hous e and ot her wor l d- r enowned venues f or 17 years. Her r emar kabl e prof essi onal car eer is a resul t of her exqui si t e voi ce， passi onat e act i ng ， and ref i ned st age pr esence.

Over the next 17 years ，Hong has come to be one of the most bel oved perf ormers at Ne wYork' s Metropol i tan Opera House ，l andi ng l ead rol es on a regul ar ba 司

515

Hong has starred in a number cif notabl e operas ，pl ayi ng such rol es as Ilia in I domeneo，in whi ch she shared the stage wi th Pl aci do Domi ngo; Pami na in Di e Zauberfl ote，that was perf ormed to commemor at e the 200th anni versary of Mozar t' s death; the Count ess Al mavi va and Susanna in Le nozze di 月garo; Juliet in Romeo et Juliette; Mi mi in La boheme; Micael a in Carmen; Gi l da in Ri gol etto， together with Luci ano Pavarotti ; Liu in Turandot; and Zerl i na in Don Gi ovanni .

In addi ti on to this i mpressi ve r esume of opera perf ormances ，Hong has al so appeared wi th the worl d' s l eadi ng orchestras. These have i ncl uded perfor5 " Sym phony No. 4 in G Maj or ， " mances of Br ahms ' "Requi em" and Mahl er ・ whi ch she perf ormed in concert wi th the Los Angel es Phi l harmoni c Orchestra ， led by Andre Previ n，as wel l as a rendi ti on of Carmi na Burana，wher e she graced the stage wi th the likes of such di sti ngui shed conduct ors as the Met' s J ames Levi ne and Carl Orff .

Cons ummat e Prof essi onal Hong has al so rel eased not ewort hy recordi ngs on the gl obal mar ke.t For exampl e，her aria al bum，in col l aborati on wi th the Sai nt Luke Orchestra ，gai ned i nstant popul ari ty ，as wel l as an al bumof opera duets ，the Bel Cant o，in whi ch she is featured al ong wi th mezzo- soprano J enni fer Lamore. What' s mor e ，she has al so rel eased an opera al bumof her Jul i eta role f roma perf ormance of I Capul eti e θ i Montecchi ，composed by Vi ncenzo Bellini ，and produced an al bum in Pari s of Korean songs as a col l aborati ve effort wi th the Ensembl e Orchestral de Pari s ，conduct ed by Ki mDuck-ki .

For anybody i nterested in experi enci ng Hong' s perf ormances on European stages ，I woul d r ecommend a DVD al bumthat i ncl udes several of her most out standi ng operati c perf ormances. Hong' s consummat e tal ent is wel l showcased in her rendi ti on of the role of Muset t a in a La boheme perf ormance staged at .the Teatro alla Scal a in Mil ano，a venue wher e all opera perf ormers dr eamabout appeari ng. Thi s parti cul ar opera was di rected by Franco Zeffirelli and conduct ed

by Bruno Bartoletti. Wat chi ng her passi onatel y perf ormthe role of the vi brant Muset t a ，as she shares the stage wi th the tenor Marcel o Al varez and the baritone Robert o Serville ，I a moverwhel med bya sense of pri de wi th the boundl ess a内 st 印 of Hong Hei - kyung. 四 四

Wi nt er 2006 I Kor eana

67

J angseong Looks to the Fut 百re wi t h an Eye on the Past Kor ea's t opogr aphy is charact eri zed by mount ai nous terrai n in t he nort h that gradual l y fl attens out as you mov e sout hwar d. In J angseong ， wher e l ow- l yi ng pl ai ns are nest l ed a mong gent l y rol l i ng hills ， wi nt er is qui etl y settl i ng in.

Ha J i - kwon Phot ographer (text and photographyl

.

、

A~

9 5 e

ml匂 ght 加 be the 什 fi片 rs試t 出 thi ng 出 tha剖tc∞ ome白stωo mi nd for man 町y.

Built in 6ω32，this stori ed t empl e has l ong been i ntegrated into the graceful natural envi ronment of J angseong. The t empl e is not especi al l y l arge in scal e or regal in appearance. But the road l eadi ng up to the site is i mpressi ve.

Trees as old as the t empl e line both si des of the pat hway ， wher e to the left a st reamof gl i steni ng wat er l ei surel y fl ows by. Ah，Baegyangsa! tI never fails to exceed expectations.

Templ e of t he Whi t e Goat Baegyangsa is surrounded by a dense forest com-

posed of several speci es of trees ，in- '"'"1 cl udi ng the torreya tree ，whi ch has ~ been desi gnat ed Nat ural Monument 0 No. 153. Supposedl y ， an i mmense grove of as _': many as 5， 000 torreya trees took root in the l J 副叫g伊叩s e n • 1 口 3th cent加ur印 y. At the ti me，because the fruit ぱ 0f ~ q ノ the torreya tree was val ued as ari i nsect re- ふ pel l ent ，the t empl e monks nurt ured the trees so that its fruit coul d be gi ven to villagers. Today ，this maj esti c grove enhances the gorgeous forest scenery Enchant ment wi th the l ush forest is broken by the appearance of Ssanggyeru，the t empl e' s el egant pavi l i on.

Two st reams mer ge at this poi nt ，f romwhi ch the pavilion' s 捌帥. 聞

B

-

V

一 、

t wi n s t r eams " n a me is deri ved. Though Baegy angs a

i nto vi ew j ust beyond Ssanggyer u. Accor di ng to t he st ory

basks in gl ory all t he year r ound，ma ny woul d say that au-

behi nd thi s na me ，whenever t he monk Hwanyang reci ted

t umn is whe n its spl endor peaks . The bri l l i ant aut umn fo-

t he Saddhar ma- pundar i ka sut ra ，a goat woul d ma k e its

“

l i age is trul y spect acul ar ，whi l e no spot is mor e perf ect

wa y down f r omt he mount ai ns ，sit on bended knees ，and

t han Ss anggyer u to l uxuri at e in thi s exqui si t e nat ural

l i sten i ntentl y. Af t er f ew mont hs of thi s ，t he mo n k had a

scene印 The r enowned J apanese pri nt arti st Kawas e Ha-

dr eam，in whi ch t he goat appear ed and sai d:

sui is sai d to have been so enamor ed wi t h Ssanggyer u that

enl i ght enment f r oml i steni ng to t he sut ra and wil l now be

“

I have gai ned

it i nspi red hi mto wri t e Ei ght 5i ghts of J oseon. In thi s trav-

r ei ncar nat ed as a h u ma n bei ng ・T ha nk yOU. " T hen ，it

el ogue about t he f amed sceni c at t ract i ons of Kor ea ，he

bowed and wal ked away. T he next mor ni ng ，t he mo n k

prai sed Baegyangsa' s Ssanggyer u for its l yri cal beaut y ，

f ound t he body of a dead whi t e goat ，and si nce that day in

al ong wi t h vi vi dl y descri bi ng t he memor abl e si ght of t he

1574 t he t empl e has been k nown as Baegyangsa.

pavi l i on' s refl ecti on in t he st r eambel ow.

