Bray at war 1920–21 — Henry Cairns

BRAY – Henry Cairns

Bray RIC, August 1921. Photo: Courtesy of Henry Cairns

Bray at war 1920-21

In January 1920, in response to ongoing attacks on the RIC, advertisements appeared in the British newspapers for recruits for police service in Ireland. The pay was 10 shillings a day. New recruits began to arrive in Ireland in late March and because of a shortage of police uniforms were dressed in a mixture of army trousers and RIC tunics, hence their nickname ‘Black and Tans’. By October, there were over 2,000 of these men in the country. In addition, a second force was recruited from ex-British officers and were paid £1 a day. They were divided into companies of 100 and were sent to the most troubled areas. This force became known as the Auxiliaries and they were not subject to trial by civil courts. Both these forces were recruited from battle-hardened

men and their notoriety stemmed from the ferocity of their violent tactics.

The Bray Company of the IRA continued to parade weekly, and in the spring of 1920 at a parade held in the Shankill Volunteer Hall, members took an oath of allegiance to Dáil Éireann administered by the Dublin Brigade OC Dick McKee. At this parade, the company OC Michael McGarry resigned in favour of Laurence O’Brien, a more experienced man. McGarry was then elected 1st Lieutenant. Thomas Mooney, a pawnbroker's assistant was elected 2nd Lieutenant; Jim Brien, Bray Adjutant; Jim Toole, Bray QM; and Mick Brien, Abbeyview, Intelligence Officer.

The attacks begin

On 29 April 1920, Sergeant John Brady RIC, a 50-year-old Bray man, became an early Wicklow victim of hostilities when he was killed in an IRA attack on Rush barracks, Co. Dublin. Shortly afterward, in May 1920, an attempt was made to attack a military lorry at Crinken on the Bray Road, and throughout the Bray Company area, telephone, telegraph and post office equipment was destroyed, while in Newcastle, a raid for arms was carried out on the home of a British Officer, the captured arms being transported to Bray by rail on a commandeered railway truck.1 On 19 May, the Evening Mail reported that a Flying Column of the 11th Hussars had been posted to the Powerscourt Estate in Enniskerry. Supplied with armoured cars and lorries, this unit immediately began to patrol the mountainous districts of County Wicklow which had previously been patrolled by the RIC in a motor lorry. It was also reported that the military was to take over the workhouse at Loughlinstown, the inmates having been transferred to the Dublin Union.

Local elections 1920

The local elections on 1 June 1920 resulted in a landslide victory for Sinn Féin. Out of 12 seats, Sinn Féin won 11 with the 12th going to Lord Powerscourt, a Unionist. The first meeting of the new County Council took place on 18 June. The elected members were:

Robert Barton, Sinn Féin, Annamoe. Christopher M Byrne, Sinn Féin, Glenealy. Joseph Campbell, Sinn Féin, Enniskerry. William Grainger, Sinn Féin, Carnew.

Patrick Healy, Sinn Féin, Rathdangan. Bernard Kelly, Sinn Féin, Tinahely. Andrew Kinsella, Sinn Féin, Tinahely. Joseph Lynch, Sinn Féin, Bray. Patrick Murphy, Sinn Féin, Bray. Felix O’Rafferty, Sinn Féin, Arklow. John Redmond, Sinn Féin, Greystones. Lord Powerscourt, Unionist, Enniskerry.

Robert Barton was proposed for the chair, his imprisonment was deplored and his release demanded. He was unanimously elected in his absence. The Vice-Chairman, Joseph Campbell unfolded a tricolour and placed it on the table amid scenes of great enthusiasm. A resolution supporting Dáil Éireann was passed unanimously and Christopher Byrne, who was ‘on the run’, was accorded a warm welcome. In early June, the IRA in Wicklow Town warned local girls against fraternising with members of the Crown forces. In September, a party of Volunteers from the Bray Company was engaged in felling trees on the Killarney Road in preparation for an ambush on the ‘curfew’ car, when it was surprised by a military patrol. In the ensuing engagement, Volunteer Joe Cullen was wounded.

