Discover_Evs_CB_Grade5_SS_AY25

Discover is designed to pique the students’ interest in EVS, both as a subject and as a practical experience, while also making them well-rounded individuals who interact with the world around them in a rational and meaningful way.

Product Package • Coursebook • Uolo App • Teacher’s Guide

DISCOVER The World Around Us

Environmental Science

Key Features

5

• STEAM Projects: Engaging, hands-on projects blending Science, Technology, Engineering, Art and Maths (STEAM) to inspire young minds •C ompetency-based Assessments: Test papers designed to evaluate the understanding of core concepts and application of skills •S tory-based Approach: Enchanting comic stories that bring learning themes to life, making education a captivating adventure • Picture-based Questions: Questions featuring visual stimuli to elevate comprehension, interpretation and critical thinking • Wonders of Bharat: Fascinating insights into India’s rich culture and heritage, designed to ignite a profound sense of pride and love for the nation

5

Sales Sample

Introducing Discover, a thoughtfully crafted EVS book that builds an understanding of, and nurtures a love for, the environment in young minds. In keeping with National Education Policy (NEP) 2020’s focus on competency-based education, Discover provides opportunities for learners to master key concepts, hone their critical thinking, develop the ability to make informed choices, and apply 21st century skills in their day-to-day lives.

Discover • Environmental Science

About the Book

About Uolo Uolo partners with K-12 schools to provide technology-based learning programs. We believe pedagogy and technology must come together to deliver scalable learning experiences that generate measurable outcomes. Uolo is trusted by over 15,000+ schools across India, South East Asia and the Middle East.

hello@uolo.com `499

ISBN 978-81-979364-6-3

Singapore | Gurugram | Bengaluru | © 2025 Uolo EdTech Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.

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NEP 2020 based

|

NCF 2023 compliant

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Discover Environmental Science

5

Acknowledgements Academic Authors: Tarunna Mendirata, Ankita Yadav, Yuvraj, Anuj Gupta, Urmi Maitra Creative Directors: Bhavna Tripathi, Mangal Singh Rana, Satish Book Production: Sanjay Kumar Goel, Vishesh Agarwal Project Lead: Sneha Sharma VP, Learning: Abhishek Bhatnagar

All products and brand names used in this book are trademarks, registered trademarks or trade names of their respective owners. © Uolo EdTech Private Limited First published 2025 This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior written consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser and without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above-mentioned publisher of this book.

Book Title: Discover Environmental Science 5 ISBN: 978-81-979364-6-3 Published by Uolo EdTech Private Limited Corporate Office Address: 85, Sector 44, Gurugram, Haryana 122003 CIN: U74999DL2017PTC322986 Illustrations and images: www.shutterstock.com, www.stock.adobe.com and www.freepik.com All suggested use of the internet should be under adult supervision.

Preface Welcome to the fascinating world of environmental science with Discover, a textbook that has been thoughtfully designed to spark curiosity, and nurture a love for understanding the environment in young minds.

In today’s rapidly evolving world, building a solid foundation in understanding the surroundings and environment from an early age is more crucial than ever. It lays the groundwork for observation, critical thinking, problem-solving, and the ability to make informed choices about the world around us. These skills are not just academic: they are essential life skills that empower young minds to understand and interact with the world around them in a rational and meaningful way. At UOLO, we believe that every child deserves to start this journey with the best resources available.

In this pursuit, Discover is uniquely crafted to provide a comprehensive and contemporary learning experience, meticulously aligned with the recommendations of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and the National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2023. The book incorporates the curricular goals and competencies outlined in the NCF 2023, ensuring that every chapter, exercise, and feature reflects these foundational principles.

This textbook transcends traditional teaching methods by adopting a competency-based approach, recommended by both NEP 2020 and NCF 2023, that emphasises not just conceptual understanding and critical thinking, but also application of key concepts, and problem-solving. It is designed to make learning both meaningful and relevant, equipping students with the tools they need to thrive in the 21st century.

Carefully curated content, NEP-specific tags, and a diverse array of elements have been seamlessly integrated throughout the book to nurture essential skills, values, and dispositions outlined in the NEP. Competency-based projects and assessments are strategically placed to help students master important concepts and develop higher-order thinking skills.

The book has the unique feature of being complemented by a graphic novella. Each unit of the book begins with an episode of the gripping sci-fi tale, which not only captivates the students’ interest and promotes reading, but also ingeniously connects with some of the core concepts that will be taught in the respective units.

Each chapter is also enriched with vibrant illustrations, relatable examples, and interactive activities to engage our young learners. Hands-on activities and real-life applications have been embedded throughout the book to instil a pragmatic mindset among students and make learning an enjoyable journey for them. Moreover, assessments ‘of, as, and for learning,’ as envisioned by the NEP and NCF, have been interwoven throughout the curriculum, providing continuous evaluation and meaningful feedback to students to support their growth and success.

The Discover product bundle offers a comprehensive EVS kit which includes a textbook that provides relevant and up-to-date content, concept building opportunities, projects, and assessments; a Teacher Manual offering extensive teaching support; technology-powered features, including engaging videos and interactive exercises for students; and digital lesson plans and an assessment generator for teachers.

In conclusion, Discover is designed to fascinate students towards their environment, both as a subject and as a practical experience in their everyday lives, while also making them well-rounded individuals.

We invite educators, parents, and students to embrace Discover and join us in nurturing the next generation of thinkers, innovators, and problem-solvers. Embark on this exciting journey with us and let Discover be a valuable resource in your educational adventure. 

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The Product Philosophy Welcome to the Discover journey.

The program is carefully designed to elevate the experience of learning EVS through an NCF-based, age-appropriate, pedagogically-sound, and engaging content. Teachers will be supported with a manual that offers comprehensive guidance to optimise classroom instruction. Furthermore, various assessment mechanisms have been built in to the program.

PRINT Engaging Textbooks Comic Stories Teacher Manual

ASSESSMENT Competency-based Model Assessments STEAM Projects Question-paper Generator

DIGITAL Student and Teacher Apps Learning Videos Interactive Tasks & Exercises Byte-size Lesson Modules

The Discover program is also augmented by a digital learning platform that offers powerful educational videos and interactive exercises to help children master concepts and skills in a joyful and fear-free manner. iv

Key NEP Recommendations The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, introduced by the Government of India, represents a transformative shift in the country’s education system. It aims to create a more holistic, dynamic and multidisciplinary approach to education. NEP 2020 focuses on fostering conceptual understanding, skills, values, and competencies that align with the demands of the 21st century, while also preserving India’s rich cultural heritage. UOLO is fully committed to actualising the vision of NEP 2020 by meticulously adhering to its outlined recommendations.

1. Focus on conceptual understanding 2. 21st century skills, values, and dispositions

Competency-based Education

3. Critical thinking and problem solving 4. Application in real life NEP Pages 12, 17, and 22

5. Holistic and integrated learning 6. Experiential learning 7. Enjoyable and engaging

Teaching and Learning Pedagogy

8. Discovery-based approach 9. Technology-based solutions

10. Knowledge of India

NEP Pages 3, 11, 12, and 27

National Pride NEP Pages 15, 16, and 43

11. Assessment of core concepts and application skills 

Assessments NEP Pages 12, 18, and 22

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Our Key Features: Aligning with NEP 2020 STEAM Projects

Engaging hands-on projects blending Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Maths (STEAM) to inspire young minds 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

11

Competency-based Assessments

Test papers designed to evaluate the understanding of core concepts and application of skills 1

2

3

11

Story-based Approach

Enchanting comic stories that bring learning themes to life, making education a captivating adventure 1

5

7

Explore More

Curated videos to find out more about key concepts 1

7

9

Do and Learn

Multidisciplinary, holistic, and fun-filled activities to internalise the concept better 2

vi

4

5

6

7

1

Focus on conceptual understanding

4

Application in real life

2

21st century skills, values, and dispositions

5

Holistic and integrated learning

3

Critical thinking and problem solving

6

Experiential learning

Translating Words into Action Error Alert

Concise snippets of information designed to caution against potential misconceptions 1

7

HOTS

Intellectually stimulating questions designed to encourage deep, analytical, critical, and evaluative thought processes 1

2

3

11

Interactive Quizzes

Digital worksheets on key concepts to supplement textbook exercises 1

2

3

7

9

11

Wonders of Bharat

Fascinating insights into India’s rich culture and heritage, designed to ignite a profound sense of pride and love for the nation 5

7

10

Picture-based Questions

?

Questions featuring visual stimuli to elevate comprehension, interpretation, and critical thinking 1

2

3

11

Life Skills

Simple activities and tips to develop a diverse set of essential skills for living well 1



2

3

4

5

6

7

7

Enjoyable and engaging

10 Knowledge of India

8

Discovery-based approach

11 Assessment of core concepts and

9

Technology-based solutions

application skills

vii

The NEP Tags The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 outlines essential skills, values, dispositions, and learning approaches necessary for students to thrive in the 21st century. This textbook identifies and incorporates these elements throughout its content, activities, and exercises.

Referred to as “NEP Tags”, they are defined as follows:

Art Integration ART

Bringing creativity and fun into learning by combining music, drama, and art with other subjects

Sports Integration GAMES

Using physical activities, sports, and games to make learning active and engaging

Holistic & Integrated Learning INTEGRATED

Cross-curricular and skill linkages to make the learning experience more holistic, joyful and meaningful

Teamwork TEAMWORK

Embracing the spirit of mutual collaboration and cooperation while working together to solve problems

Sustainable Development Goals SDG

SEL

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Unwavering commitment to create a green, peaceful, prosperous, and equitable and inclusive world

Social Emotional Learning

Developing the skills to understand and manage emotions, build positive relationships with others, and make responsible choices

Education Standards as per the NCF 2023 The National Curriculum Framework for School Education (NCF), released in 2023, is developed based on the vision of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. Its purpose is to enable the implementation of the NEP. The NCF provides guidelines for designing school syllabi and textbooks in India. It aims to improve the quality of education by making it more relevant, engaging, inclusive, and learner-centric. To achieve this, the NCF has articulated precise Learning Standards through well-defined Curricular Goals and Competency statements. These statements serve to harmonise the syllabus, content, pedagogical practices, and assessment culture, ensuring a cohesive and comprehensive educational experience.

Curricular Goals: Curricular Goals are statements that give directions to curriculum development and implementation. They are derived from Aims and are specific to a Stage in education.

Competencies: Competencies are learning achievements that are observable and can be assessed systematically. These Competencies are derived from the Curricular Goals and are expected to be attained by the end of a Stage.

NCF Page 51 Curricular Goals CG-1 Explores the natural and social environment in their surroundings

Competencies C-1.1 Observes and identifies the natural (insects, plants, birds, animals, geographical features, sun and moon, soil) and social (houses, relationships) components in their immediate environment C-1.2 Describes structures, relationships, and traditions in the family and community C-1.3 Asks questions and makes predictions about simple patterns (season change, food chain, rituals, celebrations) observed in the immediate environment C-1.4 Explains the functioning of local institutions (family, school, bank/ post office, market, and panchayat) in different forms (story, drawing, tabulating data, noting discussion), and analyses their role C-1.5 Creates simple objects (family tree, envelopes, origami animals) on their own using local materials

CG-6 Uses data and information from various sources to investigate questions related to their immediate environment

C-6.1 Performs simple investigations related to specific questions independently or in groups C-6.2 Presents observations and findings through different creative modes (drawing, diagram, poem, play, skit, through oral and written expression)

The above are snapshots of the curricular goals and competencies relationship for the Foundational Stage (NCF 2022, pages 59–60). The next section shows the coverage of all these competencies across the chapters.



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C-1.1 Observes and identifies the natural (insects, plants, birds, animals, geographical features, sun and moon, soil) and social (houses, relationships) components in their immediate environment

CG-1 Explores the natural and social environment in their surroundings

C-3.1 Describes the basic safety needs and protection (health and hygiene, food, water, shelter, precautions, awareness of emergency situations) of humans, birds, and animals

CG-3 Explains how to ensure the safety of self and others in different situations

C-3.2 Discusses how to prepare for emergency situations (pandemic, floods, landslide, unseasonal rains) based on discussions with family and community, or personal experiences

C-2.2 Describes the relationship between the natural environment and cultural practices in their immediate environment (nature of work, food, traditions)

C-2.1 Identifies natural and humanmade systems that support their lives (water supply, water cycle, river flow system, life cycle of plants and animals, food, household items, transport, communication, electricity in the home)

CG-2 Understands the interdependence in their environment through observation and experiences

C-1.5 Creates simple objects (family tree, envelopes, origami animals) on their own using local materials

C-1.4 Explains the functioning of local institutions (family, school, bank/ post office, market, and panchayat) in different forms (story, drawing, tabulating data, noting discussion), and analyses their role

C-1.3 Asks questions and makes predictions about simple patterns (season change, food chain, rituals, celebrations) observed in the immediate environment

C-1.2 Describes structures, relationships, and traditions in the family and community

Competencies

Curricular Goals

Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Mapping with NCF 2023

CG-6 Uses data and information from various sources to investigate questions related to their immediate environment

CG-5 Develops the ability to read and interpret simple maps

CG-4 Develops sensitivity towards social and natural environment

C-6.2 Presents observations and findings through different creative modes (drawing, diagram, poem, play, skit, through oral and written expression)

C-6.1 Performs simple investigations related to specific questions independently or in groups

C-5.3 Draws a sketch of their school, village and ward using symbols and directions

C-5.2 Reads simple maps of city, State, and country to identify natural and humanmade features (well, lake, post office, school, hospital, etc.) with reference to symbols and directions

C-5.1 Explains a mental map of their school, village, and ward

C-4.6 Identifies the needs of people in different situations—access to resources, equal opportunities, work distribution, shelter

C-4.5 Identifies needs of plants, birds, and animals, and how they can be supported (water, soil, food, care)

C-4.4 Discusses how natural resources can be shared and maintained (growing vegetables in flowerpots/kitchen gardens, use of rainwater)

C-4.3 Observes and describes natural resources in their immediate environment, and their use

C-4.2 Observes and describes cultural diversity in their immediate environment (food, clothing, games, different seasons, festivals related to harvest and sowing)

C-4.1 Observes and describes diversity among plants, birds, and animals in their immediate environment (shape, sounds, food habits, growth, habitat)

C-3.3 Develops simple labels, slogans, and participates in roleplay on safety and protection in the local environment to be displayed/done in school and locality

important because they provide oxygen to our body and rem carbon dioxide. They help in the exchange of gases.

Inhalation and Exhalation

Chapter at a Glance 3.

1 Partsofof Walkthrough Key Elements

Inhalation: When we breathe in, our lungs take in air contai

They organise activ

oxygen. This oxygen is then transported to the different pa of our body through the blood. The lungs expand during inhalation.

Our Body

camps, etc.

Take a deep breath in and count to five. Now, breathe

4.1 They provide an op carbon dioxide from our body. Removing carbon dioxide 1 Parts of such as properly. yoga, Comic Story: Exciting story built throughout the book, contains hooks to topics in a unit is essential for our body to function Thesport lungs Chapter Overview out slowly. Did you feel your lungs filling up with air?

Exhalation: When we breathe out, our lungs remove

Our Body

contract during exhalation.

Breathe out slowly and feel the air leaving your body.

Parts of Our Body

you feel it?

Chapter Overview: Outline Can of the key concepts covered in the chapter

Chapter Overview

Internal and External

Brain

Stomach

Liver

Kidneys

Do and Learn

With the help of your t Have you ever thought about what would happen if our hea Inhalation and Exhalation a list of these clubs. Jo INTEGRATED Get Set Get Set: A short and fun activity to aget bit scary to think about because we need our hearts to sta

Internal and Organs

2

Lungs Heart Parts of Our Body

D

1 Parts of Our Body

Heart

they provide to our body and remove Lungs important Heart because Stomach Liver oxygen Kidneys

Brain

External Organs

carbon dioxide. They help in the exchange of gases.

1

Get Set

Inhalation: When we breathe in, our lungs take in air containing

EVS_Story_Prototype Sec1.indd 1

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oxygen.

This oxygen is then transported to thetopic different parts heart by eating healthy food, exercising and feeling happy h learners excited about the new SEL

Find out the names of six body parts of from given word search. ourthe body through the blood. The lungs expand during

Chapter Overview

Find out the names of six body parts from the given word search. inhalation.

Parts of Our Body Internal and External Organs

Brain

Lungs

Heart

Stomach

Liver

arms

Get Set

eyes

legs

arms

Kidneys

ears

eyes

legs

Find out the names of six body parts from the given word search. eyes

legs

arms

tongue

nose

ears

tongue

3

important because they provide oxygen to our body and remove Take a deep breath in and count to five. Now, breathe carbon dioxide. They help in the exchange of gases.

The heart is reddish brown in colour. Its size is the same as t out slowly. your lungstongue filling up with air?

Inhalation and Exhalation nose ears Did you feel

slightly towards the left side of our chest. If you put your ha Exhalation: When we breathe out, our lungs remove feel your heart beating. carbon dioxide from our body. Removing carbon dioxide

Resident Welf Inhalation: When we breathe in, our lungs take in air containing oxygen. This oxygen is then transported to the different parts of our body through the blood. The lungs expand during inhalation.

Lungs

Take a deep breath in and count to five. Now, breathe out slowly. Did you feel your lungs filling up with air?

is essential for our body to function properly. The lungs Exhalation: When we breathe out, our lungs remove Inhalation carbon dioxide from our body. Removing carbon dioxide The heart pumpsExhalation blood tofor ourall This blood supplie is essential body tobody function properly. parts.

The lungs contract during exhalation.

Our body is like a big machine with many parts, each playing its own special role. In this contract during exhalation.

Introduction

Carnivores

Introduction

nose

Lungs

you think feeling good and taking care of our body helps us

Exhalation

Inhalation

chapter, learn about different parts of our body and how they work.

Did You Know? to other body parts. It also collects carbon dioxide and othe out slowly and feel the air leaving your body.

These are animals that eat only meat.let’s They have sharp claws toBreathe Internal and External Organs Our lungs can hold up to catch and hold the prey and long, pointed front teeth to tear itsCan you feel it? different body parts. Heart six litres of air.