Baegyangsa ，or “ Templ e of t he Whi t e Goat ， " c omes 70 Koreana I Wi nt er 2006

To get a sense of a Kor ean Buddhi st t empl e，it is best to at t end a servi ce there. At Baegyangsa ，t he eveni ng ser ー

1 Geumgok movi e village is a popul ar out door setti ng for the shoot i ng of fi l m s wher e the essence of a typi cal rural communi t y， before the and T V dr amas ， has been preserved onset of Korea' s moderni zat i on， there is a life-size 2 In the front yard of a re-creati on of Hong Gi l - dong' s home， who as a yout h is s hown bi ddi ng farewel l to his father before statue of Hong， leavi ng home

vice begi ns at 6 p. m . As the sun begi ns its descent ，the resonance of l owvoi ces reciting sutras can be heard emanat ing f romthe mai n hall ，Daeungj eon. Fr omthe bell t ower ， Beomj onggak ，reverent sounds of the dr um，bell ，and gong reverberate across the t empl e grounds. On a smal l pond al ongsi de t he medi t at i on r ooms ，a refl ecti on of Mt. Baegamsan ri ppl es across the surface. The ca 刊 ed faces of the roof-end tiles smil e gently. As you marvel at the extraordi nary sense of beaut y of anci ent Koreans ，whi ch inspi red t hemto depi ct the refl ecti on of a mount ai n on the surf ace of a pond and adorn a roof tile wi th the smil i ng face of an i nnocent child，anot her day draws to a cl ose at Baegyangsa.

Bi rt hpl ace of Ho n g Gi l - dong J angseong ，an otherwi se easy- goi ng and qui et l ocal e in the south of the Korean Peni nsul a ，has been astir in recent years. Through academi c research and the study of anci ent texts ，such as J oseonwangj osi l l ok [ Annal s of t he J os eon Dynast y] and J ungj ongsi l l ok [ Annal s of Ki ng J ungj ong，l ti has been conf i rme'd that Hong Gi l - dong ，a Robi n Hood- l i ke character general l y thought to be a legendary fi gure ，was actUal l y a real-life person，who was born in J angseong All Koreans knowthe story of Hong Gi l -dong ，the hero of Honggi l dongj eon，the first novel wri tten in the Korean script ，Hangeu.l Wri tten in the 17th centu印 ， the novel deWint er 2006 I Koreana 71

picts Hong Gi l -dong as a 15th century figure. Though he was born into a yangban [aristocratJ famil y ，because his mot her was a concubi ne he was subj ected to harsh discri minati on. When this t reat ment became unbearabl e Hong Gi l -dong left home and later became an out l aw，who stol e f romthe rich [c orrupt officialsJ to give to the poor ， like Robi n Hood.

"Peopl e f romother regi ons of the count ry thi nk of Hong Gi l -dong as a fictional character ，but the peopl e of J angseong have for l ong bel i eved that he was a real per" says a woman in her fifties who operates an eatery in son， front of Baegyangsa Stati on. "Even the ki ds here knowthat he was born in Achi si l [ Achagok.l J angseong."

Recentl y，Hong Gi l -dong' s pl ace of birth in Hwangnyongmyeon，J angseong ，has been restored. Based on onl y oral ly transmitted account s ， the house site and porti ons of embankment s and wal l s have been i denti fi ed ，f romwhi ch Hong' s famil y home was re- created. In the front yard ， there is a life-size statue of Hong Gi l -dong as he kneel s

At Pi r amSeowon， a Conf uci an academy f r omthe ti me of the J oseon Dynasty“，conti nui ng educat i on" programs are offered， like thi s calli graphy class that resi dent s attend in the traditi onal attire of J oseon scholars.

before his father to bid farewel l before l eavi ng home. Who coul d have i magi ned that this boyi sh youth woul d become the l eader of a band of outl aws ，who di spensed their own f ormof j usti ce?

In the novel ，Hong Gi l -dong is pursued by government troops ，but he escapes and bui l ds an i sl and state cal l ed Yul doguk ，whi ch even t oday peopl e cl ai m is Oki nawa ， J apan. Moreover ，in J apan there are vari ous stori es about a person named Hong Gawar a ，whi ch is bel i eved to be a J apanese versi on of Hong Gi l -dong ，al ong wi th relics related to Hong ，such as a commemor at i ve monument in Okト nawa. J angseong- gun is now steppi ng up efforts to commerci al i ze touri smproducts wi th Hong Gi l -dong t hemes in order to boost the regi onal economy.

A parti cul arl y notabl e devel opment in J angseong is the est abl i shment of Geumgok movi e vi l l age ，an on-si te setti ng for fi l m i ng out door scenes ，l ocated in Munam- r i ， a Bugi l - myeon. Worl d- renowned di rector Li m Kwon-tae~ nati ve of J angseong ，fi l med The Taebaek Mountai ns here

[ä¸&#x20AC;

Wint er 2006 I Koreana 73

F or ma n y peopl e ， J a ng s eong is k n o wn a s t he h o me of t he anci ent Baeg y ang s a T e mpl e a nd Ho n g Gi l - dong ， a Kor ean f ol k her o por t r ayed i n t he fi rst novel wr i t t en in Kor ea' s Ha ng e u.l

1 T he brilli ance of aut umn foli age can be enjoyed to the full est at Baegyangsa and Ssanggyeru pavili on 2 A ncient K oreans seem to have possessed an irrepressibl e sense of opti mi sm， as 児 島cted in the humor ous depi cti on of a “ happy face" on an end-pi ece roof til e 3 On land that not l ong ago had been devastated， Chungnyeongsan forest has been reborn as K orea's most successf ul and largest ref orestati on project.

