Thara Messeroux - Architecture Portfolio I

PORTFOLIO I

architecture design

thara messeroux 2018

HOW WE DESIGN August 24, 2018

Sponsored by

Autodesk, Inc Build Healh International

Project Team

Thara Messeroux Ricardo Rodriguez

Supervisors Abby Gordon Robert Freni 2

Build Health International

INTRODUCTION How We Design is a BHI initiative intended to summarize, analyze, and outline the impact and execution of design features on both BHI and non-BHI projects with the intention of developing a body of work that documents existing projects and informs future designs.

How We Design

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TABLE OF CONTENTS CASE STUDIES

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CIDEC

Center for Infectious Disease & Emergency Care Saint Boniface Hospital Fond-Des-Blancs, Haiti

MHC

Maternal Health Care Saint Boniface Hospital Fond-Des-Blancs, Haiti

HUM

In-Patient Block Hopital Universitair Mirebalais Mirebalais, Haiti

IC3

Integrated Chronic Care Clinic Neno District Hospital Neno, Malawi

Form & Orientation

Shading

Cool Roofs

Natural Ventilation

Thermal Mass

Topography

Thermal Comfort

Vegetation

Evaporative Cooling

CIDEC | St. Boniface Hospital

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General

Inpatient TB.

Emergency Department Fast Track

Infectious Disease Outpatient Area

Triage

WaitingAREA Area WAITING Fast-Track OUT-PATIENT Isolation ISOLATION Support SUPPORT IN-PATIENT In-Patient EXAM ROOM Exam Room

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CIDEC

Center for Infectious Disease and Emergency Care St. Boniface Hospital, Fond des Blancs Haiti Year Built: 2017 Size: 7500 SF Construction Time: ~8 Months Construction Cost: $750,000 Cost/SF: ~$100

PROCEDURE ROOM Procedure Room

Project Overview

The Center for Infectious Disease and Emergency Care at the St. Boniface Hospital in Fond Des Blancs Haiti is a 36 bed inpatient/outpatient facility designed for the treatment and isolation of infectious diseases and emergency care. The facility was designed with two main programmatic functions, the North wing is dedicated to isolation and tuberculosis inpatient treatment while the South wing is dedicated to emergency care.

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CIDEC | St. Boniface Hospital

Location: With a population of 110,000 inhabitants, Fond-des-Blancs is a communal section located in the Sud department of Haiti in the Aquin Arrondissement. It is located approximately 77.85 miles (125.3 km) from Port-au-Prince, the country’s capital.

The roads leading to Fond-des-Blancs are usually very congested and flooded.

Les Cayes ( the third city of Haiti) is located 95 km (59 miles) West of Fonddes-Blancs on the southern coast. The public referral Hospital Immaculate Conception is located in Les Cayes. Due to flooding and financial concerns patients typically visiting the public hospital are being drawn to SBH facilities.

Haiti

The trip between the Capital and Fond-des-Blancs can be completed in 3 hours but may take upwards of 8 hours depending on the traffic and road conditions.

Additionally, Tap-Taps are not in good enough condition to traverse the unpaved roads leading to Fond des Blancs. Thus, to make the trip from Miragoane to Fonddes-Blancs a bus, car or a moto is needed. Many patients at Saint Boniface hire “motos” to take them to and from the hospital to avoid walking the mountain road.

Saint Boniface hospital operates the Villa Clinic east of Saint Boniface. The road conditions leading to the mountain town can be treacherous and not passable in hard rain. This clinic acts as a satellite location to the Saint Boniface Hospital providing healthcare to an extremely remote region that was greatly affected by hurricanes.

Fond-des-Blancs

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Location

Hours of Daylight and Twilight

Average Monthly Rainfall

Site Conditions: One of the keys to exploit local environmental resources and influence energy-related factors such as daylight, solar heat gains and ventilation is the use of site analysis.

Haiti’s climate is generally hot and humid. Its climate is pretty consistent through out the year. Its tropical climate is split in two seasons, dry (November through March) with January being the driest month, and rainy (April through October).

The average annual rainfall is 140 to 200 centimeters, but it is unevenly

Humidity Comfort Levels

Cloud Cover Categories

distributed. Heavier rainfall occurs in the southern peninsula and in the northern plains and mountains.

Temperatures are almost always high in the lowland areas, ranging from 15 °C to 25 °C (60 °F to 77 °F) in the winter and from 25°C to 35°C (77 °F to 95 °F) during the summer.

The consistency of Haiti’s tropical weather allows for a more flexible design, yet weather-wise it requires extra ventilation and more economical energy system as the electricity cost in Haiti is 10 times the electricity cost in the US. The country is also prone to earthquakes, hurricanes and floods.

Average High and Low Temperature

Average Wind Speed

Sources: https://weatherspark.com/ https://photius.com/countries/haiti/climate/haiti_climate_climate.html How We Design

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CIDEC | St. Boniface Hospital

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Site & Context

The main hospital building sits in the center of the site with most buildings organized around it. The facility is narrow following the slope of the site. The majority of the buildings are oriented on a East West axis with the exception of a few buildings towards the south of the site.

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1. Main Hospital 2. Post-op & Imaging 3. Maternal Health 4. Surgical 5. Community Health 6. Support 7. Staff & Dr. Residence 8. Spinal Chord Injury 9. CIDEC 10. LAB

Site

Predominant

North

Slope Direction

Topography: The Topography of Haiti can be characterized as mountainous with steep valleys and the occasional large plateau. The town of Fond Des Blancs in Haiti is a particularly challenging site nested into a steep slope. The CIDEC building sits on a flattened area of the site with small retaining walls South and West. The slope on site has a Southwest to Northeast directionality with the steepest point on site towards the south.

Predominant Wind Direction Secondary Wind Direction

Prevailing Winds: The predominant wind direction for Fond Des Blancs, Haiti is from the Southeast, with secondary winds coming from the east. To maximize natural ventilation buildings should be oriented perpendicular from 0° to 30° with respect to the prevailing wind direction. It is preferable to orient the longer facades of the building towards predominant wind direction. CIDEC takes advantage of prevailing winds with its North-South orientation allowing for good cross ventilation.

Sun Direction

Sun Path: In the northern hemisphere the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Buildings oriented east west maximize visual comfort and minimize heat gain. Majority of the buildings on the site are oriented East to West, capitalizing on ideal solar orientation However the CIDEC does not follow this orientation due to restrictions of the site.

The roof was designed for future installation of solar panels.

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CIDEC | St. Boniface Hospital

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Emergency Ward Interior

Design Features

Design Features

The CIDEC has three distinguishable sloped concrete roofs and is the first BHI building to have this feature. The facility implements various design features such as a roof slope and fenestration placement that promotes passive cooling.

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CIDEC | St. Boniface Hospital

Lighting

The CIDEC was designed to operate using artificial lighting but has plenty of windows and louvers which allow natural light into the building. The CIDEC is a 24 hour facility and has a lighting requirement for nights and overcast days.

East

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Relationship of solar impact on CIDEC: Shading and Lighting

Summer Sun AM

Summer Sun PM

Winter Sun AM

Winter Sun PM

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3 Solar Angles Section through Emergency Ward

West Face

Tree Obstructing Light (Cooling Air)

Typical Lighting Condition: CIDEC’s pitched roof overhang shades the east facade properly from the rising sun allowing for adequate lighting in the morning Westhours Faceand diffused lighting during the hotter hours of the afternoon. The west facade faces the top of the pitch roof, this side may suffer from direct light during sunset and late afternoons which may increase the indoor temperature and cause undesirable lighting conditions. However, a large mango tree provides ample shading to a large area of the western exposure of the CIDEC which mitigates heat gain.

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Design Features

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Emergency Ward Interior

Isolation Nurse Station

11.Operable Jalousie Windows 22.Artifical Light Fixtures 33.Fixed Louvers 44.Isolation Rooms 55.Isolation Wards 66.Fixed Windows

6 Window and louver size and placement

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Jalousie Windows : The CIDEC implements the use of the Jalousie window, taking advantage of its operable louvers components and hammered glass elements which allow both diffused light for comfortable indoor conditions and adequate indoor air regeneration.

Fixed Louvers: The CIDEC also has a series of fixed louvers at variable placements throughout the structure. Most of the fixed louvers are placed above or below the Jalousie Windows and are intended to provide natural ventilation.

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CIDEC | St. Boniface Hospital

Airflow

The CIDEC facility implements the basic properties of thermodynamics by designing the CIDEC with pitched roofs and operable windows of variable size and placement as well as plenty of louvers to provide the interior of the building with a good quality of air and indoor temperature. The north south orientation of the building also reinforces the passive ventilation occurring on site.

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Roof Mounted Air Condenser Unit

Fans

Roof Mounted Direct Exhaust Unit

Warm Air

Cool Air

West Face Section through emergency ward depicting airflow conditions Note: Air entering low in through the louvers to move the cool air over the patients, as the air moves through the space it is warmed up and raises and is exhausted out of the high louvers.

Typical Airflow Condition: The pitched roof allows hot air to rise and follow the slope upward as it exits the building while being replaced by cooler and fresher air. Isolation rooms are required to have 12ACH per World Health Organization guidelines, these rooms are aided by mechanically operated fans and exhausts in order to maintain the necessary air-changes.

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Design Features

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Roof Above Isolation Rooms

Exterior, Emergency Waiting Area

Interior, Isolation ward

Forced Air / AC: The CIDEC also has a series of direct exhaust mechanical units and two air conditioners and condensers. Due to the need for pressure differentials between isolation rooms and wards A/C units and mechanical direct exhaust vents are implemented to ensure that air change pressures remain within the acceptable rate to reduce airborne disease.

Ceiling Fans : The CIDEC facility applies the use of ceilings fans as primary mechanical system. Due to the high cost of electricity and the overall complexity of HVAC system installation in Haiti, ceiling fans as a method for regulating indoor air properties is preferable for its affordability and overall low maintenance and ease of repair. In the CIDEC ceiling fans are used to force hot hair up and out the pitched roof openings 11. Roof Mounted Air Condenser Unit

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B C A B D

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22. Roof Mounted Direct Exhaust Unit 33. Ceiling Fans A. Passive / Ceiling Fans B. Mechanical Direct Exhaust C. Air Conditioned D. Sheltered Open air Waiting Area

Mechanical Systems Distribution.

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CIDEC | St. Boniface Hospital

You created this PDF from an applica

CONCRETE SLAB

CONCRETE STRUCTURE

8� REINFORCED CMU WALL (CONCRETE MASONRY) UNIT)

DRY WALL

METAL STUD PARTITION WALL

JALOUSY LOUVERS

METAL WORK

BAMBOO BARRIER ADDED TO ALLOW SOME FLEXIBILITY

Material Usage: YouMATERIALS created thisINPDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) HAITI Wood historically was the primary material but Haiti has become deforested

heat in an already hot environment is not ideal. Ideal building materials in

over the years do to the reliance of wood for the charcoal industry. CMU,

Haiti would promote breath ability of the building and allow air to move over

concrete, and stone are currently the primary materials in Haiti with all three

the users. CMU and Concrete are not the ideal building materials for a tropic

readily available. Metalwork and bamboo are typically used as a decorative

climate, but they are the most readily available material and many local

building material or something that can be used to light weight exterior

tradesmen are proficient with installation of these materials.

spaces. With the earthquake in 2010 there is a cultural stigma around concrete and CMU, but as with any material quality assurance of both the material properties and the installation are paramount.

CMU and Concrete are mass materials that tend to capture the heat from the environment during the daytime and release the heat at nighttime. The temperatures at night time in Haiti remain relatively high so the release of 18

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MATERIALS IN THE CIDEC

The Center for Infectious Disease and Emergency is mostly build using concrete CMU, bamboo and metal work are also part of this piece of architecture.

The CIDEC is the first building by BHI that has utilized a sloped concrete

roof. While it has its benefits, it also has its challenges, which was realized during its construction. It was a bit complex to find out the maximum slope for each sloped roof.

Louvers are a big part of the CIDEC design, and they allow constant airflow in the space. Some louvers are fixed, and others are operable. Metal work is used in waiting areas in order to allow passive airflow in congested spaces.

The need for high quality airflow for those specific areas are extremely necessary, as its a very public place which would otherwise facilitate the spread of diseases like Diphtheria or tuberculosis. UV lighting is also used in the interior of the CIDEC to kill the bacteria in the air. Bamboo being extremely cheap and effective, is used as a space divider. The bamboo as been treated with a clear coat to extend its durability.

CONCRETE STRUCTURE

METAL WORK RAILING CMU (CONCRETE MASONRY) UNIT)

CONCRETE SLAB

remain relatively high so the release of heat in an already hot environment is not ideal. Ideal building materials in Haiti would promote breath ability of the building and allow air to move over the users.

-CMU and Concrete are not the ideal building materials for a

Design Features

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A Metal Roof ( Waiting Area)

C Metal Work

E Operable Glazed Jalousie Windows

B Roof Concrete Slab

D Bamboo Barrier

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Fixed Metal Louvers How We Design

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CIDEC | St. Boniface Hospital

Flexibility

The CIDEC facility at the St. Boniface Hospital campus is constructed primarily of Concrete and CMU. The perimeter walls of the CIDEC are structural CMU supporting a large part of the roof system along with a series of columns. The interior walls of the CIDEC facility are mostly CFM stud walls. The use of stud walls in the interior has allowed for a space that in the future could be easily reconfigured or adapted. Walls can be removed and added without compromising the facilities structural integrity.