Introduction Internal and External Organs flesh. Lion, eagle and sharks are few examples of carnivores.

Did You Know: Interesting facts related to the topic Carnivores eat other

Our body is like a big machine with many parts, each playing its own special role. In this chapter, let’s learn about different parts of our body and how they work.

9

Chapter 1 • Parts of Our Body

Organs are a different parts of the body work together toeach help usplaying stay healthy and animals Our body is like big machine withthat many parts, its own special role. In this perform all the activities we need to do. Organs are mainly classified into external and Heart chapter, internal let’s learn about different parts of our body and how they work. organs.

Omnivores

SEL

UEV25CB0401.indd 9 types of food. Bears, pigs and humans are a few examples of omnivores.

Carnivores eat other animals

and flat teeth to help them eat different types of food. Bears, pigs and humans are a few examples of omnivores.

Some animals like vultures and hyenas eat dead animals and are called scavengers.

Omnivores eat both plants and meat

Pause and Answer

Error Alert: Caution against misconceptions

Omnivores eat both plants and meat

We often think that carnivores only eat large animals.

Carnivores can eat small animals, such as insects, as well. For example, a frog is a carnivore that eats flies.

Sort the animals into groups based on their food habits.

frog

crocodile

Herbivores

deer

goat

Carnivores

Reproduction in Animals

tiger

cat

frog

Omnivores

Herbivores

by laying eggs

•

by giving birth to young ones

crocodile

Pause Answer: Short exercises tiger and cat betweenOmnivores the chapter to pause and Carnivores assess comprehension

deer

goat

Chapter 1 • Parts of Our Body

UEV25CB0401.indd 11

Reproduction is the process by which living beings produce young ones of their own kind. Animals reproduce in two ways: •

UEV25CB0401.indd 11

transport: to carry from one place to another (here, oxygen) expand: increase in size contract: decrease in size fist: tightly-closed hand with fingers pointing inwards

UEV25CB0401.indd 9

Sort the animals into groups based on their food habits.

Let’s learn about them.

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Functions of RWA 05-09-2024 19:18:54

The RWA performs man

1. Making sure that n working condition.

2. 5 Keeping the colony 11

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3. They organise activities like fairs, donation camps, etc.

3. They organise activities like fairs, donation

151

Chapter 15 • Animal Life

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Chapter 1 • Parts of Our Body

We often think that carnivores only eat large animals.

Carnivores can eat small animals, such as insects, as well. For example, a frog is a carnivore that eats flies.

Error Alert!

Think and Tell

11

The heart pumps blood to all body parts. This blood supplies oxygen and nutrients 9 to other body parts. It also collects carbon dioxide and other waste materials from different body parts.

Pause and Answer

Do you think scavengers are carnivores? Why?

transport: to carry from one place to another (here, oxygen) expand: increase in size contract: decrease in size fist: tightly-closed hand with fingers pointing inwards

UEV25CB0401.indd 11

Error Alert!

Think and Tell

Do you think scavengers are These are animals that eat both plants and carnivores? Why? meat. They have a combination of sharp

The heart pumps blood to all body parts. This blood supplies oxygen and nutrients to other body parts. It also collects carbon dioxide and other waste materials from

9 Have you ever thought about what would happen if our hearts stopped beating? It’sdifferent body parts. a bit scary to think about because we need our hearts to stay alive. Taking care of our heart by eating healthy food, exercising and feeling happy helps keep it strong. How do you think feeling good and taking care of our body helps us stay healthy?

05-09-2024 19:18:54

The heart is reddish brown in colour. Its size is the same as that of a fist. The heart is slightly towards the left side of our chest. If you put your hand on your chest, you can feel your heart beating.

Chapter 1 • Parts of Our Body

Carnivores

Omnivores

The heart is reddish brown in colour. Its size is the same as that of a fist. The heart is slightly towards the left side of our chest. If you put your hand on your chest, you can feel your heart beating.

Chapter 1 • Parts of Our Body

Some animals like vultures and hyenas eat internal organs. dead animals and are called scavengers.

These are animals that eat only meat. They have sharp claws to catch and hold the prey and long, pointed front teeth to tear its flesh. Lion, eagle and sharks are few examples of carnivores.

Our lungs can hold up to six litres of air.

Have you ever thought about what would happen if our hearts stopped beating? It’s a bit scary to think about because we need our hearts to stay alive. Taking care of our heart by eating healthy food, exercising and feeling happy helps keep it strong. How do you think feeling good and taking care of our body helps us stay healthy?

SEL

05-09-2024 19:18:54

Chapter 1 • Parts of Our Body These are animals that eat both plants and meat. They have a combination of sharp and flat teeth to help them eat different

4

Did You Know?

Resident Welfare Assoc building. The members transport: to carry from one place to another (here, oxygen) expand: increase in size Internal and External Organs Vocabulary: Meanings of difficult words thein size welfare of the peopl contract: decrease fist: tightly-closed Organs are different parts of the body that work together to help us stay healthy and hand with fingers pointing inwards perform all the activities we need to do. Organs are mainly classified into external and as the President of the R

Organs are different parts of the body that work together to help us stay healthy and perform all the activities we need to do. Organs are mainly classified into external and internal organs.

UEV25CB0401.indd 9

Breathe out slowly and feel the air leaving your body.

Can you feel it?

Reproduction in Animals

camps, etc.

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4. They provide an opportunity to learn new skills such as yoga, sports, dance, etc.

Reproduction is the process by which living beings produce young ones of their own kind. Animals reproduce in two ways:

Do and Learn: Multidisciplinary, holistic, and fun activities to • by laying eggs • by giving birth to young ones understand the concept better

INTEGRATED

Let’s learn about them.

Do and Learn

4. They provide an opportunity to learn new skills such as yoga, sports, dance, etc.

Children doing yoga as part of the yoga club at school

Do and Learn

With the help of your teacher, find out about the various clubs in your school. Make a list of these clubs. Join any one club of your choice.

3. Making proper safe INTEGRATED

Resident doing Welfare Association (RWA) Children yoga as part of Resident Welfare Association is a committee of residents of a colony or the yoga club(RWA) at school

building. The members of the RWA are elected by all the adult residents to look after the welfare of the people of their colony or building. One member of the RWA is chosen

as the President of the RWA. With the help of your teacher, find out about the various clubs in your school. Make Functions of RWA a list of these clubs. Join any one club of your choice.

The RWA performs many functions. Some of them are as follows:

4. Organising events t 1. Making sure that necessities like roads, drainage, street lights, etc., are in good working condition.

2. Keeping the colony clean and ensuring the disposal of garbage properly.

Resident Welfare Association (RWA)

3. Making proper safety arrangements for the residents.

Chapter 15 • Animal Life

151

4. Organising events to celebrate festivals together.

5. Spreading awarene SDG

5. Spreading awareness about common issues like cleanliness, health, safety, etc.

6. Solving small disputes among residents.

7. Protecting of all residents Resident Welfare Association (RWA) is a committee of residents of the a rights colony or and treating them equally. building. The members of the RWA are elected by all the adult residents to look after the welfare of the people of their colony or building. One member of the RWA is chosen

SDG NEP Tags: To show alignment with NEP skills and valuesas the President of the RWA.

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Functions of RWA

6. Solving small dispu Well-maintained streetlights

Regular cleaning

Providing security

Spreading awareness

committee: a group of people who have been chosen to do something elected: chosen through vote dispute: fight 66

The RWA performs many functions. Some of them are as follows: UEV25CB0406.indd 66

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7. Protecting the righ

1. Making sure that necessities like roads, drainage, street lights, etc., are in good working condition.

xii

2. Keeping the colony clean and ensuring the disposal of garbage properly.

3. Making proper safety arrangements for the residents.

4. Organising events to celebrate festivals together.

SDG

5. Spreading awareness about common issues like cleanliness, health, safety, etc.

6. Solving small disputes among residents.

The park is used by everyone, and it belongs to everyone. All things that belong to

everyone and not to any one person are called public property. Public property belongs

to all people. Roads, trains, parks, schools, hospitals and airports are some examples of public property.

6

A metro train is a public property

Most of the public property, such as roads, are built and maintained by the government,

A park is a public property

using money collected from the people. The collected money is known as tax.

Remember!

Private Property

All things that belong to only one person or a group of people are called private to anyone else. It is your private property.

In the same way, cycles, motorbikes, cars, clothes and books that you and your family own are your private property.

A house is a private property

Think and Tell Remember: Recall of previous knowledge relevant to the Kidneys

Government buildings owned by topic authorities like municipalities are also public properties.

property. For example, your house belongs to you and your family. It does not belong

Look around your desk and in the classroom. Note down The kidneys are Which bean-shaped organs located the different objects you see. of these objects areon either side of our spine, the ribs are and public behind property? the belly. Each kidney is about private property andbelow which ones 4–5 inches long, roughly the size of a large fist. The kidneys filter blood and remove waste from our body. The waste is collected in the urinary bladder and is then removed from the body as urine.

A motorcycle is a private property

Public Property Have you ever visited a park? Whom does the park belong to?

maintained: A metro train is a public property taken careAof park is a public property

Kidneys Kidneys

The park is used by everyone, and it belongs to everyone. All things that belong to

everyone and not to any one person are called public property. Public property belongs

to all people. Roads, trains, parks, schools, hospitals and airports are some examples of public property.

Most of the public property, such as roads, are built and maintained by the government, using money collected from the people. The collected money is known as tax.

Remember!

80 by Government buildings owned authorities like municipalities are also public properties.

Think and Tell

A metro train is a public property

Remember!

maintained: taken care of

A park is a public property

The kidneys bean-shaped organs located on located either side our side of our Theare kidneys are bean-shaped organs on of either

Kidneys

ART

private property and which ones are public property?

maintained: taken care of

the urinary bladder and is then removed from the body as urine.

of each organ below the respective images. Make Kidneys your scrapbook look attractive.

Kidneys Show it to your friends.

Collect pictures of different internal organs like the brain, stomach, liver, kidneys Collect pictures of different internal organs like the brain, stomach, liver, kidneys and heart. Paste them in your scrapbook. Write about the importance and functions ART 05-09-2024 and heart. Paste them in your scrapbook. Write about the importance and 20:21:06 functions of each organ below the respective images. Make your scrapbook look attractive. of each organ below the respective images. Make your scrapbook look attractive.

Show it to your friends.

Show it to your friends.

Kidneys

ART

7

Wonders of Bharat

05-09-2024 20:21:06

80

Kidneys

Do and Learn Do and Learn

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80

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Kidneys

Do and Learn below thebelow ribs and thebehind belly. reflection, Each kidneyEach is about Think and Tell / spine, Discuss: Analysis, spine, thebehind ribs and the belly. kidney and is about text-to-self 4–5 inches long, roughly the size of the large kidneys filter inches long, roughly sizefist. of aThe large fist. The kidneys filter Collect pictures ofa different internal organs like the brain, stomach, liver, kidneys Look around your desk and in the classroom. Note down 4–5 blood and remove waste from our body.

The waste is collected in connection-based prompts for inis collected class blood and remove wastediscussion from our body. The waste in the different objects you see. Which of these objects the areurinary and heart.

Paste them in your scrapbook.

Write about the importance and functions bladder and is then removed from the body as urine.

Think and Tell

Look around your desk and in the classroom. Note down the different objects you see. Which of these objects are private property and which ones are public property?

Government buildings owned by authorities like municipalities are also public properties.

Kidneys

Wonders of Bharat: Fascinating insights into India’s rich culture and heritage

The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located on either side of our spine, below the ribs and behind the belly. Each kidney is about 4–5 inches long, roughly the size of a large fist. The kidneys filter blood and remove waste from our body. The waste is collected in the urinary bladder and is then removed from the body as urine.

Inof Ayurveda, Wonders Bharat a traditional Indian system of health, the heart Wonders ofto Bharat Do andexercises Learn isathought hold ourofemotions.

Breathing like In Ayurveda, traditional Indian system health, the heart

Kidneys

Kidneys

and heart. Paste them in your scrapbook. Write about the importance and functions a traditional Indianmeditation, system of like health, the heart is thoughtIn toAyurveda, hold our emotions.

Breathing exercises Pranayama and simple both from India, are of each organ below the respective images. Make your scrapbook look attractive.

05-09-2024 20:21:06 Show it to your friends. isand thought tomeditation, hold our emotions.

Breathing Pranayama simple both from India, areexercises like Collect pictures of different internal organs like the brain, stomach, liver, kidneys

ART

UEV25CB0408.indd 80

suggested to keep the heart healthy and lower stress. These

simple meditation, from India, are suggestedPranayama to keep theand heart healthy and lowerboth stress.

These Wonders of Bharat practices with blood and overall well-being. suggested toalso keep help the heart healthy andcirculation lower stress.

These practices also help with blood circulation and overall well-being.

A In girl practising Pranayama Ayurveda, a traditional Indian system of health, the heart

A girl practising Pranayama

is thought to hold our emotions. Breathing exercises like practices also help with blood circulation and overall well-being.

A girl practising Pranayama Pranayama and simple meditation, both from India, are

suggested to keep the heart healthy and lower stress. These practices also help with blood circulation and overall well-being. A girl practising Pranayama

Word Splash Word Splash Word Splash

Word Splash

organs: different parts of the body that work together

Word Splash: Recall of key terms and concepts in the chapter

organs: different parts of the body that work together skull: the part of the head that protects our brain

skull: the part of the head that protects brain organs: different parts of theour body that work together

organs: different parts of the body that work together

atria: the chambers located at the upper side of the heart

atria: the chambers the upper side of the heart skull: thelocated part of at the head that protects our brain

ventricles: the chambers located at the lower side of the heart blood vessels: fine tubes that help in circulation of blood

red-coloured blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood to all body parts ventricles: the chambers locatedof at the the lower side of the heart skull: part that protects ourarteries: brain veins: blue-coloured blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from all body parts atria: thethe chambers located athead the upper side of the heart oesophagus: the pipe through which food passes from mouth to stomach blood vessels: fine tubes that help in circulation of blood ventricles: thechambers chambers located at theat lower of theside heartof the heart atria: the located theside upper arteries: red-coloured blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood to all body parts blood vessels: fine tubes that help in circulation of blood Explore More!heart ventricles: the chambers located atblood thefrom lower side of the veins: blue-coloured blood vessels that carry deoxygenated all body parts aboutparts internal organs. arteries: red-coloured blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood toKnow allmore body oesophagus: the pipevessels: through which food passes fromhelp mouth stomach blood intocirculation of blood veins: blue-coloured fine bloodtubes vessels that that carry deoxygenated blood from all body parts Chapter 1 • Parts of Our Body

15

oesophagus: pipe through which food passes from stomach arteries: the red-coloured blood vessels thatmouth carryto oxygenated blood to all body parts

veins: blue-coloured blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from all body parts UEV25CB0401.indd 15

Know more about internal organs.

Explore More!

Know more about internal organs.

Chapter 1 • Parts of Our Body

8

• •

The brain helps us think, learn and feel emotions.

The lungs help us breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide.

•

The stomach helps digest the food we eat.

• • •

•

We can see and touch external organs from the outside, but we can’t see or touch internal organs because they’re inside our body.

•

•

The heart pumps blood to all parts of our body.

The kidneys filter waste from our blood and produce urine.

•

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. What protects the brain?

Heart

•

Liver

B. Which organ pumps blood throughout our body?

Lungs

Heart

Kidneys

Stomach

Brain

•

C. Which organ helps us to breathe?

Lungs

•

D. Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood to different body parts?

Ventricles

Arteries

•

Veins

2. Fill in the blanks. liver

atrium

ventricles

more about internal organs.

We can see and touch external organs from the outside, but we can’t seeKnow or touch internal organs because they’re inside our body.

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05-09-2024 19:19:07

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The brain helps us think, learn and feel emotions.

Points to Remember: Summary of the chapter

•

kidneys

A. The upper chambers of the heart are called

.

B. The lower chambers of the heart are called

.

C.

helps us in the digestion of fats.

D.

filter our blood to remove waste and extra water.

•

• The liverus cleans blood us digest fats. 15 The brain helps think,our learn andand feelhelps emotions.

UEV25CB0401.indd The heart pumps blood to all parts of our body.

Chapter Checkup: Chapter-end practice exercises aligned to different levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy Long-answer questions.

The stomach helps digest the food we eat.

Chapter The liver cleans Checkup our blood and helps us digest fats.

The kidneys filter waste from our blood and produce urine.

6.

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

Skull Chapter Checkup

B. The heart has only two chambers.

16

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05-09-2024 19:

• The kidneys filter waste fromand our breathe blood and The lungs help us breathe in oxygen outproduce carbon urine. dioxide.

A. What protects the brain?

A. Brain and lungs are external organs.

15

• see The and heart pumps bloodorgans to all parts our body. but we can’t see or touch We can touch external fromofthe outside, • The stomach helps digest the food we eat. internal organs because they’re inside our body.

3. Write True or False.

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15

Chapter 1 • Parts of Our Body

Chapter 1 • Parts of Our Body Points to Remember • The lungs help us breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide.

The liver cleans our blood and helps us digest fats.

Skull

15

Explore More!

Points to Remember Points to Remember

05-09-2024 19:19:07

Explore More! oesophagus: the pipe through which food passes from mouth to stomach

Explore More: Short videos to find out more about the topic

6. Long-answer questions.

A. Explain the journey of food from farms to our tables. List all the steps and the Liverthe journey of food from farms to our tables. List all the steps and the A. Explain people involved.

Heart

B. Which organ pumps blood throughout our body? people involved.

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

6. Long-answer questions.

B. How do protein-rich foods help our bodies? Give two examples of protein-rich Lungs Heart B.journey HowKidneys do protein-rich foods help our bodies? Give two examples of protein-rich A. Explain the A. What protects the brain? foods. of food from farms to our tables. List all the steps and the C. Which organ helps us to breathe? people involved. foods.

Skull Heart Liver B. How do protein-rich foods Lungs Stomach Brainhelp our bodies? Give two examples of protein-rich 7. foods.

Picture-based questions.

B. Which organ pumps blood throughout our body?

7. Picture-based questions.

D. Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood to different body parts?