The movi es 5cent of Love and The Ha r moni umin My Me mor ywer e al so f i l med at t he Geumg ok facility ，as wel l as t he

1v dr ama seri es The Boss.

Geumg ok movi e vi l l age wa s creat ed in J angseong be-

Revi vi ng Hi s t or y Wi t h an eye on its past ，J angseong is l ooki ng to t he fut ure. For exampl e ，at Pi r amSeowon，a Conf uci an i nsti tuti on，t he life and spirit of Conf uci an schol ars of t he J oseon

cause of t he area' s bri ght sunl i ght as wel l as its absence of

Dynast y are bei ng kept al i ve. Duri ng t he J oseon Dynast y ，

noi se and commer ci al devel opment ，whi ch provi des t he

communi t y i nsti tuti ons [ seowon] wer e est abl i shed t hr ough-

ki nd of rusti c scener y of Korea' s count rysi de that exi sted in

out t he count 印 to conduct memor i al ri tes for t he Conf u-

t he 1950s . Scat t ered her e and t here across t he vi l l age you

ci an sages and cul ti vate me n of upri ght charact er. Pi r am

can see dol mens ，cattl e- dri ven mil l s ，t hat ch- roof cot t ages ，

S e owon is dedi cat ed to t he J os eon schol ar Ki m I n- hu

and t erraced ri ce paddi es . Ge umg ok movi e vi l l age t hus re-

[ 1510- 1560] .

al i sti cal l y capt ures t he essence of everyday life in a typi cal

At t he ent rance to thi s t i me- honor ed i nsti tuti on，set up

rural c ommuni t y bef ore t he onset of Korea' s moder ni za-

in 1590 ，is t he t wo- st o門 Hwagy eonnu Pavi l i on. The first

tion.

story se刊 es as an ent r anceway ，whi l e t he second sto円 IS a

7 4 Koreana I Winter 2006

同

l ounge area for schol ars. Thi s statel y pavi l i on symbol i zes

at eurs her e ， " expl ai ned one of t he st udent s ，a gent l eman

t he seri ous nat ure of acqui ri ng knowl edge and seeki ng t he

in hi s fifties ，wh o e mpha s ized wi t h muc h pri de t he pro-

truth for t hose at t endi ng t he i nsti tuti on. Usual l y t here is

g r am・5 hi gh- qual i t y st andards. The cl asses i ncl ude week-

onl y one door for ent rance and exit ，but Hwagyeonnu in-

day and weekend sessi ons ， whi l e a genui ne at mospher e of

cl udes t wo separat e door s ，t he ri ght for ent ry and t he left

t he ol den days is pal pabl e on Sat ur days ，whe n eve 印 one

for depart ure. Per haps t he door s wer e i nt ended to convey

c omes to cl ass in t he tradi ti onal atti re of J oseon schol ars .

For J angseong ，its f uture lies in Chungnyeongsan for-

a sense of humil i t y，to encour age l earni ng whe n ent eri ng and pr oper appl i cati on of such knowl edge whe n depart i ng For fi rst-ti me vi si tors ，t aki ng t he t i me to l ook over t he

est ，one of t he nati on's l argest and mos t frui tful forestati on proj ects. Thi s forest ear ned first pl ace in t he first nati onal

tabl et wri t t en by t he di st i ngui shed J oseon schol ar Song S ト

“

yeol 11607- 1689J wil l be wel l wor t h thei r whi l e. Today，Pト

Forest s to be Pr eser ved for t he 22nd Cent ur y." The 22nd

Beauti f ul Forest Compet i t i on" for t he cat egory “ Beauti f ul

r a m Seowon oper at es a Conf uci an cent er ，cal l ed Seonbi

Cent ury! For t hose who have been endl essl y maki ng not e of

Hakdang ，whi ch offers "cont i nui ng educat i on" pr ogr ams.

t he staパof t he ne w mi l l enni um，ment i on of t he 22nd cent u-

On t he day that 1vi si ted，about 15 st udent s wer e recordi ng

印

Conf uci an scri pt ure wi t h br ush and i nk in t he ve印 pl ace

t he count ry' s forest 印 authori ti es ，tree pl ant i ngs si nce 1956

wher e schol ars st udi ed in t he days of l ong ago. “

It has been t hree years si nce t he cent er opened. It is

mi ght be i ncomprehensi bl e. On l and once devast at ed by

have pr oduced a Chungnyeongs an f orest that is densel y popul at ed wi t h t he Hi noki fal se cypress ，J apanese cedar ，

open all year r ound，except for s umme r and wi nt er hol i -

and Ori ent al oak. Chungy eongs an is a f avori t e a mo ng

days . Our t eachers are all prof essi onal s. Ther e are no a m-

J apanese touri sts who l ove to t rek al ong forest trails.

lot

Wi nt er 2006 I Koreana

75

CUI SI NE

Favori t e Beef Ri b Di shes

Gal bi j j i

and

Gal bi gu

Gal bi j j i mand gal bi gui beef rib di shes are i mmens el y popul ar wi t h Kor eans ， and

t hey are readi l y enj oyed by t hanks to thei r del ect abl e f l avor and ri ch nutri ti on， Korea' s f orei gn vi si tors and resi dent s as wel .l

、

…

Chur Hui - j ung Pr 口fessor ，Korean Food Insti tute ，500kmyung Wo me n's Uni versit y Bae J ae- hyung Phot ogr apher

A

Kor emhol i day 吋 sti casl … 叫d n山 compl ete wi t hout gal bi j j i mand gal bi gui on the di ni ng table. In the bygone days ，the t wo di shes wer e known as "gari j j i m " and “ gar勾 ， ui ， " the pronunci ati on of whi ch is sai d to be pl easi ng to the Korean ear. In old document s ，wri tten in Chi nese characters ，gal bi was recorded as 型飛 or 畠非 Gal bi ，whi ch means rib ，speci fi cal l y refers to the meat attached to the first 13 beef rib bones on each side. extending down f romthe neck. Today ，gal bi j j i m might be mor e popul ar among Koreans than gal bi gui .