Stud Walls

Beams

CMU Perimeter Walls

Columns

Flexible reconfigurable Space

Roof Slabs

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Diagram highlighting stud walls; Interior.

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Partial exploded axon; major structural systems highlighted

Design Features

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Foam Core concrete Roof Slab Pour

Typical CMU construction note rebar.

Interior Stud Wall Framing.

Roof, Beams, Columns: The CIDEC has a Rectilinear grid system of columns and beams which are relatively equidistant. This allows interior walls to be non-structural which provides the space with a highly flexible capacity, easy to reconfigure or adapt in the future. The roof slabs of the CIDEC have foam cores making them lighter as well as requiring less material per SF

CMU: The Concrete Masonry Unit or CMU is used in this project selectively. As a unitized material CMU is easier and quicker to work with, Installation from skilled labor for working with CMU is readily available and is also to train.

Stud Walls: The CIDEC facility has taken advantage of a CFM stud wall system for interior partition walls. This allows wall systems inside the facility to be easily and quickly demolished or erected.

A. Typical Concrete Beam Detail

1 Foam Core Concrete Slab Roof 2 CMU Wall 3 Interior Stud Wall

B. Typical Beam to Column Detail How We Design

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CIDEC | St. Boniface Hospital

Electrical systems

Although sharing the island with neighboring Dominican Republic where most have access to electricity, Haiti has limited access to electricity where only 38% of Haitians in 2016 have a connection to the electrical grid, a small improvement from 28% of Haitians in 1990. Even those with access to the grid today still experience frequent blackouts and unreliable power quality.

Electricity is necessary to power the hospital at night and for the medical equipment to operate. The CIDEC in the St. Boniface campus is not connected to the grid currently there is no access to an electrical grid in this part of Haiti, Fonds-des-Blancs is largely rural and remote.

Thus, BHI utilized solar panels and generators as sources of energy.

Even though the solar panels currently provides over 50% of the electrical power, the electricity in Haiti is still at a very high cost and unreliable.

Generator Solar Panels Connections

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Design Features

A

B

D C

A Use of nightime lighting for way-finding and around-the-clock care.

C Usage of fans and direct exhaust unit to circulate

B Usage of white light which tricks the brain into believing it is daytime, activating physical waking processes and halting the production of melatonin.

D Usage of energy to operate electrical equipments.

fresh air throughout the space and enhance

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CIDEC | St. Boniface Hospital

Plumbing Systems WATER Water is caught off site from the Spring water (natural resource). It is then pumped to a large cistern situated at the highest point of the site, which will be filtered and chlorinated and pimped into the CIDEC building. Water is also caught from a well (underground natural resource) then pumped into the cisterns on site. When the well water goes low, water is brought to the site by water trucks, sourced in the spring water if the pumps are not working. This water will be transported from the truck to the large cistern.

The CIDEC’s 24 sinks for a building of 7,500 sq ft. Thee sinks are in both the toilet rooms as well as throughout the clinical space. The hand-washing sinks in the clinical space are for hygiene purposes. There are 4 showers in the open emergency department ward. 2 are for men and 2 are for women. The showers are bucket showers to reduce the wasting of water during showers. Each Isolation room has access to a bucket shower and each of the larger multi bed isolation rooms has access to showers as well.

Septic Tank

There are 5 wells, 2 rainwater catchment systems, but the primary source of reliable water are the wells and the digue spring, located a mile from the hospital. This is pumped a couple times a week and feeds water to a hospital cistern at the top of the site. From there are two pressure booster pumps that pass the water through a GE filtration system to remove all contaminants. Then it is dosed with liquid chlorine.

From there it feeds to the hospital distribution network. When the hospital loses power or if the pressure pumps go down, the filters can be bypassed and water can be fed to the hospital by gravity alone.

SANITATION The CIDEC has 15 toilets for a building of 7,500 sq ft. The emergency department has one private staff toilet, one private patient toilet near the waiting area and multi stall toilet rooms in the open ward. There is a sluice sink in the utility room off the open ward where waste from bed pans can be discarded. A proper sluice sink requires a tremendous amount of water pressure, so a toilet basin is used in lieu of a sluice sink. Each isolation room has access to toilet rooms directly from the room.

Another sanitation issue with the SBH is the maintenance of the toilets. Due to the lack of education of its users, the toilets are repeatedly misused. Trash and clothes are often flushed in the toilets which cause them to break, and they are not easily repaired.

Leach Field

Anaerobic Septic Tank Wells Filtration/ Chlorination Catchment/ Cistern Main Campus Cistern

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Cess Pool

Design Features

A B

C

D

A Water transportation from the spring to the hospital.

C CIDEC bathroom.

B Hand-washing sink.

D Sink in ED procedure room.

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IN-PATIENT GATHERING AREA WAITING AREA POSTPARTUM LABOR AND DELIVERY SUPPORT PATHOLOGY EXAM ROOM NICU

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MHC

Maternal Health Center St. Boniface Hospital, Fond des Blancs Haiti Year Built: 2015 Size: ~15,800 SF Construction Time: ~ 9 Months Construction Cost: $500,800 Cost/SF: ~$30

Grade Level

Below Grade Level

Project Overview The Maternal Health Care Center at the St. Boniface Hospital in Fond Des Blancs is a health care facility dedicated to maternal health and neonatal care.

The program includes Labor and Delivery, Maternal Outpatient, Ante-Partum, Postpartum,Pathology, and the only full functioning Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Southern Haiti.

MHC | St. Boniface Hospital

Location:

With a population of 110,000 inhabitants, Fond-des-Blancs is a communal section located in the Sud department of Haiti in the Aquin Arrondissement. It is located approximately 77.85 miles (125.3 km) from Port-au-Prince, the country’s capital.

The roads leading to Fond-des-Blancs are usually very congested and flooded.

Les Cayes ( the third city of Haiti) is located 95 km (59 miles) West of Fond-desBlancs on the southern coast. The public referral Hospital Immaculate Conception is located in Les Cayes. Due to flooding and financial concerns patients typically visiting the public hospital are being drawn to SBH facilities.

Haiti

The trip between the Capital and Fond-des-Blancs can be completed in 3 hours but may take upwards of 8 hours depending on the traffic and road conditions.

Additionally, Tap-Taps are not in good enough condition to traverse the unpaved roads leading to Fond des Blancs. Thus, to make the trip from Miragoane to Fonddes-Blancs a bus, car or a moto is needed. Many patients at Saint Boniface hire motos to take them to and from the hospital to avoid walking the mountain road.

Saint Boniface hospital operates the Villa Clinic east of Saint Boniface. The road conditions leading to the mountain town can be treacherous and not passable in hard rain. This clinic acts as a satellite location to the Saint Boniface Hospital providing healthcare to an extremely remote region that was greatly affected by hurricanes.

Fond-des-Blancs St. Boniface Hospital Villa Clinic 23

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Location

Hours of Daylight and Twilight

Average Monthly Rainfall

Site Conditions: One of the keys in using local environmental resources and influence energy-related factors such as daylight, solar heat gains and ventilation is the use of site analysis.

Haiti’s climate is generally hot and humid. Its climate is pretty consistant through out the year. Its tropical climate is split in two seasons, dry (November through March) with January being the driest month, and rainy (April through October).

The average annual rainfall is 140 to 200 centimeters, but it is unevenly

Humidity Comfort Levels

Cloud Cover Categories

distributed. Heavier rainfall occurs in the southern peninsula and in the northern plains and mountains.

Temperatures are almost always high in the lowland areas, ranging from 15 °C to 25 °C (60 °F to 77 °F) in the winter and from 25°C to 35°C (77 °F to 95 °F) during the summer.

The consistency of Haiti’s tropical weather allows for a more flexible design, yet weather-wise it requires extra ventilation and more economical energy system as the electricity cost in Haiti is 10 times the electricity cost in the US. The country is also prone to earthquakes, hurricanes and floods.

Average High and Low Temperature

Average Wind Speed

Sources: https://weatherspark.com/ https://photius.com/countries/haiti/climate/haiti_climate_climate.html

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MHC | St. Boniface Hospital

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Site & Context

The MHC is located in the northeastern portion of the hospital campus. The facility is narrow following the slope of the site. The majority of the buildings are oriented on a East West axis with the exception of a few buildings towards the south of the site.

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1. Main Hospital 2. Post-op & Imaging 3. Maternal Health 4. Surgical 5. Community Health 6. Support 7. Staff & Dr. Residence 8. Spinal Chord Injury 9. CIDEC 10. LAB

Site

Topography: The Topography of Haiti can be characterized as mountainous with steep valleys and the occasional large plateau. The town of Fond Des Blancs in Haiti is a particularly challenging site nested into a steep slope and the site of the MHC slopes down towards the north. The Maternal Health Center was built parallel into the slope of the site.

Slope Direction

North

Prevailing Winds: The predominant wind direction for Fond Des Blancs, Haiti is from the east, with secondary winds coming from the southeast. To maximize natural ventilation buildings should be oriented from 0° to 30° with respect to the prevailing wind direction. It is preferable to orient the longer facades of the building towards predominant wind direction. The Maternal Health Care Center is oriented on a East to West direction which does not take advantage of prevailing and secondary winds

Predominant

Predominant Wind Direction Secondary Wind Direction

North

Sun Path: In the northern hemisphere the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Buildings oriented east west maximize visual comfort and minimize heat gain. Majority of the buildings on the site are oriented Southeast- Northwest, capitalizing on ideal solar orientation. The Maternal Health Care Center takes advantage of the suns path with its East to West orientation. The roof of the MHC building is fitted with solar panels taking advantage of the buildings orientation and ample solar exposure.

Sun Direction North How We Design

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MHC | St. Boniface Hospital

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Design Features

Design Features

MHC has two unique design features, the roof pop-out helps exhaust hot air from inside, and the below grade level of the MHC allows for additional flexible spaces. Features include, the roof pop-up, high ceilings, solar panels, louvers, and fans.

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MHC | St. Boniface Hospital

Lighting

MHC runs primarily off of artificial lighting. The facility has a long

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north facing facade which features many open spaces. This orientation is not ideal for natural daylighting but is ideal for other aspects of passive design which are featured in this facility. Further testing will conclude whether or not spaces are adequately lit.

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Relationship of solar impact on MHC to openings

Summer sun Winter Sun

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A. Postpartum Ward B. Community ED Space C. Outdoor Corridor D. Support Space North Face

Transverse Section Through Postpartum Ward Open Spaceship MHC facility does offer a sheltered waiting area before entering the primary healthcare facility. This space receives ample ventilation as there are no solid walls or any obstructions. Located on the East face of the facility it receives ample cooling from prevailing winds. Other openings include the ground floor of the structure where there are several community spaces and other facilities. Since these spaces are partially buried there is only one face which allows for openings. Here the openings feature metal work and are porous allowing for diffused northern light exposure as well as adequate ventilation.

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Design Features

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Interior Pathology Ward: Note, Partition Wall and High Ceiling.

Covered Open Air Waiting Area.

11.Operable Jalousie Windows 22.Light Fixtures 33.Fixed Louvers 44.Door to Balconies 55.Open Air Waiting Area 66.Fixed Windows

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Windows and Louver Dimensions and Placement

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Jalousie Windows : The MHC facility, like many of the buildings on the Saint Boniface Hospital Campus, implement the use of the Jalousie windows, taking advantage of its operable louvers components and transparency to allow both ample light and adequate indoor air regeneration. Four sizes of Jalousie windows were used in the MHC project with variable placement throughout the building.

Fixed Louvers: The MHC also has a series of fixed louvers at variable placements throughout the structure. Most of the fixed louvers are placed above or below the Jalousie Windows and are intended to provide natural ventilation. They allow diffused light to enter when used above the Jalousie windows or at the top of the roof pop-up.

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MHC | St. Boniface Hospital

Airflow MHC at Fond Des Blancs: The MHC facility at St. Boniface reports having relatively low quality of airflow. These wards tend to get very warm during the summer months. The ceiling fans help move the air, but the jalousies are typically closed and there aren’t enough fixed louvers to get fresh air into the wards.

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Longitudinal Section Through Labor and Delivery, Pathology, and Postpartum. Note: Ceiling Fan Distribution of Air Across Wards A. Labor and Delivery

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B. Pathology C. Post Partum D. Community Space

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Grade Level D

Below Grade Level North Face

Transverse Section Through Postpartum Ward and Below Grade Community Space.

MHC key plan

Typical Airflow Condition: The sections above shows the typical airflow condition for the MHC facility. There is limited cross air ventilation but the roof pop-out allows for hot air to rise and exit the building. It is speculated that due to inadequate cross air exchange and a lack of a pitch in the roof, the rate at which hot air is expelled from inside the building is not nearly enough to regulate the capacity of the indoor air or maintain a comfortable indoor temperature.

