Barbed Bordom Stalag Luft lV 1950 (Richard Frievalt's Prison Camp)

Cw BOREDOM-A

Souvenir

rae

Stalag

ise

Book

7

fe Tra

G.

CHARLES

JANIS

4

oi

Vig

;

ans < i

ve

\

a

el

a

Pale s

ot

r

oie s

;

BOREDOM

BARBED

by

CHARLES

G.

JANIS

160 ORANGE AVENUE IRVINGTON

||, NEW JERSEY

Printed in U.S. A.

couT ETS

Meno

to

the

Reader

The Day of Thfany The Last Birth

of

o Kriegie

Evelition

of

the P.O.V.

Stalay The

Cutt

Rermilstione

Iv

Origin

of

the

Pea

Grose

eg

Food

of Qwérell of P.O...

Arta

Cyrafte

Parcela

3

Contents and

ta on

Diet

:

Table

Exchenre

uy

Food-heeo

4a >

Ee

Voerpital of

Chapel Letter

from

Father

Liuch

frou

s Ariegic

Heil setter Esthpe The

Black

“arch

Intidente

Never

Poster

8

The

Flight

Section

to

be

Forgotten

MEMO

ILLUSTRATIONS camp

Gover

pudtos

From

ellk

Layout

of planea

A German

in

flight.

in action.

to wire,

of a German

Eriegie's

On the

planes

P.O.¥.

In

unsettled post-war

aide because

Map

of F.O,4,

campsites

transfer

shildren and not waste

our

the world lives and wa

have

our country

‘ke p

ah in

purpose,

dA

that we, in peace,

50

of Hlack Merch.

world,

we

are

in

demands

war

apt

to

tunen

misery.

and

Lives

returned

eae

with

our

aécusa~

4 ly ts understandabmore

It

bitter

to

invective.

our homes

We

with

important

have

seen

how

for our

the

s new appreciation.

rest

of

Tt is our

the shining light it is, to defend ita principles and to

\aart free from dishonesty and corruption,

Germany.

hasty

toward the building of a better world

zeal with

be a bit

During the war, we fought eide by

4 goal to reach.

this time

all

trigger,

i

guard.

Mep

this

tions = too quick on the tempermental

25

March,

terrible price

the

lest

camp.

Nighteuare

we forget

minder,

The rest of the world will fol-

6 when we show then how demosracy reelly works and how groups of pecple

walk of life ean live together harmoniously in the tme spirit of dende=

ep

Air phote

of

oOo

Air

Thie book has been written not to revive painful memories but as a gentle re-

fm

Take-off and end of "My Devotion."

fF

of F.0.W.

nm

Airvlew

TO THE READER

Oo-operation

and tean work enabled the Allies

to win the war - and peace,

al-

:

“difficult to maintain, will require grenter doses of the srme. The material

herein

contained

epresenta

the personal

opinions

and view point

‘ot the suthor, ‘There will probably be variations between this prosentation and other Ey araicriay

but please

keep

in mind

that

these

from Lager D, the lager of my incarceration.

articles

depict prisoner

life

as

seen

The routine in other lagers varied in

tails but in most respects it coincided with that of LagerD,

Tt is not the

of thie book to argue merits or policies of the United States or any other intention

ry, this is merely a documentary report of Prisoner of War Life during my year

ington,

[.€.,

IT Lewie in

would F,

Qginek

Ohie

Devotion,

e former plenes

and end

=

a

for

Luft snd

at

his

like

thie

Williun

fellow

tine,

Janie thea

to

for

to oy

8th

stay

exprese

Post ny

sincere

assistance

materiel

end

Roster

Gestion:

end

fellow

a

Force, T.T.E.

there,

orgenizetiona

for for

craw

member

illustrations;

for Lynch, his thelr

the of

wee

to

of

asprecietion in to

on

generous

letter

of

"on-the-spot! England, to

permission

ws: for

Mra.

end use

family

haa

just

B-L7,

Wy

the

empty

place

at

Toway

into

the

of

rent

beau,

Str=

Dad,

in his

pedre

at

the

thelr

Army,

Japaneses

Red Mav=

discuss

ond

hope

this

book

teet’

vith

your

approval,

“Ladies

is

the

ia

2:22

one

halt long

did

not

return.

only

left

tha

on

up

in

by

scene

in

a typical

having,

by

now,

the

oldest

the

Kurusa,

reporte

with

membera

of

pesee

of

is

interrupted

then

geme

bulletin

has

just of

an atmosphere

in

on

State

an

excited

radio.

the

the

betwoon to

United

States,

announcer,

in our news

sllence,

deafening

cur-

Tepartient

and

received

her

meeting

Japan

by

to

drafted

awaite

game

our

between

been

been

intended

of

home,

asauatomed

bad

anxiously

the

continuance the

who

football of

American

become

son,

Sle

Kitchen,

the

to a professional

reading

and

4

dinner,

vacant

@ apecial and

in

have bombed Pearl Harbor on the island of Oahu

P.M.

nd

Sunday

is

broadcast

He pauses

"The Japanese at

for

look

Listening

Namura

gentlemen,

ues,

we

finishing

chair,

negotiationa

The nightmare

———— A PRESA

table

Junior

- -."

with

the

anbassadors,

end

aa

completed

Mom

fice

Talands

1941,

favorite

Suddenly,

ariel,

I

7,

The

photoas

of

Deceaber

Cleve=

conone,

to

Itts

end

of

Kiger,

ill-reteda

Thde,

to

research

Frenk

foutkhanpton,

inepiring

dete

the

ksron

hig

THE DAY OF INFAMY

thenks,

grateful

able

Air

Reverend

ry

their

ox-P.0.W.

the

extend to

excellent yordeinal

during

ViMwC.ti.

would

editing

oonbet; IV

I

like,

eitmen‘in in

Cross

whom

eleo

essevbling

land,

dex

to

he

of-

contin-

in the Hawaiin

E.o.Ts"

aturted thet afternoon yanrs. ‘Those

Millions of us

bitter memories

who

and

of men

were mora

of years

lost

didn't

answered fortunate

forever.

and until the

eall came

Auguat 1945 - four

of our back,

country.

older,

wiser

Many

but

THE LAST

T YOO

was

Was

of

me

with

the

my

ship,

My

Still

a bit

serious

the

wet

I

as

befora plaints

they +0

planes

avery

happened The whon'+

the

their

was

to men

to

tune, snd

the

about

my

duties

Those

abetreet

eyes

me

toe

of

to

and and

the

sometimes

the

ceiling.

the

sleeping

my

first

three

through

the

thinking

trensport

envied

on

of

sleep

barracks,

runway

fixed

mutterings

for

darkened

the

my

experience

impossible

on

of

prepare of

to

in

us

each

my

had

the

broken

for

in

by

their

sack

and

the

ue

of

to

the

cur

apparent

boring

There

The

bombing

next

I

felt

flight

and

target.

of

ex-

misaione

night.

next

lessona

The

mon.

nenckalanee

Statistics

with

a lot

mere

faith

in

was of

I

of

our

was

the

training

thought members cur

now

4

other

camp

hed

telk

my

my

pilotea

with

crew

the

my

vere

that

would

seemed

hands

just

seconds

usual men

morning,

be

of

men

posted

our

ship,

those

atudy

in

moods

and

tut

had

literally

thougenda

from

beginning

to end.

es no and es

fantastic.

and

ecom-

while

spaculations

percentage

neme

sum-

the

emong

about

certain

of

whistle,

which

missions or

that of

palma

noisy

unuéusl

that

0.9,'a

barracks,

small

nothing

the

The

The

of previous

shown

other

Fach

things

only

guyt.

breakfast

tables

atrick

this

to reconstruct

wes

hed

the the

complete

slumber,

was

of

missions.

of

There

abriek

dressed.

rehuehes

target.

but

shrili

quickly

breakfast,

raid

the

acheduled

silence

hour.

along

tthe other at

waa

come,

particularly

in which

and

ready

destined

action!

one

wy

snores

the

ungodly

way

lost

in

in

cloaked

thinge

‘missing and

out

night's

of

it

silence to

bean

about

this

hint

the

hopped

made

the

on

responsibilities.

crews

had

lay

overseas

thoughts

menbers.,

moning

for

making

unensy

Suddenly

Raat = araipet

trip

Devotion,

gun-crew

ag IT

except

reatleas

alone

betome

awake

quiet

citement made

wide

FLIGHT

by

crested at

the

a

time

every minute of that

flight

the mon gove the appearsice of enjoying theaselves

T

immangealy,

personalities. of

T houra

Some of

They ate with gueto,

joked

and

laughed,

ly made

a pratense

thought,

whereas

in a category sional

men

joke

in

dey.

formations;

cumulus

on way to targets.

clouds

in staggered

breakfast

picked

with

the

the layout help

of

erawling plenes,

of

in,

my

most

tremendous gas,

ready.