Cel ebrat ory Di sh Nowadays ，peopl e can enj oy gal bi j j i mand gal bi gui whenever they pl ease，but in the days of Korea' s agrari an soci ety ，when most peopl e scraped out a meager existence ，these were speci al di shes reserved for maj or holidays and cel ebratory occasi ons. Because cows wer e the

most treasured possessi on of those f arming househol ds who wer e .l ucky enough to own a head or t wo，ti was onl y the weal t hy that coul d afford to have beef di shes on thei r di ni ng tabl es. For the c ommon peopl e ，bei ng invited to a local banquet might be the onl y way for t hemto di ne on such a del i cacy. Moreover ，with the cow bei ng such a valued f armasset ，its use for maki ng beef di shes meant that eve門 part of a cow had to be utilized in s ome manner. For this ，a vari ety of met hods and uses wer e devel oped so that nothi ng woul d go to waste.

As for gal bi j j i m，t ri mming the excess fat before cooking can mi ni mi ze its greasi ness. . But peopl e in col der regi ons wi l l l eave the fat intact for added ri chness. Whenever a region or city acqui red a reputati on for its distinctive preparati on of this di sh，this woul d be denot ed by the inclusi on of the area' s name ，like Suwon galbi and Idong galbi.

For tteok gal bi ，the meat is r emoved f romthe rib bone ，

.

7 6 Koreana I Wint er 2006

Grilled beef ribs ，or gal bi gui ， is a favori te among Koreans as wel l as forei gners.

Gal bi j j i ml Brai sed Shor t Ri bs)

9 剛 nd bl ack pepper ，2 t abl espoons s es ame

gi ngko nut s. Saut e gi ngko nut s l i ghtl y and

oil ，2 t abl espoons ri ce wi ne

r巴mov e i nner ski n. Pr epar e egg as f ol l ows

I ngredi ent s ( serves fourl : 800 gr ams beef ri bs ，

f ~

5 j uj ubes ，300 gr ams whi t e radi sh，10 gi ngko

1 Cut t he beef ri bs

Separat e t he egg whi t e fr 口m t he yol k. Beat t he 川

to 5- cent i met er - l ong

whi t e and pan- f ry to f or m thi n sheet s . Wh e n

nut s ，200 gr ams carrot ，1 t abl espoon pi ne nut s ，

pi eces. Remov e excess fat ，soak t he ri bs in col d

cool ，cut t he egg i nto smal l di amond shapes.

5 dri ed shiit ake mus hr ooms ，1 egg ，1/6 p巴ar ，

wat er to extract t he bl ood，and scor 巴 Pr epar e

Repeat pr ocess f or yol k. 4 Ext ract t he pear

10 chestnut s ，2 1/2 cups wat er Sauc e: 3 table-

enough wat er in a pot to cover t he ri bs and

j ui ce and mi x wi t h ot her

s poons soy sauce ，3 t abl espoons s oup soy

bri ng ti to a boi .l Add t he ri bs and cook bri efl y. 2

Evenl y mi x ri bs in 2/3 of t he sauce and let st and

s auc e ，3 t abl espoons sugar ，2 t abl espoons

Cut and tri mradi shes and carrots i nto bi te-si ze

for hal f an hour. Pl ace t he mari nat ed ribs in a

gr een onions ，fi nel y c hopped ，1 t ables poon

pi eces. Soak shi t ake mus hr ooms unti l t ender.

pot and add t he radi sh，carrot s ，mus hr ooms ，

sauce

~ ingredts

mi nced garl i c ，2 t ablespoons s es ame seeds ，

Re mov e s t ems and cut i nto hal f or quar t er

and wat er . Boi l on medi um hea.t 5 Whe n t he

t oast ed ，c r us hed and sal t ed ，1/2 t easpoon

pi eces. 3 Peel chest nut s ，pit j uj ubes ，and peel

wat er has been r educ ed by one- hal f ，add

78 Koreana I Wint er 2006

mar i nat ed ，and r e- at t ached to t he bone f or gri l l i ng. S uwo n

t he 19t h cent u印 ma d e ment i on of gal bi j j i m and gal bi gui

gal bi ，whi c h ori gi nat ed at a f a me d r est aur ant near by Pal -

T hus ，t her e is consi der abl e evi dence t hat s hows gal bi j j i m

dal mun Gat e in S uwo n ，f avors t he l onger ri bs. Al so k nown

and gal bi gui have been enj oyed as t radi t i onal Kor ean f oods

" it r emai ns t he epi t ome of beef ri bs a mo n g as “ wa ng gal bi ，

si nce t he t i me of t he Thr ee Ki ng doms era.

l egi ons of di ner s even t oday. I dong gal bi ，whi c h wa s devel ope d in I dong - my eon ，Poc he on ，pr ef er s t he rel at i vel y

Gi ngk o Nut s

shor t er ri bs. T he me a t is scor ed s o t hat af t er bei ng gri l l ed

Gal bi j j i m，beef ri bs pr epar ed wi t h veget abl es a nd

it c an be eat en easi l y ，wi t hout t he f uss or mu s s of ot her

mu s h r o o ms ，is k n o wn not onl y f or t he r i c hnes s of its

beef - ri b di shes.

savor y t ast e ，but al so t he ha r mony of t he me a t and veget abl es ，whi c h cr eat e a n appeal i ng vi sual i ma g e of var i ous col ors and a bouquet of f ragrant a r oma s . An d it is al so a

T hr e e Ki ng doms Er a Var i ous r ef er enc es pr ovi de i nsi ght i nt o t he bac kgr ound of gal bi j j i m and gal bi gui . T he Chi nes e ref erred to t he peopl e of Gog u印 eo，wh o set t l ed in r egi ons of t oday' s nor t heast Chi na and Nor t h Kor ea ，as t he " peopl e wh o at e

s our ce of bal anced nut ri t i on，whi c h l ong pr ec eded t oday' s so- cal l ed “ wel l ness t rends. " T he vari et y of col ors is creat -

ed wi t h t he i ncl usi on of r adi sh [ whi t e.l car r ot s [ or ange.l

j uj ubes [ red.l chest nut s [ yel l ow.l and pan- f ri ed gi ngko nut s

mu c h gri l l ed meat " [ maekj ok，組族] . T he Chi nes e gener al l y

j[ ade gr een.l

r ef er r ed t o gri l l ed me a t a s maek j eok [箱史上 a n a me

t ext ure.