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Design Features

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Labor and Delivery Ward

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Pathology Ward

Ceiling Fans: Are located on both floors of the maternal health center, in the larger, open spaces with a higher occupancy, such as the training rooms. Ceiling fans throughout the MHC facility aid in the distribution of air and are meant to help hot air up and out through the top louvers and openings.

B.

Forced Air / HVAC: The only space in the MHC with A/C is the NICU. The NICU in the westward most part of the facility has a need for air conditioning due to the program specifications

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Passive Ventilation: There are fixed louvers and jalousie windows as a method for passive air flow and ventilation. Because of the enclosed spaces wrapping the perimeter of the building, there is little opportunity for cross ventilation. Hot air may be expelled through higher windows 1 Ceiling Fans 2 Fixed Louvers 3 Jalousie Windows 4 Half Wall 5 Door to Balcony

A.

C.

A. Passive/Ceiling Fans B. Air Conditioned C. Open Air Waiting Area/Ceiling Fans How We Design

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MHC | St. Boniface Hospital

The exterior of the MHC.

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MHC waiting area.

Design Features

Material Usage: The Maternal Health Center Care is mostly build out of concrete, wood CONCRETE SLAB

and metal work are used to construct the facility. Concrete, CMU block, stone, metalwork, bamboo and wood are the most common materials used in Haiti.

Wood historically was the primary material but Haiti has become deforested over the years do to the reliance of wood on the charcoal

CONCRETE STRUCTURE

industry.

CMU and concrete are currently the primary materials in Haiti with all

LOUVERS

three readily available.

FIXED WINDOWS

Metalwork and bamboo are typically used as a decorative building

JALOUSIE WINDOWS

material or something that can be used to light weight exterior spaces.

WOODEN DOORS

With the earthquake in 2010 there is a cultural stigma around concrete and CMU, but as with any material quality assurance of both the

SLIDERS

material properties and the installation are paramount.

CMU and Concrete are mass materials that tend to capture the heat

METAL ROOF

CONCRETE STRUCTURE

METAL WORK RAILING CMU (CONCRETE MASONRY) UNIT)

CONCRETE SLAB

from the environment during the daytime and release the heat at nighttime. The temperatures at night time in Haiti remain relatively high so the release of heat in an already hot environment is not ideal. Ideal building materials in Haiti would promote breath ability of the building and allow air to move over the users.

CMU and Concrete are not the ideal building materials for a tropic climate, but they are the most readily available material and many local tradesmen are proficient with installation of these materials.

LOUVERS METAL WORK

The roof of the MHC is simple and flat and made of concrete slab.

The MHC contains a fair amount of fixed louvers which allows constant airflow to the space. The space also includes jalousie windows, which can open and close and allows for a more flexible use of the windows.

is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)

How We Design

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MHC | St. Boniface Hospital

Flexibility

Both levels of the MHC facility use CMU and concrete as the principle materials for construction. The MHC only has a flexible interior space in the primary area of the patient wards, and partial flexibility in the below grade level as these walls can have doorways installed to connect the spaces. It is speculate the any reconfiguration will require moderate effort and time.

Flexible reconfigurable Space CMU Perimeter Walls

1

Roof Pop-out

2

Columns

2

Beams

Interior Walls (CMU)

Exploded axon highlighting flexible spaces 35

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Exploded axon; major structural systems highlighted

Design Features

3

1 2 2

Framing of At Grade Level Roof

Typical Poured Concrete and Shoring

CMU construction

Roof System: The MHC has a unique roof system which consist of a large central pop-out. This feature is supported by a long span concrete system which allows for a large open space below where the three primary wards of the MHC are located. The entire roof system at MHC is flat and supports the addition of Solar Panels.

Beams & Columns: The beam and column system of the MHC follows a rectilinear grid. The columns and beams on the ground level are further apart which is typical of a long span system and are relatively equidistant. The below grade level follows a similar configuration although here the system is closer together as it supports a larger mass above it than the ground level. The roof pop-out on the ground level is supported by a long span system which allows for a large open ward space below it.

CMU: The Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) is used in this project selectively. As a unitized material CMU is easier and quicker to work with but it is also a costlier material when compared to the total cost of poured concrete per SF. The use of CMU in the MHC has restricted its ability to be easily reconfigurable.

1 Roof System 2 Columns & Beams 3 CMU Walls

How We Design

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MHC | St. Boniface Hospital

Electricity Although sharing the island with neighboring Dominican Republic where everyone has access to electricity, Haiti has limited access to electricity. Only 38% of Haitians in 2016 ad a connection to the electrical grid, a small improvement from 28% of Haitians in 1990.

Even those with access to the grid today still experience frequent blackouts and unreliable power quality.

However, the MHC at the St. Boniface campus is not connected to the grid, and electricity is necessary to light up the hospital at night and for the medical equipments to operate. Thus, BHI utilized solar panels and generators as energy sources. Additionally, the mechanical system is powered by electricity.

Even though the solar panels currently provides over 50% of the electrical power, the electricity in Haiti is still at a very high cost and unreliable.

Generators Solar Panels Connections

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Design Features

A

B

B

A The MHC solar panels.

B

Solar Batteries How We Design

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MHC | St. Boniface Hospital

Plumbing WATER The MHC has 14 sinks and showers there are located on the lower level in the sanitation block. There is a large trough sink outside of the sanitation block on the lower level of the building. This sink is where visitors dump bed pans and wash clothes.

There are 5 wells, 2 rainwater catchment systems, but the primary source of reliable water is the digue spring, located a mile from the hospital. This is pumped a couple times a week and feeds water to a hospital cistern at the top of the site.

From there, there are two pressure booster pumps that pass the water through a GE filtration system to remove all contaminants. Then it is dosed with liquid chlorine. From there it feeds to the hospital distribution network. When the hospital loses power or if the pressure pumps go down, the filters can be bypassed and water can be fed to the hospital by gravity alone.

Water is caught of-site from the Spring water (natural resource). It is then pipe in a large cistern situated at the highest point of the site, which will be filtered and chlorinated and pimped into the CIDEC building. Water is also sometimes caught from a well (underground natural resource) then pumped into the site. When the well water is low, water is brought to the cistern by water trucks.

SANITATION The MHC has 6 toilets and a sanitation block in it first floor, which is located next to a community room. Originally designed in two different blocks, male and female separately, today, the use of the sanitation room has slightly changed to accommodate both the hospital users and the community users. It is no longer separate in male and female block, but there is a community block and a hospital block, with male, female and children mixed in all of them. As an alternative for the use of restrooms, bed pans are frequently used by the hospital users. Another sanitation issue with the SBH is the maintenance of the toilets. Due to the lack of education of its users, the toilets are repeatedly misused. Majority of the single stall toilets in the MHC are locked because they are broken.

Waste goes from restroom to septic Tank which will be chlorinated to kill the cholera and then transported to the Leach Field. The MHC has a sanitation block on its lower level through a water basin. These basins are used to dump bed pans and laundry. The MHC also has sinks, toilets, and a sanitation block below that account for water usage.

Septic Tank Leach Field

Anaerobic Septic Tank Wells Filtration/ Chlorination Catchment/ Cistern Main Campus Cistern

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Cess Pool

Design Features

A

B

A Water usage of the Spring.

B Bucket Showers How We Design

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CORRIDOR/OUTDOOR GATHERING SPACE OFFICES SUPPORT INPATIENT WARDS

3

INPATIENT UNIT

Hopital Universitaire de Mirebalais, Mirebalais, Haiti Year Built: 2014 Typical Size of Inpatient Unit: 13,000 SF Construction Time: ~8 Months Construction Cost: ~845,000 Cost/SF: ~$65.00

Project Overview The Inpatient Unit at the Hopitale Universitaire de Mirebalais is a block type unit with a radial mass organized around a central exterior courtyard. The Inpatient Unit is part of the larger Hospital campus. There are two complete blocks and one half block to serve the inpatient needs of the hospital with a total 20 beds per block. There are four individual wards within the blocks.

Inpatient Block | HUM

Location: With a population of 192,852 inhabitants, Mirebalais is a small Haitian District. It is located approximately 25 miles (41 km) from Port-au-Prince, the country’s capital. In 2011, BHI launched a project of to build an hospital, in a city where people are constantly suffering from lack of access to high quality healthcare.

Haiti

Mirebalais

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Location

Hours of Daylight and Twilight

Average Monthly Rainfall

Site Analysis: One of the keys to using the local environmental resources and influence energy-related factors such as daylight, solar heat gains and ventilation is the use of site analysis.

Haiti’s climate is generally hot and humid. Its climate is pretty consistent through out the year. Its tropical climate is split in two seasons, dry (November through March) with January being the driest month, and rainy (April through October).

The average annual rainfall is 140 to 200 centimeters, but it is unevenly

Cloud Cover Categories Humidity Comfort Levels

distributed. Heavier rainfall occurs in the southern peninsula and in the northern plains and mountains.

Temperatures are almost always high in the lowland areas, ranging from 15 °C to 25 °C (60 °F to 77 °F) in the winter and from 25°C to 35°C (77 °F to 95 °F) during the summer.

The consistency of Haiti’s tropical weather allows for a more flexible design, yet weather-wise it requires extra ventilation and more economical energy system as the electricity cost in Haiti is 10 times the electricity cost in the US. The country is also prone to earthquakes, hurricanes and floods.

Average High and Low Temperature

Average Wind Speed

Thus, it is necessary to build an hospital where it would not be excessively hot and where the building’s maintenance costs would be minimized. The building should also be able to resist earthquakes and hurricanes and floods.

Sources: https://weatherspark.com/ https://photius.com/countries/haiti/climate/haiti_climate_climate.html How We Design

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Inpatient Block | HUM

1 2 8

3 2

Site & Context

The inpatient blocks at HUM were designed to take advantage of prevailing winds and solar orientation. The HUM campus is situated on a flattened site in a hilly area of Haitis Central Plateau micro-climate. All the roofs of the main campus are fitted with solar panels. The Inpatient units take advantage of the large courtyards at their core to offer fresh air and outdoor gathering areas for patients and families.

4 7 5

2

6

North

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1. Maternity 2.Inpatient Block 3.Radiology / Outpatient 4.General Hospital 5.Exams / Outpatient 6.Mechanical 7.Ref. Lab 8.Emergency

Site

North

Vegetation

Topography and Landscaping: The Topography of Haiti can be characterized as mountainous with steep valleys and the occasional large plateau. The town of Mirebalais just outside of Port-Au-Prince sits on a large plateau and is within a micro-climate which is characterized as hotter and slightly dryer than most parts of Haiti. The site is flat and the main campus sits on level ground. A distinguishing feature of the Inpatient Units is the central courtyard and the vegetation which surrounds its outer and inner perimeter.

Predominant Wind Direction Secondary Wind Direction

Prevailing Winds: The predominant wind direction for Mirebalais, Haiti is from the east, with secondary winds coming from the southeast. To maximize natural ventilation buildings should be oriented from 0° to 30° with respect to the prevailing wind direction. It is preferable to orient the longer facades of the building towards predominant wind direction. The Outpatient units of the HUM campus are large rectangular blocks characterized by central courtyards.

Sun Direction

Sun Path: In the northern hemisphere the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Buildings oriented east west maximize visual comfort and minimize heat gain. Majority of the buildings on the site are oriented Southeast- Northwest, capitalizing on ideal solar orientation. The Inpatient Unit takes advantage of the suns path with its East to West orientation. The roof system on the HUM campus is entirely flat and due to its vast solar exposure and Northeast to Southwest orientation it is well suited for solar panels as it currently features and where more than half of the campus power is sourced.

How We Design

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Inpatient Block | HUM

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Design Features

1

3

4

2

1.Solar Impact 2.Shaded Courtyard 3.Air Flow Through Space 4.Inpatient Block

Design Features

The Inpatient blocks at the HUM hospital campus are rectangular with large central courtyards. The blocks are divided into four segments each corner servign as a ward. Two wards are connected by central support spaces, toilets and showers. The blocks have perimeter covered corridors along the exterior walls.

How We Design

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Inpatient Block | HUM

Lighting

5

The Inpatient facility runs primarily off of artificial lighting, However aspects of the facility allow for ample natural daylighting due to the particular placement of the windows as well as the large percentage of windows and open spaces to solid walls.

5 4 5

2

5

1

Relationship of Openings to Solar Orientation and Impact.

Summer Sun In-Patient Block key plan

Winter Sun

1

North Face Section Through Inpatient Block, Note Courtyard

South Face

Typical Lighting Conditions: Interior lighting conditions depend entirely on artificial lighting systems. Though the Inpatient unit has a large percentage of windows on each face, the proximity of other buildings to the exterior facade as well as the depth of the courtyard overhang inhibit the quality of natural light that enters the building.

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Design Features

3 1 2

1

3

4 Courtyard Evening Lighting

5 Interior Patient Ward 1 Operable Jalousie Window 2x2 2 Operable Jalousie Window 2x3 3 Artificial Lighting Fixtures 4 Courtyard 5 Patient Ward

1

2

Size and placement of windows and louvers Jalousie Windows : The Inpatient facility like many of the buildings on the HUM Campus implements the use of the Jalousie window, taking advantage of its operable louvers components and transparency to allow both ample light and adequate indoor air regeneration.