6. Long-answer questions.

7. Picture-based questions. the journey of food from farms to our tables. List all the steps and the Lungs Heart Kidneys Identify theVeins main nutrient that theseA. Explain foods provide. people involved.

Ventricles Arteries Identify the main Identify the main nutrient foods provide. nutrient that these foods provide. that these B. How do protein-rich foods help our bodies? Give two examples of protein-rich C. Which organ helps us to breathe? foods.

B. A. B. A. 7. Picture-based questions.

2. Fill in the blanks.

B. A.Brain Lungs Stomach Identify the main nutrient that these foods provide.

Picture-based Questions: Special questions featuring visual stimuli to foster comprehension, interpretation, and critical thinking

9

liver atriumblood ventricles kidneys D. Which blood vessels carry oxygenated to different body parts?

Ventricles Arteries A. The upper chambers of the heart are called

Veins

.

HOTS: Intellectually stimulating questions designed for us in the digestion C. liver atrium helps ventricles kidneys of fats. higher order thinking and analysis D. filter our blood to remove waste and extra water.

A. The upper chambers of the heart are called .

3. Write True or False.

(HOTS )) (HOTS Challenge Challenge Life Skills .

Challenge (HOTS)

B. blanks.

The lower chambers of the heart are called 2. Fill in the

B.

A.

Challenge (HOTS)

Does food preservation help in protecting the environment in some way? Explain.

HOTS

Life Skills

Does food preservation help in protecting the environment in some way? Explain.

TEAMWORK

HOTS

You’ve now learned the importance of a balanced diet in your life. Create a weekly meal plan after discussing it with your family. The meal plan must ensure a balanced diet on all the days.

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday

.

B. The lower chambers of the heart are called A. Brain and lungs are external organs.

You’ve now learned the importance of a balanced diet in your life. Create a helps us in the digestion of fats.

C. Does food preservation help in protecting theenvironment environmentin insome some way? Explain. weekly meal plan after discussing it with your family. meal plan must the Does food preservation help inThe protecting Explain.

B. The heart has only two chambers.

HOTS ensure balanced diet on all the days. filter our blood to remove waste andaextra water.

D. HOTS TEAMWORK

16

3. Write True or False.

Monday

A. Brain and lungs are external organs.

Life Skills: Simple activities and tips to develop a diverse set B. The heart has only two chambers. of essential skills for living well UEV25CB0401.indd 16

TEAMWORK

TEAMWORK

16

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Tuesday

Wednesday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday

38

05-09-2024 19:19:07

You’ve now learned importance balanceddiet dietin inyour your life. life. Create Create aa You’ve now learned thethe importance ofofa abalanced weekly meal plan after discussing it with your family. The meal plan must weekly meal plan after discussing it with your family. The meal plan must ensure a balanced diet on all the days. ensure a balanced diet on all the days.

UEV25CB0403.indd 38

Monday

Monday



Thursday

Skills LifeLife Skills

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Tuesday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Wednesday

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Thursday

Thursday

Friday

Friday

38

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Saturday

Saturday

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Sunday

Sunday

Contents Unit 1 • Our Body �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 1. Organs and Organ Systems ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 6 2. Bones and Muscles ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 17

Unit 2 • Our Needs ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 27 3. Safety First �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 30 4. Food We Eat ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 41 5. Cleanliness and Health ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 53 Project 1 �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������63 Assessment 1 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������64

Unit 3 • Land and People ����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 65 6. Maps and Globes ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 68 7. India: Northern Regions ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 77 8. India: Southern Regions ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 87 9. Climate and Resources of India ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 97 10. Agriculture and Industries of India ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 106

Unit 4 • Living World ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 115 11. Study of Animals �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 117 12. Study of Plants ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 128 13. Interdependence Among Living Organisms ���������������������������������������������������������������������� 137 14. Protecting Plants and Animals ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 146

Unit 5 • Our Environment �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 155 15. Natural Calamities ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 158 16. Pollution ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 168

Unit 6 • Peeping Into Past ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 178 17. British Rule in India ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 181 18. Our Struggle for Freedom ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 190



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Unit 7 • How It Works ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 200 19. Simple Machines �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 202 20. Force, Work and Energy �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 211 21. Materials and Their Properties ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 222 22. Light ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 231 Project 2 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������238 Assessment 2 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������239

Unit 8 • The Citizens of India ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 240 23. Formation of the Indian Union �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 243 24. The Indian Constitution �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 253 Project 3 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������263 Assessment 3 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������264

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Unit 1 • Our Body

1

2

Unit 1 • Our Body

3

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Unit 1 • Our Body

5

Organs and 1 Organ Systems Chapter Overview Organs and Organ Systems

Digestive System

Sense Organs

Excretory System

Respiratory System

Organs

Circulatory System

Nervous System

Get Set Find these words in the word grid.

S

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Head

Lungs Blood vessels Sense organs Liver Intestine 6

Organs Our body is made up of different parts called organs, each performing special functions to keep us alive and healthy.

There are two types of organs: external and internal.

External organs are those that we can see outside our body, like the skin, eyes, ears, nose and mouth. Internal organs are located inside our body and include the brain, heart, lungs, stomach, liver and kidneys.

Our organs are a part of the complex organ systems that work together to carry out important bodily functions.

For instance, the heart pumps blood, the lungs help us breathe, and the stomach digests our food.

Lungs

Brain Heart

Liver

Stomach

Intestines

Kidneys

Internal organs

Do and Learn

Organ System

Sing the poem together.

Our hearts beat with a steady flow, An organ system is a group of organs Lungs breathe in, and out we go. that work together to perform a specific The stomach digests every treat, function in the body. For example, the Kidneys work to keep us neat. organs of the digestive system work Eyes to see and ears to hear, together to help us eat and digest food.

Organs keep our bodies clear.

These organ systems ensure that our bodies operate smoothly, much like how the parts of a car work together to make it run properly. Let us learn about the different organ systems in our bodies.

TEAMWORK

Digestive System The digestive system is important as it breaks down food into nutrients, which our body uses for energy, growth and repair.

Organs of the Digestive System Mouth: The food enters our body through the mouth. Digestion begins there.

The mouth has three main parts.

• Teeth help us chew food and break it into smaller pieces. There are four types of teeth: • Salivary glands produce saliva which contains enzymes that start breaking down the food, making it easier to swallow and digest.

Chapter 1 • Organs and Organ Systems

7

Incisors are the four flat and thin front teeth in each jaw used to bite food.

Canines are the pointed teeth used to tear food. These are two long, sharp and pointed teeth on each side of the incisors in each jaw.

Upper jaw

Molars are the flat teeth used to grind and crush food.

Lower jaw

There are a set of 6 molars in both the upper and lower jaw.

Types of Teeth

Premolars are also flat teeth that are used to grind and crush food.

There are a set of 4 premolars in both the upper and lower jaw.

• The tongue helps to mix the food with saliva and pushes it towards the back of the mouth for swallowing.

Oesophagus: It is a long tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. It is also known as the food pipe. Its muscles slowly push food down towards the stomach.

Mouth

Salivary glands

Oesophagus (food pipe) Stomach Large intestine

Stomach: It is a J-shaped sac where food is mixed with more digestive juices. These juices break the food into a thick, soupy mix called chyme.

Small intestine

Small Intestine: This is a long, coiled tube where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients occur.

Anus

Large Intestine: It absorbs water and salts from the Human digestive system remaining indigestible food matter and forms solid waste.

It is then expelled from the body through the anus.

Did You Know?

Process of Digestion

The human digestive system is about 9 metres long. That is about the length of a school bus! The small intestine alone is about 6 metres long.

Digestion begins in the mouth, where food is chewed and mixed with saliva. Enzymes in the saliva start breaking down the carbohydrates. The chewed food, now called a bolus, is swallowed and moves down the oesophagus with the help of muscles. This movement ensures that food reaches the stomach.

In the stomach, the bolus is mixed with gastric juices, which contain acids and enzymes that break down proteins. The resulting mixture, called chyme, is gradually released into the small intestine.

The small intestine is a long, narrow tube approximately 22 feet in length. Here, food is further broken down with digestive enzymes from the liver, pancreas, and gall bladder, which secrete bile and other juices essential for digesting carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. After that, these nutrients are then absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine. absorption: the process of taking in nutrients from digested food into the bloodstream indigestible: something that cannot be digested 8

The remaining undigested material moves into the large intestine, where water and salts are absorbed. The remaining waste is expelled from the body in solid form, called faeces, through the anus.

Pause and Answer Write the names of the organs of the digestive system in the order that food passes through them.

Mouth

Respiratory System

SDG

Living organisms need oxygen to survive because it helps release energy from the food they eat, allowing them to perform various activities. The organ system responsible for bringing oxygen into the body, or inhaling, is called the respiratory system. It also helps in exhaling carbon dioxide, a waste product that can be harmful to the body. Our respiratory system helps us breathe clean air, which is why protecting our environment is important for our health. Let us learn more about this organ system.

Organs of the Respiratory System The respiratory system consists of the nose, trachea (windpipe), bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm.

Nose: Air enters the body through the nose (nostrils), which filter out dust and other particles. Inside the nostrils, tiny hairs and sticky mucus trap dust and germs which stop them from entering the lungs.

Trachea (Windpipe): It is a tube that carries air from the nose to the lungs.

Bronchi and Lungs: The trachea divides into two smaller tubes called bronchi (plural).

Each bronchus leads to one lung. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place in the lungs.

Diaphragm: It is a dome-shaped muscle located below the lungs. It plays a crucial role in respiration, by contracting and relaxing, to help move air in and out of the lungs.

Process of Respiration The process of respiration begins when we inhale air through our nostrils or mouth. This air travels down the trachea (windpipe) and into the bronchi, which lead to the lungs. Inside the lungs, the bronchi branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles

Human respiratory system

contracting: becoming smaller and tighter, often referring to muscle movement inhale: to breathe in air Chapter 1 • Organs and Organ Systems

9

that end in tiny air sacs called alveoli. In the alveoli, oxygen from the air passes into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide from the blood moves into the alveoli. When we exhale, the diaphragm pushes the carbon dioxide out of the lungs through the trachea and out through the nostrils or mouth.

Keeping Respiratory Organs Healthy Some of the ways to keep your respiratory system healthy are: • Clean your nostrils regularly to remove dust and germs.

SDG

Remember!

We are always advised to take deep breaths. This helps our lungs get more oxygen.

Discuss!

Oxygen is crucial for our respiration.

What impact do you think deforestation will have on our respiration and health?

Discuss with your classmates.

• Avoid dust, smoke and pollution by keeping the area around you clean and well-ventilated.

• Use a mask or cloth to cover your mouth and nose when in dusty or polluted area.

Circulatory System The circulatory system is responsible for the circulation of blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells and removing waste products. Let us learn about it.

Organs of the Circulatory System Heart: It is a powerful muscle that pumps blood throughout the body.

Veins The heart works like a pump to ensure that blood keeps flowing.

Arteries

Blood: It is the fluid that carries oxygen and the nutrients, to other parts of the body. It also brings the waste products back from the body parts.

Blood Vessels: These are tubes that carry blood throughout the body.

There are three main types of blood vessels: arteries, veins and capillaries.

Process of Circulation

Human heart

The process of circulation begins when the heart pumps oxygen-rich blood into the arteries. These arteries carry the blood to all parts of the body. The blood transports oxygen and nutrients, and picks up carbon dioxide and other waste products. The carbon dioxide-rich blood then travels back to the heart through the veins. From there, the heart pumps this blood to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen. The oxygen-rich blood then returns to the heart, and the cycle begins again.

This continuous process ensures that our body gets the oxygen and nutrients it needs while removing waste products. exhale: to breathe out air 10

Difference between Arteries and Veins Arteries

Veins

• Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the • Veins carry deoxygenated blood from all heart to all parts of the body. parts of the body to the heart.

• They appear red and have thick walls.

• They appear blue and have thin walls.

• They are generally deep under the skin.

• They are generally close to the surface of the skin and are mostly visible.

Error Alert!

Many people think that veins appear blue because they carry blue blood. However, blood is always red; it just looks blue through your skin.

Pause and Answer Match each part to its correct description.

A. Heart

a. Fluid that carries oxygen and nutrients

C. Arteries

c. Tubes that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart

B. Blood D. Veins

b. Organ that pumps blood throughout the body

d. Tubes that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart

Excretory System The excretory system removes waste products and maintains a balance of water and salts in our bodies. This system is also called the urinary system.

Kidneys These are the organs of this system: Kidneys: These are two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back. They filter waste and excess water from the blood to form urine.

Ureters: These are two thin tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Each kidney is connected to one ureter.

Urinary Bladder: It is a muscular sac that stores urine until it is ready to be removed from the body. It can expand and contract to hold different quantities of urine.

Urethra: It is a tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. When the bladder is full, urine is expelled through the urethra.

Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Human excretory system

Think and Tell

Why is it important for our body to remove waste products regularly?

expelled: forced out or ejected from the body Chapter 1 • Organs and Organ Systems

11

Nervous System The nervous system is the control centre of the body. It is responsible for controlling the functions of all the organs in our body. It is made up of three main parts: Brain: It is the main control centre and it is located in the skull.

It processes information from our senses, controls movement and helps us think and feel. Different parts of the brain perform different activities, like helping us see, hear and laugh.

Brain Spinal cord

Spinal Cord: It is a long bundle of nerves that runs from the Nerves brain down the spine. It relays messages between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord also controls reflexes, which are quick, automatic responses to certain actions, like pulling your hand away when you touch a hot surface.

Human nervous system Nerves: These are like wires that relay messages between the brain, spinal cord and the rest of the body.

The brain processes all the information it receives through the nerves and sends instructions to different parts of the body to perform actions. It also stores memories.

Our sense organs work together with the brain, providing it with information, and the brain then decides how to respond.

Sense Organs The sense organs help us understand and respond to the world around us. There are five main sense organs: eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin. Each of these organs has a specific function: Eyes: These are the organs of sight. They allow us to see by sensing light and sending signals to the brain. The brain then processes these signals into pictures. The eyes help us see colours and shapes, and guess distances.

Ears: These are the organs of hearing. They pick up sound waves and send signals to the brain, which interprets them as sound.

Nose: It is our organ of smell. It detects different odours and sends signals to the brain, which identifies the smell.

Tongue: It is our organ of taste. It has taste buds that detect different flavours like sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umami. The signals are sent to the brain to help us identify these flavours. odours: scents or smells detected by the nose umami: a savoury taste, like eggs or mushroom 12

Skin: It is our organ of touch. It covers our entire body and has many nerve endings that detect pressure, temperature and pain. The signals sent to the brain help us feel sensations like hot, cold, soft and rough.

All sense organs play an important role in helping us interact with our environment.

Do and Learn

Let us understand how our sense organs work together to help us in our environment.

• Choose a variety of objects, such as a flower, a piece of fruit, or a piece of fabric.

• Interact with each object using your five senses. Look at the object and describe its colour, shape and size. Listen for any sounds it makes when handled. Smell the object and note any scents. If safe, taste the object and describe the flavour. Touch the object to note its texture, temperature and hardness.

• Note your findings in a table, as shown. Write ‘NA’ (not applicable) if the object cannot be tasted or touched.

Object

Sight

Smell

Sound

Taste

Touch

Wonders of Bharat Dr Devi Shetty is one of the most famous heart surgeons in India.

He has been awarded the Padma Bhushan for providing affordable heart surgeries to thousands of people. He is affectionately known as “Bypasswale Baba”.

Word Splash organs: parts of the body that perform specific functions and make up the body’s organ systems nutrients: substances in food that provide energy and help the body grow and stay healthy enzymes: proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body, including digestion chyme: a thick, liquid mixture of food and digestive juices trachea: a tube that carries air from the throat to the lungs bronchi: two tubes that branch off from the trachea (windpipe) and carry air into each lung arteries: blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body parts veins: blood vessels that carry carbon dioxide-rich blood from the body parts to the heart reflexes: automatic and quick responses to certain things, controlled by the nervous system

Chapter 1 • Organs and Organ Systems

13

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about organs and organ systems.

Points to Remember •

Our body is made up of various organs that perform special functions. They are grouped as external organs (like the skin and eyes) and internal organs (like the heart and lungs).

•

The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients. It starts from the mouth and continues through the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus.

•

The respiratory system helps us breathe by bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide. It has organs like the nose, trachea, bronchi, lungs and diaphragm.

•

The circulatory system moves blood throughout the body, with the heart pumping blood through arteries and veins.

•

The excretory system removes waste from the body. This process involves a pair of kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra.

•

The five main sense organs—eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin—help us perceive the world around us by detecting light, sound, smell, taste and touch and sending this information to the brain.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. Which of the following is an external organ? heart

skin

lungs

kidneys

B. Which part of the digestive system absorbs nutrients? teeth

saliva

small intestine

oesophagus

C. Which organ sends and receives messages to and from the body? brain 14

heart

stomach

lungs

D. What is the main function of the excretory system?

To pump blood

To digest food

To remove waste

To breathe oxygen

2. Fill in the blanks. stomach

heart

kidneys

urethra

lungs

A. The

pumps blood throughout the body.

B. The

help us inhale oxygen.

C. The

filter waste from the blood and produce urine.

D. The

is where food is mixed with digestive juices.

E. The

carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

3. Write True or False.

A. The heart is an internal organ.

B. Arteries carry oxygen-poor blood to the heart.

C. The stomach is an organ of the circulatory system.

D. The tongue helps us smell different odours.

E. The brain controls all the activities of the body.

4. Circle the odd one out.

A. trachea

kidneys

lungs

bronchi

B. oesophagus

heart

stomach

anus

C. small intestine

kidneys

urinary bladder

urethra

D. brain

heart

nerves

spinal cord

5. Short-answer questions.

A. Name the different types of teeth and their specific functions.

B. What is the main function of the small intestine?

C. Write a difference between arteries and veins.

D. How do your sense organs let you interact with the food you eat?

6. Long-answer questions.

A. E xplain the journey of food through the digestive system. Include the roles of different organs involved.

Chapter 1 • Organs and Organ Systems

15

B. Describe the process of circulation through the body.

C. In 4 to 5 sentences, explain the importance of the nervous system in the human body.

D. Draw a labelled diagram of the human excretory system.

ART

7. Picture-based questions.

A. Name the organ shown in the picture.

B. Explain the role of this organ as a part of the respiratory system.

C. What are some of the ways you can keep it healthy?

Challenge (HOTS) What would happen if we did not have reflexes?