whi c h al so cont ri but es to a del i ght f ul l y c he wy

der i ved f r om t he meat - eat i ng pr act i ces of t he Gogur y eo

A numbe r of Kor ean di shes i ncl ude gi ngko nut s as a

peopl e. Al t hough thi s Gogur yeo me a t cui si ne ，al ong wi t h its

garni sh. Thes e di shes usual l y cal l f or about 10 gi ngko nut s

but cher i ng me t hods a nd r eci pes ，we r e di scar ded wh e n

per i ndi vi dual servi ng. Wh e n c ooked ，gi ngko nut s pr oduc e

Gor y eo adopt ed t he Buddhi s t i deol ogy ，t hes e pr act i ces

a l ovel y j ade- gr een col or. Kor ean di shes wi l l of t en i ncl ude

we r e revi ved wh e n Gor yeo c a me under t he i nf l uence of

medi ci nal or her bal i ngredi ent s to enhanc e t hei r nut ri t i on-

Chi na' s Y ua n Dynast y. B y t he e nd of t he 16t h cent ur y ，

al bal anc e a nd val ue. Gi ngk o nut s ar e k n o wn t o be a n

gri l l ed beef ri bs wa s agai n a c o mmo nl y pr epar ed di sh.

ef f ect i ve r e me dy to pr event c oughi ng ，whi c h is wh y t hey

Accor di ng to r ecor ds f r omt hat er a ，peopl e woul d gri l l t he

ar e added to s uc h heal t h- mi nded di shes as j eongol [c asse-

me a t of c ows as wel l as t he ri bs and s t omachs .

rol el or si ns θ0110 [ speci al chaf f i ng ut ensi l]. Al t hough

Met hods f or s t eami ng and gri l l i ng beef ri bs have been

gi ngko nut s ar e val ued f or t hei r heal t h benef i t s ，car e mus t

out l i ned in J eungbosal l i mgyeongj e，c ompi l ed in 1766. In

be t aken not to eat t he min excess; chi l dren shoul d be l i m-

5i ui j eonseo，a reci pe book wri t t en in t he l ate 18t h cent ur y ，

i ted to not mo r e t han 20 nut s. and adul t s about 10 or so.

t her e is a n ent r y t hat r e c omme nds t he me a t be cut and

Thi s is bec aus e gi ngko nut s have a hi gh cont ent of a my g -

mar i nat ed bef or e boi l i ng. A numbe r of r eci pes wri t t en af t er

whi c h c an be toxi c if t aken in a l arge quant i t y. dal i n，

凶

j uj ubes and gi ngko nuts. Evenl y appl y the

spoons Asian pear jui ce ，2 tablespoons sesame

the top and bot l omof the rib pi eces so that the

remai nder of the sauce to the meat and veg-

oil ，2 t abl espoons s 巴s ame seeds ，toast 巴d，

meat can be spread flat. Stri ke the meat

tabl es . 6 When the wat er has been al most

crushed and salted ，5 tablespoons sugar ，2

repeatedl ywi th the dull si de of a knif 巴 until ten-

巴

entirely reduced，turn off the heat. Garni sh with

tabl espoons green oni ons ，fi円ely chopped，2

d巴rized. 3 Thoroughl y combi ne all the season-

egg pi eces and pi ne nuts.

tabl espoons mi nced gar il c，pinc h of ground

i ngs. 4 Coat the prepared m巴at pi eces evenl y

black pepper

with the sauce and let stand for half an hour .

Pr 盟 主 姐 盟 .

5 When the meat is wel l mari nated， 'grill on a

1 Soak the beef ribs in wat er to extract the

bl ood and cut into 5- to 7- cent i met er- l ong

skillet or gri ddl e at hi gh heat. Al l owone si de to cook fully，then turn over to grill the other side.

Ingredient s (serves four :) 1.2 kil ograms beef

pieces. Remove excess fat and the tough mem-

When both si des are cooked ，r emove f r om

ri bs

brane，and score the center area until the knife

heat ，and serve.

Seasonings: 6 tablespoons soy sauce ，5 table-

makes contact with the bone. 2 Score deepl y

Gal bi gui ( Gri l l ed Beef Shor t Ri bs)

W inter 2006 I Koreana 79

Ll VI NG

Kor ea' s B- Boys Capt ur e t he I nt ernat i onal Spot l i ght Today， Korea' s B- boys are bei ng i ncreasi ngl y recogni zed for thei r cr owd- pl easi ng " tal ent by audi ences ar ound t he worl d. Ori gi nat i ng f r omso- cal l ed “ st reet dancer s ， wh o at t ract ed little at t ent i on except f r oml i ke- mi nded yout h， t he B- boys phenomenon has l ed to a f ar- reachi ng r esur gence of t he Kor ean wave.

Park Ju-yeon Report er，The Ky unghyang Shi nmun Pyun 00・jin Photographer

At Da e h a n g n o a c e n t e r Mt h c u l t downt own Seoul ，it is c ommon to see smal l gr oups of break- danci ng t eenager s ， dressed in oversi zed T-shi rts and baggy hi p- hop pants . Whenever someone pul l s off a difficult move or routi ne ，there are shout s of approval f romfri ends and onl ookers. Breathi ng deepl y due to the ext remel y demandi ng physi cal movement s and drenched wi th perspi rati on，thei r fl ush faces exude a vivid sense of sel f-sati sfaction，Nowadays ，ever mor e t eenagers ，who have come under the spel l of dance，can be seen perfecti ng thei r latest moves in school yards ，subway stati ons ，at City Hal l Pl aza ，and local communi t y facilities. Real dance enthusi asts have little concern about t i me or pl ace ，practi ci ng l ong and hard to refi ne thei r i ndi vi dual dance styles.

Root s of B- boys B- boys can perf ormmoves that are trul y spect acul ar- such as the head spi n，in whi ch the body is spun around like a top wi th your head on the ground，or the wi ndmil l ，when both l egs are ext ended and spun rapi dl y wi th upperbody strength al one. Leadi ng B- boy perf ormers i ncl ude t eenagers who dr opped out of hi gh school to concentrate on dance full ti me ，as wel l as a f ormer fenci ng athl ete and a chef . B- boys ， 80

KoreanaI W inter2006

who evol ved f romyouth street dancers that perf or med for thei r own ent ert ai nment ，are now rising to f ame as a resurgent force of the Korean wave ，whi ch refers to the spread of Korea' s pop cul ture in Asi a.