Fixed Louvers: The Inpatient Facility also has a series of fixed louvers at variable placements throughout the structure. Most of the fixed louvers are placed above or below the Jalousie Windows and are intended to provide natural ventilation and not exactly used to light the indoor space.

Courtyard: The Inpatient Facility at the HUM campus is unique as it implements the use of outdoor courtyards.

These courtyards are excellent light wells which permit natural light into inward and outward facing windows.

How We Design

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Inpatient Block | HUM

Airflow

The Inpatient unit at HUM reports having adequate quality of airflow. The Courtyard in the center of the block shortens the overall depth of the central mass creating an ideal transverse cross ventilation condition. During summer months however, it is reported that the wards get very hot.

Ceiling Fans : The Inpatient unit like most facilities on the HUM campus takes full advantage of ceiling fans. The Inpatient units do not have any other known mechanical systems for air flow/circulation. The Inpatient units are not specifically fitted for the containment or isolation of airborne illnesses.

4

A

4

4

3

Forced Air / HVAC: The Inpatient units do not have forced air HVAC systems or any conditioned air. They rely solely on naturally ventilated air circulated by the ceiling fans.

Passive Ventilation: The Inpatient units are organized into blocks, the HUM campus has two and a half such blocks each of which features a large courtyard space of roughly 60’ x 70’ with a covered corridor of about 8’ and 2’ overhangs along the outer walls. The open courtyard and overhangs provide access to fresh-air and shade which potentially reduces the heat gain indoors.

A

4

1 Operable Jalousie Window 2 Ceiling Fans

Ventilation and air system

3 Courtyard 4 Patient Ward

A. Passive Ventilation / Ceiling Fans

In-Patient Block key plan

1

1

2

4

3

2

4

Section Through Inpatient Block, Note Courtyard Typical Airflow Condition: Opposite the page the section shows the typical airflow condition for the Inpatient facility. Here you can see how the courtyards serves as a space to draw in air, it is speculated that the proximity to other buildings on campus inhibits proper air exchange and ventilation, full exposure or a greater set back between buildings would be more ideal.

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Design Features

2

1

1

4 Typical Interior Condition Inpatient Ward How We Design

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Inpatient Block | HUM

CONCRETE SLAB

8� CMU

8� CMU

CONCRETE SLAB

Material Usage:

53

Concrete, CMU block, stone, metalwork, bamboo and wood are the most

With the earthquake in 2010 there is a cultural stigma around concrete

Haiti would promote breath ability of the building and allow air to move over

common materials used in Haiti. Wood historically was the primary material

and CMU, but as with any material quality assurance of both the material

the users.

but Haiti has become deforested over the years do to the reliance of wood

properties and the installation are paramount.

CMU and Concrete are not the ideal building materials for a tropic climate,

on the charcoal industry. CMU, concrete, and stone are currently the primary

CMU and Concrete are mass materials that tend to capture the heat from

but they are the most readily available material and many local tradesmen are

materials in Haiti with all three readily available.

the environment during the daytime and release the heat at nighttime. The

proficient with installation of these materials.

Metalwork and bamboo are typically used as a decorative building material

temperatures at night time in Haiti remain relatively high so the release of

or something that can be used to light weight exterior spaces.

heat in an already hot environment is not ideal. Ideal building materials in

Build Health International

Design Features

A C

D B

A

Concrete Roof Slab

C Glazing Windows

B

Concrete Structure

D Metal Work How We Design

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Inpatient Block | HUM

6

Flexibility

5

The ward was designed to have support spaces at either end of the “L’” shaped corners, This allows for a large flexible space that can be adapted for future use. Recently a section of this Unit was adapted for Oncology and treatment, stud walls (highlighted in yellow) were used to reorganize and reprogram the space. (figure.1)

7

Stud Walls New Layout of Ward

5

6 5

5

4

6 5 Diagram Highlighting Flexible Area 55

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Design Features

6

3

CMU Construction of HUM

2

Flexibility Factor: The long unobstructed wards provided by the use of long span beams creates a level of flexibility that allows for future reconfigurations. Most notably the addition of an Oncology ward in one of the corners of the Inpatient block shows how this space is flexible and easily adaptable the space is.

CMU: The Concrete Masonry Unit or CMU is widely used for projects in Haiti. As a unitized material CMU is easier and quicker to work with.

However it is a poor thermal mass given the hot and humid climate of Haiti.

1

Beams & Columns: The Inpatient Unit at HUM like implements a long span beam system with exterior structural walls in order to provide an open interior space with minimal obstructions. The columns and beams run along a relatively equidistant rectilinear grid system.

4

1 Beams 2 Columns 3 Ribbed Roof Slab 4 Courtyard 5 Patient Ward 6 CMU Walls

Structural Axon Diagram

7 New Stud Walls How We Design

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Inpatient Block | HUM

Electricity To accommodate with the really high cost of energy in Haiti and the need to be more economical. BHI installed a solar panel system at HUM. The energy from the solar panels is stored in inverters.

HUM was originally isolated from the city and not at all connected to the grid, so there are generators as a second source of energy.

Solar Panel Generator CAT Generators at HUM

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NORTH

Design Features

A

B

D

C

A Installation of solar panels at HUM.

C Operating room light

B Installation of light fixtures.

D CT Scan Machine

How We Design

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Inpatient Block | HUM

Plumbing

Well (secondary)

WATER The inpatient unit of HUM has 8 toilets and 8 sinks for a space of 13,000 sq ft.

HUM - fed from 2 on site wells to a 10,000 gallon underground cistern. Water is chlorinated with liquid chlorine as it goes into the cistern. Water is then pressurized throughout the system with two grundfos booster pumps. There is basic filtration for sand and larger particles just after the booster pumps. From there it goes to the building. The danger here is if power is lost or the two pumps go down, the hospital immediately loses water.

HUM produces its own chlorine on site. They use a simple batch chlorine generator system where you mix a salt/water solution and electrode turns it to low concentration chlorine. Liquid Chlorine is also readily available in the marketplace and could be used if the chlorine generator breaks down. HUM is sitting on top of a large aquifer and it’s well produces 80,000 gallons per day.

SANITATION Currently, HUM has 3 blivet tanks, and a 4th one has been ordered in order to facilitate the process of waste.

HUM’s tank is currently overcapacity, it receives 75,000 gallons of waste daily when it’s only created for 60,000 gallons daily. Maintaining hygiene at HUM is challenging. Hygiene supplies are very rare and your lucky to find soap in the bathrooms, let alone toilet paper or paper towels. Poor cleaning staff management, patients not knowing how to use flush toilets, poor or slow maintenance, lack of toilet paper for patients leads to clothes or rocks being flushed down the toilets.

The flushing toilets are not well maintained and people flush trash in them which clogs the tank.

Purification

Bathrooms

NORTH

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Connections Inpatient Unit

Blivet System

Well (primary)

Design Features

A

B

C

A Piping installation progress by the local workers.

C Usage of the laundry sink by the hospital users.

B Blivet: waste water treatment system.

D Maintenance of plumbing equipments.

D

How We Design

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3D View 3 SCALE

SUPPORT

QUEUE

VITALS

WAITING AREA DISPENSARY

COUNSELING

ON CALL

Dispesary

FP/VIA

Nurse Station / Offices On-Call LAB CONSULT

Lab Exam Rooms/Consultation Support

NURSE OFC PALLIATIVE CARE ONCOLOGY

Palliative Care Oncology FP/VIA Counseling Waiting Areas

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IC3

Integrated Chronic Care Clinic Neno District Hospital, Neno Malawi Year Built: In Progress Size: ~4,800 SF Construction Time: Estimated 14 Months Construction Cost: $180,000 Cost/SF: ~$37

Vitals Queue

Project Overview The Integrated Chronic Care Clinic (IC3) in Malawi is a new addition to the Neno District Hospital. The IC3 is a predominantly Outpatient facility with various exam rooms, a pharmacy, and specialized medical facilities. Interior programming is organized radially with waiting areas in the center. The campus is one of the largest healthcare facilities in the country and sees many patients daily.

IC3 | Neno District Hospital

Location: With a population of 158,000 inhabitants, Neno is a district in the Southern Region of Malawi. It is located approximately 115 miles (185 km) from Lilongwe, the country’s capital. Neno suffers from lack of high quality healthcare and high quality healthcare infrastructure. Today, BHI is working on providing an outpatient clinic in Malawi, at the Neno District Hospital.

Malawi

Neno

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Location

Hours of Daylight and Twilight

Average Monthly Rainfall

Site Analysis Malawi’s climate is generally split in three different seasons throughout the year. A warm and wet season (November through April), cool, dry winter season (May through August), and a hot, dry season ( September to October).

The average annual rainfall is 72 centimeters to 250 centimeters with Lilongwe having an average of 90 centimeters. Furthermore, Malawi is sensitive to drought and floods (especially in its low-lying areas).

Malawi has 4 different seasons:

Humidity Comfort Levels

Cloud Cover Categories

•

Cool Season - May to mid-August

- 10°C to 21°C (50 °F to 70 °F) •

Hot Season - mid-August to November

- 18 °C to 29 °C (65°F to 85 °F) •

Rainy Season - November to April

- 16°C to 18°C (60°F to 65 °F) •

Post-Rainy Season - April and May

- 13°C to 24°C (55 °F to 75 °F)

Average High and Low Temperature

Average Wind Speed

Sources: https://weatherspark.com/

How We Design

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IC3 | Neno District Hospital

7

Main Building Neno District Hospital 8

1

5

2

4 Rendering of IC3 East Facade

3 6

3D View 3 SCALE Site & Context

Malawi is situated in the Southern Hemisphere. A generally Hot and Humid climate nestled between major mountain ranges of southeast Africa, The IC3 facility sits on a flattened site in the central southwest part of the country.

The sun comes from east to west on the north side of the campus. Most of the buildings on the campus are oriented north to south while the IC3 will be oriented southeast to northwest.

1. OPD 2. Main Hospital 3. TB Isolation Ward 4. Maternity 5. Kitchen 6. Gynecology 7. IC3 8. Laundry No.

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www.autodesk.com/revit

Description

PARTNER'S INCHRONIC HEALTH/ INTEGRATED ABWENZI PA ZA UMOYO

Date

Unnamed

01-26 Project number Date APRIL 20, 2018 Drawn by Author Checked by Checker Scale

A310

7/12/2018 2:33:28 PM

1

North

Site

North

Slope Direction

Topography: The Topography of the Neno District Hospital site is largely flattened with a shallow slope in the Northwest direction. The topography of the site does not have an impact on the design strategy. The perimeter of the IC3 building will be lightly landscaped but there is not enough vegetation to suggest an impact on the thermal dynamics of the structure.

Predominant Wind Direction Secondary Wind Direction

Prevailing Winds: The predominant wind direction for the Neno area of Malawi is from the southeast, with secondary winds coming from the east. To maximize natural ventilation buildings should be oriented from 0° to 30° with respect to the prevailing wind direction. It is preferable to orient the longer facades of the building towards predominant wind direction. The IC3 facility has been oriented on site with a northeast to southeast direction. With long face facing predominant winds the building takes full advantage of natural ventilation.

Sun Direction

Sun Path: In the southern hemisphere the sun rises in the east and sets in the west, but is from the north. Buildings oriented east west maximize visual comfort and minimize heat gain. Majority of the buildings on the site are oriented Southwest to Northeast. The IC3 facility has a pitched roof and has been designed for the future installation of solar panels its orientation is ideal for optimal solar panel exposure. The pitched roof of the IC3 is not equal, the north facing pitch is several degrees greater than the south facing pitch, this allows for natural light to enter from the opening between the two pitches allowing for diffused natural light as well as aiding in the expulsion of hot air from inside the building.

How We Design

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IC3 | Neno District Hospital

Rendering of IC3 East Facade

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Design Features

1

4 3

2

Design Features

1.Solar Impact 2.Perimeter Hedges 3.Water Tank 4.Roof Pop-Up

The IC3 has been designed with strong consideration for passive systems.

The facility will be lit naturally and operate primarily using natural daylighting structural features and fenestration will aid daylighting, and passivce cooling and ventilation.

How We Design

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IC3 | Neno District Hospital

Lighting

North

The IC3 facility runs primarily off of Natural lighting, However the structure is fitted with overhead and wall mounted light fixtures. The IC3 has many permeable walls and openings which allow for adequate diffused lighting. The facility will operate primarily during daytime hours which will reduce the need for artifical lighting.

1

IC3 Key Plan West

7

4

Relationship of Solar Impact on Openings Summer Sun PM Winter Sun PM

East

Summer Sun AM Winter Sun AM

1

5

5

4

4

6 West Face Longitudinal Section Depicting Solar Impact East to West

East Face

Typical Lighting System: The IC3 will primarily use natural daylight, however, the facility is equipped with sufficient artifical light fixtures if needed.

Artificial Lighting: The IC3 unit is fitted with artificial light fixtures. The overhead lighting fixtures are coordinated with beam locations, since they are suspended from the exposed truss.

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Design Features

Winter Sun

Summer Sun

1

2 3

3 3 North Face West Elevation Indicating Solar Impact.

Jalousie Windows: The IC3 facility implements the use of the Jalousie windows, taking advantage of its operable louvers components and its transparency to allow both ample light and adequate indoor air regeneration.