We

grey

Another We of-our Heart

oll, were

light raid

of had

climbed group.

Corner,

birds

given

food,

to notice

much

two,

at our

the Munich proceeded

a big

the

standing

soon

Girections,

armor align

my

settled, up,

lined tha

taxiing

checked

and

feel

were

the

the

rise

receiving

ship

time

to

designated

instructions,

very

femiliar

Devotion’.

could

eee,

for

and

in position,

tha

eerily

pit

with

Befors

I

of my

of

enter-

shattered

taking

flitted

but

thousands

flight.

air was

men

im

of that

'My

position

countryside

a

for

the plane

up poised

and

at

atraam

to

cool morning

the

laugh

our

being

as I

I waa

an occa-

to a group

Not

boabs

of

with

take-off

direction

into

end

soon

assigned

far

in

they in turn pasaed

alongside

as

deep

scheduled

before

planes.

I was

guna

could

our

losing

I was

was

mere-

J guess

continuous

reid

After

I remember

destruction,

end

was

area, to

by

off, we by

were in

stomach.

atarted. to

24,000

feet

Our position whioh

and there

in the

didn't help my

ws

stayed

formation peace

was

of mind

the sunrises and the incongriously peaceful

channel.

from

hiy plane

eunk

eating

left to be briefed and

crews.

warming

I

that

Some

to half-heartedly

few minutes

In all

high

or

Judging

assumed

of planes

the

trble

time-

while

satically

the

and

of

aut

great

of anything.

of us used

Before

dawn,

st the

'Where?t.

airfield,

oxygen,

pleking

wae

in

around,

noise

a

The officers

gear

atation.

having

our minds

of mechanics

I looked

tock

in

sestors

the

a group

wa

of their

flight

like mammoth

and

With

the

our

be

the firet

hall,

over,

to

resurrected.

uppermost

industrial

up

sleepy

the talk

had

mess

on the members

we

the

in

8 hasty letter home,

bomb

ed

the

With

to

the

of

question

the word

bigh above

out

too

between

comedian

seened

abstractly

wore

engage

The

write

flying

to

general,

eating,

others

some

and

of

in

somewhere

attempt

ateale

BeI?'s

end,

in

formation

with

generally

referred

one bit,

Tt

clouds gliding by

was

the

other planes

to a8 the Purple 5:30 A.M,

T

watched

a8 wa passed over the

Boon we wore over the benutiful countryside of rural Franee.

To this point,

AS men. of

entered

the

Kecp

a

shurg

lookout,”

for

a

tréece

of

aky

begun of

we

to pop. We

were

duck to a hunter, airereft Wie

ground

nervous

7]

Suddenly

hoped

saw

ALL

target

tense,

was

quiet

zoched

for

in

for

and

them

thet

treeers

my

of

from

a

guardian

unother

angel

group

go

we

in

down

"To

held

your

cinutes

owr

in

apltting

flames

sector

then

us nppearing course,

usual

his

ene

like

bursting flax

his

stations,

eemning

about

fightaret

wea

cars,

few

weaved

es

the

cur

diligently

the sky becese alive with and

a plane

beceme

planes

4 perfect

cracked

48

a

cut

gliding

from the anti-

machine

piace and

things

on

guna.

my

prayea.

I

right Then

#

speck

_

I

planes.

Tighter

batteries

wna

shoulder,

of

@ yolce

Lveryone

enemy

Seores

nowhere,

battleiarea,

|

dn

]

shing

target

through moderate

bursta

of flak.

ized

into

him,

ceftein

denly

Ploture above shows a Flying Fortress, it's bomb bay doors open, a

gun

Fhoto below

ed

the

entire

fron

and

fgninst

T

felt

down

2

hus

that

After

aheken

persistent lay

noiee

wes

Geafering

in the

my

cure

the

the

I

and

flak,

l-was

ley

plowing

uy

chute

the

Tt wae as close #9

up

flight together,

engulfed somo

nurderous

of

with

finding

went us

we

head

after

the

its

one

struck

by

high pitched to hell in my the

aa I ehute,

down

of

the

drone

was

so I

countryside,

TI

flak

thick

it

pushed

ona

of

the

sew My she

the

usbris

fight

fighters

The

Deyation

come

come

to

rest.

try.

ot

Sud-

below

and

by

with

the

wind knock-

in my

ears,

machine

"uber

Good Luck". my

ayes.

sy

way

atresn

above

hurtling had

to

the

Ae I

me--

ground

There

slong

the srack

We

We

another

jumped.

ang

to get.

came

for

fought

eiptiness,

of

all

uting

into noise

on.

fast.

the

the

he

floor

tgnering

materi#ilead

screamed

ground

and

pumping

from

the

grew

started

returned

the ¢urghones Losing

speck

still

throw te

sever hope I

But

were

light,

look

conecious

mark.

and

¢sabin,

The

intent.

a dive

stoke

the

tail.

into

wetre

felt

in

tha

I wae

aut men, and

preseire

bombers,

us

fighter.

boil

end

turrifie

off

in a daze until

fone,

past

nnd

saa

I

was.

o'glock

he veered,

tr

Plielle, me

plane

ten

towards

bullet

as

sail.

for my

of

at

number

tb hissirg

is

each

breathlessly

Thea

il bomb dropped by lead bombardier to signify target below.

sighted rooring

that

out of my

clouds. White pufflike cloud with streamers is the —

wae

a plane

fire

one

we Cumulus

horizon

watched

4

Actual photos of B-I7's in action.

:

the

cane te

the

my

nes door path.

floated steedy

of explocing up and met the

finished

ground. our

THE BIRTH

bers to

fm

the

ground,

of

the

local

the

jail

the

until

papers, The which

A “eriegie"

silk

18 born as thie pare

descends

into

meated

section

of

Luftwaffe

insulta

center He

possessions

better

and

housed

days.

marched from

suthorities

‘Kriegial.

whieh

ware

It

the

claimed

given

pride

and

a

taken

through

interrogation

the

atraeta

then.

were

They

on

the

dark

and

cells

were

crawling

of

stripped

by the

then

his

at

the

transferred

Thera

of

memtown

interned

Rhine.

a prisoner

uniform,

led ta a sell. headquarters

was

custody

and

number,

finally

into

townspeople

at Frankfurt

was

the

and

gloomy

and

waa

a mouldy

a nauseating

relio

stench

per-

every

inch of

except

for

a

it.

The

wooden

ber,

a

stool

snd

4

pan

with

and

lice

the

and

They

were

only

rete.

Light

was

furnished

a thickly by

wooded

Seen

and

apprehended

to wire.

bare

chutiet

a

building

had

They

jeera

A RRLEGLE

were

interrogation

became

personal

fliers

puard.

of

the

Luftwaffets

officially

From

home

accompaniment

loeal

to

fallen

OF

enemy

a heavily

barred,

frosted

window,

Left

thue,

scurrying

rate

in

with

only

the

sounds

of

marching

tarritery. guards a

in

the

prisoner

Higa would Gur This

was

solitude

the

I

door

only

mooie

of

that

slices

of

herrowing.

were

the

worst

possible unrest

of

at

chow

of

food

time at

when

him.

to

distract

bie

thoughts,

stay

menacing

guard

term

'food'

loosely,

cup

of

ersatz

coffees.

inclined

to

bring

use

the

bread

and

«

guards

cur

a sSeowling,

I

the

at Frankfurt

felt at

Yeried

the

from

interrogetion

4 week

to

it

to ua

center.

4 month,

The

depending

charge,

all Prisoner The

cell

chamber’.

dry

during

in

the

hard,

whenever

spent

officer

moat

montal

day

'question

the

received

the

the

only

two

time

the

the

throw

far,

fo

to

and

9

food

of

of

believe,

call

twloe

amount

and

was broken

the

served the

hyerage On

his

consisted

was

and

waited

unlock

Meal

gorridera

of War

conditiona

and

the

menaelng

the

prisoner,

phases,

were

most

attitude

Moat

this

stay

at

unpleasant; of

unnerving,

the

guards

however,

Frankfurt

the

food

and

was,

by

lodging

greatly

contributed

wea

auapense

the

be-

of

soner

Fneland,

at

War

interrogation

the

prisoner

and.

wad

ugially

could

inquiry

was

the

most

ather

questions,

ther

questioning

to es Dulag Luft,

be

capable

datented

of

and

Was Kept

exrioatures

the

fomiliar

ond

orrival

the

first

prisoners

Camp

American

end

confinement

Son

reel

with to

the

thon

cooigned

reluctant he

Cross

separated;

to

had

TRANSIT

to

one

They

routines

Pajamas

3.