Br eak danci ng ，whi ch ori gi nated as an underground cul ture of Af ri can- Ameri can and Hi spani c youth ont. he back streets of Ne wYork in the 1970s ，was i nl roduced to Korea in the 1980s ，t hrough the Amer i can Forces in Korea Net wor k ，AF KN [ now AFN] . Back t hen，break danci ng was associ ated wi th the hi p- hop musi c and vi deos of overseas- based ent ert ai ners whi l e br eak dancer s in Kor ea wer e si mpl y t hought of as street dancers or amat eur per f ormers. The B- boys t ermstarted to enter the mai nst r eam in 1997，when the group Expressi on gai ned wi despread popul ari ty.

B- boys has si nce evol ved into an i nternati onal f ormof perf orming art ，al t hough there was no indicat ion that Korea might become the home of the worl d' s most prominent perf ormers of this new genre. But t oday ，Korea' s Bboys ，who for somet i me now have conquered local audi ences ，are strutti ng their stuff on the gl obal stage ，whi l e earni ng the respect and envy of dance fanati cs worl dwi de. In fac.t the i nnovative moves of Korea' s B- boys are bei ng reexported to Ameri ca ，wher e the break- danci ng 】

B- boys ， wh o evol ved f r omyout h st reet dancer s ，are no w ri si ng to f ame as a ne w f orce behi nd t he " Kor ean wave. " Today ， about 10 Kor ean dance t eams ，compr i si ng s ome 100 i ndi vi dual per f or mer s ，have at l ai ned i nt ernat i onal recogni t i on

“ Head spi n"

and "wi ndmi l l " are a mong t he mos t i mpressi ve dance maneuver s that Korea' s B- boys can execut e wi t h i ncredi bl e styl e and apl omb. Interesti ngl y ， thi s except i onal tal ent is at t ri but ed to t he Kor ean peopl e' s i nherent l ove to ent ert ai n wi t h mus i c and dance.

Ever mor e stage producti ons ，and TV pr ogr ams are i ncorporati ng B- boy perf ormers. For exampl e， ' The Bal l eri na Who Loves a B- boy". has been st aged at an excl usi ve theater venue for al most a year now

h

82 Koreana I Wint er 2006

cr az e beg an. Mor eov er ，t he ext r aor di nar y

dr amas f eat uri ng B- boys ，and a comput er g a me

maneuver s of Kor ean B- boys have c ome to be

that hi ghl i ghts thei r breat h- t aki ng dance moves.

r egar ded as “ i nt ernat i onal st andar ds ， " whi c h

Si nce Oec ember 2005 ，a br eak- dance present a-

dancer s eve町wher e are eager to mas t er ，whi l e

ti on，" The Bal l eri na Wh o Loves a B- boy ， " has

a gr owi ng numbe r of danc e per f or mer s ar e

been cont i nuousl y st aged at an excl usi ve t he-

comi ng to Kor ea for f i rst hand exper i ence

at er v enue ，pl ayi ng to sol d- out audi enc es ，

目

i ncl udi ng f orei gn vi ewer s ，for al most a full year .

Anot her B- boy per f or mance wor t h seei ng

Conquer i ng t he Wor l d B- boys bec ame part of Korea' s ent ert ai n-

" whi ch cont rast s t he dy nami s m is "Mari onet t e ，

ment s cene whe n t hey st art ed to wi n i nt erna

and vi br ancy of br eak- dance mov e s wi t h t he

ti onal compet i t i ons and c a me to be accl ai med

sti l ted mov ement s of mar i onet t e char act er s .

as t he best in t he worl d. In Ger many' s "Battl e of

The s how f eat ures t he Expressi on gr oup，whi ch

" r egar ded as t he ul t i mat e B- boys t he Year ，

wo n Ger many" s Battl e of t he Year in 2002. The

danc e compet i t i on ，Kor ea' s B- boys have wel l

t hrobbi ng r hyt hms of br eak dance are combi ned

pr oven thei r superl at i ve tal ent ，wi t h vi ctori es in

wi t h cl assi cal mus i c to cr eat e a surreal i st i c

2002 ，2004 ，and 2005. They al so capt ur ed t op

.at mos pher e. In addi t i on ，Paek Hyang- j u ，an

honor s in t he U. K. ' s B- boy champi ons hi ps in

ardent pr omot er of Kor ean fol k dance in Sout h

2004 and 2005 ，and second pl ace at Redbal l B C

and Nor t h Kor ea ，as wel l as J apan，has recent l y

One in 2005. Current l y ，an est i mat ed 3 ， 000 i ndi -

st aged “ T he Code ， " a one- of - a- ki nd perf or-

vi dual B- boys and 100 dance gr oups are acti ve

ma nc e t hat i ncor por at es B- boys mov e s wi t h

in Kor ea ，wi t h 10 t eams ，compr i si ng s ome 100

ot her dance f orms.

dancer s ，havi ng at t ai ned i nt ernat i onal recogni tion. The l eadi ng gr oups i ncl ude Ri vers ，Expressi on. Gambl er . Last for One. Ext r eme Cr ew. and

T.I. P. [ Teamwor k is Perfect] .

Thi s s ur ge in popul ar i t y has resul t ed in a ki nd of B- boys mar -

A r ecent T V mi ni ser i es

“

Over t he Rai n-

" has f eat ur ed popul ar B- boys ，Poppi n b o w，

f

Hy un J oon and Shi n Yong- sok ，whi l e a cabl e T V stati on is ai ri ng a document ar y- st yl e pr ogr am about t he everyday l i ves of B- boys.

ket i ng b o o m，whi c h i ncl udes t he product i on of st age s hows and T V

Di ver se Per f or manc es

. J

P MC Product i on. creat ors

.