Fixed Louvers Open Truss System: The IC3 also has a series of fixed louvers at variable placements throughout the structure.

The IC3 roof also has a large open truss system and variable slope pitches. This creates an opening which is lined with mosquito netting allowing for the transpiration of air and diffusion of light while keeping pests out. This will allow hot air to escape and diffused light to enter. The exposure faces south which is favorable in Malawi for diffused light.

Other Openings:The IC3 Unit has unique openings along its facade. The use of Earth Stabalized Bricks (ESB) unique to the region was taken into consideration when designing alternative facade treatments that could provide structurally sound walls and permeable surfaces. These wall sections allow for air and diffused light to enter the structure without compromising privacy or security.

2 Rendering of Main Waiting Area: Center of Facility 1 Open Truss System and Pop-out 2 Main Waiting Area 3 Lighting Fixtures 4 Operable Jalousie Windows 5 Fixed Windows 6 Fixed Louvers 7 Permeable ESB Facade

How We Design

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IC3 | Neno District Hospital

AirFlow

9

The IC3 is designed with variable pitched roof, permeable wall section, and exposed truss system. This will allow for adequate airflow and thus require no mechanical forced air systems. The IC3 will have no need for any type of air conditioning.

A

7 B

2

9

IC3 Key Plan

A

A. Open Air Ventilation B. Ceiling Fans and Passive Strategies

Ventilation Systems

1 7 Warm Air

Cool Air

3

Warm Air

Cool Air

Longitudinal Section Depicting Air Flow and Ventilation Conditions Typical AirFlow Condition: The roof design aids the passive ventilation strategies. An exposed truss system, protected by louvers allows hot air to exit above, rather than travel through the length of the building. Ceiling fans, aligned with the structural system, assist in the efforts to ventilate the space.

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Design Features

3

1

5

Ceiling Fans : The IC3 ceiling fans line up with the facility’s column grid, so are evenly spaced in large open waiting areas, as well as small, closed medical rooms, allowing the air to move throughout the building.

7

4 8

8

Passive Ventilation: An offset truss system allows for a reasonably sized opening in the roof, spanning the length of the building. Hot air, moved upward via ceiling fans and a difference in air density creating a stack effect, exits through the roof opening and louver system.

8 6 2

Forced Air / HVAC: There is no use of forced air HVAC systems. the IC3 has no air conditioned spaces and relys entirely on ceiling fans and passive systems.

Rendering of Main Waiting Area: Center of Facility

1

Warm Air

1 Open Truss System and Pop-out 2 Main Waiting Area 3 Ceiling Fans 4 Operable Jalousie Windows 5 Fixed Windows 6 Fixed Louvers 7 Permeable ESB Facade 8 Exam Rooms 9 Open Air Waiting Areas

4

3

4 Cool Air

Cool Air

6 Rendering of Main Waiting Area: Center of Facility How We Design

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IC3 | Neno District Hospital

METAL ROOF

Material Usage: Malawi recently suffered severe floods, where, ironically, many of the homes destroyed were built using techniques that made the

EARTH STABALIZED BLOCK (ESB)

environment more susceptible to catastrophic flooding. In particular, the use of so-called burnt bricks—mud bricks that have been dried in a wood-fire kiln rather than the sun—has led to unprecedented rates of

LAMINATED EUCALYPTUS WOOD TRUSSES

deforestation. Deforestation, or the elimination of vast swaths of forest, has increased the rate of surface runoff and subsequent water damage.

Despite the adverse effect of the environment on local building materials and infrastructure. The IC3 will benefit from a system of Earth PLYWOOD CEILING TILE

Stabalized Brick (ESB) walls that will be not only easy to source and work with but also add a layer of resiliency to the project. The ESB wall system better insulate and thermaly regulate indoor temperatures as it

CONCRETE STRUCTURE

manages heat gain better than CMU or Concrete.

The main truss system of the IC3 will be constructed of Lumber which CONCRETE

will support the metal sheet roof. Though metal is a high conductor of heat, the high pitch and pop-out of the roof will aid in cooling of interior

METAL WORK EARTH STABALIZED BLOCK (ESB)

air temperatures and allow for hot air to rise and escape more readily.

Aside from Lumber, the main structural beam and column system will be constructed of concrete for its ease of assembly and access as well as its high resistance to lateral and horizontal forces.

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Design Features

A

B C D

A

Metal Roof

C Laminated Wood Trusses

B

Earth Stabalized Block

D Metal Work How We Design

74

IC3 | Neno District Hospital

Flexibility

The IC3 facility at the Neno District Hospital Campus implementes a long span open truss system on columns to support its roof system which allows for the ability to construct non-structural walls. This allows for optimal flexibility and reconfiguration of space.

5

7 1

6

4

1

4 8

3

3

Flexibility Axon Highlighting Basic Structure and Flexible Spaces

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Build Health International

Structural Axon Depicting Individual Parts of The System

Design Features

5 1

3

2

4 Exterior Rendering of North Facade

ESB: The Earth Stabalized Block (ESB) was the best material choice given the ease of production and accessibility. ESB’s however are not adequately suited to serve as structural memebers. In the IC3 facility ESB’s were used as infill between framing elements, this method provides the ability to move and remove walls easily without the need of any major demolition work.

Beams & Columns: The IC3 takes advantage of the long span open truss system suspended on beams in order to reduce the need for structural walls. This system allows all the walls in the structure to be removable without compromising the overall structural integrity of the facility. Note that a large percentage of columns are wrapped in ESB brick.

1 Truss System 2 Permeable ESB Facade 3 Earth Stabalized Brick 4 Columns 5 Roof Pop-out 6 Beams 7 Roof System 8 Flexible Reconfigurable Space

Flexibility Factor: The truss and column system alows for the use of ESB’s as cost effective low impact way to not only construct a building but primarily allow for the expansion or reconfiguration of the space over time reducing the need for any major construction or architectural interventions.

How We Design

76

IC3 | Neno District Hospital

Electricity The Malawi clinic is directly tied to the electrical grid. However, Malawi being 100 percent hydroelectric, this leads to a lack of energy during the dry season. Generators, became a second source of energy as a backup, and the electricity is derived from a generator house. Energy in Malawi is 0.24 cents/kwh.

Off Site

Grid

NORTH 77

Build Health International

Design Features

A

B A

B

A Usage of mechanical ventilation methods. (fans)

B Usage of artificial lighting.

How We Design

78

IC3 | Neno District Hospital

Plumbing WATER The water sources are two hospital owned wells, and a regional water utility. The water is gravity fed from a 2500 gallon cistern that is 6 meters high off the ground. The water is relatively clean, but not chlorinated. The water originates from the city and goes directly to an elevated cistern.

SANITATION Waste goes from restrooms to Septic Tank which will then be transported to a Leach Field.

Off Site

Well

Leach Field Septic Tank

Utility Line Elevated Water Tank

NORTH 79

Build Health International

Design Features

A

D 0.25 m

B

MOP SINK

0.40 m

C

A Malawi water tank.

C Outdoor sputum.

B Typical cleaning room.

D Typical toilet.

0.25 m

0.40 m

E

E Handwashing Sink in Exam Rooms

How We Design

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Technical Analysis

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Technical Analysis

TECHNICAL ANALYSIS + FIELD TESTING SUMMARY Measuring the impact of design features at all the Haiti Projects Sites will aid future design decisions as well as reinforce existing ones. Looking at the way design features impact the quality and intensity of light as well as heatgain and cooling to draw comparisons between on sight testing results and analytical data models from Insight 360 and Revit.

Using Revits BIM modeling software paired with the Autodesk Insight 360 plug-in we were able to run analytical analysis testing the impact of certain design features and develope a series of readings based on variables to illustrate how different features of a buildings design can impact the quality of its interior spaces.

This was crucial in the field testing phase of our study as the Insight 360 analysis allowed us to carefully select the qualities for testing which were; Light Levels, Sound, Air Temperature, Surface Temperature, and Humidity. With the information and Data gathered on-site we were able to draw conclusions by cross examining our findings with the Insight 360 energy models.

How We Design

82

Technical Analysis

TABLE OF CONTENTS TECHNICAL ANALYSIS

1

INTRODUCTION Solar Conditions Wind Conditions Topography Conditions

2

CIDEC Daylighting Heatgain

3

MHC Daylighting Heatgain

4

HUM Daylighting Heatgain

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Technical Analysis

Form & Orientation

Shading

Cool Roofs

Natural Ventilation

Thermal Mass

Topography

Thermal Comfort

Vegetation

Evaporative Cooling

How We Design

84

Technical Analysis

1

Solar Orientation Seasons is an important aspect to consider throughout our process.

Northern Hemisphere

Besides, when it’s summer in the northern hemisphere, it is winter in

Solar Orientation

the southern hemisphere. In the Northern hemisphere, in the winter, the sun’s daily path accross the sky moves lower toward the south. In both the northern and southern hemisphere the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

Solar orientation is basically the process of aiming something at the

Southern Hemisphere Solar Orientation

Sun. This important because any solar technology like a solar panel or a passive solar home needs to be pointed or oriented at a direct 90° degree angle toward the Sun to work at their best throughout the year.

However, this can be tricky process, as the sun’s position in the sky is

Solar Elevation (General)

the West. Futhermore, the sun’s actual arc accross the sky changes position throughout the year. Thus, it is necessary to know where the Sun will be in the sky at any time of the year. It is the first step in

June 21

June 21

constantly moving. It rises in the East, arcs across the sky and sets in

(summer solstice)

(summer solstice)

Mar 21, Sept 21

Mar 21, Sept 21

(equinox)

(equinox)

Dec 21

Dec 21

(winter solstice)

(winter solstice) N

deciding rather a specific location or orientation is a good place to build a solar building.

It also helps us estimate how much power we can get from a solar electric system at that location. The solar window of a location (usually situated between 9 a.m. and 3 p.m.) is an easy way to know when

Northern Hemisphere

South

Southern Hemisphere 21 Jun _ 12 p.m.

Solar Orientation: Haiti

North

21 Jun _ 12 p.m.

you get the most energy from the Sun. To receive the maximum solar energy, it is important to avoid shading in the solar window, such as trees or any other obstacles.

21 Jun _ 4:30 p.m.

18.9712° N, 72.2852° W

21 Jun _ 6:30 a.m.

21 Jun _ 4:30 p.m.

18.9712° N, 72.2852° W

-2.55°

79.95°

-70.05° 78.96° -71.04° -3.54°

21 Dec _ 4:30 p.m.

21 Dec _ 4:30 p.m.

78.96°

21 Dec _ 6 a.m.

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Build Health International

21 Dec _ 12 p.m.

21 Dec _ 12 p.m.

79.95°

18.9712° N, 72.2852° W

21 Dec _ 6 a.m.

Winter Solstice

Source: greenpassivesolar.com

-2.55° -70.05°

18.9712° N, 72.2852° W

-71.04° -3.54°

21 Jun _ 6:3

Summer Solstice

Technical Analysis

Technical Analysis

Measuring the impact of design features at all the Haiti Projects Sites will aid future design decisions as well as reinforce existing ones. Looking at the way design features impact the quality and intensity of light as well as heatgain and cooling to draw comparisons between on sight testing results and analytical data models from Insight 360 and Revit.

Using Revits BIM modeling software paired with the Autodesk Insight 360 plug-in we were able to run analytical analysis testing the impact of certain design features and develope a series of readings based on variables to illustrate how different features of a buildings design can impact the quality of its interior spaces.

This was crucial in the field testing phase of our study as the Insight 360 analysis allowed us to carefully select the qualities for testing which were; Light Levels, Sound, Air Temperature, Surface Temperature, and Humidity. With the information and Data gathered on-site we were able to draw conclusions by cross examining our findings with the Insight 360 energy models.

mhc

Cidec

hum

ic3

The MHC is currently located in the Southern

The HUM is currently located in the Southern

The Ic3 is currently located in the Northern

Hemisphere at 18.9712° N, 72.2852° W. It is

Hemisphere at 18.9712° N, 72.2852° W. With

Hemisphere at 18.9712° N, 72.2852° W. Oriented

Hemisphere at 15.6851° S, 34.5750° E. The

currently facing East, however, positioning to

N its East to West orientation, the Maternal Health

East to West, the Inpatient Unit takes advantage

IC3 facility has a pitched roof and has been

the south would be ideal to maximize daylight

Care Center takes full advantages of the sun’s

of the suns path. The roof system on the HUM

designed for the future installation of solar

penetration in the space. The more of our building

path with its East to West orientation.

campus is entirely flat and due to its vast solar

panels its orientation is currently taking great

that can face south, the more efficienty we are

exposure and Northeast to Southwest orientation

advantages of the Sun rays. However, if turned

able to capture and use the sun for natural light,

it is well suited for solar panels as it currently

30 degrees counterclock wise the Ic3 would

and passive cooling. This approach not only

features and where more than half of the campus

be at an ideal position for optimal solar panel

saves energy, reducing lighting, heating, and

power is sourced. However, slighty turned 30

exposure. The pitched roofs of the IC3 are not

cooling costs, but it is also better for the health

degrees counter clockwise, the impatient unit

equal. The north facing pitch is several degrees

and well-being of the user.

would fully take advantage of the sun rays.

greater than the south facing pitch, this allows

Optimal vs Actual Orientation Diagram

Optimal vs Actual Orientation Diagram The CIDEC is currently located in the Southern

N

Optimal vs Actual Orientation Diagram

Optimal vs Actual Orientation Diagram

for natural light to enter from the opening between the two pitches allowing for diffused natural light as well as aiding in the expulsion Sun Direction

of hot air from inside the space.