Life Skills Create a Personal Health Plan

SEL

Write down the following habits in a journal.

• Digestive System: Eat a balanced diet including fruit and vegetables, drink plenty of water and chew your food thoroughly.

• Respiratory System: Avoid polluted areas, practise deep breathing exercises and keep your surroundings clean.

• Circulatory System: Exercise regularly, eat heart-healthy foods and stay hydrated.

• Excretory System: Drink plenty of water, eat a fibre-rich diet and practise regular bathroom habits.

• Nervous System: Get enough sleep, practice stress-relief activities and eat foods rich in vitamins and minerals.

After a week, check how many you followed. Think about how these changes make you feel and benefit your overall health.

16

Bones and Muscles

2

Chapter Overview Bones and Muscles Bones and Their Structure

The Skeletal System

Joints and Their Types

Muscles and Their Types

Get Set Have you ever tried riding a bicycle? What helps you to pedal so fast?

Write your answer in the space provided below.

Bones and Their Structure Press your fingers lightly. What do you feel?

Bones are the hard structures that you can feel when you press on your body. They are made up of important minerals like calcium and phosphorus.

• Each bone has a tough outer layer called compact bone and a lighter inner layer called spongy bone.

Chapter 2 • Bones and Muscles

Parts of a bone

17

• Some bones have a special material called bone marrow, which acts like a factory that produces red blood cells and stores fat.

Did You Know?

A newborn baby has 300 bones in its body, but as the baby grows older, some bones join together. An adult has 206 bones.

• Bones give our bodies shape and help us stand tall. Muscles stretch as the bones move and they are connected to the bones by tendons.

Pause and Answer Match the following.

A. Tough outer layer of bone

a. Bone marrow

B. Lighter inner layer of bone

b. Tendons

C. Special material inside bones

c. Compact bone

D. It connects muscles to bones

d. Spongy bone

What would happen if we had no bones in our body?

Without bones you would be like a big pile of jelly. You couldn’t stand up, sit down or walk around. Bones are like the frame of a building that keeps everything upright and in place. If old people fall, they break their bones Think and Tell more easily as bones become brittle with age. Help Name some food items that help to them by keeping their homes clear of things they make our bones strong? might trip over.

The Skeletal System How do you think you can stand, walk and hold the spoon without falling? This is because of a strong framework of bones in our body.

This framework of bones that makes up the structure of our body is called the skeleton. The skeleton, joints, cartilages, ligaments and tendons make up the skeletal system.

Remember!

A group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions is called an organ system. The skeletal system is one of the important organ systems in our body.

The human skeleton 18

Skull

• Touch the top of your head. Do you feel something hard? This hard structure in your head is your skull. The skull forms a protective case for your brain and is made of 22 bones.

• 8 flat bones are connected to protect the brain and shape our head, while the remaining 14 bones create the structure of our face.

Human skull

• Between the skull and the brain, there is a fluid-filled space that helps cushion the brain from bumps and shocks. The upper jaw is fixed, while the lower jaw can move. We can speak and chew our food because of the movement of the lower jaw.

Feel your nose. You will notice that the lower part is softer and flexible while the upper part is hard and cannot be pressed or moved. This is because the lower part of our nose is made of cartilage. Cartilage is softer and more elastic than bone. Similarly, you can bend the outer part of your ear as it is also made of cartilage.

Did You Know?

Out of the 22 bones that form the skull, only the bone of the lower jaw can move.

Spine Try running your hand along the middle of your back. Do you feel a series of ridges? This is the spine, also called the backbone or the vertebral column. It is a column of bones that runs from the base of the skull to the lower back. Each bone is called a vertebra, and together they support the body and protect the spinal cord.

The spine has 33 vertebrae, each with a small opening for the spinal cord to pass through. Between the vertebrae are discs made of cartilage that cushion the bones and allow the spine to bend and turn. The backbone is crucial for our posture and everyday movements.

Do and Learn ART

Vertebra Human spine

Look at the image of the spine. Now, make a similar model of the spine using recyclable materials like paper cups. Present it to the class.

cushion: to provide support

Chapter 2 • Bones and Muscles

19

Ribcage Place your hands on your chest. Breathe deeply. Can you feel something moving up Ribs and down? It is your ribcage. The rib cage Breastbone is a framework of bones in our chest that Rib cage resembles a cage. It consists of 24 ribs, with Floating 12 on each side. The ribs are connected to ribs the spine at the back and to the flat bone, or Spine sternum, in the centre of the chest. The last Human ribcage two ribs on each side are known as floating ribs. This is because these ribs are not attached to the sternum. The rib cage protects our heart and lungs.

Pause and Answer Tick ( ) all the correct statements about the ribcage.

1. The ribcage consists of 22 ribs in total.

2. All the ribs are connected to the sternum.

3. Only one rib is called the floating rib.

4. Ribcage protects our heart and lungs.

Do and Learn INTEGRATED

Take a deep breath and hold it for a moment. Gently press the middle of your chest and back at the same time to feel your chest bones and backbone. See if you can count the ribs (bones of the chest).

The Limbs Do you like to run, cycle or play outdoor games? How are you able to carry out these activities? We use our limbs to do many activities. Our body has two pairs of limbs: the forelimbs and the hindlimbs. Each pair plays a vital role in helping us move and perform everyday activities.

resembles: looks similar to something

20

Forelimbs

• The bones that form your shoulders are known as the pectoral girdle. They are connected to your backbone.

• The upper arm has one long bone called the humerus that extends to the elbow.

• The lower arm is made up of two bones: the ulna and the radius.

There are 27 bones in your hands and wrists.

Humerus Ulna Radius

Forelimb

Hindlimbs

• At the bottom of the backbone, flat bones combine to form the pelvic girdle. The leg bones are connected to the pelvic girdle.

• The thigh bone that forms the upper leg is also called the femur. It is the longest bone in our body.

• The lower leg consists of two bones: the tibia and the fibula.

26 small bones make up your ankle and foot.

Did You Know?

The stapes, which is a bone in the ear, is the shortest bone in the human body.

Femur

Tibia Fibula

Hindlimb

Joints and Their Types We can bend our arms at the elbow. Have you wondered how? That is because the elbow is a joint. Joints are the places in our bodies where bones are connected to each other. A strong, fibrous tissue called the ligament joins bone to bone. Joints enable us to bend, turn and move.

There are two types of joints: movable and immovable joints. Let us learn about them.

Movable Joints You’ll find these joints in your arms, legs, hips and shoulders. They are equipped with cartilage to protect the bones and prevent wear-and-tear during movement. There are four types of movable joints: hinge, ball and socket, pivot, and gliding. Let us learn more about them.

Chapter 2 • Bones and Muscles

21

Hinge Joint These joints are located in the elbows and knees. They allow movement in one direction, similar to how a door opens and closes. Hinge joints can also be found in your fingers and toes.

Pivot joint

Ball and Socket Joint

Gliding joint

Ball and socket

Hinge joint

These joints are found in the hips and shoulders, enabling movement in all directions. For example, you can move your arm in a circular motion because of the ball and socket joint in your shoulder.

Ball and socket joint Hinge joint Gliding joint

Pivot Joint The joint between your head and neck is a pivot joint. It allows your head to turn from side to side on your neck.

Joints in the human body

Gliding Joint This type of joint allows smooth, sliding movement between connected bones, such as in the wrist, ankle, and between the vertebrae of the spine.

Immovable Joints In these joints, the bones are fused together, thereby allowing very little to no movement. The places where teeth fit into the jaw are immovable.

Discuss!

When you use your jawbones, are you moving your upper jaw or the lower jaw? Discuss.

Also, identify the type of joint in your jaw.

Muscles and Their Types Muscles help us move our bones. They are made of strong, soft tissue and are connected to bones with tough bands called tendons. Muscles work in pairs, with one on each side of a bone. As one muscle pulls, the other helps it by relaxing, which makes our movements smooth. Muscles are of three types: voluntary, involuntary and cardiac.

22

Voluntary Muscles These muscles are also called skeletal muscles. We can control the movement of these muscles. Skeletal muscles are located in the arms, legs, eyes and tongue. These muscles help us move, walk, run, smile, and write.

Skeletal muscle

Involuntary Muscles These muscles are also called smooth muscles. These muscles work automatically, which means we cannot control them. For example, smooth muscles help us in respiration.

Smooth muscle

Cardiac Muscles These muscles are only found in the heart. They help the heart to pump blood.

Cardiac muscle Types of muscles

Wonders of Bharat Traditional sports like Kabaddi are great for your bones and muscles. It is now known that Kabaddi first originated in Tamil Nadu around 4000 years ago.

Word Splash bone: hard structures, made up of important minerals like calcium and phosphorus, which make up our skeleton skeleton: the framework of bones that makes up the structure of our body cartilage: a flexible, elastic tissue found in various parts of the body, which cushions bones at joints, preventing them from rubbing against each other forelimbs: the arms and hands hindlimbs: the legs and feet tendons: tough bands that connect the muscles and bones

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about the human skeletal system.

Chapter 2 • Bones and Muscles

23

Points to Remember • Bones are hard structures that you can feel when you press on your body.

• The network of bones that makes up the structure of our body is called the skeleton or skeletal system.

• The connection between two or more bones is called a joint. Joints can be movable or immovable.

• Muscles are made of soft, fleshy, but strong tissues, which are connected to the bones with tough bands called tendons.

• There are three types of muscles: voluntary or skeletal, involuntary or smooth and cardiac muscles.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. Which important organ of our body is protected by the skull?

Brain

Heart

Lungs

Kidneys

Skull

Cartilage

B. Which structure protects the spinal cord?

Ribs

Vertebral column

C. Which of the following organs are protected by the ribcage?

Heart and kidneys

Lungs and kidneys

Brain and lungs

Lungs and heart

D. Which of the following is the longest bone in the human body?

Skull

Femur

Stapes

Ulna

2. Fill in the blanks. bone marrow

phosphorus

206

A. The skeletal system is made up of B. Bones are made up of minerals like calcium and 24

bones bones. .

C. Muscles and the body.

work together to carry out movements of

D. The

is the factory of red blood cells.

3. Write True or False.

A. The rib cage protects the heart and lungs.

B. Floating ribs are attached to the sternum.

C. Hinge joints allow movement in all directions.

D. The lower jaw is the only part of the skull that can move.

4. Circle the odd one out.

A. Toes

Fingers

Upper arm

Lower arm

B. Humerus

Femur

Cartilage

Radius

C. Backbone

Vertebral column

Immovable joint

Femur

5. Short-answer questions.

A. What does bone marrow do inside the bones?

B. What is the function of the bone marrow?

C. How many ribs form the rib cage?

D. Why are the bottom ribs called floating ribs?

E. What is the function of a ball and socket joint?

6. Long-answer questions.

A. What is a bone? Explain the structure of a bone with the help of a diagram.

ART

B. What is a muscle? Explain different types of muscles.

C. Differentiate between: a. Immovable and movable joints b. A hinge joint and pivot joint

Chapter 2 • Bones and Muscles

25

7. Picture-based questions.

A. Label the different joints shown in the image.

1

1.

2

2.

3

3.

4.

B. What is the function of the joint you labelled as 3?

Challenge (HOTs) What would happen if our lower jaw was connected to the skull with a ball and socket joint? How would that have affected our speech?

Life Skills Taking care of our bones.

Plan a healthy meal and an exercise plan to keep your bones and muscles strong. Share your plan with your family members and follow it together for a week.

SEL

26

4

Unit 2 • Our Needs

27

28

Unit 2 • Our Needs

29

Safety First

3

Chapter Overview Safety First Importance of Safety

Safety at Home

Safety on Roads

First Aid

Get Set Look at the pictures carefully. Circle all the things that help keep people safe.

In this chapter, we will learn more about safety.

Importance of Safety Rohan walks to school every day. While crossing the road one day, he recalls the road safety rules his teacher taught him. Rohan stops at the side of the road and looks both ways to check for any oncoming vehicles. Do you think he does the right thing?

Rohan is right because by looking both ways, he is avoiding the risk of being hit by a vehicle.

30

Safety rules help us prevent accidents and injuries, stay healthy and enjoy our daily activities without getting hurt.

Basic Rules of Safety SDG

•

Be aware of your surroundings and possible dangers, such as slippery floors or heavy machinery. Being careless can lead to accidents or injuries.

•

Never talk to strangers or accept rides or gifts from them without a parent or guardian’s permission.

•

Wear clothing that fits well to avoid tripping or getting caught on objects.

•

Synthetic clothes catch fire easily and can melt near heat sources. Stay away from flames and heaters to prevent burns.

•

Impatience can cause accidents.

Remember to wait patiently for your turn on a busy road. Also, wait in line when getting on a bus or train.

Remember!

We can avoid getting hurt if we are careful and follow safety rules.

Safety at Home We spend most of our time at home and if we are not careful, there are a few situations that can turn dangerous and even be fatal. The kitchen is the place where most accidents can happen, such as gas leaks, burns or scalds, finger cuts, electric shocks from appliances, and falls due to slipping on spilled oil or water.

So, when you’re helping out in the kitchen or trying something on your own, it is important to follow a few simple safety rules.

Sharp Objects Sharp objects such as knives, nail cutters and scissors are common in every household.

These are useful tools, but can also be dangerous if not handled properly. Let us understand this with an example.

SEL

While helping your mom in the kitchen, you tried cutting fruit with a knife without asking for help. You were watching the video of the recipe on the phone and your

guardian: someone who protects and takes care of another person, especially a child synthetic: made of an artificial material fatal: dangerous, leading to death

Chapter 3 • Safety First

31

fingers were very close to the blade. Your mom warned you to be careful and not to watch videos while using a knife, as you might cut yourself.

Safety Tips •

Always hold knives and other sharp objects with care.

•

Pay full attention to the task at hand.

Electrical Appliances

Handle sharp objects with care.

Utmost care should be taken when handling electrical appliances.

Safety Tips •

Never use appliances with damaged electrical wires as this can lead to electric shocks.

•

Never touch appliances with wet hands as it can cause electric shocks.

•

Always handle electrical appliances under adult supervision. Never leave a hot iron unattended as someone can get hurt. It can also overheat and cause a fire.

•

Never touch a hot iron.

Make sure that wires are properly covered with plastic or rubber insulation.

•

ake sure to wear rubber or plastic footwear while handling electrical M appliances.

Gas Leak Cooking gas is stored in cylinders or transported to our homes through pipelines. If a cylinder is not properly sealed or the pipeline is punctured, the gas may leak and lead to an accident when there is a flame or spark.

Older or damaged pipes can also cause gas leaks.

Safety Tips •

Have your gas cylinders or pipelines checked regularly.

•

Fix any kind of loose fittings or punctured pipes.

insulation: the wrapping around electrical wire 32

Be careful while working on a gas stove.

•

Open windows and doors and turn off the cylinder regulator. Switch off the electric supply in case of a gas leak. Leave your home, get to a safe place, and ask for help.

Fire We use gas, coal or wood to cook our food, to boil water or heat our homes. Mishandling these fuels can cause fires.

Safety Tips •

•

Keep flammable items such as paper or plastic food wrappers, napkins, and towels, away from the stove to prevent accidental fires.

Do not play with fire.

Store matches and lighters in a safe place where children cannot reach them.

Chemicals Common household chemicals are medicines and floor cleaners. Floor cleaners can cause chemical burns if they touch your skin or eyes.

Safety Tips •

Keep flammable liquids in tightly sealed containers and store them in a cool, dry place.

•

If a chemical spills, wear gloves to clean it up carefully.

•

If someone is exposed to a chemical, get medical help immediately.

•

Store medicines out of reach of children and pets.

Do not mishandle chemicals.

Error Alert!

Some people think it is safe to handle chemicals without gloves if they do not cause immediate skin irritation. It is essential to always wear gloves and protective gear when handling chemicals.

flammable: substances that catch fire easily

Chapter 3 • Safety First

33

Pause and Answer Look at the pictures. Identify the accident caused and also name the possible cause.

Safety on Roads Road safety is very important to avoid accidents.

Here are some simple rules to follow: •

Always use zebra crossings when crossing the road.

•

Look both ways before crossing to make sure no vehicles are coming.

•

Follow the traffic lights and signals.

•

Walk on the footpath, not on the road, to stay away from moving vehicles.

•

Never lean over or climb on any barriers or railings while using a bridge or a subway to cross a road.

•

Always wear a helmet when riding a bicycle or any other two-wheeler.

Use a zebra crossing to cross the road.

People use a footbridge to be safe.

Do and Learn INTEGRATED

Rahul and Nitin, who are friends, are out cycling. Rahul is wearing a helmet, but Nitin is not. Write a conversation based on safety rules between the two friends.

Did You Know?

Traffic policemen and cyclists wear reflective clothing to be easily seen on the road in the dark.

Reflective clothing is a special type of clothing that shines brightly when light, from a vehicle or a flashlight, shines on it.

34

First Aid Sometimes accidents can happen despite taking precautions. In these circumstances, it is important to stay calm and help the injured. We should know about First Aid so that we can help ourselves and others in case of an injury or accident. First aid is the basic treatment given to someone who is hurt or sick until a doctor can help.

Let us looks at situations where we might need to administer First Aid.

Cuts and Wounds When someone gets a cut or a wound, wash your hands first to avoid infection. Then, gently wash the patient’s wound with clean water to remove dirt or debris. Apply an antiseptic cream. If it is a minor wound, apply a band-aid. If the wound is bleeding, gently press a clean cloth or bandage on it to stop the bleeding. If the wound is very deep, tightly wrap a bandage called tourniquet around the wound and seek medical help immediately.

Use a band-aid on a minor wound.

Discuss!

Why is it important to keep a wound clean and apply a bandage? Discuss with your classmates.

Burns Place the burned area under tap water. Apply an anaesthetic cream to reduce the pain and discomfort. Gently cover the burn with a clean, dry cloth or bandage. Blisters might form in that area but do not break it. Take the patient to a doctor if the wound does not heal in a few days.