Toothbrush & Power

12,

Shoe Polish

4.

Soap

13,

Feneil

When

+

Towel & Face Rag

dnp

Gane

the train

6.

Shaving utensils

is.

Games

7.

Underwear

16.

Story

&

Enitted

lf.

Raligtous

9.

Stockings

a.

and tarious fur-

for

camp

to

on

the

IV

four

being

the

by

train,

were

seut

and,

necessery Offioere

to Stelag

near Kiefholde

in

and

Luft

wae

prigon=

orticlon,

of

1

non- soon ie

I

ot Barth

the

on

Upon

in Pomerania.

Many

ele

ddition,

toilet

screening, by German logern.

The

the walle with

ere

England

at

sent.

hoepitulity.

containing

comploted

were

Luft

leaving

the

gacamad

Dulap

since

officers

Hea

at

nad

was

under

procedure

decorated

atmoaphare

its

Kit

end

men

hod Levishly The

snecthly

routines

which

were given onothor the

ran

ally

an

of

ofticer-in-charge.

leave

Stulag Luft

of

ii,

family and

transit

9

hand

friendly

The

to

camps

the

the men

Comb

Cree

to

"arched

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1.

to await corsignment. were

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not

CAMP KIT

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who

lecturing

camps

Capture

pertianent

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in

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food

a Ped

were

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Dirchgangslager,

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of

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war.

the

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change

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menagement

task

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equipment,

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er

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stotion,

the

the

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civilian

relatives,

could

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the

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some information from his answers,

i

nothing

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men

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)

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time

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camps.

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given

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the official lecturse and pep talks on Pri-

Despite

questioning.

fora the actual

ounp offi= men

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(Locker Type)

sweater

& Paper

books

books

EVOUJTION

United

OF THE P.O. Ws RROULATIONS

States,

ebserved

ere

In

Socient

were

taken

death.

and, WAR

As

48

acole

armies

mining

agreed

the

times,

upon

in

Civil

into

were

captured were

for the

personal

to

advance,

Such

an agreemant

ea

Very

soon

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war value

War were

progress

of

prigeners,

any prisoners

opposing

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with

exchanged

result

in

on

The tity,

war

aodifieation request

of

rules

of President

atractions

for

the

adopted by Germany

the

of

prisoneré

of

war

warfare,

prepared

in

1863

treatment

of lend

Abraham Lincoln, governmant

and

of Armies

in the Franco-Prugeian

in

issued

tional

fully maintained. convention

until

treatment of prisoners of war,

when

This

food

tha fir

Department

as,

standard

manual

a chapter

of

the

In the Hague Convention

devoted

of 1907, this code wa

‘again included with several sondnents.

Phe 1899 Hague Convention was ratified by the Great Powort

to”

and

it

the

1899

was

of

their

nationale

detention

ta

the

in ruled

and

of

statutes

1904-05.

Convention,

I

were

The

carefully

1907

was not

to

sign,

the

that

Convention,

formally

in

;

were

entitled,

Sich

Correspondence

and

ad

In general,

prisoners.

@upposed Fal

to

egueal

r prisoners

rks

parcels;

to

abeerve

condition

for

specified

those

afforded

were to

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the

legelly

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to

nations

which

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on

revified

bound

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did

hy

not

the Gen-

reciprocal

standarda under

Red

of

which

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the

iden-

provide all

the Internetioneal

periods, of

physical

of the

Men of the ranka could be employed

to

of

housing, their

by

Cross

labor

represent-

stipulated privileges to which pri-

the

separate

record

and

of prison

repatriation for

keep

priaonersa

conditions

exercise

troops

given

nations

esteblished

inspections

insured

provisions

of

maintalned

t= rest,

and

not

Switzerland

of America

major

were

belligerent

periodical

46

only

in

hands,

provided

for prisoners;

States

and

advantage

enemy

eat Geneva,

The United

Agency

aleo

provided

concluded

were

physical

Central

Switzerland, clothing

Russia

failed

to

treaty

nations,

and

Convention

be utilized;

aonera

was F

in an interni-

regulations was

Its

the War

etives of neutrel nations and the Red cross;

"In-

relating to the treatment 0 embodied

countries.

during

cancel

by 47

some.nations

Geneva

place

might

st t!

War but neither in that conflict nor in

Tules on the subject were not 1899,

in

included

by Francis Lieber,

by the War

the Field".

the American civil War were the human provisions, soners,

were

not

Japan

of their

at Geneva, for

did

signed

1932.

such information

hostilities. Reguletions

and

in

While

treatment

numbers during

large

and Japan

by an international

provisions,

deter-

no

in

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eva

1929

lawe

sign.

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detail

27,

these

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was

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arose

difficulties

July

between

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during World War I because it had not been ratified by ell of the belliger

grester

the property

this practice

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many

The treatment of prisoners of war by & detaining power was prescribed

captors.

concluded

as

ents. it

belligerente

both

well

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effect

to

nations

of the

was

Exchange but

put

the Middle Ages,

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warring

con#idered

back

wa

by

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promptly

profit

were

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which

ware

Turing

prisoners

L780,

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taken

slavery,

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exchange the

oxtermination

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prisoners

were

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exchange

military

sold

and

while

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Since

civilized,

as recently

a system

ware of

surrendered

were

power

affected

sometimes

fought

ta ransom

France

and

who

more

of the

modern

of prices

benighed

those

practice

and

nations

became

detaining

England

;

men

COMaon

the

and

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When of

times,

by

as

seriously welfare

holding

quarters

dispatch

power

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receipt

sick

of

st

and

and wound-

prisoners

seach base

not to

be

of

were

camp,

required

in work not directly ‘connected with

tary operations bub must be paid for éervices rendered. The 1929, Geneva Convention dropped the eeneral -partioipation clause of the ition and provided that its terms myst ‘be obaervad: by opposing belli~

04 1%) sYen-4f other powers, partidipating tn the wary

werg

not

adopted ail.

parties by

The

the

treaty

any

loopholes

committed

prisoners

of

convention.

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instrument

safeguarded

the

wor

at

of

ita

the

with 97

welfare

avasione

Convention each

The

comprised

permitting

The Geneva and

the

Geneva

new

This

to

of or

strongly Members

end

of

to

principles

of

the

Hague

Convantion

application

praseribed

in

articlea

comparison

with

in

prisoners

by

removing,

dereliction

of

duty.

eaphesized show

hostilities.

eauge

the for

greater

de-

17

in

the

old.

far

as

possible,

Stalag Kiefheide

ally

importence any

as

much

were

of

all

provisions

discrimination

againat

Luft

in

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group

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the

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until,

camp,

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particular ag

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fences

feet

Fifty

barrier

but

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deep,

essary

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sirrounding

charged,

T

and

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fens

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around

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camp

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gatip

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wire

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VI

at

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8400, was

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800

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trying

outdoors,

war.

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« number

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Hydekrag

continuous

prisoners

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April,

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I

the

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were

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the

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their

Germans

had

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cesire

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outer

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to

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left

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miles

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it

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barracks.

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edge

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toe

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machine

taildings;

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fences

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escape

questioned

eonsidted

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the

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to

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feet

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vouch

due

designed.

chosen

attempting

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cump.,

194)

numbered

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anyone

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fron

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Ghot

From

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tha

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April

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quarters

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chap

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transfers

then

complete

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added

completely

to

was

of

the

meager

working

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were

officers,

indoors

their

German

evacintion,

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make

feverishly

ed

for

activeted

intense

majority

upon

spproximately

was

prisoners

The

that

to

That

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non-commissioned

heaty

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situated

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waa

Pomerania.

completed,

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underbrush

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feet

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area

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could

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200

making

view

Posted

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Fetween

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clear,

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this

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it

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expect

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close

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spot

gina, a Vor

o post

Lager,

office;

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end

end

eecreentng

o building.

new

prisoners;

purported

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be

a

OO

—s

i

| e

delousing

ware |

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|

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four

Fifth

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lager

f

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to

room,

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so

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lager

designed

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work

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wire,

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were

men

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a

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‘eoolar!,

of

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used

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Garman

camp

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and

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The

sentono

correspondence

privis

revoked. The

oteff

of

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personnel,

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ell

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the

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Squadrons

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the

was

of

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officers

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any

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place

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facilities,

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appearances

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on

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=

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and

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Gar-

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first

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mediator

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ag

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in

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the

man

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storage

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everything

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bb

twenty-five,

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esch

twenty

tion

Each

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09

compounds,

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|

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however,

a Linvtenant

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s

S

:

Aerial

view

i

a

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F,0.8,

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camp,

of to

THR ORIGIN

Turing women

of

the

stance, tion

the American ¢olonies

bought

knitted

geiety

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to

a ball

fully

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food,

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aid

After

becavae

he

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vere

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ofter

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="

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famine existed during the winter

hospitel

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ing

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i

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soldiers.