Optimal Solar Orientation

North

Actual Solar Orientation How We Design

86

Technical Analysis

1

Westerlies

Wind Orientation

Trade Winds

Ventilation is the movement of the air into through and out of a building. Winds are one of the main climatic parameters influencing the

Cyclones

performance of energy of a building. Regional winds derive from the

northeasterly

1

Trade Winds

difference in air temperature (and thus pressure) between northern and equatorial latitudes.

Hurricanes

Good orientation of the building in relationship to its prevailing winds

Southeasterly

2

can increase energy efficiency. Ideally, in hot and dry climate like

Trade Winds

Haiti and Malawi, the aim is to exclude direct sun by using trees and adjoining buildings to shade every façade year round while capturing and funnelling cooling breezes.

Ventilation Techniques: Haiti & Malawi

Especially in a medical settings, the access of fresh air in a building brings health benefits and increases the overall comfort level of the occupants. Fresh air provision is considered as an efficient and a

N

High Openings

Mid-Openings

Sashes

Sashes

Mid-high Openings

Louvres

Canopies

Thermal

Louvres

Sashes

Heat Re-distribution

healthy solution as it reduces the need for mechanical means to ventilate a building.

There are various forms of appropriate techniques to maximize the natural ventilation of a place. Some common examples are: •

form

•

orientation

•

openings in building envelope (doors, fixed or operable windows

Canopies

etc.)

•

internal space planning

•

ventilators

Some advanced techniques would be: •

courtyard effect

•

stack effect

•

wind tower

•

earth tunnels

Strategies implemented by BHI Optimal ventilation strategy Ineffective ventilation strategy

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Technical Analysis

Cidec

mhc

hum

Optimal vs Actual Orientation Diagram

Optimal vs Actual Orientation Diagram

The predominant wind direction for Fond Des

The predominant wind direction for Fond Des N

The predominant wind direction for Mirebalais,

The predominant wind direction for the Neno

Blancs, Haiti is from the Southeast, with secondary

Blancs, Haiti is from the east, with secondary

Haiti is from the east, with secondary winds

area of Malawi is from the southeast, with

winds coming from the seast. To maximize natural

winds coming from the southeast. To maximize

N coming from the southeast.

To maximize natural

secondary winds coming from the east. To

ventilation buildings should be oriented from 0° to

natural ventilation buildings should be oriented

ventilation buildings should be oriented from 0° to

maximize natural ventilation buildings should

30° with respect to the prevailing wind direction.

from 0° to 30° with respect to the prevailing wind

30° with respect to the prevailing wind direction.

be oriented from 0° to 30° with respect to

It is preferable to orient the longer facades of the

direction. It is preferable to orient the longer

It is preferable to orient the longer facades of the

the prevailing wind direction. It is preferable

building

direction.

facades of the building towards predominant wind

building towards predominant wind direction. The

to orient the longer facades of the building

CIDEC takes advantage of prevailing winds with

direction.The Maternal Health Care Center is

Outpatient units of the HUM campus are large

towards predominant wind direction. The

its North-South orientation allowing for good cross

oriented on a East to West direction which does

rectangular blocks characterized by central

IC3 facility has been oriented on site with a

ventilation. But ideally, the CIDEC would be facing

not take advantage of prevailing and secondary

courtyards.

northeast to southeast direction. With long face

these winds.

winds.

Optimal vs Actual Orientation Diagram

Optimal vs Actual Orientation Diagram

N

towards

predominant

wind

IC3

facing predominant winds the building takes advantage of natural ventilation. However, ideally it would be facing these prevailing winds to get full advantage of these winds.

Predominant Wind Direction Optimal Solar Orientation

North

Actual Solar Orientation How We Design

88

Technical Analysis

1 Topography Orientation

Northern Hemisphere Relief

Designing with existing topography pattern and preserving the natural environment as much as possible is necessary for an economical and green building. It is optimal for buildings to follow the existing countour of the site to minimize soil excavation and lower the overall cost of construction.

Southern Hemisphere Relief

There is some ways to overcome a site that is not flat. Here are some strategies used by architects to design on an uneven terrain. Those ways are cut, fill and cut & fill.

Topographical Strategies: Haiti & Malawi

Cut

New Retaining Wall

Cut

New Retaining Wall

Fill New Retaining Wall

Fill

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Build Health International

New Retaining Wall

Technical Analysis

Cidec

mhc

Optimal vs Actual Orientation Diagram

Optimal vs Actual Orientation Diagram

The Topography of Haiti can be charecterized as N

hum

ic3

The Topography of Haiti can be charecterized

The Topography of Haiti can be characterized as

The Topography of the Neno District Hospital

mountainous with steep valleys and the occassional

as mountainous with steep valleys and the N

mountainous with steep valleys and the occasional

site is largely flattened with a shallow slope

large plateau. The town of Fond Des Blancs in Haiti

occassional large plateau. The town of Fond Des

large plateau. The town of Mirebalais just outside

in the Northwest direction. The topography of

is a particularly challenging site nested into a steep

Blancs in Haiti is a particularly challenging site

of Port-Au-Prince sits on a large plateau and is

Nthe

slopeThe CIDEC building sits on a flattened area of

nested into a steep slope. The Maternal Health

within a micro-climate which is characterized as

strategy. The perimeter of the IC3 building will

the site with small retaining walls South and West.

Care Center was build into the slope of the site.

hotter and slightly dryer than most parts of Haiti.

be lightly landscaped but there is not enough

However, it would be ideal to orient the site parallel

From the bottom of the slope MHC appears as

The site is flat and the main campus sits on level

vegetation to suggest an impact on the thermal

to its topographic lines. The building would then go

two buildings but from the top of the slope; just

ground. A distinguishing feature of the Inpatient

dynamics of the structure. It would be ideal to

with the topo, which would minimize site work.

one. The optimal and actual orientation of the

Units is the central courtyard and the vegetation

orient the IC3 parallel to its topographic lines.

MHC are the same.

which surrounds its outer and inner perimeter.

The building would then go with the topo, which

The optimal and actual orientation of the HUM are

would minimize site work.

Optimal vs Actual Orientation Diagram

N

Optimal vs Actual Orientation Diagram

site does not have an impact on the design

the same.

Slope Direction Current Orientation Ideal Orientation Optimal Solar Orientation

North

Actual Solar Orientation How We Design

90

CIDEC | St. Boniface Hospital LUX

2

6000 -

Systems: Daylighting & Orientation

varies independently per analysis. Maximum range of measurable Lux is equal to 6000 -

-

-

Key daylighting range

Orientaion of the CiDEC is not optimal for comfortable daylighting, the intense

-

most simulations do not

morning and evening sun exceeds comfortable luminance for indoor work spaces.

0-

surpass 2000 Lux.

-

-

-

Interior Day Lighting in Lux 9am June 21 From Insight 360

-

-

-

-

-

Northern Most Open Air Waiting Area

Easterly

3ft

AM sun

-

3ft

-

North Transverse Section through ED ward noting overhang dimensions

Interior Day Lighting in Lux 8pm June 21 From Insight 360

Interior Direct sunlight per hours 6am-10pm June 21 From Insight 360

Existing Condition : As is the CIDEC is oriented north to south with the Emergency Ward at the southern most part of the building. This ward is of particular interest due to its large volume and full spanning sloped roof. The top pitch of the sloped roof is currently oriented towards the east which places the tallest face of the ward in the direction of the morning sun. As noted by the above diagrams, the interior is exposed to 1-3hours of direct sunlight in the mornings and evenings, with a luminance of 100-500 lux. Note that all analysis are conducted from the Insight 360 Software using the longest day of the year in Haiti, June 21 of 2018. Based on the analysis it is speculated that during the morning and evening hours the indoor quality of light is intense and uncomfortable and may have adverse effects on indoor air temperaturs.

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Technical Analysis Interior Day Lighting in Lux 9am June 21 LUX

6000 -

0-

Key daylighting range varies independently per analysis. Maximum range of measurable Lux is equal to 6000 most simulations do not surpass 2000 Lux.

Easterly AM sun

Easterly AM sun Easterly AM sun

Norhteast: This orientation places the top pitch of the sloped roof towards the Southeast. Note: the NOAO places comofortable indoor lumminance for office spaces at 200500 lux. The majority of the Emergency Department Ward is between 100-400 lux at 9am and 9pm respectively in this orientation. (From Insight 360 Analysis)

Northwest:This orientation places the top pitch of the sloped roof towards the northeast. Note: the NOAO places comofortable indoor lumminance for office spaces at 200500 lux. The majority of the Emergency Department Ward is between 100-400 lux at 9am and 9pm respectively in this orientation. (From Insight 360 Analysis)

South: This orientation places the top pitch of the sloped roof towards the west. Note: the NOAO places comofortable indoor lumminance for office spaces at 200-500 lux. The majority of the Emergency Department Ward is between 100-400 lux at 9am and 9pm respectively in this orientation.

(From Insight 360 Analysis) How We Design

92

CIDEC | St. Boniface Hospital

Systems: Heatgain & Overhangs

The CIDEC has several design features which are speculated to have an impact on the buildings total heat gain most notably the 3ft overhang all around its outer perimeter and the three sloped roofs above the wards.

According to base readings of MHC taken from the Insight 360 software paired with Revit, as it is with the 3ft overhang 3-5 degree sloped roofs, the volume of all interior spaces is predicted to need an estimated 95031.61 Btu per hour in order to maintain a “comfortable” indoor air temperature of 75 degrees Farenheit. Base readings are taken with certain perameters and assumptions using data and research from the United States however, base readings may vary when taking into consideration local perceptions of thermal comfort.

1

Emergency ward eastrly facade overhang.

Building summary: As is From Insight 360 Model Inputs Area (SF) Volume (CF)

4940.15 42531.39

Calculated Results Peak Cooling Total Load(Btu/h) Peak Cooling Month and Hour Peak Cooling Sensible Load(Btu/h) Peak Cooling Latent Load(Btu/h) Peak Heating Load(Btu/h)

100677.82 7/2117:00:00 95031.61 5646.20 -11805.16

Checksums Cooling Load Density (Btu/(h·ft²)) Heating Load Density (Btu/(h·ft²))

20.38 -2.39

2

2 2 3

1 3

1 3ft Overhangs 2 Sloped Roof 3 Open Air Waiting Area

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Build Health International

Technical Analysis

West PM sun

summer

summer East AM sun

Section through Emergency department ward as is 3ft overhang.

West PM sun

East AM sun

Section through Emergency department ward 6ft overhang. Note increased shading beneficial during long days of summer.

Emergency Department Ward Summary: Isolated 3ft From Insight 360 Model

Emergency Department Ward Summary: Isolated 6ft From Insight 360 Model

Inputs Area (SF) Volume (CF)

1928.45 15239.66

Inputs Area (SF) Volume (CF)

1928.45 15239.66

Calculated Results Peak Cooling Total Load(Btu/h) Peak Cooling Month and Hour Peak Cooling Sensible Load(Btu/h) Peak Cooling Latent Load(Btu/h) Peak Heating Load(Btu/h)

41424.30 7/2117:00:00 39580.12 1844.17 -6557.00

Calculated Results Peak Cooling Total Load(Btu/h) Peak Cooling Month and Hour Peak Cooling Sensible Load(Btu/h) Peak Cooling Latent Load(Btu/h) Peak Heating Load(Btu/h)

39041.69 7/2117:00:00 37199.58 1842.11 -3154.20

Checksums Cooling Load Density (Btu/(h·ft²)) Heating Load Density (Btu/(h·ft²))

21.48 -3.40

Checksums Cooling Load Density (Btu/(h·ft²)) Heating Load Density (Btu/(h·ft²))

20.25 -1.64

How We Design

94

CIDEC | St. Boniface Hospital

Systems: Testing On-Site

WEST

The CIDEC Facility was tested in six areas these included Light Levels, Sound, Humidity, Air Temperature, Material Surface Temperature, and Airflow.

4E 4I 7

FD

4

FD

FD

Using the readings from the on-site testing we were able to see patterns and draw conclusions. The Insight Analysis performed in office compared to the on-site testing proved to be useful in providing a data base to which the on-site data can compared to.

5 FD

FD

6 FD

2

FD FD

1I

1E

FD

The analysis performed in office using Insight tested only for Light Levels, and Heatgain when paired with the additional on-site testing data allows us to develope an image of the impact of the design in relation to the buildings performance in the six areas of testing.

1

The CIDEC facility reported having good ventilation and airflow. A combination of low and high louvers paired with sloped roofs allows for the distribution of cooler fresh air throught the majortiy of inpatient spaces. Evening air temperatures were reported to be too cold based on readings and patient feedback particularly in the in-

3E

3I 3

2I FD

FD

2E

patient isolation ward (key 3) where direct exhaust units pull air through the space from bottom louvers and high jalousy windows.