Do NOT touch blisters.

Sprain A sprain happens when a joint such as your ankle or wrist twists beyond its natural limit. The sprained area will swell and the person will experience pain.

Crepe bandage on a sprained ankle.

administer: to give or apply (usually referring to medication or treatment) anaesthetic: medication that numbs the skin reducing pain or discomfort blisters: ‘small, fluid-filled bubbles that form on the skin when it is rubbed, burned, or injured Chapter 3 • Safety First

35

Keep an ice pack on the injured area. Ice helps to reduce the swelling and numb the pain. Wrap the injured area with a crepe bandage and provide sufficient support, so it does not move. If the pain is severe, consult a doctor.

Nose Bleed Hot weather can cause nose bleeds. The person with a nosebleed should sit down and bend their head slightly forward. Place an ice pack on the nose or the back of the neck to stop the bleeding.

Dehydration One can feel extremely tired when you are out in the hot sun for a long time. Dehydration happens when the body loses more fluids than it takes in, leading to an imbalance that can cause various health issues. Dehydration can make you feel Spending time in the hot sun giddy and tired. Some people even experience headaches. can cause dehydration.

In case of dehydration, you should sit or lie down in a Think and Tell cool, shaded area.

Animal Bites

Why do you think it is important to wear a cap while going out in summer?

Wash the area of the bite with clean water and mild soap.

Apply an antiseptic cream. Cover the bite with a clean, dry bandage. Seek a doctor’s help if dogs or monkeys bite you as these can cause rabies.

If you are bitten by a snake, tightly wrap a cloth around the area so that the venom does not spread in the body. Seek immediate help from a doctor.

Seek a doctor’s help in case of an animal bite.

Wonders of Bharat According to the Botanical Survey of India, there are more than 8,000 types of medicinal plants in India.

Most of them are found in the Western Ghats.

Tulsi leaves giddy: unsteady 36

Word Splash zebra crossing: black and white stripes on road where people can cross the road safely antiseptic: cream or lotion used to keep the wound free from infection tourniquet: bandage used to stop heavy bleeding dehydration: when the body loses more fluids than it takes in, leading to an imbalance that can cause various health issues rabies: a disease caused by a dog or animal bite venom: snake poison

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about safety and first aid.

Points to Remember •

Carelessness can lead to accidents and injuries.

•

Accidents can happen at home when cooking, using tools or chemicals, or when using electrical or gas appliances.

•

Follow safety rules on the road and at home to prevent accidents.

•

First aid is the basic treatment given to someone who is hurt or sick until a doctor can help.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. Which of the following is NOT a safe practice?

Wearing a helmet while riding a bicycle.

Crossing the road while looking at the phone.

Checking both ways before crossing the road.

Chapter 3 • Safety First

37

B. What kind of footwear should you NOT wear when handling electrical appliances?

Rubber

Metal

Plastic

C. What should you do in case of a gas leak?

Switch on the fan.

Close the windows.

Avoid using electrical devices.

D. What cannot cause a fire?

Leaving food cooking on the stove.

Storing matches safely.

Keeping paper near the stove.

2. Fill in the blanks. zebra crossing A.

tourniquet

first aid

chemicals

can cause burns if they touch your skin.

B. Always use a C.

anaesthetic

when crossing the street. is the basic help you give to someone when they are hurt.

D. In case of heavy bleeding a bandage known as E. In case of burns apply an

is used.

cream to reduce the pain.

3. Match the following.

A. Faulty electrical appliances

a. Store matches and lighters safely

B. Gas leak

b. Store them in their original containers

C. Fire

c. Replace worn insulation

D. Chemicals

d. Regular check-up of gas appliances

4. Write True or False.

A. Being alert is an important safety rule that must be followed.

B. It is safe to wear synthetic clothing when cooking.

38

C. I t is safe to put the body part with a cut under hot water to clean it.

D. A tourniquet should be used for minor cuts and scrapes.

E. F irst aid is the basic treatment given to someone who is hurt or sick until a doctor can help.

5. Short-answer questions.

A. What are the important points to keep in mind while crossing the road?

B. What will happen if you use wires with worn insulation?

SEL

C. H ow can understanding first aid help us respond to someone who is injured or in pain?

D. What are the symptoms of dehydration?

6. Long-answer questions.

A. What are some common safety rules you should follow when at home?

B. What first aid should be given in case of a dog bite?

7. Picture-based questions. ratik is hungry. He is trying to P reach the pan. He can barely reach it.

A. W hat will happen to Pratik if he is not careful?

B. H ow can the injury from the accident be prevented?

C. I f the boiling milk spills on Pratik’s hand, what first aid would you give?

Challenge (HOTS) Your friend has injured his ankle while playing football. The ankle is swollen and painful. What first aid will you provide?

Chapter 3 • Safety First

39

Life Skills Make a poster on the topic: “Safety Rules”.

Steps to make the poster:

ART

40

•

Choose a few safety rules that you think are the most important to show on the poster.

•

Make an attractive poster that includes pictures and writing to convey the safety rules.

•

Use symbols or drawings to represent each safety rule.

•

Make sure the writing/message on the poster is clear and easy to read.

•

Decorate the poster with colourful borders, stickers or additional drawings related to safety.

•

Once the poster is complete, present it to the class.

Safety Rules

Always cross the road at zebra crossing

Food We Eat

4

Chapter Overview Food We Eat

Food Groups

Components of Food

Balanced Diet

Deficiency Diseases

Healthy Eating Habits

Get Set Read aloud the poem given below.

ART

On my plate, a rainbow’s spread, Fruit and veggies, greens and red.

Milk so fresh, and grains to share, Every bite shows that I care.

Strong and happy, I will be, When I eat what’s good for me.

Healthy choices, bright and true, Help me grow in all I do!

Now, write two lines on the importance of food in our lives in the space given below.

We know that all living things require food because it contains nutrients essential for growth, strength, and maintaining good health. Food also supplies the energy necessary to perform various activities.

Chapter 4 • Food We Eat

41

Our bodies are always working, so different types of food are required to meet their needs. We can group foods into various categories based on how they help our bodies.

Food Groups Food groups are categories that help us learn about the different kinds of foods we eat.

Each group gives us important nutrients that help us grow and stay healthy. Food is divided into different groups. Eating a variety of foods from each group helps keep our bodies healthy and strong.

Energy-giving foods

Energy-giving Foods These include cereals, ghee, milk and butter. They give us the energy we need to do our daily activities.

Bodybuilding Foods Foods like milk, eggs, meat and fish help our bodies grow and repair themselves.

Protective Foods

Protective foods

Bodybuilding foods Food groups

They include fruit, vegetables and foods rich in vitamins and minerals. These are foods that protect the body from diseases and help us stay fit and healthy.

Components of Food What Is Food Made Of? All the food items we eat have various useful substances in them. These substances that are necessary for the body to function properly are called nutrients.

There are five main groups of nutrients: 1. Carbohydrates

3. Proteins

2. Fats

4. Vitamins

5. Minerals

Apart from these nutrients, water and roughage are also important parts of our diet. Different food items contain these nutrients in varying amounts, so it is essential to eat a variety of foods to stay healthy.

Let us learn more about these nutrients and their sources.

42

Different food items contain different nutrients.

Energy-giving Nutrients Energy-giving nutrients mainly include carbohydrates and fats. These nutrients provide the body with the necessary energy to carry out various body functions and activities.

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates serve as our main source of energy. Foods like potatoes, rice, bread, bananas and sugar are rich in carbohydrates.

Carbohydrate-rich food

Fats Fats give our bodies a lot of energy—twice as much as carbohydrates! Fats are essential nutrients that provide energy, protect organs and maintain healthy skin and hair. Some foods that are rich in fats are butter, ghee, oils, nuts, cheese and meat.

Ghee

It is important to consume fats in limited amounts and choose healthier sources of fats, such as nuts, seeds and fatty fish, while limiting the intake of fats found in processed and fried foods.

Butter Meat Fat-rich food

Remember!

Our bodies store extra fat in case we need it when there isn’t enough food. Eating too much fat without being active can make us overweight and lead to health problems. It is important to avoid consuming fatty foods in excess.

Cheese

Error Alert!

Not all fats are harmful. Healthy fats, like those in avocados, nuts and olive oil, are essential for nutrient absorption and energy.

Bodybuilding Nutrients Bodybuilding nutrients are essential nutrients that support muscle growth, repair and overall performance.

Proteins Proteins are important because they help us grow strong and heal when we get hurt or sick. Foods like meat, fish, eggs, dairy products and beans are rich in proteins. Did you know that children need more protein than adults? This is because proteins play an important role in muscle development and supporting overall growth. It also helps in the recovery process and strengthens us when we are unwell.

Protein-rich food

recovery: getting better after an illness or injury

Chapter 4 • Food We Eat

43

Protective Nutrients Protective nutrients are essential vitamins and minerals that play a key role in keeping us fit and healthy.

Vitamins Vitamins are very important as they help us stay healthy and protect us from diseases. They are required in small amounts to maintain normal body functions and overall health. You can find vitamins in fresh fruit, green vegetables, fish and milk. Each type of vitamin has a special job to do to keep our bodies strong and healthy.

Vitamin-rich food

There are many types of vitamins: Types of vitamins Source

Vitamin A

Vitamin B

Vitamin C

Vitamin D

Vitamin E

Vitamin K

Green vegetables, tomatoes, carrots, butter, milk, egg yolk

Eggs, nuts, sweet potatoes, liver

Citrus fruit and vegetables

Eggs, cheese, fish oil, butter

Green vegetables, cereals, nuts

Cabbage, broccoli, green leafy vegetables, peas, milk, butter

Minerals Minerals help protect us from illnesses and make sure our body works properly. Even though we only need minerals in small amounts, they play a big role in keeping us fit and healthy.

Did You Know?

The best source of Vitamin D is sunlight, as our skin produces Vitamin D when exposed to sunlight.

Sources of Minerals Milk, green leafy vegetables, and fresh fruit are rich sources of minerals. Vegetables and fruit like spinach and apples contain iron, which helps our blood carry oxygen. Milk is packed with calcium, which keeps our teeth and bones healthy and strong.

Mineral-rich food 44

Other Components of Food Apart from the nutrients we have discussed, our body also requires water and fibre.

Water In the same way that plants need water to grow, our bodies need water to function well. About 70% of our body is made up of water!

We should drink at least 2–3 litres of water a day.

Water helps our bodies in many ways:

About 70%, of our body is composed of water.

•

It helps us to digest food and absorb nutrients.

•

It regulates our body temperature, keeping us cool when it’s hot and warm when it’s cold.

•

It helps to remove waste and toxins from our bodies through urine and sweat.

•

Water keeps our skin healthy and looking good.

•

It helps to transport oxygen and nutrients to all parts of our body.

It is very important to drink plenty of water every day to stay healthy and strong.

Roughage or Fibre Roughage refers to dietary fibre found in plant-based foods that are not easily digested by the human body. However, roughage plays an important role in digestion. Fibre or roughage ensures regular bowel movements and prevents constipation. Foods rich in roughage include vegetables, fruit, whole grains, nuts and seeds.

Did You Know?

SDG

The skin of a guava contains roughage, which is good for your digestion. So, when you eat guava, remember to wash it well and enjoy it with the skin to get the most fibre for your digestive system.

Fruit and vegetables are rich in fibre.

Do and Learn INTEGRATED

Create a menu card for three meals a day that includes all the essential nutrients needed for a healthy body. You may browse the internet for some interesting and healthy recipes.

Chapter 4 • Food We Eat

45

Pause and Answer Fill in the blanks.

1.

help build muscles and support your growth.

2.

is rich in calcium and keeps our bones strong.

3. The richest source of energy are 4.

and

. are rich sources of vitamin C.

Balanced Diet A balanced diet is a way of eating that provides the body with all the nutrients it needs to grow, stay healthy, and have energy. It includes a variety of foods from different groups: fruits and vegetables, grains (like rice or bread), proteins (like eggs, fish, beans, or meat), and dairy (like milk or cheese). Each food group has a role, such as giving energy, building muscles, or keeping bones strong. Drinking enough water and A balanced diet avoiding too much junk food, like chips and candy, is also important. A balanced diet supports good health and proper body function.

Deficiency Diseases Deficiency diseases result from a prolonged lack of certain essential nutrients in the diet. A deficiency in vitamins and minerals can lead to deficiency diseases. Let us understand how these deficiency diseases occur.

Malnutrition Malnutrition is a condition that arises when a person’s diet does not provide them with the necessary nutrients required for good health. A lack of protein, for example, can lead to slow growth, patchy skin, reddish hair and a swollen stomach. It can also slow down brain development and make children more likely to get sick.

This condition is most commonly seen in children under the age of 5. It can be prevented by providing a diet rich in proteins, such as pulses, eggs, milk and germinated grains.

Malnutrition can lead to deficiency diseases, and not just from a lack of protein— insufficient carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals can also cause these diseases.

46

Nutrient Proteins

Deficiency diseases Kwashiorkor

Effects and prevention This disease occurs when a child does not eat enough protein. Children with Kwashiorkor may have swollen bellies, thin arms and legs and sometimes their skin may look patchy.

They may not grow as tall as they should. It can be prevented by eating a balanced diet that includes enough proteins and other nutrients.

Proteins Marasmus and other important nutrients

Marasmus occurs when a child does not get enough food—including both proteins and other important nutrients. Children with Marasmus are very thin. They might be weak, and their skin can look wrinkled. It can be prevented by eating a balanced diet that includes enough proteins and other nutrients.

Iodine

Goitre, Hypothyroidism

Goitre is a condition where a person’s neck becomes swollen because their thyroid gland gets bigger than usual. The thyroid gland needs a mineral called iodine to work properly. If a person does not get enough iodine from their food, their thyroid might grow bigger. This is why it’s important to eat foods that have iodine, like iodised salt, fish, and dairy products.

Vitamin A

Night Blindness

Night blindness is a condition where people have trouble seeing in the dark. This happens due to a lack of vitamin A. To prevent night blindness, it is important to eat vitamin A-rich food, like carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach and eggs.

Vitamin B

Beriberi

When a person does not get enough Vitamin B, they might start to feel weak, have trouble walking, and their legs might hurt or feel numb or swollen.

To prevent beriberi, it’s important to eat foods that are rich in Vitamin B, like whole grains, nuts, seeds, beans and lentils.

Chapter 4 • Food We Eat

47

Nutrient Vitamin C

Deficiency diseases

Effects and prevention

Scurvy and gum bleeding Scurvy is a disease caused by a deficiency in vitamin C. It can make your gums swell and bleed. Eating foods rich in vitamin C, like amla, tomatoes, sprouted grains, and citrus fruit such as oranges and lemons, can prevent scurvy.

Vitamin D Rickets, improper growth Rickets is a condition that affects the bones, of bones making them soft and weak, leading to delayed growth and muscle weakness.

Children develop bow shaped legs. Rickets can be prevented by: • Eating foods rich in vitamin D, like fish, eggs and milk.

• Getting enough sunlight, which helps our body make vitamin D. • Including calcium-rich foods such as milk, cheese and yoghurt, in the diet.

Anaemia is a blood disease caused by a deficiency in iron. This vital mineral is necessary for the production of haemoglobin, the red pigment in our blood. When there isn’t enough iron, haemoglobin levels drop, making the body feel weak and tired. Signs of anaemia include a pale skin, dark circles under the eyes, white and flattened nails and a constant feeling of tiredness.

To prevent anaemia, it’s important to eat foods rich in iron, such as spinach and other green leafy vegetables, bananas, apples, pomegranates and meat. These foods are all excellent sources of iron.

Pause and Answer Match the following.

A. Kwashiorkor

a. Iodine

B. Goitre

b. Vitamin D

C. Rickets

c. Vitamin C

D. Scurvy

d. Vitamin B

E. Beriberi

e. Proteins

48

Healthy Eating Habits SEL

Mohit sat at the dining table, watching his mother wash fruit and vegetables. He asked, “Why do we always wash fruit and vegetables before we use them?” Mohit’s mother replied, “We wash fruits and vegetables to remove any dirt, germs or chemicals that might be on them. This makes them clean and safe to eat.” Let us talk about why it is important to have healthy eating habits.

•

Let’s talk about why it’s important to have healthy eating habits.

•

Try to avoid fried foods for better health.

• • • • •

Avoid overcooking food to preserve the nutrients.

Wash raw food thoroughly before eating to remove dirt and germs.

Wash your hands before preparing or touching any food.

Store food in airtight containers to prevent germs from growing. Milk is pasteurised to kill germs, which is done in dairies. At home, milk is boiled.

Refrigerate foods with a high water content, like fruit and vegetables, to keep them fresh. Food can be preserved by freezing, canning, drying, salting, sweetening or pickling.

Wonders of Bharat India is a leading producer of millets like jowar, bajra, and ragi, which have been part of traditional diets for centuries. The government is also promoting millets to fight malnutrition and support eco-friendly agriculture.

Millets

Word Splash nutrients: substances found in food that are necessary for the body to function properly balanced diet: eating a variety of foods in the right amounts to provide the necessary nutrients for the body to function properly deficiency: not having enough of something that our bodies need to stay healthy malnutrition: a condition when a person’s diet does not provide them with the necessary nutrients required for good health

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about types of food.

preserved: to keep food safe or in good condition Chapter 4 • Food We Eat

49

Points to Remember • Food is essential for our survival and helps us stay healthy and strong.

• There are five main nutrients in food: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals.

• Carbohydrates and fats give us energy, and proteins help us grow and repair our muscles.

• Vitamins and minerals protect us from diseases and keep our bodies working well.

• A balanced diet includes the right amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals, along with water and roughage.

• Not getting enough nutrients can cause diseases like beriberi, marasmus, kwashiorkor, scurvy, anaemia and rickets.

• Leading a healthy lifestyle by eating well and taking care of ourselves can prevent diseases.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. Our body is made up of 70% Fats

.

Water

B. Proteins are

Carbohydrates

Fibre

energy-giving

All of these

nutrients.

body-building

protective

C. Fruit and vegetables are rich Carbohydrates

Proteins

.