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blankets.

the

associations

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the women of Baltimore

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Fevolution

material socks.

OF THR RED CROSS

of

anid

the

greatly

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early

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I+

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influerced

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the

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the

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war

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in the

Franz

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young

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of

report

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a

of

devoted

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were

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philanthropy

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brogrera

Ouitzerland,

Tlorence

Travelling

24,

Red Cross

Geneve,

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tool

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of

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victims.

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dysentery

and

The people

Nightingale

of himan

later,

on

barracka

to find men

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stand

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during

the Crimean War,

conditions a

suburb

were

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the English

London

by

incongruously

surgical

instruments

and

gangrene

epread,

cholera

of

England

secepted

the

and

demended

challenge,

more appaling

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of the

that and,

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did

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doctors:

soep. and

the

situatic

with

a group

Crugs

end

he

hounted

tailed

ond

dured hie hook

by

bend

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monent

eetual

fighting;

fielé

and

heoped

into

thea to

to

carry

end

ay

end

water,

by working

by

the

memory

of

honest

"Un Souvenir

the

soldiers

of

seoleties

encountered

de

voluntears

Local

and

as

in

found

the

to

seen

“ed without dietinetion of nationality'.

im

buriels;

plenned

into

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@

the

of

bundeges,

murge.

wounded hap-

medical

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care,

nurses,

food,

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of volunteer

die

snd

the

drink, task

workers.

needlessly,

ha

wes

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battle.

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effort

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women

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favorable "to

the

he of

thie chestly

the plen of

men

uecount

account,

of

unprepared

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this

opinion,

leck

hitieelf

hia untruined,

fostered

the

thousenfs

reavires;

by buying

and

public

the

orreniving

hin

of volunteers

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woundec aid

passionstely

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hook,

|

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the

eould

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later,

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than

of

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400 gteat

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typhut

But eventually, through her reforms,

to only 22 ont of eve

the

He

even

newspaper

over

wo

In the vast berracks, they than

battles

evacuation

both the militury end medical staffs opposed her changes - altiost hal brought in during one month had died.

math

hazard

snd Russian

of Constantinople.

staffed

was shoole

Before she could complete re-organizetion - for certai

deeth rote at the hoepitel wasr

or.

scattered

in November of 1854.

misery,

strong

duties.

to Geuteri,

went to Scutari

four miles

desoribed.

reports

evacuated

Florence

camp

of e century

hoepitel and

diffieult

regular

quarters

nurges,

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it woe

correspondents’

crowded and

times

time

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of the

ineurnguntable to for

aid

the

a vorld

in all war,

In hie

told

third

obetscles

wounded.

edition

render

of

en-

he and

Tunant!s

conference.

civilized

would

‘ardshipa

Tn

countries, aid

to

the

the Souvenir,

his perwound-

pub-:

could even give great Wahed in 1863, he advanced the idda that, "these svcieties

nervion during periods of epidenica or in dieneters, much aa, flooa end fires, oo as

i

7

a

Dunant to

followed

enlist

the

up

the

success

patronage

of

of

his pamphlet

influential

by

people.

visiting many

Also,

at

his

Furopeun

request,

Geneva philanthropic

society

government

delegates

representing 16 European countries to diseusa

conference

received

called

Dunant's

en

international

proposals

conference

favorebly and passed

cooperate

society

wear,

in times

as

&

of war with

distinguishing

verse of the Swiss flag);

the Army Medical

mark,

a

red

cross

a

1863,

This treaty

o

and

the plen.

The

in Leg?

that

white

each

for

(the

that hospitals and their personnel be newtralized;

After

re—

and

during

unteer

pence

marges.

their

This

efforte

was

all

be

that

devoted

could

be

have the power to bind their governments

to

preparing

materials

accomplished,

and

training

for the delegates

vol=-

did not.

to any sgreementa.

itary Commissign', Civil

Wer,

sides

in mich

whieh was founded

was performing

the

services

same manner

in New York shortly after the outhresk of

for

which

the

Dunant

troops

and

cering

had proposed

in

for tha

wounded

the Souvenir.

the

of

finuneial

support.

companies

which

public,

by

affairs

and

the

The Comission

promptly sale

rullies.

of

made

responded. stemps,

Supplies,

Other

booklets such

its

ss

first funda

and other kboepitel

appeal were

for funds

solicited

articles, supplies

to

life

by appeala

and by

conducting

ond knitted

weer

«

the

Relief

ec at

Red Cross Cheptera Corps

Geneve.

of

the

do

today.

commission

made

During the

the letter

first

use

part

of the war the

shelved

securing United

to

include

sea

warfare.

rules

and

principles.

The 1929

Geneva

Convren-

of war.

of prisonera

health

advocate

and

of

whe,

because

of

the

of

she

the Wer of Le,

letter

belief

new Pad

1877,

referred

this

Cross

on

her

thst to

movenent.

return

country

State

youlé

After

she becwne to

imeriog,

president

the U.S.

the

visited

soldiers,

from tl. Moynier,

onee more

was

that

In

dis-

had -orked independent-

Franco-Prussian War,

Hayes

aaking

Convention.

the easociation

and wounded

of siek

Learned

to President

The

tha Geneva

during the Civil Wes,

there

Conmittee,

of

and to the public,

the organization.

a letter

convention.

ratification

for the eare

Commission

her

Gtetee

to Copzrecs

Clara Barton,

Red Crosse

Encouraged mittee Fed

with

Promiee but, the

treaty

The

first

York ‘and named 1900,

by President

re-organized

Gross,

Aux

of the Red Cross eublem aso

of

eecept

epadi

the

the

Pesartwent

never

of

ert-

ere

engage

in

it a

war.

of loeel

of

carried

of the

insura to

for

Barton

covenact

in 19G4 ena the conferencas helé et The Hague

treatment

for

stendards

Meentime,

International

was

al Government had senctioned the creation of the Sanitary Commission without lendd

rules

futile appeals

enthusiastic

icles

The Fi

the

witnessing Red Cross work @uring

Wies

@ permanent

and completed

extended

ly of the Sanitary

an

Meanwhile, in America, a volunteer orgenizetion called 'The United States San-

nuMerous

Suitzerland

instituted

an association was formed by former heads of the Senitary Commission

purpose

banded. |

that

snd 1957

the

which

wae revised

In 1866,

volunteer

background,

Convention

established

tion

recommend-

organizations be fors-—

Servioe;

on

the Geneva

34 experts

resolutions

ing that, in each country adhering to the proposed agreement, ed to

of

in

countries

and

Clara

in 1B81

Barton

in Merch 1@82, by the Senate locel

Garfield's

chapter

wes

as president.

President without of

the

Artiur

the Red Croga Association

recounend

to

incarporeted

as

the

Garfield

not

American

Red

Gross

From that dey forsurd,

to

carry

cecured

of

out

eonthe his

retilicetion

vote. was

"The Clare Herton

wes reineorporated

the

Aneselatien

live

and Senator Bleine dissenting

{nto effect its wonderful job of mercy. the Red Croaa.

ratificstion,

American

did

a single

in honor of its founder,

Toon National Red Cross.

promise

formed

st

Chagter,

No.

by congressional

the aseocieticn

Lonsville,

1'.

New

In June,

uet as the Awaer-

inaugurated

nod: put

We hope there will never ba a day without.

lion

etendard

food

Philadelphia, A Kriegie’sa In wan

direct

just

stotach

suffered

viclation

a heir

short

of

the

moet

during

Geneve

of a starvation

his

stay

in Prisoner

Convention,

the

Gertian

diet.

The

average

of War

ration

loas

ta

then

camp.

of weight

per prisoner

“

by

and

to

either

storage

every

Each

month

parcel

ta Marseilles,

warehouses

The main

parcels

and Chicago,

shipped

reil,

Signment.

hb

clothing

New York

loaded

porte,

the P.O.%. ts

and

at Geneva,

depot

in

weighed

France

Bienne

for parcels

the

mein

packaging

eleven

pounds.

or Lisbon,

or Vellorbe, in northern

centera

These

Portugel;

Switzerland

Germany

was

at

ware

from these to

oyeit

econ-

at Lubbeck.

A

Ls

The ing

food

4 prisoner

for the of

served

either

three

of kohlrabi,

plus

the

served

dreaming

to

cold,

about

variety

cup

of

ersatz

acenstomed the

size

turnip

to

of

almost

coffee,

the

golf

or potato,

it had been

completely 69

shock.

foods

balls,

foul

facilities

‘transportation

for

or pointedly

deal

trying

the

garbage

difficulties’,

they

in

served;

between,

of

all

warring

prominent netions

'

diet.