Material surface temperatures reported spikes in interior surface readings during evening hours which contribute to the overall heatgain of the indoor air temperatures.

This was mitigated by the use of ceiling fans and direct exhaust units working with louvers and jalousy windows.

Keyed site plan, refer to tables for readings of keyed points.

Slope Down

Louvers and Windows of isolation ward.

Note use of Direct Exhaust unit in space.

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Build Health International

Louvers and Windows of inpatient ward.

Note use of multiple Ceiling Fans and the slope of roof

Technical Analysis

West PM sun

East AM sun

summer

THERMAL MASS: Surface material thermal properties, western facade receives ample shading from large tree though it does not prevent the wall from absorbing and transfering heat.

SU R FA CE TEMPER ATU R E

K E Y1I: 1 I

K E Y1E : 1E

K E Y2I : 2I

K E Y2E : 2E

K E Y3I: 3 I

K E Y3E : 3E

K E Y4I: 4 I

80.2

80.2

79.1

82.9

86.7

78.9

78

77.1

EVENING 9pm-10pm

76.2

79.5

82.2

77.5

77.3

76.8

80.4

80

AFTERNOON 2pm-3pm 80.9

77.2

78.6

80

71.4

78.9

78.4

DEGREES FARENHEIT

75.3

MORNING 9am-10am

K E Y4E : 4E

SURFACE Note the increase in temperature of interior surface materials during the evening

How We Design

96

CIDEC | St. Boniface Hospital

WEST

Airflow 4E 4I 7

FD

7

4

FD

FD

4

5 6

6

FD

FD

FD

5

2

FD FD

3I

3

3

LEGEND

4 ft away from the fan 8 ft away from the fan

A I R F L OW 5.7

5.6

5.6

5.7

EVENING 9pm-10pm

K E Y1: 1

K E Y2: 2

2.3

K E Y3: 3

K E Y4: 4

LOCATION

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Build Health International

K E Y5: 5

0

0

0

0

0

1

0.7

1.7

1.9

1.9

2.6

MPH

3.3

4

5

5.3

AFTERNOON 2pm-3pm 5.3

MORNING 9am-10am

K E Y6: 6

K E Y7: 7

FD

2E

FD

2I

Points Tested

X

1E

1

3E

Fan

2

1I FD

We tested the CIDEC Facility three times a day. Morning, afternoon and evening. Overall, the hospital was at a resonable temperature at any time of the day and the airflow was mostly existent right under the fans. There was a light breeze around the gallery area, brought by the huge surrounding trees. The combination of both the surrounding trees, the low fixed louvers and the direct exhaust fan, even made it too cold at night sometimes.

The hospital users would often block the low louvers with pieces of cardboards to block the airflow at night and prevent the kids from the Pediatry to get sick from the cold air.

1

Technical Analysis

HU MI DI TY

60%

62% 50%

66%

63%

60%

61%

EVENING 9pm-10pm

54%

61%

60%

56%

51% K E Y2 2: 2

64%

71%

AFTERNOON 2pm-3pm

55%

67%

70%

67%

K E Y11: 1

PERCENTAGES

610

562

551

51%

64%

1180 631

495

533 213

221

424 256

K E Y3: 3

828

902

1069

1003

722

795 464

K E Y2: 2

MORNING 9am-10am

EVENING 9pm-10pm

7

310

LUX

AFTERNOON 2pm-3pm

951

MORNING 9am-10am

63%

L I GHT L EVEL S

K E Y4: 4

K E Y5: 5

K E Y6: 6

K E Y7: 7

K E Y33: 3

K E Y4: 4

SOU N D L EVEL S

K E Y2: 2

K E Y3: 3

K E Y4: 4

LOCATION

K E Y 5: 5

K E Y6: 6

K E Y1: 1

K E Y 7: 7

K E Y3: 3

K E Y4: 4

86.5 84.3

85.1

K E Y6: 6

86.3

90.7

K E Y5: 5

87.9

88.8 86.3

86.3

85.2

88.6

K E Y2: 2

EVENING 9pm-10pm

82.2

82.7

82.5

84.2

85

AFTERNOON 2pm-3pm

89.6

90.1

K E Y 7: 7

DEGREES FARENHEIT

60

74 64

72

69

69

71 59

61

71

68

72 60

60

57

54

59

DB/A

58

70

72

80

MORNING 9am-10am

K E Y1 : 1

K E Y6: 6

A I R TEMPER ATU R E

EVENING 9pm-10pm

89.7

AFTERNOON 2pm-3pm

86.1

MORNING 9am-10am

K E Y5: 5

LOCATION

ROOM

86.7

K E Y1: 1

K E Y7: 7

ROOM

How We Design

98

MHC | St. Boniface Hospital

3

LUX

Key daylighting range varies independely per analysis. Maximum

6000 -

Systems: Daylighting & Orientation

Orientaion of MHC is optimal for daylighting, current daylighting conditions within the building are rated as overlit or comfortable for work place tasks.

All patient care spaces are along the northern most part of the building which receives diffused lighting throughout the day.

range of measurable Lux is equal to 6000 most simulations do not surpass 2000 Lux.

0-

Daylighting 9am june 21 Radiant impact of daylighting on interior spaces during morning hours, sun rising in east.

-

-

-

-

Daylighting 12pm june 21 Radiant impact of daylighting on interior spaces during afternoon hours, sun traveling across frome east to west on the south face.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Daylighting 6pm june 21 Radiant impact of daylighting on interior spaces during evening hours, sun setting in west.

-

-

Level 2 At grade -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Level 1 Below grade

North

Indoor daylighting of Existing Conditions: Quality and Intensity of Light

-

-

-

-

-

-

Existing Condition : The MHC buildings East to West orientation accounts for the quality and intensity of daylighting within the building throughout the day. This provides the MHC wards with ample natural daylighting at 100-2000 lux throughout the day. The variable intensity of light may have adverse effects on indoor air temperatures due to its long solar exposure despite having comfortable indoor lighting.

Note that all analysis are conducted during the longest day of the year in Haiti, June 21 of 2018. NOAO report places comfortable indoor lighting for office work spaces at 200-500 lux.

99

Build Health International

Technical Analysis

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Daylighting 6pm june 21 Radiant impact of daylighting on interior spaces during evening hours, sun setting in west. note increase in intensity

-

-

-

Daylighting 9am june 21 Radiant impact of daylighting on interior spaces during morning hours, sun rising in east. note increase in intensity.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Level 2 At grade

-

-

-

Level 1 Below grade -

West

Interior Day Lighting in Lux 9am and 6pm June 21 North to South: Orienting MHC north to south had adverse effects on the quality of indoor light. During morning and evening hours 6am-9am and 6pm-9pm respectively the interior of the MHC wards at grade and the community spaces below grade were exposed to direct light for 1-4 hours according to simulations. Note: the NOAO places comofortable indoor lumminance for office spaces at 200-500 lux.

The patient wards and community spaces were estimated between 100-2000 lux at 9am and 9pm respectively in this orientation indicating that these spaces are overlit.

How We Design

100

MHC | St. Boniface Hospital

Systems: Heatgain & Overhangs

MHC has several design features which are speculated to have an impact on the buildings total heat gain most notably the 3ft overhang all around its outer perimeter and an a 8ft wide covered corridor along the southern face of the building.

According to base readings of MHC, as it is with the 3ft overhang and 8ft covered corridor, the volume of all nterior spaces it is predicted to need an estimated 166850.05 Btu per hour in order to maintain a “comfortable” indoor air temperature of 75 degrees Farenheit. Base readings are taken with certain perameters and assumptions using data and research from the United States however, base readings may vary when taking into consideration local perceptions of thermal comfort.

2

1

1

Building summary Inputs Area (SF) Volume (CF)

10530.05 100627.65

Calculated Results Peak Cooling Total Load(Btu/h) Peak Cooling Month and Hour Peak Cooling Sensible Load(Btu/h) Peak Cooling Latent Load(Btu/h) Peak Heating Load(Btu/h)

175969.34 7/2117:00:00 166850.05 9119.25 -24676.13

Checksums Cooling Load Density (Btu/(h·ft²)) Heating Load Density (Btu/(h·ft²))

16.71 -2.34

2 UP

3

4

DN

UP

1 101

Build Health International

North

Technical Analysis

Reconfigured Ward: It is speculated that airflow within the MHC wards is poor due to the configuration of interior spaces. It should be noted that this configuration is necessary in order to provide adequate support to healthcare practitioners and patients. However, if we remove the support rooms and walls we observe a drop in Peak Cooling Sensible Load of 2048.71 Btu per hour.

AM sun

1

-

-

-

This implies that the addition of windows would adversely affect the need for cooling of the space. It should be noted that Heat and Cooling Analysis run using Insight assumes that the building will need mechanical cooling in the form of an H/VAC system. It can be assumed that the Analysis is not testing for passive cooling loads.

Easterly

-

With the addition of windows in exact size and placement to those existing opposite of the space we observe an increase in Peak Cooling Sensible Load of 5955.08 Btu/H from the test on “no support rooms” and an increasse of 3946.37 Btu/h off the existing conditions base model.

2

2

3

1 Added Windows For Analysis 2 Roof Pop-Out 3 Patient Wards: Area Of Impact 4 Removed Walls DN

North

Building summary

Building summary

Inputs Area (SF) Volume (CF)

10570.95 101492.52

Inputs Area (SF) Volume (CF)

10570.95 101492.52

Calculated Results Peak Cooling Total Load(Btu/h) Peak Cooling Month and Hour Peak Cooling Sensible Load(Btu/h) Peak Cooling Latent Load(Btu/h) Peak Heating Load(Btu/h)

173971.80 7/2117:00:00 164801.34 9170.41 -25940.44

Calculated Results Peak Cooling Total Load(Btu/h) Peak Cooling Month and Hour Peak Cooling Sensible Load(Btu/h) Peak Cooling Latent Load(Btu/h) Peak Heating Load(Btu/h)

179989.25 7/2117:00:00 170796.42 9192.80 -26588.39

Checksums Cooling Load Density (Btu/(h·ft²)) Heating Load Density (Btu/(h·ft²))

16.46 -2.45

Checksums Cooling Load Density (Btu/(h·ft²)) Heating Load Density (Btu/(h·ft²))

17.03 -2.52

How We Design

102

MHC | St. Boniface Hospital

NORTH 7E

EQ

7I EQ

8I

EQ

8E

EQ

The MHC Facility was tested in six areas these included Light Levels, Sound, Humidity, Air Temperature, Material Surface Temperature, and Airflow.

EQ

Systems: Testing On-Site

UP

5 4

Using the readings from the on-site testing we were able to see patterns and draw conclusions. The Insight Analysis performed in office compared to the on-site testing proved to be useful in providing a data base to which the on-site data can compared to.

The analysis performed in office using Insight tested only for Light Levels, and Heatgain when paired with the additional on-site testing data allows us to develope an image of the impact of the design in relation to the buildings performance in the six areas of testing.

The MHC facility proved to have poor ventilation in its central wards beneath the roof pop-up. This is due to two key factors. Support spaces opposite the wards block any potential cross ventilation, as well as an overall inadequacy of ceiling fans which lack the capacity to ventilate the space as they are places at a height of 16ft above the ground and only have a radius of impact of 4ft from center.

The concrete structure of the MHC is also a poor thermal regulator as it releases heat into the building during the evening hours which contributes to the overall heatgain of the air inside.

6I

6E

5I

2E 2I

UP

1I

1E

2

4E

4I

3

3I 3E DN

UP

Keyed site plan, refer to tables for readings of keyed points.

Partition Wall

Interior Labor Delivery ward Note 2 Fans only 1 top louver 2 top fixed windows 103

Build Health International

Interior Pathology ward Note 2 Fans only 2 top louver 4 top fixed windows across space divided by partition wall

Technical Analysis Summer sun Winter Sun

A. Post-Partum Ward B. Community ED Space C. Outdoor Corridor D. Support Space

Earth

North Face

Transvers Section Through Post-Partum Ward THERMAL MASS: Material surface temperatures showed fluctuations between morning and evening hours proving that concrete is a poor thermal regulator for the Haitian climate as it releases latent heat into the building throughtout the night and evening hours. However, this effect was far greater on the eastern facade than it iwas on the north, south, or east. This is due potentially to the long hours of exposure to direct sunlight of this eastern facade. The north, south, and east facades both have deep sheltered corridors and waiting areas. . Despite the spike in surface temperatures all rooms did not report an increase in air temperature due to the increase in surface temperature which may indicate the air temperature is not corrolated or impacted by surface temperatures.