Vitamins and minerals

Fats

Vitamins and minerals

All of these

D. Which of the following are nutrients?

Fats

Carbohydrates

2. Fill in the blanks.

50

A.

are known as the body-building nutrients.

B.

and minerals help us stay healthy and protect us from diseases.

C. Carbohydrates are D.

providing foods.

is a condition caused by a lack of vitamin C in our diet.

E. Beriberi is caused due to the deficiency of

.

3. Write True or False.

A. Not having enough vitamins in our diet can cause diseases.

B. Anaemia is a condition caused by a lack of vitamin C in our diet.

C. Minerals help to build strong bones and teeth.

D. Most fats are unhealthy and should be avoided in our diet.

4. Short-answer questions.

A. Define deficiency diseases and give an example.

B. Name one healthy habit that helps prevent illnesses.

C. What do carbohydrates and fats provide our bodies with?

SEL

D. How do you feel when you eat a variety of colourful fruit and vegetables from different food groups compared to only eating foods rich in carbohydrates and fats?

5. Long-answer questions.

A. E xplain why drinking plenty of water is important. What role does water play in keeping us healthy?

B. Why are proteins known as body-building food?

C. What are the benefits of healthy eating? List five healthy habits.

SDG

D. What actions can you take to reduce food wastage and ensure that everyone gets to eat nutritious food in your community?

6. Picture-based questions.

A. What deficiency disease is the child suffering from? a. Kwashiorkor

b. Goitre

c. Scurvy

a. Carbohydrates

b. Fats

c. Proteins

a. Energy-giving

b. Protective

c. Body-building

B. What should the child eat to prevent this deficiency disease?

C. What is the main role of this nutrient in our diet?

Chapter 4 • Food We Eat

51

Challenge (HOTS) What do you think would happen if we drank too much water every day?

Life Skills Many people enjoy junk food even though it lacks essential nutrients and can harm our health if consumed frequently. To stay healthy, it’s important to limit junk food and prioritise nutritious options like fruit, vegetables, whole grains, proteins and dairy. A balanced diet with these foods supports overall well-being.

ART

• Draw or write about your favourite healthy meal, including fruit, vegetables and other nutritious foods.

• Display your drawings in the classroom to emphasise the importance of healthy eating.

52

Cleanliness and Health

5

Chapter Overview Cleanliness and Health Keeping Surroundings Clean

Types of Diseases

Communicable Diseases

Common Diseases

Habits of Good Health

Get Set Label each waste item as 1 or 2, depending on which dustbin it should be thrown into.

Biodegradable

Non-biodegradable

1

Chapter 5 • Cleanliness and Health

2

53

Keeping Surroundings Clean We can stay healthy by keeping our surroundings clean. If our environment is dirty and unhygienic, we risk getting various diseases. Let us learn about some ways to maintain a clean and healthy environment.

•

Always throw the garbage in a dustbin. Use a dustbin whether you are at home, at school, in a garden, at a beach or on the road. Always dispose waste properly.

•

Make sure that you do not waste anything. We should always reuse and recycle the things we use.

•

Keep separate dustbins for biodegradable waste (peels of fruit, vegetables, etc.) and non-biodegradable waste (glass, plastic, metals, etc.). We can do this by using differently coloured dustbins or a dustbin with two different sections. Understanding the different types of waste and how to manage them helps us protect our environment.

SDG

•

Non-biodegradable

Avoid wastage of resources. Only use things that are required and necessary.

•

Always carry an eco-friendly bag when you go shopping. Stop using polythene bags.

•

Save water and save the water bodies from getting polluted.

•

Keep a check on air pollution. Use public transport to travel long distances. One can walk or cycle for shorter distances.

•

Carry your own water bottle wherever you go. Say ‘NO’ to plastic bottles.

•

Spread awareness in your surroundings regarding cleanliness and pollution control.

Do and Learn ART

Biodegradable

Say NO to plastic.

Take some old newspapers and tear them into small pieces. Put these pieces in a container filled with warm water. Blend the mixture until it becomes a soft pulp.

Sieve the pulp to remove the extra water and shape it by putting a layer over a glass, plate, pot, etc. Allow it to dry for at least 24 hours. Later, remove the dried part of the pulp after it has taken the shape. Now, you can colour and decorate it.

biodegradable: capable of being broken down into harmless products by the action of natural organisms non-biodegradable: cannot be broken down by natural organisms and acts as a source of pollution 54

Discuss!

What are the benefits of separating waste into two types? How can we utilise biodegradable waste?

Types of Diseases Meha is sick, and her doctor has advised her to rest at home and stay isolated as she may spread or communicate the disease. She was curious and asked, “How are diseases communicated?”.

Diseases can be classified depending on how they are communicated from one person to another.

Communicable Diseases: These infectious diseases spread through infectious agents that can be transmitted from an infected person or organism to others. Examples include cold and cough.

Non-Communicable Disease: These diseases cannot spread from person to person. They are often caused by factors like an unhealthy lifestyle, allergies, physical or chemical injuries, poor habits or inherited conditions. Examples include heart diseases, diabetes and thyroid disorders.

SEL

Learning about communicable and noncommunicable diseases helps us stay healthy and promotes health and well-being.

Communicable disease

Non-communicable disease (Heart disease)

Error Alert!

There is a difference between illness and disease. Illness is the experience of feeling unwell, while disease refers to a specific medical condition.

transmit: to send or transfer inherited: passed from parent to child Chapter 5 • Cleanliness and Health

55

Communicable Diseases Communicable diseases are caused by disease-causing microorganisms or germs also called pathogens that are present all around us in the environment. These pathogens spread infections widely.

We get communicable diseases when these pathogens enter our bodies. Our bodies must fight back against these germs to stay protected. If our immunity is weak, our body cannot fight back and we may fall ill.

Communicable diseases can spread from the environment to a person, they can also be passed from an infected person to another.

These microbes can spread from person to person through coughing, sneezing or touching dirty surfaces.

Bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa are the four main types of disease-causing microorganisms present in the environment.

Bacteria

Virus

Fungi

Protozoa

Different types of germs.

•

Tuberculosis and whooping cough are caused by bacteria.

•

Dengue and chicken pox are caused by viruses.

•

Malaria and diarrhoea are caused by protozoa.

•

Candidiasis and ringworm are caused by fungi.

Prevention of Communicable Diseases The spread of communicable diseases can be prevented in the following ways: •

Maintain hygiene. Always wash your hands properly with soap and clean water.

•

Only eat food that was covered properly.

•

Cover your mouth when you sneeze or cough.

•

When you are unwell, stay at home and rest.

•

Take the vaccinations prescribed by your doctor on time. It helps to protect us against specific diseases.

56

•

Keep your surroundings neat and clean. Germs and mosquitoes breed in stagnant water and unhealthy surroundings.

•

Always sanitise yourself.

Use masks and gloves when necessary. Never share personal things like towels, napkins, water bottles and toothbrushes.

•

Avoid touching rashes and blisters if you have a skin infection.

Did You Know?

COVID-19 is a communicable disease. The virus can spread through tiny droplets released from an infected person’s mouth or nose when they sneeze, cough, or even breathe.

Common Diseases Doctor, “Neha, it’s important to be aware of other diseases as well. Some of these diseases are spread by mosquitoes, houseflies and other insects.”

Diseases Spread by Mosquitoes Mosquitoes spread diseases like malaria, chikungunya and dengue. Some of these can be fatal.

Malaria: This disease can be cured and prevented by keeping our surroundings clean and following safety measures. The symptoms of malaria are a high fever, body ache, shivers and appetite loss.

Mosquitoes spread many diseases.

Chikungunya: This disease causes severe joint pain that persists for a long period of time. This is not a fatal disease.

Dengue: It is caused by mosquitoes that carry the dengue virus. The symptoms are a high fever, acute joint pain, a headache and nausea.

Prevention of Mosquito Borne Diseases • • •

Prevent water from accumulating in one place, especially in open areas.

Clear all the containers that can gather rainwater.

Keep all the windows and doors closed or use mosquito nets to prevent mosquitoes from entering.

fatal: causing death

Prevent water from getting accumulated.

persist: to continue

Chapter 5 • Cleanliness and Health

57

•

Spray mosquito repellents inside and outside the house.

•

Use mosquito repellent lotions to protect your body.

•

Cover your body with a full layer of clothes to avoid getting mosquito bites.

Diseases Spread by Houseflies Houseflies are found mainly near decaying matter, like faeces and garbage. Though it is a small insect with two wings, six legs and large eyes, it has the ability to spread almost 100 diseases. The infections they cause are mainly bacterial, helminthic and protozoan. These infections are spread when flies come in contact with open food, which leads to contamination.

Some diseases that are spread by houseflies are:

Housefly on food waste

Amoebic Dysentery: In this disease, a parasite infects the intestines, causing symptoms like diarrhoea, vomiting, and stomach pain.

Cholera: It is caused by bacteria carried by houseflies. This disease leads to vomiting, diarrhoea, and leg cramps. In severe cases, it can result in death due to extreme dehydration.

Pause and Answer Complete the following.

1. Two communicable diseases.

2. Two non-communicable diseases.

3. Two diseases caused by mosquitoes.

4. Two diseases caused by houseflies.

Habits of Good Health We can avoid getting sick by following some good habits such as: •

Keep yourself and your surroundings clean.

•

Maintain oral hygiene by brushing twice a day.

bacteria: a small organism that can make us sick helminthic: related to or caused by worms contamination: causing a substance to become dirty or harmful 58

Think and Tell How does cutting our nails regularly protect us from getting any infections?

•

Drink enough water and sleep soundly for at least 8 hours daily.

•

Get yourself vaccinated on a regular basis to protect yourself from certain diseases.

•

Always keep food and water covered. Avoid eating uncovered, outside food.

•

Follow a healthy physical routine by jogging, doing exercises, yoga, meditation, etc. This will keep your body and mind healthy and fit.

Remember!

Water is essential for digesting food properly. Without enough water, our digestive system can become weak, which can negatively impact our overall immune system and health.

Wonders of Bharat The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is considered as the largest cleanliness drive in the world.

Word Splash communicable disease: diseases that can be transmitted from an infected person or organism to others non-communicable disease: diseases that cannot spread from person to person pathogen: disease-causing micro-organism or germ

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about how infections spread.

Chapter 5 • Cleanliness and Health

59

Points to Remember •

We should keep our surroundings clean to ensure a healthy and safe environment.

•

Diseases are classified into two types. Communicable diseases that are spread from one infected person or organism to another.

Non-communicable diseases that cannot be transmitted.

•

There are some diseases that are spread by mosquitoes, like dengue and malaria, while others are spread by houseflies, like diarrhoea and typhoid.

•

Diseases can be prevented by following good habits and by taking preventive measures.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct option.

A. A disease that can be spread from one person to another is Diabetes

Thyroid

.

Heart problem

B. A disease causing microorganism is also called

Cough .

Hereditary

Pathogen

Immunity

Communicable disease

C. The spread of a communicable disease can be prevented by

D.

Eating uncovered food

Sharing personal belongings

Covering the mouth while sneezing

Not washing hands

is not a symptom of malaria.

Abdominal pain

E.

60

.

High fever

Body ache

is a good habit.

Following an unhealthy routine

Drinking enough water

Bathing once a week

Avoiding vaccinations

Shivers

2. Write True or False.

A. T uberculosis and whooping cough are caused by bacteria present in the environment.

B. When you are unwell, stay at home and rest.

C. Chikungunya is a fatal disease.

D. We can prevent malaria by keeping water from accumulating in one place, especially in open areas.

E. H ouseflies are mainly found near decaying matter, like faeces and garbage.

3. Fill in the blanks. viruses

oral

bacteria

vaccinated

A. Cholera is caused by a B.

plastic

carried by houseflies.

is a non-biodegradable object.

C. Get yourself

to protect against certain diseases.

D. Dengue and chicken pox are caused by E. We can maintain our

.

hygiene by brushing out teeth regularly.

4. Short-answer questions.

A. E xplain the difference between biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste.

Mention a few examples.

B. What is the main cause of the spread of communicable diseases.

C. State any three ways to prevent diseases.

D. Name any three diseases that are spread by mosquitoes.

5. Long-answer questions.

A. M ention the four main types of pathogens or germs present in the environment and the diseases caused by them.

B. List the precautions to be taken to prevent mosquito-borne diseases.

SDG

C. How do houseflies spread diseases? Name the diseases and their symptoms.

D. Explain which good habits we should follow in order to stay healthy.

Chapter 5 • Cleanliness and Health

61

6. Picture-based questions.

A. I dentify one disease mosquitoes can spread in this situation.

B. L ist two ways to prevent mosquitoborne diseases.

C. W hy is it important to keep water containers covered?

Challenge (HOTS) Riya’s house is near an open drainage system. What are the two things that she should do to prevent the outbreak of disease in her home?

Life Skills There is an outbreak of disease in the nearby rural area. You need to spread awareness regarding the benefits of following a healthy routine. Mention all the points in the form of a chart.

SDG

62

PROJECT 1 The Healthy Plate Model!

Objective: Students will understand the concept and importance of a balanced diet.

Materials Needed: Paper plates, marker, food magazines or printed food images, glue and scissors Step 1: Research about food components With the help of internet, do research about food groups (carbohydrates, fats, proteins,

vitamins, minerals, water, roughage or fibre)

that should be included in a balanced diet. List which food items are rich in each of the above food groups.

Step 2: Collect the food images Go through magazines or print out the images of food items that you listed.

Step 3: Add and label sections Take a paper plate. Divide it into different

sections using a ruler and a marker. Label each section as a different food group.

Step 4: Assemble your plate Paste pictures of different food items in the sections they belong. For example, you can paste pictures of potatoes, wheat and rice in the carbohydrates section.

Project Output: Now you have your own model of a healthy plate! Present it in your class and discuss the importance of each component in our diet.

Final Outcome: This hands-on project will help students understand the importance of a balanced diet. It also encourages them to make healthy food choices in their daily lives.

To be read aloud and explained in the mother tongue by the teacher, as needed.

PROJECT 1

63

Assessment 1 Read this article. Answer the questions given below.

Our Sense Organs!

Ravi was walking in the park when he noticed a bright, colourful butterfly. As he moved closer to get a better look, he heard birds chirping in the trees nearby and felt the cool breeze against his skin. Suddenly, he smelled the sweet scent of flowers around him. Ravi picked a flower and felt its soft petals. He realised that he was using all his sense organs to enjoy the beautiful day at the park.

1.

Which sense organ did Ravi use to see the butterfly?

A. Ears B. Eyes C. Nose D. Skin

2.

What role did Ravi’s nose play in the park?

A. It helped him see the flowers.

B. It allowed him to smell the flowers.

C. It helped him hear the birds.

D. It allowed him to touch the petals.

3.

If Ravi couldn’t hear the birds chirping, which sense organ was not working properly?

Explain how this would change his experience in the park.

4.

If Ravi lost his sense of touch for a day, how would it affect his ability to enjoy the park?

Discuss how losing one sense might change the way we experience the world.

To be read aloud and explained in the mother tongue by the teacher, as needed.

64

Unit 3 • Land and People

65

66

Unit 3 • Land and People

67

Maps and Globes

6

Chapter Overview Maps and Globes Cardinal Directions

Map

Globe

Continents and Oceans

Get Set A school friend wants to visit your home on Sunday. During lunch break, explain the way to your home from school. You can mention landmarks, left and right turns, distances and directions like north, south, east and west.

Cardinal Directions There are four major directions: North, South, East, and West. These are known as cardinal directions.

On a map, the top usually represents North, the bottom represents South, the right represents East, and the left represents West. Often on a map, an arrow pointing to the North is marked with the letter ‘N’, which helps you identify the other directions.

The directions 68

In addition to the cardinal directions, there are also intermediate directions that provide more precise guidance. The direction between North and East is called Northeast, and the direction between North and West is called Northwest. Similarly, the direction between South and East is called Southeast, and the direction between South and West is called Southwest.

Map A map is a flat representation of the Earth’s surface, usually on paper. Since the Earth is curved, it is impossible to flatten it perfectly on paper. This leads to some inaccuracies in the shapes and sizes of landmasses on maps. Mapmakers work to reduce these inaccuracies. Maps may have distortions, but they can still show small areas precisely.

This makes them useful when studying the Earth.

Types of Maps Maps can show the entire world or specific areas like continents, countries, cities or neighbourhoods. They come in various sizes. Larger maps, such as those of the world, tend to have more errors due to the broad area they cover. In contrast, smaller maps, like those of a neighbourhood, can provide more accurate details.

Think and Tell Why do you think we use different maps for a place or region instead of including all the details on a single map?

A wall map of the world may be large because it includes many details, but it can be rolled up or folded for easy transport.

There are various types of maps:

Did You Know?

•

Political maps: They show the boundaries of continents, countries, states and cities.

•

Physical maps: They highlight natural features such as rivers, plateaus, mountains and plains.

•

Thematic maps: They include details on railways, roads and airline routes.

During the 16th century, Gerardus Mercator, a map-maker, was the first to compile and publish a collection of maps in book form.

A book of maps is called an atlas. inaccuracies: errors or mistakes distortions: changes that make something unclear or wrong precisely: exactly or accurately contrast: comparison Chapter 6 • Maps and Globes

69

Features of Maps Maps provide us with detailed information about the world, a country, or a specific place.

However, to effectively read a map, we need to understand certain features that guide us. These features are known as the elements of a map. Here are some basic elements.

Symbols Maps convey information about mountains, rivers, dams, lakes, bridges, landforms, airports, railway tracks, etc. Since everything cannot be written out on a map, symbols are used to represent these features.

For example, cities are often marked by small circles and mountain peaks by triangles.

These symbols make it easier to understand the information given by the map.

Map not to Scale

A map with keys

Did You Know?

In early maps, symbols were often more artistic, with detailed drawings representing cities or mountains.