Ped Cross had

to

Farly

nations

in

the

to operate

Markings

be notified

and

of the

war

Each morn-

took

to

gailed

of both

a

few

packed

Sweden

then

to make

weeks

usually

full

of

soup,

tasteless, was

spent

avoid

any

thought

New

York,

travelled

on to Lubbeck

at least

one

day

and

to Marseilles,

finally

8 month

into

different

to

the

hands

from

the

Geneva;

of

from

some

Geneva

to

Goteburg,

down-in-the-mouth

others.

under and

the

leet

months

bother

a vegetable

everything either of

the

relief.

protection

from

thea,

,

was

fore

the pove

there

Lawa,

in advence

of

of loading, unloading end

from the manufacturers under

food wis bought in quantities direct!

the supervision and guidance of the United Stat

Volunteer workers sorted and p eked approximataly

to the

ta

days were of

was more

after which

first

the

fingered,

to

dangers

‘This

trip

be put

inspected

the American

appealed

hie

for

eyes.

took

Kriegia

approximate

for

of

camp

the

ona

a month.

Geren

guards

by the Germans

be-

hoarding but meanwhile

Before

life.

the men.

safekeeping

amelled

got

p

handing

it

over

to

the

to them.

among

concentrate

leaks,

was inepected

to discourage

food parcel

if we

cigarettes

The barrecks

aneering

away

could

days

stendard

fortunate

contamination.

exciting

before

were

Hach parcel

of

whatever

and lese

prisoners

of

enjoyed.

the most

treasures

source

IV,

cene were punctured

the

leughing

the

at Stalag Luft

conspicuously

on for

the

Everyone

was happier

a party

etmosphers

had Whon

the percals

were

the packeta

food

items.

freshness

and

of

Esch pinched

wera

and dis

ciserettes,

package to

see

of

food

if it

Were real. A new prisoner

With funds reised in Red Cross drives,

aa

confisceted

they

visions

tributed,

wae

long

contributing

Parcel vith

of neutrality

and very

prisoner,

to suppl amant

diaplayod

wonder

We,

distribution and all

fi

nie

each prisoner.

didn't

greatly :

_

‘These shipa

timetable six days

for

amcked

cay-

excuse

week We

to explain.

permission

responsibility

It was the intention of the Red Crosa to furnish one

soup made

cargo.

pertment of Agriculture.

in

eix weeks,

ly

consisted

the Germens blemed laek of

didn’t

obtained

thin

merely

time

the

for prisoner

course

eup

in camp and did its utmost

they

shipe

ing and the Red Cross had to assume distribution

it

mpper

half

being

of

in

they

The Fed Cross wee aware of conditions the prisoners

end

it wasn't

Besides

# great

one

In the firat few months of the cemp's inatitution, kitchen

inedible.

that

Lunch or

Actually

boiled,

Understandably,

favorite

and

parcel

|

potatoes,

in which

ice

one

besote

cabbage,

water

waa

was without

received

stomach

five pounda.

twenty

at

eetimated

been

has

Winds,

eseily

surrendered

indulged in large feasts,

to temptotion

just

sud varied

of 1%

came;

others,

not

throwing

discretion

to the

Ne soon leerned that the few mimates of feasting

couldn't oompensate for the long hours of fasting. food

and,

content

to let

Some of the prigoners well

enough

alone,

ate the

invented many

recipes for preparing their food into a glorious "piece do reaistencal

devined detailed diets donigned to atrotch the contents of thelr parcel to ite u

or

Occasionally, Save

cooking

ed.

There

|

the men time

were

too

Necessity prisoners, ingenuity

or

directly

shout

guard

over

stove

the mother tried

the

treading 1t to

in

that

In

snd

pencakes of

sinee

the

some

since

them,

Thia

to

be

o flourish place

of fact,

were

cooka

of the

dividing.

made

esoked

of

on

ovens.

top

After

a needless

treasure

failed

repeat-

a graat

had

to

cook,

miserably,

some

pots,

pans

and

spoons

deal

the

stove

carefully

word

the men did very well

elunsy

to

seldom

but. displayed

and

his

in quantity

was

necessity

bellies

Some

and

cookery

had

pot

thievery.

puddings

lack

af but

the

the

of and

men and

experimented a host

a leavening everything

weird

different,

developed

is probably

o

of

any

for

only

meat

and

advantage

All

didn't

was

eaten

barracks, to

at

kitchen

every

of

salmon

dishes.

these prisoners any

snd

thia

bad

the

similarity

taste

the

but

good or

even

with

nameless

agent

coneoctions,

Tt's a safe bet that

have

tha

would

evailable

of

They

with

Ags a matter

rate,

dishes

practice

mixing

any

sorts

of

baker

passible

et

their

Thia

cooking,

ell

end

cook

rationed.

enakes.,

none

ingredients

cakes,

the

delieloua

ecincicentel, petites

to

the prisoners

Deapite aroma,

to

at

and

of

then

canstand

were

quite

when we cone which

had

eans,

ckhoeolete

due

was

invention,

baking

utensils

tin

eddition

raisin

petite

only

from

mede

been

the

parcels

about

hands

lightly,

thwart

which

of

their

firebed

the

their

arguments

particularly on

pool

but all were artistic.

elder

before

the many

and mixing

tion

good

{6

Thoy

of

choosing

et

would

dishes

hamper to

the

the Last

times,

aromas

at

and

atyle

like iy

or ap

crumb,

'

had

a delicious

home

was purely

spurn

‘vacation!

prune,

locked

with tha most finicky

food

our

loaves,

nothing

at Stalag

ap-—

=

5

put

Luft W

A .MRTECIE'S

NIGHTMARE

FPOGD-ACGO

Ciyareattes in P.0.W. versal

addiction wade

EXCHANGE

TABLE

camp were priceless,

thes en

ideal

commodity

Their conventent size and unifor

camp

trades.

The

treagures of

a Ped Cross porcel ar possibly a package from home were often sold for s few cigi

arettes. ites

i

|

I | 1

was

buyer

_

Upon to be

hed

exchenge flation

+o be

receipt

of

suerificed found.

in

during

on

tais

the Kriegie

alter

of

There was usually

values before set

a package,

s desl was made. the

dry

apell

smoke. a great

prosperous,

Once deol

deliberated

the of

befora the arrival of

of course,

a new

shipment

cleaner

devising os we

non-snoking business man contentedly munching

some delicacy,

Lictea below is a table of typicel barter retes on the 'food-ecco! subject,

i

|| i

of

course,

to

changes

The

food entailed

| i

these

exchangsea

waa

FOOD

a

Vitanin

4,

|

Ascorbic

Riboflavin,

Tub,

oxchenge, — amou nt

Met e900

3

7

mee

90 2,2

5

55077

106.5

raticna iene

per

per

b 4 to Red eda mun fifor one re sonth es evbled

Aree eh eee 2 lbs.

3:

Fate-------------

J Ub, 15 52,

Suge—------- owe.

Ft,

6a

2

a

Sa

Oleomargerine

i

Corned

AO

a

12.0

Meat or fish-.-.-

Bigenite

Prines

mes

sega

iy

4 oz,

“Gon,

Potetoee.--..e2. ~ 935 lbs.

ieee

ithaa ascte ersc:

+2" aes

Coffea

Oe

CHEeRES Sooo

9

Belt & Pepper

ter

il pay

Ton

*

is

2.

4

Tuna or Salmon = 30.

a8

atives are as follows:-

cigs.

Oe

Pood paveoiss

oo.

1s

The Germen :

60

Pato

etenderé

1959

5000

Guz.

a

of

tar,

acid,

Checse

Lunch Yaet

vork:-

70

Tron, me

Paisins

Beef

sedentery

ae Tied

'

TOBACCO

D-Fer

Gross

in

ena.

60 olga.

Choeolate,

for men

gma.

Malle

*

fiveroge daily eontritntion

Thiemin, me.

a

Foch

Protein,

|

but with—

the

Average daily re-uirenents

2500

caleium,

to aut "

watehed

:

nQEanog

i,

and didn't

a

covtained in one Red Cross parcel.

i

‘i

in

datorios

of parecla,

the arrivel of a new pareel, we were again ceught in the sana vicious cycle. |

‘

the

end in-

new schemes

enviously

a

over

DIET

;

which

was meade,

hested bickering

He was better fed,

of the puffer who was constantly and resolutions filled our minds

as to

selection

The market fluctuated,

4A non-smoker was easily dietinguished. weer the harassed look fox a hoarder. Doubts

carefully

OF:OVRYIL

e Ses

one

2 de,

0

Cross representmt

PAGKAGE Ng.

i

! :

-

CONTRWTS OF PRISONER OF KAP PARCELS

i

i

| a The

following

two

iteulzeé parcels

ere stondard Red

_

/

x="

!

1.