SU R FA CE TEMPER ATU R E

K E Y1I: 1 I

K E Y1E : 1E

K E Y2I: 2 I

K E Y2E : 2E

K E Y3E : 3E

K E Y4I: 4 I

K E Y4E : 4E

K E Y5I : 5I

K EY: 5 E

K E Y6I: 6 I

K E Y7I: 7 I

K E Y7E: 7 E

K E Y8I: 8 I

82.3 78.6

76.6

78.9

77.5

78.3

77.3

75.2

78.2

78.6

83.3

K E Y6E : 6E

74.4

76.6

80.7

80.2

79.3

78.8

77.5

72.6

78.4

79.1

79.5

80.4

79.8

78.9 K E Y3I: 3 I

EVENING 9pm-10pm

84.3

AFTERNOON 2pm-3pm

74.1

78.2

82.4

82.5

84.5

85.4

83.6

83.1 79.1

80.6

84

83.6

81.6

82.5

84.5

82.9

84.7

84

DEGREES FARENHEIT

86.5

MORNING 9am-10am

K E Y8E : 8E

SURFACE Note the increase in temperature of interior surface materials during the evening How We Design

104

MHC | St. Boniface Hospital

NORTH

Even though the MHC was not particularly hot, the airflow was barely existent. The lack of fans were part of that issue.

EQ

7I 5

EQ

8I

EQ

8E

EQ

Airflow

EQ

7E

UP

4 FT

4

4 FT

6I

LEGEND Fan

4

5I

Points Tested

X

4 ft / 8ft away from the fan

2E

8 ft / 16 ft away from the fan

2I

UP

1

A I R F L OW AFTERNOON 2pm-3pm

EVENING 9pm-10pm

0.5

0.6

0.7

4E MPH

1E

2

1.5

MORNING 9am-10am

1I

4I

3

3I

K E Y1: 1

K E Y2: 2

K E Y3: 3

K E Y4: 4

K E Y5: 5

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

3E 7

8

DN

LOCATION UP

105

Build Health International

6E

Technical Analysis

L I GHT L EVEL S

K E3Y : 3

K E4 Y: 4

K E Y5: 5

K EY: 5

63%

53%

64%

65%

54%

64%

87.4

88.8

85

85.8

87

87.8

87.9

89.4

EVENING 9pm-10pm

88.6

AFTERNOON 2pm-3pm

89.7 88.3

88.1

88.8

87.9

DEGREES FARENHEIT

203

176

175

212 53

52

51 220

73 K E Y2: 2

MORNING 9am-10am

390 54

350 52

268 63

290 64

63

250

275

59

280

59343

67

66

LUX

52

270

58

56

DB/A

EVENING 9pm-10pm

K EY: 4

ROOM K E1Y : 1

K E Y5: 5

A I R TEMPER ATU R E

MORNING 9am-10am AFTERNOON 2pm-3pm 9pm-10pm MORNING 9am-10am AFTERNOONEVENING 2pm-3pm

K EY: 3

K E Y4: 4

LOCATION

L I GHT SOU N D L EVEL S L EVEL S

K EY: 2

65%

71%

63%

K E Y2: 2

ROOM

K EY: 1

K E Y3: 3

50%

K E Y1: 1

K E Y5: 5

52%

K E Y4: 4

63%

63%

K E Y3: 3

EVENING 9pm-10pm

89.2

K E Y2: 2

53%

PERCENTAGE

203

176

175

212

220 73

K E Y1: 1

AFTERNOON 2pm-3pm

65%

MORNING 9am-10am

390

268

250

290

343 275

280

LUX

270

HU MI DI TY

EVENING 9pm-10pm

AFTERNOON 2pm-3pm 350

MORNING 9am-10am

K E Y1: 1

K E Y 2: 2

K E Y :3 3

K E Y 4: 4

K E Y :5 5

LOCATION

LOCATION

How We Design

106

Inpatient block | HUM

4

LUX

6000 -

Systems: Daylighting & Orientation

The HUM Inpatient block is radially symmetrical and as such rotation on its access for optimal solar orientation is reflected in the interior equally on all sides. All estimated daylighting analysis were conducted during the longest day of the year due to the effect of daylighting on heatgain. The shortest day of the year or winter days when the sun is at a lower angle can potential have less heatgain. For the analysis it is important to study the maximum daylight conditions in order to understand the impact of current and future design features Indoor daylighting of Existing Conditions: Quality and Intensity of Light 10’

H RT

0-

Key daylighting range varies independently per analysis. Maximum range of measurable Lux is equal to 6000 most simulations do not surpass 2000 Lux.

10’

7

DI

PE

NO

R AT

8E

8

S

IC

8I

6E

7I 7E

6I E3

6 5I

E2 5E

5

1 1E 1I

EN OM W

S

E4

E1

2I

ND

3E

N ME

A

3I

4I

2

2E

4

4E

3

North Daylighting 9am june 21 Radiant impact of daylighting on existing Inpatient Block interior spaces during morning hours, sun rising in east,

Daylighting 6pm june 21 Radiant impact of daylighting on existing Inpatient Block interior spaces during evening hours, sun setting in west.

Existing Condition : The HUM Inpatient block has a 31 degree northwest orientation which means that light enters the building at a 31 degree angle from the windows on the east and west facades for 1-4 hours in the morning and evenings. The lighting during the morning hours of 6am-9am and evening hours of 6pm-9pm are estimated at 200-1000 lux well within the recommended lumminance for office work tasks according to NOAO. Since the orientation of the Inpatient block will have the same results regardless of its axis in relation to the sun we proposed to test the impact of other buildings and its proximity to the block on the quality of lighting conditions inside 107

Build Health International

Technical Analysis

20’

Analytical Bldg Mass 30’ High

20’

Analytical Bldg Mass 30’ High

North Interior Day Lighting in Lux 9am June 21

North Interior Day Lighting in Lux 6pm June 21

East AM sun

Analytical Bldg Mass 30’ High

Massing East: Placing the mass of a building equal in width to the Inpatient Block but twice the height at a distance of 20 feet from the edge of the block had an impact on the quality and intensity of indoor light during morning hours between 6am-9am reporting a reduction in intensity of 500 lux

summer

West PM sun

Analytical Bldg Mass 30’ High

Massing West:Placing the mass of a building equal in width to the Inpatient Block but twice the height at a distance of 20 feet from the edge of the block had an impact on the quality and intensity of indoor light during Evenings hours between 6pm-9pm reporting a reduction in intensity of 500 lux

How We Design

108

Inpatient block | HUM

3

Easterly AM sun

1 2

1 3ft Overhangs 2 Courtyard 3 8ft Open Air Corridor

West PM sun

3ft

East AM sun 3ft

Section 3ft Overhang Impact of sun on shading with a 3ft overhang 109

summer

Build Health International

Technical Analysis

Double Overhang : Doubling the depth of the overhang made a considerable impact on total heat gain in the inpatient block. The new estimated Btu/H was reported at 107910.40 which is a 5637.24 Btu/H difference. The addition of 3 additional feet all around the outer perimeter of the block added an estimated 2200 SF of material to the building which will reflect in the cost of material per SF

1

4 2

East

3

West 1 3ft Existing Overhang Inpatient Block 2 Adjacent Existing Building

3 Vegetation: Existing West PM sun

summer

4 6ft Analytical Overhang East AM sun 6ft

6ft

Section 6ft Overhang Impact of sun on shading with a 6ft overhang. note increase of shaded region beneath overhang.

How We Design

110

Inpatient block | HUM

NORTH 6E

Systems: Testing On-Site

6I

The HUM Facility was tested in six areas these included Light Levels, Sound, Humidity, Air Temperature, Material Surface Temperature, and Airflow.

6 5

5E

The HUM facility reported having moderate airflow but poor thermal regulation of indoor air temperatures. As noted by the surface material temperatures, interior surface temperatures of the walls showed increase heat during the evenings which in turn contributes to the overall heatgain of indoor air temperature. The HUM in-patient blocks have only high placed hammered glass jalousy windows.

On the Western exposure the hammered glass is insufficient in mitigating the intensity of natural daylighting. Shading has been added by staff to diffuse the light entering the wards most notably on east and west outer facades. This has also adversely affected airflow in the space which reported good ventilation 4ft from center where most patient beds are up to 8ft away from ceiling fan centers.

Arial view looking west 111

Build Health International

8 7E

MEN AND WOMENS

The analysis performed in office using Insight tested only for Light Levels, and Heatgain when paired with the additional on-site testing data allows us to develope an image of the impact of the design in relation to the buildings performance in the six areas of testing.

E3

3I

4I

8I

E2

E4

4E

7I

3E

4

E1

1E 1I

1

3 2 2I

Keyed site plan, refer to tables for readings of keyed points.

Arial Plan view note western exposure

2E

Full exposure of west facade

8E

PEDIATRICS

Using the readings from the on-site testing we were able to see patterns and draw conclusions. The Insight Analysis performed in office compared to the on-site testing proved to be useful in providing a data base to which the on-site data can compared to.

7

5I

Technical Analysis

West PM sun

East AM sun

Summer

Summer

Winter

Winter

heat absorbed in the morning

Thermal Mass heat released in the evening

Thermal Mass

THERMAL MASS: Material surface temperatures showed fluctuations between morning and evening hours proving that concrete is a poor thermal regulator for the Haitian climate as it releases latent heat into the building throughtout the night and evening hours. Despite the spike in surface temperatures all rooms did not report an increase in air temperature due to the increase in surface temperature which may indicate the air temperature is not corrolated or impacted by surface temperatures.

SU R FA CE TEMPER ATU R ES

77.7

91.2 89.2

83.4 88.3 93

83.1 87.4 91.7 K E Y7I: 7 I

82.9 82 83.8

82.2 86.3

K E Y6E : 6E

77.5

K E Y5E : 5E

87.8

K E Y 5I : 5I

76.4 82

80.2 79.8 82.5

EVENING 9pm-10pm

76.6 82.5 87.4

K E Y3E : 3E

76.6 82.2 74.1

K E Y3I: 3 I

77.7 82.2 86.9

81.1 80.7 82.9

K E Y2E : 2E

AFTERNOON 2pm-3pm

DEGREES FARENHEIT

77.3 82.4 86.1

K E Y2I: 2 I

82 81.6 78.2

82.7 87.8 92.1

K E Y1I: 1 I K E Y1E : 1E

83.3 87.6 90.6

82.9 81.6 84

MORNING 9am-10am

K E Y4I: 4 I K E Y4E : 4E

K E Y6I : 6I

K E Y7E : 7 E K E Y8I: 8 I

K E Y8E : 8E

SURFACE

Note the increase in temperature of interior surface materials during the evening How We Design

112

Inpatient block | HUM

6E

Airflow

6I

We tested the HUM Facility three times a day. Morning, afternoon and evening. Overall, the hospital was very hot at any time of the day and the airflow was mostly existent right under the fans.

6

5

7

5I 5E

E3 8

4I

4

3I

X

8E

3E

LEGEND

E1

Fan

8I

E2

E4

4E

7I

PEDIATRICS WARD

MEN AND WOMENS WARD

7E

3

1E 1I

Points Tested

2

1

4 ft away from the fan 8 ft away from the fan

2I

NORTH

2E

A I R F L OW

4.5 4.4

3.5

4.1 3.9 K E Y2: 2

K E Y3: 3

K EY4 : 4

K EY5 : 5

ROOM Build Health International

0 0 0

0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

1.5

2.5

2.6

2.7

3.4

AIRFLOW IN MPH K E Y1: 1

113

EVENING 9pm-10pm

4.8 4.5

AFTERNOON 2pm-3pm

4.6

MORNING 9am-10am

6

K E Y 6: 6

K E Y 7: 7

K E Y8: 8

Section A

Technical Analysis

A I R TEMPER ATU R E

L I GHT L EVEL S

K E Y5: 5

K E Y6: 6

K E Y7: 7

K E Y8: 8

MORNING 9am-10am EVENING 9pm-10pm

K E Y8: 8

89.5 87.6 87.4

88.3 88.3 86.6

89.7 88.4 87.4 59% 56% 68%

60% 59% 67%

60% 60% 65%

66% 56% 71%

78% 65% 58%

HUMIDITY PERCENTAGE

67

78 K E Y7: 7

70

K E Y6: 6

60

70 70

K E Y5: 5

ROOM

AFTERNOON 2pm-3pm

EVENING 9pm-10pm

DB/A

K E Y3: 3

88.8

HU MI DI TY

60 61 67

70

K E Y4: 4

55 58

70 68 74

65

AFTERNOON 2pm-3pm

58 56

K E Y2: 2

63

65

78 60 64 58 K E Y1 : 1

87.2

ROOM

SOU N D MORNING 9am-10am

86.7

88.2 87.9 86.9

88.5 88.8 86.8

86.9 84.2

K E Y1: 1 K E Y2: 2 K E Y3: 3 K E Y4: 4 K E Y5: 5 K E Y6: 6 K E Y7: 7 K E Y8: 8

ROOM

60% 58% 69%

K E Y4: 4

60% 59% 66%

K E Y3: 3

60% 58% 67%

K E Y2: 2

DEGREES FARENHEIT

194 170

143

66

120 103

179 190 144

77

36

68 67

90

107

160 137 128

205

260 127

138 65 76

LUX

K E Y1: 1

AFTERNOON 2pm-3pm

EVENING 9pm-10pm

EVENING 9pm-10pm

89.1 89

AFTERNOON 2pm-3pm

89.5 89.3

MORNING 9am-10am

MORNING 9am-10am

K E Y1: 1 K E Y2: 2 K E Y3: 3 K E Y4: 4 K E Y5: 5 K E Y6: 6 K E Y7: 7 K E Y8: 8

ROOM

How We Design

114

Thank you!

Please feel free to contact me with any questions and comments about the works.