Colour Key

LADAKH

N

JAMMU & KASHMIR HIMACHAL PRADESH PA K I ST A N

C H IN A TIBET

UTTARAKHAND

PUNJAB HARYANA

L HA AC SH UN AR RADE P

SIKKIM DELHI

N EPA L BHUTAN ASSAM

UTTAR PRADESH

NAGALAND

MEGHALAYA

BIHAR

RAJASTHAN

MANIPUR

B A N G LADESH JHARKHAND MADHYA PRADESH

GUJARAT

TRIPURA

WEST BENGAL

MIZORAM

RH

A ISG

TT HA

CH

DAMAN & DIU DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI

MAHARASHTRA

MYANMAR ODISHA

BAY OF BENGAL TELANGANA

ARABIAN SEA GOA

KARNATAKA PUDUCHERRY LAKSHADWEEP

TAMIL NADU

LA

RA

INDIAN OCEAN

SR I LANKA

DS LAN AR IS ANDAM AN AND NICOB

The Himalayan Mountains The Northern Plains The Southern Plateau The Coastal Plains The Great Indian Desert The Islands

ANDHRA PRADESH

KE

Different colours are used on maps to represent various features, and most maps follow similar colour patterns. For example, on a physical map, mountains are shown in shades of brown, yellow represents plateaus and green represents plains.

Water bodies are shown in shades of blue, with light blue representing shallow waters and dark blue indicating deeper waters. Typically, a key is provided in the upper or lower right corner of the map. This key helps us understand what the different colours on the map represent.

INDIA

PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISION

A F G H A N I ST A N

MAP NOT TO SCALE

A map with different colours 70

Usefulness of Maps in Daily Life Maps are useful in our everyday lives. They help us find directions, plan trips and understand the geography of different places. Maps are also used in weather forecasting, city planning and navigation.

Limitations of Using Maps THINK RATIONAL

While maps are useful, they have some limitations. They may not show all the details and can become outdated. Maps need to be updated from time to time. In what ways do you think maps become outdated? Sometimes it is also difficult to understand or interpret a map. Maps also do not show the elevation of features accurately.

Pause and Answer Fill in the blanks.

1. The four main directions are called 2.

directions.

maps highlight natural features such as rivers, plateaus, mountains and plains.

3.

helps us understand about different colours shown on the map.

Globe Chandani has always wondered, what the Earth looks like? One day she asked her teacher. Her teacher showed her a globe in the school library. She told her that the globe was a model of the Earth. Chandani was excited and wanted to know more about it.

A globe shows how oceans, continents and seas are spread across the Earth. We can see the location of countries on a globe. It helps us see the shape of countries, and some cities. The globe is shaped like Earth, but we can only see one half of the globe at a time. To view the other half of the globe, we must rotate it. The globe can be rotated around an imaginary line which passes through it. This line is called the axis. The axis is tilted at an angle of 23.5 degrees.

Did You Know?

Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer, proved that the Earth is round.

Chapter 6 • Maps and Globes

71

Poles The axis of rotation has two end points called the poles. They are the North Pole and the South Pole. These poles are at the top and bottom of the planet. The North Pole is in the middle of the Arctic Ocean and is covered by ice. The South Pole is in coldest continent Antarctica which is also covered by ice.

At the centre, between the two poles, there is an imaginary line that circles the planet.

It is called the Equator. It divides the Earth into two equal halves. These halves are called hemispheres. Towards the north is the Northern hemisphere and towards the south is the Southern hemisphere.

Error Alert!

The Earth is not completely round. It is slightly flattened on two sides.

Poles and hemispheres

Latitudes Imaginary horizontal and vertical lines are drawn on the globe to make it easier to find places. The imaginary horizontal lines that run from east to west on the globe are called latitudes. The latitudes are also called lines of latitude or parallels of latitude as they all run parallel to each other. There are 180 degrees of latitude in total.

The equator lies at 0°. At the 90° north there is the North Pole. Towards the south, at 90° we have the South Pole. Therefore, with the help of latitudes we know the distance we have travelled towards north or south. For example, a place which is located 45° south, lies between the equator at 0° and the South Pole. Similarly, 60° south will be nearer to the South Pole.

Important latitudes on the Earth: •

At 23½°N, we have the Tropic of Cancer.

•

At 66½°N, we have the Arctic Circle.

•

At 23½°S, we have the Tropic of Capricorn.

•

At 66½°S, we have the Antarctic Circle.

72

Important latitudes of the Earth

Do and Learn INTEGRATED

Look at a globe and identify the Equator. Name five countries which are located to the north of the Equator, and five countries which are located to the south of the Equator.

Longitudes The vertical imaginary lines drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole are called lines of longitude. The longitude that runs through Greenwich near London is at 0°.

It is called the Prime Meridian. The degree of the Prime Meridian is 0°. As this meridian passes through the observatory at Greenwich in London, United Kingdom it is also called the Greenwich Meridian.

There are 360 degrees of longitude. 180° towards the east of the Prime Meridian and 180° towards the west of the Prime Meridian. The longitude divides the Earth into the Eastern hemisphere and the Western hemisphere. The 180th degree of the Eastern and Western hemispheres meets at a single line. It is called the International Date Line or 180° longitude.

Grid Latitudes and longitudes intersect at right angles, forming a network of lines called a grid. By knowing the degrees of latitude and longitude, we can pinpoint the exact location of a place. The point where the latitude and longitude intersect marks the location of a place.

Did You Know?

If we keep travelling east and then cross the International Date Line, we will gain an extra day!

Continents and Oceans Our planet is covered by seven large land masses. These are called continents. The Earth has seven continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia. The large water bodies between the continents are called oceans. There are five major oceans: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean and Arctic Ocean.

Wonders of Bharat Aryabhata was a famous Indian mathematician and astronomer.

He proposed that the Earth was round. He also calculated the diameter of the Earth.

Aryabhata

land masses: large bodies of land Chapter 6 • Maps and Globes

73

Word Splash cardinal directions: the four main directions- north, south, east and west intermediate directions: the directions in between the cardinal directions map: a flat representation of the Earth’s surface, usually on paper atlas: a collection of maps, typically bound together in a book poles: the points on the Earth’s surface where the axis ends

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about life in the oceans.

Points to Remember •

There are four directions and four intermediate directions that helps us to locate places on the map.

•

There are different types of maps such as physical maps, political maps and thematic maps.

•

Maps have features such as symbols and colour keys that represent different things on the map.

•

The Equator or the 0-degree latitude divides the Earth into two halves.

•

The 0-degree longitude is called the Prime Meridian.

•

The point where the latitude and longitude intersect marks the location of a place.

•

The Earth has seven continents and five major oceans.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. A collection of maps is called a map book

74

a globe

an atlas

B. Political maps show information about states and cities

rivers and plateaus

temperature

C. The axis of the Earth is tilted at which angle?

66½°

23½°

90°

International Date Line

Equator

D. The 0° longitude is called the Prime Meridian 2. Fill in the blanks. thematic map

intermediate directions

poles

a grid

A. The latitudes and longitudes intersect and form a network of lines called .

B. A

gives the details of minerals, crops, industries and soil.

C. T he points at top and bottom of the Earth where the Earth’s axis meets the surface are called the .

D. North-east, North-west, South-east and South-west are called

.

3. Write True or False.

A. L atitudes are imaginary horizontal lines that run from north to south.

B. The 23½°S latitude is called the Tropic of Cancer.

C. The latitudes are also called parallels.

D. There are four directions and four intermediate directions.

4. Match the following.

A. States and continents

a. The tilt of the Earth’s axis

B. Prime Meridian

b. Arctic circle

C. 23.5 degrees

c. Longitude

D. 66.5 degrees north

d. Political map

5. Short-answer questions.

A. What is a globe?

B. What are grids?

Chapter 6 • Maps and Globes

75

C. What are symbols? Why are they used on a map?

D. What does a colour key on a map mean?

6. Long-answer questions.

A. What are cardinal directions and intermediate directions? Explain.

B. What are the poles? How do they divide the Earth?

7. Picture-based questions.

A. What type of map is this?

B. W hich country is represented on the map?

C. W hat information do you get from the key of the map?

Colombo Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte

Challenge (HOTS) 1. Why do you think it is important to know which direction is north, south, east or west before studying a map? How does knowing directions help you in different situations?

2. Raghav is a captain of a ship. He wants to go from a country in Europe to India in Asia. Which map should Raghav use and why?

Life Skills Use clay or play dough to make a model of a globe. Mark important latitudes and longitudes on it. Present the model to your class.

ART

76

India: Northern 7 Regions Chapter Overview India: Northern Regions

The Himalayas

The Northern Plains

The Great Indian Desert

Get Set Which one the following places would you choose for a holiday? Circle the place and share two things with your friend that you would like to do there.

1. Desert in Rajasthan 2. Mountains in Karnataka 3. Mountains in Himachal Pradesh In this chapter, we will learn more about the different physical features of India’s northern regions.

The Himalayas The Himalayas, are long and pass through many countries like China, Nepal, India, and Bhutan. They are spread over the northern and northeastern parts of India. These mountain ranges start from Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir and continue until Arunachal Pradesh. The highest peak in the world, Mount Everest, is a part of the Himalayas and Chapter 7 • India: Northern Regions

77

N

RA

KO

M

du

ab

Nanital

DESERT

R

L

ng

T

H

a E

Gh R

agh

N

P L

ra

k da an

At lower elevations the slopes are not snow-covered, but they receive heavy rainfall.

O

M

G

WESTERN COASTAL PLAIN

N

Mt. Everest 8848 m

Kanchenjunga 8586 m Tsangpo

A

Ga

na

In

I

A I N

A

S

Itanagar

A

Y

utra

map

Brah

Shillong

S

RA NG ES

s du

1. The Himadri or Greater Himalayas

Shimla Mussoorie

HI LL

tluj

NC HA L

vi

PU RV A

en

Ra

Sa

Three mountain ranges form part of the Himalayas.

Leh

s

Ko si

Jhe lum

Srinagar

Ch

Mt. Godwin Austen (k2) 8611 m

RA

In

u Yam

The word Himalaya means ‘abode of snow’. At a higher elevation, the Himalayas are covered in snow and ice all year round, and icy winds blow.

KA

H

lies in Nepal. It is 8848 metres high.

Apart from that, nine other highest peaks of the world are also a part of the Himalayas.

Imphal

SOUTHERN PLATEAU

MAP NOT TO SCALE

Himalayan mountain ranges

Discuss!

The Himalayan mountains are covered with snow throughout the year. Discuss with your friends about the food and clothing of the people living in the Himalayas.

2. The Himachal or the Middle Himalayas 3. The Shivalik or the Outer Himalayas These mountain ranges are parallel to each other.

Himadri The Himadri, or Greater Himalayas, are the highest mountain ranges of the Himalayas.

The Himadri is the northernmost range of the Himalayas and is snow-capped all through the year.

It spans across various countries like Pakistan, China, India, Nepal and Tibet. The Kanchenjunga, the highest peak in India world’s highest peak, Mount Everest and others like Lhotse and Nanga Parbat, are part of the Greater Himalayas. Kanchenjunga, the highest peak in India, also lies in the Himadri range. elevation: height parallel: running alongside each other 78

The Greater Himalayas also have many glaciers. A glacier is a large, slow-moving mass of ice and snow. Two important glaciers in this range are Gangotri and Yamunotri. The Yamuna River originates from the Yamunotri Glacier and the Ganga River starts from the Gangotri Glacier.

Himachal These mountains are not as high as the ones in the Himadri Range. They are located to the south of the Himadri range have lovely forests, waterfalls, rivers and fertile valleys. There are beautiful towns and valleys here like Mussoorie, Shimla, Nainital, Almora, Kullu, Manali and Darjeeling, which are famous tourist attractions.

Do and Learn

Collect pictures of any five towns or valleys of the Himachal range. Paste the pictures in your scrapbook and write their names.

ART

Shivalik The Shivalik range, also known as the Outer Himalayas, is the southernmost range of the Himalayas. The Shivalik range receives heavy rainfall, and the land is fertile. The foothills of Shivalik are known as the Terai region.

The Shivalik range is covered with dense forests that have a lot of wild animals such as tigers, elephants and rhinoceroses.

SDG

The Terai region

To protect these wild animals, the Government has declared many forests as protected forests. Protected forests are closely monitored by government officials and people cannot chop down trees or hunt there. Forests provide us with oxygen and are also home to many animals. We must protect, preserve and promote the sustainable use of forests. Some examples of protected forests in this region are the Corbett National Park and the Kaziranga National Park.

Importance of the Himalayas Some of the ways in which the Himalayas are important for India are: •

They protect us, as they form natural borders with other countries.

cold desert: a desert that is covered in snow all year round and has no plants Chapter 7 • India: Northern Regions

79

•

They also protect India from the cold winds blowing from Central Asia. This prevents India from becoming a cold desert.

•

Many important rivers originate in the Himalayas. These rivers are a source of drinking water and, also make the land fertile. Dams built over these rivers provide us with electricity.

•

They help bring monsoons to India. They stop the winds from going further north, and it leads to rains in India.

•

The thick forests in the Himalayas are home to many wild animals and useful plants.

•

The beautiful valleys and towns are a great tourist attraction.

The Northern Plains We have already learnt about the Himalayas. The Northern Plains lie towards the south of the Himalayas. The Northern Plains run parallel to the Himalayas and stretch from Punjab in the west to Assam in the east. They are spread over 2400 kilometres. They cover the whole of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Bihar, West Bengal and parts of Jharkhand and Assam. To the south of the Northern Plains lies the Southern Plateau.

Early settlements started near the Northern Plains due to the proximity to rivers. The rivers brought down fertile soil, that was rich in minerals, and thus good for agriculture.

People started settling down along the Northern Plains and agriculture became their main occupation.

Physical Features

Distributaries forming a delta

Himalayan rivers such as the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra, along with their tributaries, flow down the plains and deposit alluvial soil. On either side of these rivers, a river basin is formed. Before they flow into the sea, these rivers break into smaller rivers called distributaries. The alluvial deposits also form triangular islands called deltas.

proximity: closeness tributaries: rivers that join a larger river 80

Climate The Northern Plains gets hot in the summer and cold in the winter. The temperature ranges between 40 degrees Celsius in summer to around 5 degrees Celsius in winter.

Think and Tell What do you think would happen if the rivers in the Northern Plains dried up?

Life of the People The Northern Plains has fertile soil, which means the area suitable for large-scale agriculture. Farming is the main occupation of the people. Many different crops such as rice, wheat and millet are grown here. Cattle rearing and dairy farming are also practised in some regions of the Northern Plains. There are also industries like paper, textile, sports goods and leather work. Many people are employed in these industries.

Pause and Answer Write True or False.

1. The Himadri range is also known as the Outer Himalayas.

2. Agriculture is the main occupation in the Northern Plains.

3. The Himalayas help bring the monsoons to India.

The Great Indian Desert The Great Indian Desert or the Thar Desert is a massive stretch of land which lies west of the Northern Plains. A major part of this desert lies in the Indian state of Rajasthan.

The Rann of Kachchh lies south of the Thar Desert, and the Aravalli Hills lie south-east of it. Towards the northeast is the Sutlej River basin. The desert continues westward into Pakistan until the Indus River basin.

Did You Know?

India also has a cold desert. Ladakh is a cold desert in the northern region of the Himalayas.

The climate is dry and cold.

Chapter 7 • India: Northern Regions

The Thar Desert

81

Physical Features The desert region is covered with thick and loose sand. The strong winds that blow over the desert carry the sand from one place and drop it elsewhere. These strong winds are called sandstorms. The sand carried from one place to another forms small hills of sand called sand dunes. Crescent-shaped dunes are called barchans, and long ridge-shaped ones are called seifs.

Sandstorms can be dangerous as people can get lost in them.

In some places in the desert, water from below the Earth’s surface comes to the ground. Trees like babul and date palms grow near such places. An area, where water and vegetation are present in a desert is called an oasis.

An oasis in the Thar Desert

Climate The Great Indian Desert is dry, rocky, and sandy. The Aravalli Hills stop rain-carrying winds from entering this region. Therefore, the region receives scanty rainfall making it very dry.

The region also faces extreme temperatures and the days are very hot, especially in summer. The sand heats up quickly under the sun. However, at night the sand loses the heat and cools down quickly. Therefore, nights are cool and pleasant. During summer, hot and dry loo winds blow over the desert towards the states of Uttar Pradesh and Delhi. During winter, the days are pleasant, but nights are extremely cold.

Life of the People The dry climate, extreme temperature, and the lack of water and vegetation make life in the desert very difficult. Most villages are formed around an oasis where water is easily available. The people are engaged in farming and rearing animals such as sheep, goats and camels. Some people move from place to place searching for food and water. They are called nomads. They rear animals and sell handicrafts. The desert also has some important cities like Jodhpur, Bikaner and Jaisalmer. These cities have some famous temples, forts and other places to visit.

Work with a classmate and make a list of famous forts and temples of Jodhpur, Bikaner and Jaisalmer. scanty: very less 82

The camel is an important part of desert life. It stores fat in its hump which helps it survive in the desert for days without food and water. Its padded feet help it walk over the hot desert sand and therefore, it is called the ‘ship of the desert’. The camel is used to carry heavy loads across the desert. It also provides milk and meat to the people of desert.

Wonders of Bharat The Hemis National Park is located in Leh, Ladakh. It is the largest national park in India.

It is famous all over the world for its snow leopards. It has more snow leopards than any other national park in the world.

A snow leopard in Hemis National Park

Word Splash mountain range: a chain of mountains glacier: a large, slow-moving mass of ice and snow Terai: the foothills of the Shivalik protected forests: forests that are closely monitored by government officials and people cannot cut down trees or hunt animals alluvial soil: fertile soil deposited by a river in the floodplains river basin: area watered by a river and its tributaries distributaries: small streams of water that originate from a river before it flows into the sea deltas: triangular pieces of land formed at the mouth of the river sand dunes: small hills of sand oasis: a small fertile area in a desert where underground water comes to the surface nomads: a group of people who do not have a fixed home and keep moving from place to place

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about India’s northern regions.

Chapter 7 • India: Northern Regions

83

Points to Remember •

The Himalayas, are more than 2400 km long and pass through many countries like China, Nepal, India and Bhutan.

•

The Himalayas consist of the Himadri, the Himachal and the Shivalik ranges.

•

The Northern Plains are located to the south of the Himalayas.

•

A number of Himalayan rivers flow through the Northern Plains.

•

Rivers flowing through the Northerns Plains carry fertile soil, sand and silt which is suitable for agriculture.