Milk, powdered ~---.---2---

16 02,

i!

2,

Prunes or Raising ---------

15 02.

fe

3.

Corned

---------------

1? az,

4

Park,

-------

12 0%,

---------

§ of,

|

:

=

1

i

°

iy

beaf

meat

luncheon

feseed

Cheese, :"

butter

------+------

&,

Peanut

7+

Saelgon ----2<-2-ecess5----se

¢

Suger, lunp ---------------

8 oz.

1

1D.

Avny @presd’-<---------2---

J oz,

_ iW

li,

Hiecuite,

7 oz.

D2.

Tam ---a---newer ennnn----

ff om

13.

Eggs, whole

& o2,

LAs

Coffee;

;

;

typa K-39 -------/ ried

soluble.

Salt & Pepper

------------+.-----

2,

Oleomargarine

|

’

|

a

whole,

powlered ------

16 oz,

-------------.

1lé oz,

3.

Prunes & Ratains: ----s------

15 o2,

4+

Corned Beef ----~-----------

12 oz,

§.

Pork,

------~-

12 oz,

6

Cheese, processed -------...

# o2,

7.

Tuna-or

@ azi

9.

d

8 93,

4G.

|

Milk,

&

oz,

6 oz,

8,

:

=

Choeolete ber (D) ---------

|

food packages.

Package Wo. fn}

iy

i

Cross

i,

10-1

lunchson meat

salmon -=------25---

Sugar,

Lump

Bieouite,

------.8525. fear aie

type Lor

&

OZ,

2------

7 oz,

10.

Chocolate bar,

D---.

&oz,

dl.

Liver pate -----------------

doz,

2.

Jem

29)

Coffee -s-ssoneecescclclll | a oR)

ij.

Salt & Pepper ----------.- --

loz

15.

Multivitamin tablets -------

16

Ration

----5-22+------..

OF.

&

ee

|

j a 1

If

parcel!

a prisoner

of war was

a hospitalized

casualty,

he

received

an

tinvalid

/ which was basically the same as the stundsrd food package but sontedned

fooda especially “ f

adapted to the needa of the

sick.

‘These agually arrived tn bulk

form,

Upon release from P.0.¥W.

«----s.-..0..

kit.

It contained

camp,

the necessities

@ prisoner was given a especial Home Caring usually

taken

on an averege

business

trip,

such

ff, toilet articles, hygienic equipment, underclothes end other small articles, It ‘feo held several games to help pase away those last few doys before heading hone.

ARTS

Classes,

AND CRAFTS

of

and

feeling

alizing ary

aorry

tha

futility

and made

Iuties,

as

Soners

such,

of

war

in the

of the

himeelf.

were

from

long

the

day

of

the

f1%

of

are

from

camp

the he

into

alternately

shock

not

of

sought

the

routine

required

to

capture

company

and

for

compelled

This te

coneamed

find other means

a few

in

short

sharminutes

of occupying

timers

at

for stories

of the

latest

weren't

the

lief from the

or

of

rules

fair ploy

A library

was

of

quite

the

a good

was

had

enough for

auch new

already of

heard

the

fill

the

sone

form

of

lite.

opportunity clubs

to

and

in # spirit

established

with

hours

the of

teams,

up on All

of intense books

selection

which

but

which

on all to

librarians

to insure proper distribution.

out copies

and inflicted fines

choose,

times

Had

and

aud-

outside.

Still The

recreation

oe

or pursue

conducted

literature

hobbies,

seeording

The:

to the

7

a

by

coming

the YeMAC A, into

camp,

mpervised repairs on

taoge

in

were

religion,

2

sports were

and

due

to

a lack

confisested

popular

substituted,

they of

were

claimed

dusk

during

the

and failings

of

winter

roommates

by means

of bridge

interested, merely

with

There the

Subjente

some

art

exavéaetions

Discussions

other

by

selonctes,

and

were

about

given

tao

etate

ware

conducted

of

equipnent,

Envaral

shisments

were

by

sert

the

since

watehing rae

Ca

fo?

requirea

played.

in.

Series

tho

tyeir

osn

tte

5 tell vas got

a World

from

the

oarmiengs

these

wher

to

gees

play-off

ede

ot

baper

o piene

of

souehoay's

}ere

nighte

end

a cosetent

no

knovledge of

while

affort

touvnaments vera

ventileted

sna

«lose

was sade

arives

superior

oyurded,

prowess,

the at

6nd

of

eribbage

shuttered

managed

at

faults

unfriendly

re

to keep

victor

least

on

end

magnified

to overcome which

pame,

bridge

were

quarters

chess matches,

meterisl hia

the

barracks

2 Bowl

field

And

sheckera

badly

tue

bunk,

chess,

The

- rolldd-up

scross

card

and

egiis-

batted

binsehle,

gieved,

ia

line?

or

Poker,

zauaes

cmasenent,

aveilehie, thé

tedle ts Ae

vind

and gulae enthusiasts.

following.

leng

and

BON=Partlelpants

imoroviced

predominant

an avid

Tha

pingpong

wlth paddles

the

teste

verious

barreecs

langusges,

eveilable,

paraphernalia

were most

there were the card were

All

seldew

sex

limited

these

sort

various

in the

debates.

were

though

conducted

interested,

peneils

in

was

as

net

alao

content

thers

had

until

to be

someone

eould prove otherwise.

A few prisoners volunteered as

They also

tut

Jacket

everyone

ond

and

softball

cheered

lations

competition,

supplied

or

hearts

and many of the prisoners.

to

were

Bed slats were ugad os bate and,

course,

ares

Courses

containing

end

imaginary

prisonera’

prisoners.

and

sports

Indoors,

there

attended,

politics,

Cross

Football

as a messenger.

the days.

congenial

were

as = fresh

and

relaxing

studies

ware

both

world

all

crastiva or

cateh

censorship

held beyond the specified time.

snd

Time was cheap

rigid Gersan

from

reerait

too many

war

to

of prison

classes,

and

welcomed

the progress

news

the

formed

aplte

of

tension

Eriegies

in

heartily

necessity

adventege

of

camp

the others

newa

stories

recognized

took

and

ment.

that

poper

packages

shirt

Old

since

Outdoor of

any

wall

ware offered

informally

‘

were

learned

the union,

both

selves,

fence

of

life,

Corpse pri-

parti cipate

just

orally

re-

his mis=

of prison

lew, Air

business

sleaping

was requested to clean his bunk and sll

barracks,

the men were

at

since by international

sergeant,

the

days

situation,

himself

nil,

Each prisoner

clean-up and

to

few

recovering

over

effort

rank

firat

After

practically

labor,

genersl

tho

of brooding

a conacious

form of manual ed

for

apent

a

A new prisoner usually

the more

which

worn

;

It eecma everyone, P.0.".'s included, ed with

- suspension of library privileges = (. r

|

talent and waiting

to be

believes himself a genius,

Giscovered,

They

dulge their whims and either prove or disprove short atomiea and poois were written, some good,

‘The budding Pal AM

had

just bood-

e golden opportanity

their eriistic powers.

to in-

inny novele,

soma bad and some! indifferent,

8 quitem peat vith hie constant denend for pu: sudlenoa,

Sone

daya

in,

no

one

listening

with

many

of

been

published,

these

The

Some

written

by

Kriegies

played

of

their

art

guard

Red

iculous of

parcels

was

saved

of

water

wax

to

bristle

or

barracks

passing

Kriegies'

would

judguent.

mauling

pitch

Uowever,

and

the

wood

and

into

drawing the

have

since

fields, board

They of

One,

in

shaved

avery

boards,

from

and

soap.

sich

as

three

oil

shoe polish

Beraps

wood.

And,

when

in

work,

food.

tha

and

food

really and

end melted

down;

beautiful

york’

the»

artiste

wera

pot

famoua

who

seized

soap

people,

created

or

bellies,

fel-

with met=

art,

seraps

from

every or

plece

paper,

end lacdecapes. had

wera

colors;

of

precious

relief

to

effort

wrappers

the

the

human

draw on was

hig powers

spent

from parcela

in assenwas uaed

isboriously oil

souked

di,

was rendered from

hair was used

for the

brushes. posible

handioap,

of

art

were

produced

but‘in but

elvan

mind

easy to

none

carvers

weia

Gawlust

Cardboard

water

of

of

mops

had

to

hoarded

field

the

even

was

Chareoal

wood

modela

gun,

time

working.

They

statued

dimensional

lore

This

confiscated

and

who

sometimes

a masterpieca. their

the

Lt wholeheartedly.

substitutes,

chewed

and

enjoyed

their

plane

In

artist

of

Sculptors

Ship

Colored for

and

by whittlera

and

actual

by

Tn

in all

olrman,

and

from

civilian

them

was

heart

vee

tin

More

and

el

theoretical

might

blue in

apnreciste

+itbens

my

accurate

to

tie

esti¢etion, time.