The Killing of Volunteer Willie Owens

On 4 December, Crown forces raided the Sinn Féin rooms in Sunnybank, Little Bray. The premises were ransacked and Patrick Waldron, Nicholas Mulvey, Patrick Sutton and Thomas Martin were arrested. The homes of these men were searched and they were removed to Dublin. On the evening of 10 December, a raid was carried out on the Volunteer Hall in Shankill, Co. Dublin (C. Company area). The raiding party was composed of members of the Cheshire Regiment under Major Shore, based on the Powerscourt Estate. A meeting of C. Company officers had just finished and some of the men were playing cards when the military arrived. The men were placed against the wall with their hands up and searched. A shot was fired from another room and section leader Willie Owens fell dead with a bullet in the head. Originally from Shankill, Owens had been working in New Ross and was on the run from there. Two other members of the company were arrested, Dan O’Rourke and James Murphy. O’Rourke was found in possession of a revolver, while Volunteer Tom Brien of Bray managed to escape. The funeral of Willie Owens took place on 21

Volunteer Willie Owens, shot dead on the evening of 10-11 December 1920. Photo: Courtesy of Henry Cairns

December from St. Columcille's Hospital to St. Peter's Cemetery Little Bray. On the previous day, a secret military enquiry was held into the killing. The Owens family expressed dissatisfaction at the decision to hold the proceedings in camera. The military issued Mr. Thomas Owens, father of the deceased, with two orders, one permitting the burial of his son the other warning him against any procession or demonstration connected with the funeral. The second order was ignored, and the funeral was one of the largest held in the locality in many years. The coffin was carried by Volunteers, carriages and cars formed a long procession and there was a large gathering of mourners waiting at the church. At Shankill village and at Little Bray, crowds gathered in support. The military made no attempt to interfere.

After the death of Willie Owens, members of the Enniskerry section including Stephen Barry, Mick Dunne and Tom Fox2 made several plans to assassinate Major Shore, but to no avail.

Raiding for arms

According to OC Andy McDonnell,3 in about April 1921, because of the chronic shortage of weapons, C. Company began raiding houses again. A list of people

licensed to have firearms was hanging in Bray Post Office. This list was copied and the houses raided. In most cases, it was found that the weapons had already been handed in to the police but, a few more shotguns were added to the company’s arsenal. The company’s arms were distributed between three dumps. The first was in Lord Plunkett’s moat near Old Connaught, the second was a large wooden box buried in Shanganagh, the third was temporarily in the disused railway tunnel around Bray Head which was stocked with some shotguns and revolvers handed over by the Wicklow Town company. Soon afterwards, these weapons were moved to a new dump in an empty cottage near Shanganagh. This operation was carried out by Tom Sutton, Seamus Mac Sweeney and Tom Brien.

C. Company raided Bray Town Hall and took the Council's books, which were handed over to P. J. Farrell, Clerk of the Rathdown Board of Guardians. About this time, the company commandeered a stock of picks and shovels and crosscut saws from the council stores. These tools were used for trenching roads and felling trees, etc.

Three Crossley Tenders belonging to the British Army were stolen in Dublin and driven to Enniskerry where they were burned. Raids for arms continued in the C. Company area but with little success, however a few revolvers were purchased from IRA GHQ and at the end of the year, the battalion OC Andy McDonnell and Vice OC Brian MacNeill cycled to Bray with some hand grenades, which they handed over to ‘Steenie’ Mulvey whom they met walking along the Dargle Road eating a bag of chips. Mulvey gave his chips to the hungry cyclists.

First attack on Bray RIC barracks

By the end of 1920, the RIC barracks at Ashford and Roundwood had been abandoned. C. Company organised several ambushes on the roads leading to Bray in January and February 1921, but none of them came to anything. In early April 1921, two British army ambulances arrived on goods wagons at the goods yard in Bray, and Tom Sutton, Seamus Mac Sweeney, ‘Lukey’ Leggett, Peter Ledwidge and Tom Brien went to burn them on the orders of the Company OC. They climbed the railings carrying tins of petrol and commandeered a large drum of oil. The petrol and oil mixture was poured over the vehicles and within seconds they were a mass of flame. In the following days, the Bray section cut down six telephone poles on the Dublin Road, starting at Woodbrook.

Jack Sterling, Volunteer, Bray. Photo: Courtesy of Henry Cairns The Bray section of C. Company had pressed for an attack on the RIC barracks. The Brigade staff eventually agreed, but when the plan was presented to the Battalion Council for approval, it was decided to make it into a much bigger operation in which the whole Battalion would take part.

The plan provided that the Bray section would play the major role, while the other companies would take up positions around the outskirts of the town to prevent the arrival of reinforcements.

The RIC force in Bray at this time was about 40 men, with a detachment of 20 Black and Tans in the Courthouse and a contingent of the Essex Regiment occupying the Royal Hotel. These three positions were surrounded by barbed wire entanglements with sandbag defences in strategic positions and steel shutters on all the windows. The defenders were equipped with revolvers, rifles, Lewis light machine guns, hand grenades and as much ammunition as they required. In addition, they had rockets to fire to summon help. C. Company on the other hand had six good revolvers, three Lee Enfield service rifles and a small supply of hand grenades. However, in advance of the attack, which was planned for Saturday 11 April, additional arms and ammunition were transported into the area.