Winter 2006 I Koreana 83

of t he non- verbal per f or mance “ Nant a ， " whi ch is enj oyi ng an 18- mont h run in Ne w York' s offBr oadway di stri ct ，is prepari ng to l aunch a "Beat and B- boys " per f or mance by year - end ， Me a nwhile，Y eg am，Inc ， t he pr oducer of t he non- verbal per f or mance “ J ump， " whi ch ear ned hi gh accl ai m for its per f or mances at t he Edi nbur gh Fri nge Festi val t he past t wo years ，is al so pl anni ng to st age a B- boys s how in Apri l 2007

Korea' s B- boys routinely execut e even the most diffi cult dance maneuvers w ith i ncredi bl e style and apl omb

Al so，ト l anmar u Communi cat i on is organi zi ng an i nt ernat i onal t our of 30 t op Kor ean B- boys to per f or m next year in t he Uni t ed St at es ，Bri tai n， Ger many ，and Fr ance ， The gover nment ，t oo，is

t hr ough to t he end. " Song Seung- hwan ，co-

j umpi ng on t he bandwagon by hel pi ng to f oster

pr esi dent of P MC Pr oduc t i on ，poi nt s out

B- boys as t he l atest i mpet us for t he Kor ean

"Anci ent Kor eans wer e zeal ous ent ert ai ners ，

wav e.

especi al l y in musi c and dance. Si nce t he 1990s ，

Though a B- boys cul t ure in Kor ea has onl y

t her e has been a cr aze for t hi ngs Kor ean in

a bri ef hi st ory ，t he fact t hat Kor ean dancer s

Asi a ，starti ng wi t h dance mus i c and i ncl udi ng

have ri sen to t he t op so qui ckl y is attri buted in

dr ama and fi l m." He went on to add: "Danc e is a

l arge part to t he i nherent charact er of t he Kore-

key part of t he l i ves of Kor ean t eenager s t oday

an peopl e ，wh o have l ong revel ed t hemsel ves

and ti is hi ghl y possi bl e that Kor ea wil l pr oduce

wi t h mus i c ，song ，and dance. " Kor ean B- boys

B- boys who go on to domi nat e t he wor l d scene. "

excel in t he mos t demandi ng mov es that requi re

Kor ea' s wor l d- cl ass hi gh- speed I nt ernet

a keen sense of r hyt hm and t echni que ， " says

servi ces have al so pl ayed a rol e ，as anyone can

Han Sang- mi n，l eader of t he B- boys gr oup Abl e

vi ew and downl oad a vi deo br eak- dance manu-

“ As

al ，and t hen practi ce on thei r own. Today ，t here

seen in t he spirit s hown by t he Red Devi l s

dur i ng t he 2002 Wor l d Cu p ， Kor eans never gi ve up and are det er mi ned to s ee t hi ngs

is no st oppi ng Korea' s B- boys as t hey cont i nue to shi ne bri ghtl y in t he i nternati onal spotl i ght.国

.

8 4 Kor eana I Winter 2006

The Woma n Next Door

F

CRI TI QUE

A Desperat e Struggl e to be Under st ood

m 川

例 99 9 刊O . Kor 山

change ，wi t h f ar- reachi ng devel opment s t aki ng pl ace

out si de Kor ea ，s uc h as t he col l apse of soci al i sm and

【 s. styl e capi tal i sm. Wit hi n Kor ea as wel l ，dras-

spr ead of U

tic change cent ered ar ound t he i naugurat i on of a ci vi l i an gover nment ，al ong wi t h t he emer genc e of ne w di recti ons for cul tural endeavor s ，i ncl udi ng l i terature. In light of thi s t urmoi l ，peopl e began to quest i on t he val i di ty of “ fol k liter-

，， ノ

at ure" and real i sm，whi l e remi ni sci ng about t he di storted i nt ent i ons of pol i ti cal act i vi sm，t he per sonal desi res of

J i n J eong- seok Li t erary Cr i tic

h u ma n bei ngs ，pr evi ousl y hi dden behi nd a col l ect i ve enl i ght enment of t he peopl e ，c a me to t he f ore as a ne w literary t heme. In addi ti on，as conf ront at i on ar ose due to t he shift f r omi deol ogy to desi re ，f r omhi story to everyday life ， and f r om real i ty to f ant asy ，t he l atter wa s mor e aggr essi vel y def ended t han t he f ormer. It coul d t hus be sai d that t he 1990s wer e a t i me whe n t he prevai l i ng l i terary val ues of t he 1980s wer e sweepi ngl y ref ut ed ，di scar ded ，and repl aced By t he mi d 1990s ，Kor ean l i terature had gone beyond t he mai nst r eamcurrent s of t he 1980s and t he earl y 1990s ， whi ch wer e si mil ar in thei r deal i ng wi t h conf ront at i on，by del vi ng i nto a di versi ty of unchar t ed terri tory. Thi s movement ，l ed by付 a Seong- nan and Cho Gyeong- r an，has cont i nued i nto t he 2000s ，wi t h wo me n wri t ers such as Cheon Woon- y oung ，Yoon Sung- hee ，Kang Young- s ook ，and Pyeon Hye- yeong ，who are k nown for thei r i ndi vi dual i sm and passi onat e t echni que. These wri t ers represent a key pi l l ar of Kor ean l i terature in t he 2000s ，and al t hough t hey do not deal wi t h any part i cul ar vi ewpoi nt or f or m a ne w school of l i terature ，thei r uni que styl e cl earl y dist i ngui shes t hemf r omt he precedi ng generat i on of wri t ers ，parti cul ar

司

ly in t er ms of subj ect mat t er ，met hod of expressi on，and l i terary t hough.t The l i terary appr oach of t he ne w wo me n wri t ers wa s si mil ar to t he i nt rospect i ve novel s of t he earl y 1990s ，as thei r wor k al so emphasi z ed i nternal desi res over a broader col l ecti ve i deol ogy. Wher eぉ t he represent at i ve i ntro

【

spect i ve wri t ers of t he earl y 1990s ，such as Shi n Kyongst rongl y pr omot ed r omant i ci sm s uk and Yoon Dae- nyeong ・ wi t h thei r poeti c i nsi ght and f ocus on sel f - i nt rospect i on， t hese ne wwri t ers shar e t he c o mmo n i ncl i nati on of a nat uralist in thei r attenti on to i nsi ghtful observat i on of real i ty ， as seen f r omt he out si de ，and detai l ed record- keepi ng. As )

86 Kor eana I Winter 2006

The ¥'V' oman Next Door

seen in t he mov ement f r om r omant i ci smto nat ural i sm in

mi nut e descr i pt i on of ever yday obj ect s a nd act i ons

t he devel opment of moder n l i terary t hought in t he Wes t ，

r emai ns evi dent ，but she has added an el ement of i ntri gue

t he emer genc e of t hese wri t ers is cl osel y rel at ed to t he

by dri fti ng bet ween real i ty and f ant asy.