He

then bast

It

had

ard in

waa

on selected

exeh

#

display.

glo¢k

constructed

Made

aseh

by

an,

cana.

these

they

Their

that

recorded

life,

cemp,

ao

outstanding,

whieh

spring

living.

exhibited

reworded

particular,

prison

not

were

judges

and

wheel

wore

created

being

busts

scores

were

than

into

overcome

backdrops

to

down.

to

and

audience

from

equipment.

pigments

and musical

secking

bare

end brush

the

scripts

absorbed

nailed

lager,

than in

but many

and

implements

at home.

his

program

touches

moulded

both

to devise

in paint

Deaplto

they

ones

from

actors

even more

the petiell

furnish

paper

the

prisoners!

satisfying

securely

which

the materials

canvases

in

in the

strew

constantly

incorporated

was

imagination

bling a5

it

burlap,

the most

their

not

around

to be

But,

and

the

settings

finishing

vere

save

or Loved

found

the

part

booka

both

far,

were made

precision

trash

put

of wood

low Kriagies

glue,

by

and

to

rooms

Crose

survived

Stage

waa much more

slwoys

Scrap

everyone

corracting

have

from

everyone,

to

materials

every

taken

were,

eating

barren

poems

themselves,

Necessary

The

others

attention,

cardboard,

artists

on

on

an important

were

was presented,

since

and

while

&® Polish

the men

foregoing fo

ecriticel

plays

out

The

listen

stories

theater

ennui.

play

would

efforts

proved

ta

be

wholehearted

evidence

tant

irretrievably

would life

efforts

though

hia

own.

be

classified

suvera to

a man's

for

baese

S0rmount

bocy

aa

be

the

Epare men

time who

ware

obstacles

held

in

hobbies

and

bondage,

aliys eahise

hia

HOSPITAL

eral

health

the

The

Germans

prisoners

only

either were

in

treated

regular

furnished

allocated eritiesl

themselves barracke

though

Aid

room,

fel,

for

the

stove.

therefore

the

most

their aches. ally

establish

and

some

of

were

designed

for

this

their

reserved

to all

ration

Prisoners

and

The majority of

the First

for medical

requests,

it was

of the

hospital of Ald

the

warmest

They

room,

hela nod

in the

experience

source food

‘These

lo

organized,

type

of

All

of

was

entitled

His

treatment

dismigeel.

Tut

nods

and

=

wes usu-

;

glencea

doctors,

dispensaries.

captured

They

equipment.

equipment.

to

doctors

supply chose

honesty,

pénsable.

All

‘for thelr

services,

The They

were

cournge

and

werg volunteer

allowed

despite

did

periodically

staff

needa from

ability

only

the Lack

Red Cross

the medical their

ct Dunkirk,

trained

their

utmost

dispatched

the

workers aud received

to

men

prigoners,

although

necessities

staffa,

sediesl

who

were

the

there

of

means

with

to

by

complately

checking

contagious

contemination

over

the

-

casee

Were

to

hoapitals

i

trested

Sleal

Sent the

and

sanitize

every

possible

disease.

Waster and

the Men were

given

pariod-

common

of the

were

The Red Cross, weeks

stert.

for admittance

though not

the prison

to the

sinee

each

to

hospital,

hospital

ease

in addition to the regular

worthy of mention,

only

wera

reluctent

Aa soon os the British stefr

aa patients

However,

were

cases

requiring

admitted.

grounds.

waa a concomplete

Miputees

AL]

other

bed

and eargery

ailments

were

before

words

At cannot

for their

‘Salute and acknowledge

the xri egies

conditions, aywollen

there

joints,

opportunely, the Black

they

marked

least

thia

exprees

efforts,

despite overshelming

of

were Athleta'a was

Lo

attributed

Foot

complete to

and lice but,

cure

for

a dietary

either

lack

and phy-

very prevalent,

huge end the ging was rough. vaturn

accepted

attention

outside

and

also

very

evacuation,

the Kriegies. Mere

prisoners

of requests

retion,

medical

living

reshes

od

impending

be

usual,

complaints

crowded

Skin

a few

to

the

barrecka,

inactivity,

toxin

doctors,

rush

the German daily

special

in

British

aager

or

kits whieh

benefits or rat

signa

the

epidemics

prisonare

a sudden

isolation

all

Major

because of. the German

rest,

affliction.

proved indi. !

lacked

to the special Red Cross Hoepital Parcel

improvement

dress

~

for

were

Sidereble

beosuse

selected

all

of the

was

Also,

but

then with:

they

isolating

arrival

prisonera

The most

for one month,

inexperienced

no extre

drags,

supply

speciel

of one hundred

atone and

of

berest

avert

tested

parcels.

arrived at eanp with orders. the

to

in at the hospitel

wes

head-

Although

and

were

the

tha

job with many

managed

infection

for

and

men.

check-ups,

cheek

volunteered

call!.

of

Before

barracks

the

they

supplies

were

supplies,

an infertor

a thankless

‘sick of

Aid

for

conoeseion

room

but

room,

use.

one

of briskete,

with Firet

sick

a curt

made

use

the P.0.¥.1s

a few chaire end a cabinet

ocoseionaliy

glence

Britieh

other

‘The

were

Consequently,

miracles of medicine

ings

facilities

a dowble

popular,

in.

the

bench,

deaf

allowed

checked

for

sick Kriegies.

Tn 1943,

performed

2 table,

doctor

e perfunctory cure

which

sa custediens

A Garmian

didn't

to

they

services

or used

usually

Firat

in the Vor Lager

condition

rooms

with a cot,

The Gertians,

a building

camp,

of

delivered

March.

When

furiously,

disease

WES

our gratitude

They

Lonesome

futigie they all of tham,

in

a large the a

to

the

received nothing and despondent,

saw us through

doctors

race

avoided

supply

of typhoid

were

againat

informed

tine,

on

the march,

camp

doctors,

to

antiof the

inoeulate

Their

task

was

but abuse from the Germans just like

the

to the bitter end.

rest

of us,

We proudly

in

and

|

CHAPEL.

void

by

organizing

services. Although

religious

and

igineted

no

ed

classes

bible great ite

with

varioua

the

Their man

were

reserved

to

||

Tha

|

Other

|)

wos most

other

the

their

party High

hapny

man's

di anourage

for

when

the

cemps

services

but

the

hours the

The

men

Bible

resembled

beards,

reading

See

divine were

rescquainting

rooms

monk-like

to

need

thenselvee.

spent

times,

Luft

IV

They

could

were Englishmen

bitterly

openly

religious

oppose?

attend

articles,

en

altar

held

from

or

scrape

both

daily

te euch

the

even

under

those

religions

while

the Germans

of The

the

or-

real

Meny

men may

previous

the

proved

haeaset

theneelves

and

¥oted

to

and

supplied

and

with

slats

e very

posted

openly

adverse

prayer

needs

Ger-

of the

hymn books,

by the ¥.M.C.A, fron

their

admired

conditions,

were

good

e& sentry the

epiritusl

enjoyed

denied

this

Christmas

end

in the

the

privilege

As

room

at

fortitude

eccmforts

of

by virtue

Church,

such as

seemed

with

them.

longer

and

more

Qur

padres

did

Easter,

empty

thalr

because

their

of

best

were particularof

tho

to help

many

fill

uel

all

human

of

that

Sincere

giidance

and

the

to

their

leave

Promigea

in

with

camp,

were

but

humility were

upon

Made

Have YOU

of

dey

the

supplement

into

efter

to

reguler

meéda

dignel

eloge

of

the

or

the prisoners

brush

with

eternity,

Even

the

{usignificance bad

of the Almighty.

holiueys

athiestic

number. hie

comp

barracks,

agnostic

a negligible face

the

they

cur

their

in the

hands

but

religiously

spent,

to plenre

all

hours

were

Meny

as

a

their de-

Him, of

the Reverends

tireleas

the

reduced

the prisoners

thanks

who, through

in

efforts

score

ell

days,

was

knee

of

ta

performances

themselves

War

deliverance the

settling

of

Thomases the

pageants

spirit

coneidered

bent

end

profesoicual

the

Prisoner

Weniber our promises.

bunks.

attendance.

Lynch

neninity.

the men.