About an hour before the attack was to commence, Brian McNeill the battalion QM called on the Company OC and cancelled the attack. The reason given was that someone was working on supplying a small cannon and it would be better to wait until it was available. The cannon never materialized and permission was given for the original plan to be put into effect on the evening of Saturday 18 April. The personnel involved were: bombing party, Jack Sterling and Mike McCarthy; riflemen, Laurence O’Brien 1st Lieut, Tom Sutton, Pat Brien, ‘Lukey’ Leggett and Tom Brien.

The attack began at 10pm when Sterling and McCarthy moved into position at the wall under the Courthouse. They lobbed their hand grenades at the door of the barracks and beat a hasty retreat down the Mill Lane. They were seen by a Black and Tan from the Courthouse who opened fire, but they escaped unhurt. The door of the barracks was usually left open, but on this occasion it was closed and the grenades exploded harmlessly on the footpath outside.

Laurence O’Brien, the Company OC retold the story:

After the bombs were thrown, a few minutes were allowed to let our comrades and any civilians in the area to get clear We had taken up position at 9 55pm under cover of the low wall on the Dublin side of the Dargle River, within 50 yards of the barracks There were only 3 service rifles available for the attack and these were used by Vols Tom Sutton, Pat Brien and myself After our bombers were safely away, we opened fire on the police who had come out of the barracks to investigate the explosions, they beat a hasty retreat and concentrated fierce fire on the Main Street and Bray Bridge

The firing continued unabated for about half an hour. After our first volley, we ceased firing but remained in position until the firing from the barracks died down. We then directed a second volley at the barracks, this resulted in a second fierce fusillade similar to the first one again directed up the Main Street. We again held our fire until the enemy fire died down and then gave them a third volley. Rockets were sent up summoning help and firing continued unabated until re-enforcements arrived 2 hours later

4

The rifle section men had arranged to sleep away from home, but the arrival of the Auxiliaries made this impossible as they were firing wildly along the Quinsborough Road and roads leading off it. Laurence O’Brien made his way to his home on Duncairn Avenue, where his wife noticed that he was bleeding freely from the chin and that his shirt was soaked in blood. The wound was quickly dressed and the blood soaked clothes burned in the kitchen range, before the Auxiliaries kicked in the door and arrested him. The men who were arrested that night stated that they were beaten with rifle butts by the Auxiliaries, but O’Brien was at pains to point out that no local police took part in the beatings. All eight men arrested were taken to Arbour Hill prison in Dublin.

The following evening, Brian Mac Neill, Battalion QM, held a meeting of company officers and appointed Tom Sutton OC and Jack Sterling Adjutant. Extensive damage was caused to the town centre with almost every shop window broken in the lower Main Street and the west end of the Quinsborough Road. The report on the attack in the Wicklow People on Monday 18 April 1921 stated that the barracks, courthouse and an eight-man police patrol who were in the vicinity of the picture house, Quinsborough Road, were attacked at about 10.45 pm. The police returned fire and an engagement took place in front of Duncairn Terrace until the police succeeded in reaching the house of Detective Inspector Lowndes where they took cover. Later that night, the following were arrested: Johnny McCaul (Town Clerk), Owen Brien, Laurence O’Brien, Tom Martin, Jack Martin, J. and P. Hoey, J. Kenny, J. O’Toole and P. O'Brien and P. Martin of the Urban District Council.

Report to IRA GHQ on the attack of Bray Barracks on 18th April

1921.5

The OC of C Coy sent two men armed with bombs as near to the barrack as they could safely go, these two men landed the grenades at the door of the barrack both exploding simultaneously The enemy made no reply The OC then took up a position on the golf links with six men, across the river from the barracks and opened fire. The enemy then replied with volleys of rifle and machine gun fire and sent up a verey light. The OC then withdrew his men and dismissed them Military reinforcements arrived later from Enniskerry camp

Ammunition expended – 24 rounds of 303

Casualties – NIL

Second attack on Bray RIC barracks

On 6 May, Bray barracks was attacked again. The Wicklow People reported that alarming bursts of rifle and machine gun fire were heard in Bray when a sustained IRA attack on the barracks and courthouse took place. The assault began when two grenades were thrown at the rear of the barracks followed by a volley of rifle fire. According to the report, the courthouse was struck by rifle fire from St. Paul’s churchyard (C. Company always denied using the churchyard) and the Mill Lane. No casualties resulted on either side.