decl i ne of i deal i sm in t he 1980s as wel l as t he col l ecti ve

The mos t i nteresti ng aspect of thi s st ory is its uni que

di si l l usi onment of t he 1990s . But f r om anot her per spec-

perspect i ve ，in whi ch a housewi f e ，wh o is exper i enci ng

ti ve ，t hei r wor k is bol dl y expr essi ve and a meani ngf ul

me mo印 l apses ，is a f i rst- person narrat or . Due to t he nar-

expl orat i on of a ne w l i terary met hodol ogy duri ng a t i me

rator' s unrel i abl e me mor y ，her t hought s are j umbl ed，con-

whe n a l oss of t he i deal s eemed i nevi tabl e.

f usi ng t he r eader about what to ma k e of her sto門・If what

The aut hor Ha Seong- nan cl earl y r ecogni zed thi s

t he narrat or says is t rue ，t hen thi s is a st ory of a housewi f e

c hange and consci ousl y embr ac ed it. Her first book of

Gl ass [Rubi nui 5ul j an.l is prai sewor-

bei ng unj ustl y port rayed as a ment al pati ent ，t hr ough t he

sho同 stori es ，Rubi n 's

pl otti ng of her husband and t he " woman next door. " But on

t hy for its percept i ve and met i cul ous descri pt i on. It mar ks

t he ot her hand ，t he sto印 coul d be t he sensel ess ranti ng of

a radi cal depar t ur e t hat goes agai nst t he convent i on of

an i ndi vi dual wi t h an obsessi ve- compul si ve di sorder ，who

regarding detai l ed descri pt i on as unnecessa 門 decorat i on，

wr ongl y suspect s her i nnocent husband and nei ghbor. Is

and i nst ead creat es an i ndependent cat egory. Al t hough

t he wo ma n next door a concer ned nei ghbor or a devi ous

det ai l ed descri pt i on is one of t he t wo f undament al el e-

swi ndl er? Is t he narrat or an ordi nary wo ma n wi t h l apses of

ment s of a novel ，al ong wi t h a pl ausi bl e narrati ve ，ti is not

me mor y or is she suf f eri ng f r oman obsessi ve- compul si ve

usual l y t hought of as a separat e cat egory ，but rat her as a

neurosl s つIs t he narrat or st ruggl i ng to be under st ood by

compl ement ar y el ement that hel ps to rei nf orce t he credi -

ot hers or is ti her habi t of engagi ng in sel f - di al ogue?

bility of t he narrati ve.

In t er ms of Kor ean l i terature，its def i ci ency in appl yi ng

By t he end of t he sto印 t he aut hor offers no j udgment ， but thi s ki nd of ambi guous narrat i on se何 回 to under scor e t he ci ty ，h o w easi l y ur ban

descri pt i on is rel ated to a practi ce of avoi di ng t he aest het i c

t he i sol at i on of peopl e

f unct i on of descri pt i on，and i nst ead usi ng descri pt i on to

dwel l ers can experi ence a l oss of i denti ty ， and a desper at e

creat e model s and port ray si tuati ons. Ha chal l enges t he

st ruggl e to be tmder st ood. The subj ect mat t er itself mi ght

rel evance of thi s deepl y root ed l i terary pri nci pl e wi t h an

be not hi ng new. But if t he concept of “ new" in l i terature is

川

i ncessant accumul at i on of descri pt i on ，apar t f r om t he

not "what" t he sto門 is about ，but rat her “ how" t he sto印

mai n br anch of t he narrati ve. As one of Ha 's charact ers

tol d，t hen " The Wo ma n Next Door " can be recogni zed as a

says : “ Al l f or ms of exi st ence expr ess t hemsel ves as phe-

meani ngf ul wor k of Kor ean l i terature ，whi ch does not rel y

nomena." F r omt he st ench of a gar bage bag to t he monot -

on descri pt i on to vi vi dl y expr ess t he ever yday quest for

ony of a ma n wal ki ng ar ound an empt y lot ，Ha descri bes

humanenes s a mong t oday' s ur ban resi dents.

IS

~

f amil i ar scenes and obj ect s f r oma ne w perspect i ve ，as fi seei ng t hi ngs for t he first ti me. Such descri pt i on， of cour se ， is not i nt ended to perfectl y re- creat e real i ty ，whi ch is not possi bl e or appr opr i at e f or t he art of l anguage. Ha' s at t achment to and obsessi on wi t h mi nor det ai l s is an at t empt to “ unf amil i ari ze" t he usual expr ess ions that se刊 e to bani sh t he i nsi gni fi cant i nto obl i vi on. By reorgani zi ng t he hi erarchi cal st ruct ure of t he novel ，Ha quest i ons t he convent i onal ways of percei vi ng real i ty. “

The Wo ma n Next Door " [ Yeopj ip Yeoj a.l a short st ory

about t he life of a housewi f e，cl earl y reveal s how Ha has br oadened her hori zon. fro m an obsessi on wi t h detai .l to an i nspect i on of ur ban eve印day life of our cont empor ar y soci ety. Her abi l i ty to convey shar p vi sual i mages t hr ough

Li tcran' .Awar ds bur 111 ' ) じり llli l1 l %- 江口仁. l madc he r l i teran. dchl ， t 111 19り I 1 ! .1sntlltC ot thじ ¥rt;. 111 thc 品 、 1ftcr hじr "r Idl l ati ol1 h 川 1thl ~ L~l hc has Pl l hhshcd fOllr .1nrhけ 10日1じs - 1¥ l I f)/}z 三， ( LI 5S. fol l o日 l11g tじn 、

I - l 立ちじりI 1 S-11;l11 山l S

T f， ¥i' 川 '''111 ¥:e 1 ' /)()ur ，hrsl ¥¥z/(' l / γ /h /!J" /J fll ι !3"， mf 、 _111ιI ¥¥'< I ! as 一 川 1dι iI nol1 t() thrcc '1() ¥， c!、: I he! ， ， )' "! f . dl mg. Saj' j ) { J /' ( ) 111刀、ユI 1d 1hc } / c m υr ¥ h ¥101' ;( ちhι h川 rCL じI、じιl 、じ、じ ral J 、1じ、 n日i り口、川、'ard、 ‘ i l1 l l 11di ng thc If .lzj~(}) 1ft 川 Ll tCL1t urc l' ri λ111 D Ol1g ll1 1 'tcr '[， l ¥¥ ard 111 1 9 2000， al1 d ISll I. l tcLHl l rc P l 1f t 111 2()()....

Winter 2006 1Koreana 87

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