Germens

quite

were

spiritual

overcame

my moat

trust

eure

brought

doubting

After

and

Dunkirk.

of

recitsls

very

have

their

man.

hopes

diseugs-

ond

of heart

4 monastery,

at

finally

to

nunber

mere

weren't

more

conduet-

affiliaticns.

hours

aseociated

by

es

captured

and

the

lumber

sand Sundey

cetherings,

and political

of

improvised

giards

"e"iorles

among

whom Ait

These

days,

ont

say,

for prieats and pinisters,

prisoners’

holidays

lomesome

they

was built

who

to

diaposul

I'm

necessary

meetings.

men,

drive

religious

sporting

at Stalag

that

ware

of

stories.

commendable,

built

equipment

respective

ly

confined

so

for

their

Bible.

and vestments

religious

of

the

Some

many

of Kriegies,

at

Neadlesa

discussions

prisoners,

groups

Services

|

the

of

want.

religious

inspirational

prisoners

at all

and

meand

completely

facilities

disapproval

cancles

not

of

padres

prieoners.

could

every

time

tales

work

employed

in

many

The

they

solace

boon

with

ing

Germans

services,

guidance

8

j

the

They

choral

Stalag

Luft

Anthony

H,

efforts,

helped

liberation, Life

Long

forgotten?

us

«ith

devotion

IV

will

Jeckson, enjoy

a new tit

jein

ne

in, extonding

Rex Morgen the

comforts

realization bow

Many

of

of us

end T.T. 2. of

apirit-

Godta still

neg re-

St. Josepha Bugle Streat, Southhampton Slat. October, 1948.

ia

the Chriatmas

the

boys

herd My Dear Frienda, Charlia Luft

were

me

to write

this little

letter

to former P.0.W.te

Imow

whether

inalde

do sometimes

you

find

it

the barbed

wire

at Chriateas,

coma back to me,

What a camp it wae

as hard

some

aa T do +o Time

realize

heala

that

moat

same,

to make

with

things,

Keifhelde

our life

lest

touch

years end

it

bearable,

with

snd how we

clgarettes most

and then the gradual

of

the

(or waa 1t Grogse Tische?),

cheered

when

I never

hia

Wherever

he

parcels

I¥.

Ones

we mored

from

saw again nor heard ftom Padro Mor=

T prey Luft

very

a good

thet who

I write are

ita

were

can

but

end,

They

were

he dosent+

with

nations

great

put

hia

the worst

together.

of I

men.

Captain

address,

go I

the

Staff

shall

Camp never

Mctee

oan't

forget

the States.

He deserved one if any man

my hat

off

right

to Captain

thera

sends me

anewer.

a greeting

He and t

to worry us.

how hard

ever did.

the Dea

the

my mind

servers

and

We faced with

to tha

too,

Ingaraol

helped

me

T henr back

and

the

others

my

of and

baya

camp

who

littla

my Cetholic

how

hymn,

to the

Ged

to mé,

The

they

did.

Our Lord

will

dwelled

going,

those

memories

whether

who

of meny

friend

bless

now

thet

never fine

in need

agein

ell

they

came boys

aru

for me who

ie the

book ara

weren't

one

thet

this Christmas

helped

bodyeusrd,

bless

Your

devoted

ate

to |

;

SSS SE

SS ee

who

home. going

hin,

were

counta,

of 1948,

padra,

at

Plenee

God,

now.

Catholics

tharain.

Sous of my Catholic boys ssnd me a card round Christmas time, and those our daya of ‘'gefengenachaft!,

choira

» lot.

Mokeo.

fhe only links thet remain with

compound

Joe,

hie medical

I take thig opportunity

I think

moss

bitters “y

some tough

yaar.

Whenever

every Christmes,

stayed

worked

tune,

exch

in

good.

remember

gen nor Padre Jackson who both suffered with me in our little room in the Hospital — Bina

seng

tha

friend

this,

atill

some of

clear

and hat

TV - all

6

in 1944

good friends them

was

of you

who

music

or

There

in my mind

is.

and perieps

very

some

he

they are;

hava

the Christmas

there.

Perhaps

itself those

the Night,?

sang

Mags

forget of Luft

Holy

feults,

fixes

especially

to make

Christmas

T

that

me,

I em wondering,

inside, gaol-boya

who

job.

For all

getting things om

those American

worked

boys

do my

1944

helped

the Night,

the

Still mem

There was the terrible experience that moat of you had

the all-important

IT have

four

etd and some to raige a emilo.

on the long way up to it from the station; genised

and

me

ts as well that we dontt think too often or too easily of those days. ories

of

Iv.

I don't ago We

asks

——.

Staleg

they

"Still

Janis

who

of

end

who

T

the men

were

dont¢

of

MATE

The lack

eingle fll

prisonera

man

word

the

complicated

and

it was,

defining

The

s00n became the

depertment

apelling

it merely

fret

familiar

and

governing

of

every

the Kriegepefangenenpoat,

ineoming

pronunciation

meana Prisoner

thought

with

and

outgoing

the Ger-

mail.

of Kriegegefancenenpost,

Despite

broken

down,

aa

soon

more

or

less,

form

cerd

of

the

to

plen

beeause

ites

and

from

loved

relieve

left

a amall

sifted

to

blank

section

through

instences,

sending

hie

weeks

month.

At

ne mail

was

writing

lost

were

first,

received ita

However,

after

the

worry

of

the

Germans.

to

be

his

remarks

passed

before

of

filled

reserved

these

allowed the

and

with

capture,

was

to

those

This

home,

news

in with

for personel

in

at

only

ean attempt

was

sent

on

the most

remarks.

done,

the men looked

the prisoner

times

but

to

share

ates,

woo

and ell

a few at

hit

least the

surrounied were

write

four

eeemed

pertinent

useful

wae permitted

folding-type

inadequate

insurance

forward

Stayec

mall

no

of

juckpot

by

the men

seti efied.

from home.

They

times until

finally

It

soon

the

on mail in the

wae

to mail

repented

he

but

delivery

of

and

the

montha

letters

and

day,

were

compound,

like manne

the worda became

cell

with

undying

his place

in-

censora

opportunity

to

of

happiness 'Kings read

and

the

passed

written,

of those for

hope,

ranks who

a Tay’,

All

re-read

if

their

news

CLlegdise

S0TS.

was

were

Some

heaven

to the men,

end letter and read

illegible from

phen

the

men

but

ereatly

watched

bales

and

finetions

The would

were

themselves reeented

of

held

tried

used

in

an

a code

but

the

effort

or

almost

the point

salutation

and

sneak

sone

neve

between

the

to

ec ‘rend

to

starving

sleng

from

the

which

probably

hoped

would

Gernons

nor

any

passed

the

cenaoras

if they

latter

they

which have

follows

termacd

SERVICE

Stuip

enearering

this

mail

thia

past-

absence

of

ward

being

burned

in

the

of

complete

oT

linest

camp

the

letter

crtiele

closely

life

eyaten,

othera There

from

so

howe

DES

PRISONMIERS

DE

UNITED STATES

OF WAR

NAME

No.

NOTE ON FLAP}

untal

for nmewa

AND

SUBSIDIARY CAMP

Germans

FRISONER

OF WAR,

No,

No, _.

NEW

YORK,

N.Y.

HMPORTANT:

on PMSOWERS IM GERMAN HANOG THE PRISONER OF WAR NUNIT BE CLEARLY INORCATED IF KHOWN, IT MMT NOT BE CONFUSED WITH THE ARMY SERIAL, SisULD HUMBER, a Bi Bae

ere Mer Ld

reesrin-

the

handling. VIA

no

a Lettor

fortun-

PRISONER

using

na

POSTAGE

RANK AND NAME {CAPITAL LETTHIRS)

san-

was

PAR AMNION

re-

ot

there

Gy

ENTE

the

tried

were

AFFIX

GUERRE

methods

through

esnsora,

resembles

disintegration

Various

COUNTRY ___

and

in

in other

acceptable.

CharT

the contenta. countless

other

the

signature,

PRISONER OF WAR POST —— eee KRIEGSGEFANGENENPOST

court,,

any

defested

mail,

to

The

than

effent a? thie lack of they

by Gccipying they

they

censored

nothing

have

letters

constant folding

severely

leaving

CAMP from

forget

Nevertheless,

particularly

sho

not

did. They

to

among

faster

ineinerstor,

all

letters

# prisoner mieht im

the Kriegies

information.

the

cards

ag

disappointments,

resumed

luck

handled the envelope

tried

activities.

ones,

All meil

a Geren

The Garman

to uncover

of

di spateh

This

was

the morsle

eubjugetion

prisoners

interest.

After

ceive

to

number

sould be were present. away

the

camp

of knowing eech

A proper

card.

The P.0.W.1e

down

The Germens made use of the psychological

maintain

exe, gerated

Some

broke

of War mail.

prisoners,

¢onveniience

epaces

end

carefully

possible

at

with

foretion

In

aa

factor.

mell

Lager

mail

of mail

way

:

F

7 | t @

.

i

ESCAPE

i '

On no

i

3 LEPTER FROM A KRIRCTE Place:

Who Cares?

Tater

Titte

i

trip

opportinity