Report to IRA GHQ on the 6 May attack6

On the evening of May 6th 1921, 6 men of C Company carried out an attack on Bray RIC barracks 6 picked men under the command of the 1st Lieut Tom Sutton [Laurence O’Brien was in jail], took up positions on the Quinsborough Road and the Golf Links Our men opened fire on the barracks and threw 2 hand grenades. The action was not sustained The enemy replied with machine gun fire, rifles and grenades, concentrating on the Main Street and the Golf Links, Verey lights went up and reinforcements were called for Our men withdrew, having gained their objectives Ammunition expended: 16 rounds of 303 and 2 hand grenades

After this attack, the troop numbers in the Royal Hotel were raised to 100 men and barbed wire entanglements and sandbags were put in place.

Attack at Claffey’s Grove

Having received information that a British Army lorry passed regularly along the Dublin Road, it was decided that C. Company should ambush it. The site chosen for the ambush was Claffey’s Grove, a row of cottages and a pub situated roughly where the entrance to Shanganagh Cemetery is now. Two weeks were set aside for this operation. The first week would be taken by the Shankill section under section leader Josie Faulkner and, if nothing happened, the second week was allocated to the Bray section under Pat O’Brien.

Nothing happened during the first week, so the Shankill section pulled out and the Bray section took over. The Bray men taking part in this operation were Pat O’Brien, Tom Sutton, Stephen Mulvey, Seamus MacSweeney, Mick Brien, Jack Sterling, Tom Brien, ‘Lukey’ Leggett and Mike Scarff. They were armed with three Lee-Enfield service rifles, an assortment of double and single barrel shotguns loaded with buckshot, revolvers and a few hand-grenades. Tom Brien in his statement says that they waited nine nights before the enemy lorry appeared.

On the Thursday evening at about 9pm, a military lorry was observed travelling at high speed in the direction of Bray. When it was about 30 yards away from the ambush position, the riflemen, Mulvey, Brien and Sutton, opened fire. The lorry began to zigzag and fire was returned. As it passed the ambush site, the shotgun men opened fire and Seamus MacSweeney threw a hand-grenade,

Stephen Mulvey (centre, facing camera) meets Sean Lemass (right), 1947. Photo: Irish Press

which exploded immediately behind the lorry. All the while, the enemy’s bullets cut through the trees above the Bray mens’ heads. As the lorry passed the ambush position, Tom Sutton jumped over the wall, took up a firing position on the roadway and continued to fire at the enemy until they disappeared out of sight. The Bray section then withdrew, and dumping their weapons at Plunkett’s moat, made their way home.7

GHQ intelligence reported that one soldier was killed and two wounded.

Mistaken identity, fatal consequences

Laurence O’Brien was released from jail a month after his arrest and took command of C. Company again. He was not long free when on 13 May 1921, Laurence Brien, a gardener, was shot entering his home at School Lane beside the Town Hall by Black and Tans. He died at 2 am the following morning. Laurence O’Brien believed that Brien was shot in mistake for himself.

British Army road clearing operations at Carrignovac, Ireland, 10 June 1921. © IWM Q 107762 Laurence Brien. Shot dead at Bray Town Hall May 1920. Photo: Courtesy of Henry Cairns

Roads blocked

During the month of June, roads around the county were made impassable. Trenches were dug, trees felled, telephone poles cut down and telephone equipment destroyed. These activities were carried out on a large scale and imposed a heavy burden on the Crown forces. They reacted by rounding up large numbers of civilians, especially republican sympathisers, and forcing them to fill in the trenches, though some flatly refused to work.

Attack on Enniskerry barracks

On 27 May 1921, the IRA attacked the RIC barracks in Enniskerry. The attacking party consisted of a rifleman and a bomber armed with a revolver and three hand-grenades. The military camp was 140 yards away and the barracks was covered by a machine gun from there.

When the attack began, the bomber threw a grenade at the front of the barracks. When the bomb exploded, the rifleman fired two rounds at the front

of the barracks while the bomber went to the rear and threw another bomb. The rifleman fired three more rounds and the bomber threw his last bomb. When this exploded, both men retreated safely. The military replied with volleys of rifle fire, which continued for hours. It was concluded that the barracks was impregnable to grenade and rifle fire and too hazardous to assault because of the commanding position of the nearby military camp.

Several other unsuccessful operations were mounted in the run up to the Truce, including an attempt to ambush a Military Despatch rider on Ballymahon Road, an RIC patrol at the top of the Putland Road, an Auxiliaries patrol at Crinken and Black and Tans on the railway line at the Back Strand.

Notes

1 P. J. Brennan, BMH.WS1773 2 Statement of Volunteer Tom Brien in application for IRA pension. 3 Andrew McDonnell, BMH.WS1768 4 Laurence O'Brien, BMH.WS252 5 GHQ Reports 18.4.1921 6 GHQ Reports 6.5.1921 7 MacSweeney, Séamus, ‘The Fight in Bray’ in Dublin’s Fighting Story, 1916-21 (The Kerryman, 1948).