•

The Great Indian Desert is located to the west of the Northern Plains.

•

The dry climate, extreme temperature, and the lack of water and vegetation makes life in the desert very difficult.

•

The camel is an important part of desert life. It is called the ‘ship of the desert’.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. What are the Greater Himalayas also known as?

Himachal

Shivalik

Himadri

B. What are the foothills of the Shivalik called?

Terai

Doon

Garhwal

C. What is the main occupation in the Northern Plains?

Farming

Mining

Teaching

D. In which of these states is the Great Indian Desert located?

Madhya Pradesh

Rajasthan

Punjab

2. Fill in the blanks. tributary

Yamunotri

barchans

A. A river that flows into a larger river is called a 84

Central Asia .

B. The Himalayas protect India from cold winds from

.

C. The Yamuna River originates from the

glacier.

D. Crescent-shaped sand dunes are called

.

3. Write True or False.

A. Sandstorms occur in the Northern Plains.

B. Kanchenjunga is the highest peak in the world.

C. Rivers deposit alluvial soil in the Northern Plains.

D. Most villages in the Thar Desert are located near an oasis.

4. Match the following.

A. Himalaya

a. Sand dune

B. Ganga

b. Protected forest

C. Terai

c. Abode of snow

D. Corbett National Park

d. Shivalik

5. Short-answer questions.

A. Name the highest and the lowest range in the Himalayas.

B. N ame two glaciers in the Northern Mountains from which two main rivers of India originate.

C. Where is the Great Indian Desert located?

D. How is a delta formed?

E. Name three industries which can be found in the Northern Plains.

6. Long-answer questions.

A. Why are the Himalayas important? Give reasons.

THINK RATIONAL

B. H ow do you think people in the Thar Desert adjust to living in the extreme climate?

Chapter 7 • India: Northern Regions

85

7. Picture-based questions. ook at the image and answer the questions L that follow.

A. Identify the feature shown in the picture.

B. How is this feature formed?

C. W hat animal is used for transportation in this region?

Challenge (HOTS) 1. Shreyas hates cold weather and feels that it would have been nice if the Himalayas had not been there at all in India. Do you agree or disagree with Shreyas? Give reasons.

2. Compare the life of people living in the Northern Plains with the life of people in the desert. How are they different?

Life Skills There are many historical monuments in the Northern Plains of India.

Many people visit these monuments every year. However, a lot of these monuments are being damaged because people scratch on the walls and leave their litter behind. Prepare a list of things we should or should not do when visiting monuments.

SDG

86

India: Southern 8 Regions Chapter Overview India: Southern Regions

The Southern Plateau

The Coastal Plains

The Islands

Get Set Match the following states and their capitals.

1. Maharashtra

A. Chennai

2. Kerala

B. Hyderabad

3. Telangana

C. Mumbai

4. Andhra Pradesh

D. Amaravati

5. Tamil Nadu

E. Bengaluru

6. Karnataka

F. Thiruvananthapuram

All these states are part of the southern region of India. The southern region of India contains three main physical features: the Southern Plateau, the Coastal Plains and the islands.

Chapter 8 • India: Southern Regions

87

Ravi and Priya were excited about their trip to the southern region of India. First, they explored the Southern Plateau, with its high, rocky hills and thick forests. Ravi liked the hills, and Priya loved the cool breeze in the forests.

RT

HE

RN

G

l ba am h C

PL

AI

Hyderabad N

GH

N C

S OA

T

AL

BAY OF BENGAL

A

S AT

IN

CHOTA NAGPUR PLATEAU Maha nadi

P

16°

Mysuru

LAKSHADWEEP

NILGIRI HILLS

INDIAN OCEAN

Anaj Mudi 2595 m

MAP NOT TO SCALE

S ND AND SLA AMAN AND NICOBAR I

TS

Ka Bengaluru ve ri

R TE

EA S TER

EA

S

s h na

GHA

LAIN

ERN

AL P

K ri

Hugli

Pune

RAJMAHAL HILLS

L

AR

n CENTRAL HIGHLANDS So MALWA Bhopal PLATEAU NGE Jabalpur YA RA INDH Narmada V E NG RA SATPURA i Tap Nagpur Go dav ari DECCAN PLATEAU

ARABIAN SEA

NS

Be tw a

Gwalior ang a Jhansi

ak nd Ga

A AV

LS

IL

IH

LL

NO

Kosi

RT

una

N ER

Yam

W

T ES

D

E ES

WEST

Finally, they travelled to the Islands off the southern coast.

On the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, they saw lush green forests and crystal-clear waters.

Ravi and Priya were amazed to see the beauty of the islands.

N

WESTERN COAST

Next, they visited the Coastal Plains along the eastern and western coasts. The flat land stretched to the sea, and they enjoyed the sound of the waves.

They learned that these plains are important for fishing and farming.

INDIA

SOUTHERN PLATEAU AND ISLANDS

The Southern Plateau

When they returned home, they realised how diverse and beautiful southern India’s landscapes are.

Let us learn more about India’s southern regions.

The Southern Plateau The Southern Plateau is located to the south of the Northern Plains. It covers a large part of India. It is triangular in shape, and the land is rocky.

To the north-west, it is bordered by the Aravalli range. To the north-east, it is bordered by the Rajmahal hills. To the east, it is bordered by the Eastern Ghats, and it is bordered by the hilly Western Ghats in the west. The Southern Plateau is located in the Indian Peninsula which is a piece of land that is surrounded by water on three sides.

The Southern Plateau is surrounded by the Arabian Sea on the west, the Bay of Bengal on the east and the Indian Ocean on the south. It is also called the Southern Peninsula.

88

Physical Features The Narmada Valley divides the Southern Plateau into two parts: the northern part is called the Central Highlands and the Southern part is called the Deccan Plateau.

The Central Highlands has two Error Alert! plateaus: the Malwa Plateau in the The Narmada Valley does not divide the Southern north-west and the Chota-Nagpur Plateau into two equal parts. The Deccan Plateau Plateau in the north-east. The Malwa is much larger than the Central Highlands.

Plateau is located between the Aravalli range and the Vindhya range.

It covers some parts of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.

The Chota-Nagpur Plateau covers large parts of Jharkhand and parts of West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar and Chhattisgarh. It has many important minerals like coal, iron and manganese. Some parts of the plateau are heavily forested. These places supply wood and forest products.

The Deccan Plateau is located to the south of the Satpura mountain range. It is located between the Eastern and Western ghats.

It includes parts of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Did You Know?

The Deccan Plateau

The Western Ghats are recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage site because of its rich biodiversity.

TEAMWORK

The Deccan Plateau has many rivers.

The Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri start from the west and flow into the Bay of Bengal. The Narmada and Tapi start from the East and flow into the Arabian Sea. All the rivers of the Deccan Plateau are seasonal rivers that are fast-flowing. Multi-purpose dams have been built on many of these rivers to generate hydroelectricity. They also store water for irrigation.

Work with a friend and think of the uses of Remember! fast flowing rivers other than irrigation and Seasonal rivers are not fed by melting generating hydroelectricity. The Hirakud Dam, snow. They depend on rainfall for their built over the Mahanadi River, is one of the water supply, so they dry up in summer. longest dams in India. mineral: a material that is found naturally below the Earth’s surface multi-purpose: something that can be used for many different activities hydroelectricity: electricity that is created by using flowing water Chapter 8 • India: Southern Regions

89

Because the land of the Deccan Plateau is rocky and uneven, the rivers form many waterfalls in this region. The Jog Falls in Karnataka is one of the highest waterfalls in India.

The Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, and some other rivers form deltas before they flow into the sea. These regions of the plateau have The Jog Falls, Karnataka very fertile soil in which rice is cultivated. The Deccan Plateau mostly has black soil, which is very good for growing crops like cotton and sugarcane.

Climate The Southern Plateau has a moderate climate. It is neither too hot nor too cold. During the monsoon months of July to September, this region receives heavy rainfall.

Life of the People The Southern Plateau is rich in minerals, so the main occupation of the people is related to mining and industries. Some regions of the plateau have fertile soil. In these areas, agriculture is the main occupation.

Think and Tell Crops like cotton, sugarcane, millets and How would living in the Southern Plateau be oilseeds are cultivated in the Southern different from living in the Northern Plains?

Plateau.

Think about the landform, climate, staple crops and so on.

Pause and Answer Fill in the blanks.

1. Mahanadi and Godavari rivers flow into the

.

2. The southern part of the Southern Plateau is called 3.

.

divides the Southern Plateau into two parts.

The Coastal Plains The Southern Plateau in India is surrounded by narrow strips of land on the eastern and western sides, along the sea. They are known as coastal plains. India has two coastal plains: the western coastal plains and the eastern coastal plains. The two 90

coastal plains meet at Kanyakumari which is the southernmost tip of the Indian peninsula. Crops like rice, pepper, ginger, cardamon and spices are grown. Coconut trees are also common in the coastal plains. The plains also have rich sea resources like fish and sea food so, fish farming and sea trading are important activities here.

Many ports are developed along the coastal plains.

Fishing is an important activity

Ports and Natural Harbours A natural harbour is a landform that is naturally sheltered and has deep enough water to allow ships to dock. The coastal plains have many natural harbours. These include Mumbai in Maharashtra, Kochi in Kerala, and Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh. These harbours enable ships to efficiently load and unload cargo.

Cities that grow around harbours are called port cities. There are also man-made harbours. Important port cities of the coastal plains, Discuss! such as Chennai in Tamil Port cities send and receive goods from across the world and increase trade. How do you think trade helps in Nadu and Kolkata in West promoting India’s growth? Discuss in your class.

Bengal, developed around man-made harbours.

Do and Learn ART

Make a list and paste in pictures of three wildlife sanctuaries located in the coastal plains. Write the names of the states they are located in. Share it in your class.

Western Coastal Plains The western coastal plains are located between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. It stretches from Gujarat in the north and passes through Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka and Kerela.

It is divided into three main divisions. The Gujarat coast is in the north, the Konkan coast lies in the middle and stretches up to Goa, and to the south, lies the Malabar coast from Goa to Kanyakumari.

Chapter 8 • India: Southern Regions

91

Some of the important rivers of the Western Coastal Plains are the Narmada, Sabarmati and the Tapi. The states of Maharashtra, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka and Kerela are located along the Western Coastal Plains.

Lagoons A lagoon is a body of water that is separated from the sea by a narrow landform, such as a coral reef or a low sandbank. Many lagoons are located along the western coastal plains. They are known as kayals in the native language.

Backwaters of Kerala The backwaters of Kerala are a network of lakes, canals, rivers, and inlets that comprise around 900 km of waterways. They are a very popular tourist destination.

Eastern Coastal Plains The eastern coastal plains are located between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Backwaters of Kerala Bengal. It begins from West Bengal in the north and passes through Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu in the south.

They are wider than the western coastal plains and are divided into two parts.

The northern part is called the Northern Circars. The southern part is called the Coromandel Coast.

Some of the main rivers of the Eastern Coastal Plains are the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and the Kaveri. Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and Puducherry all lie in the Eastern Coastal Plains.

Pause and Answer Write True or False.

1. Kochi is a natural harbour.

2. The northern-most division of the western coastal plains is called the Konkan coast.

3. Tamil Nadu is famous for its backwaters. sandbank: a landscape that has a deposit of sand forming a mound in the middle of a water body 92

The Islands There are two groups of islands that are part of India. An island is a land that is surrounded by water on all four sides. They are: the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands.

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are a group of islands in the Bay of Bengal. The northern part of these islands is known as the Andaman Islands and the southern part is known as the Nicobar Islands. The capital city is Port Blair. The southern-most part of the island is known as Indira Point. It is also the southern-most point of India.

The Lakshadweep islands lie in the Arabian Sea. It is a group of islands located near the Malabar Coast. Kavaratti is the capital city of this island.

The islands are known for their pristine sandy beaches, crystal-clear waters and vibrant marine life.

Neil Island in the Andamans

A beach in Lakshadweep

Climate The island groups have a humid and moderate climate as they are close to the sea.

They experience heavy rainfall.

Life of the People

SDG

Fishing, boatbuilding and tourism are important industries on the islands. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are inhabited by many tribal people who are known for their handicraft. The island groups have beautiful beaches, which attract many tourists.

The islands have a delicate ecosystem. It is important to not damage the environment by littering and disposing of waste on the islands while visiting them. pristine: not spoiled Chapter 8 • India: Southern Regions

93

Wonders of Bharat The Deccan Plateau is home to the lion-tailed macaque, a critically endangered species. It is not found anywhere else in the world. It can also be found in the Kudremukh National Park in Karnataka and the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in Tamil Nadu.

Lion-tailed macaques

Word Splash plateau: a flat area that is higher than the land surrounding it coastal plains: narrow strips of land along the sea island: a piece of land that is surrounded by water on all four sides peninsula: a land that is surrounded by water on three sides seasonal river: a river that does not have water throughout the year deltas: triangular deposits of sediment formed by the distributaries of a river before flowing into the sea natural harbour: a landform that is naturally sheltered and has deep enough water to allow ships to dock port cities: cities that grow around harbours lagoon: a body of water that is separated from the sea by a narrow landform, such as a coral reef or a low sandbank

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about the Lakshadweep Islands.

Points to Remember • • • • • •

94

The Narmada Valley divides the Southern Plateau into two parts: the Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau.

The climate of the Southern Plateau is moderate. It receives heavy rainfall during the monsoon months.

The Southern Plateau contains important minerals like coal, iron and bauxite.

The main occupation in the Southern Plateau is related to mining and industries.

India has two coastal plains: the western coastal plains and the eastern coastal plains.

There are two groups of islands that are part of India. They are: the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. What kind of soil does the Southern Plateau mainly have?

Red soil

Alluvial soil

Black soil

B. Which range borders the Southern Plateau in the north-west?

Aravalli range

Satpura range

Western Ghats

C. The Western Coastal Plain lies between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea

Indian Ocean

.

Bay of Bengal

D. In which water body are the Andaman and Nicobar Islands located?

Arabian Sea

Bay of Bengal

Pacific Ocean

2. Fill in the blanks.

Jog Falls

Central Highlands

Kanyakumari

A. The Malabar Coast stretches from Goa to

Kavaratti .

B. The northern part of the Southern Plateau is called the C.

.

is the capital of the Lakshadweep Islands.

D. The

in Karnataka is one of the tallest waterfalls in India.

3. Write True or False.

A. The coastal plains lie to the north of the Himalayas.

B. T he southern part of the eastern coastal plains is called the Coromandel coast.

C. Kolkata is a man-made harbour.

D. The western coastal plains have three divisions.

4. Short-answer questions.

A. Name two rivers in the Southern Plateau that flow into the Bay of Bengal.

B. What kind of climate do the coastal plains have?

C. What are the main industries on the islands of India?

D. What is a natural harbour? Name any two natural harbours.

E. W hich type of soil is found on the Deccan Plateau? Which crops are grown in this type of soil?

Chapter 8 • India: Southern Regions

95

5. Long-answer questions.

WEST BENGAL

MIZORAM

A. W hat are some of the physical features that can be found along the coastal ODISHA M YANM AR plains of India?

B. How are the rivers of the Southern Plateau different from the rivers of the Himalayas? Define them and give two examples of the rivers of the Southern Plateau.

BAY OF BENGAL

THINK RATIONAL

A. Identify the landform shown in the picture.

B. N ame the southern-most point of India shown on the map.

N

DS LAN AR IS ANDAM AN AND NICOB

6. Picture-based questions.

MAP NOT TO SCALE

Challenge (HOTS) 1. What problems do you think the people living in the Southern Plateau might face when the rivers dry up during the summer?

2. The Coastal Plains attract a lot of tourists throughout the year. How does this affect the businesses and communities in these areas?

Life Skills Since the Southern Plateau is rich in minerals, mining is an important activity. Mining affects the environment by causing soil erosion and deforestation. Create a poster to make people aware of how mining affects the environment. You can use cutouts of pictures and newspaper headlines.

Give your poster a title.

ART

96

Climate and 9 Resources of India Chapter Overview Climate and Resources of India Factors Affecting the Climate of India

Resources of India

Get Set Some people love to visit hill stations during summer. Name any three hill stations in our country that you wish to visit.

Then, research on the internet about that place. Make a scrapbook, where you can stick pictures of that place and label them, neatly. You may even draw the pictures instead of sticking them.

Factors Affecting the Climate of India SDG

Climate is the average weather condition of a particular region over 30 years or more.

India’s climate varies greatly from region to region, providing a rich diversity of natural resources that are vital for our country’s economy and way of life. The climate of a place is affected by altitude, distance from the sea and the distance from the Equator. Let us learn about each of them.

Chapter 9 • Climate and Resources of India

97

Altitude The height of a place above the sea level is called altitude. Places at higher altitudes are cooler than the ones at lower altitudes. This is why hills or mountains are cooler than plains. Mussoorie, Dalhousie, Kasauli, Kanatal, Auli and Nainital are hill stations in the Himalayas. These places have cooler climates throughout the year and sometimes get snow in winter. Places such as Agra, Bhopal and Lucknow are located in the plains and have warmer climates.

Distance from the Sea Places closer to the sea have a moderate climate with not much variation in temperature throughout the year. This is due to the land and sea breezes that blow from the cooler sea to the hotter land and vice versa. Places like Mumbai and Chennai, which are located along the coast, experience a moderate climate. In contrast, places like Delhi and Lucknow, which are situated far from the sea, face extreme climates, with very hot summers and very cold winters.

Distance from the Equator Places close to the Equator receive direct rays of the sun and have a hot climate. Places far away from the Equator receive slanting rays of the sun and are cold. The Tropic of Cancer passes through the centre Remember! of India. Places that lie in southern Cool winds blowing from the sea to the land India are closer to the equator. This during summers cool down the land. During winters, warm winds from the sea make the land warm. is why southern India has a warmer climate than northern India.

Pause and Answer Tick ( ) the correct statements and cross out ( ) the incorrect ones.

1. Places closer to the sea are cooler than the mountains.

2. The height of a place above sea level is called altitude.

3. The distance from the Equator does not affect the climate of a place.

4. D ifferent parts of India have the same climatic conditions throughout the year. variation: differences

98

Resources of India The useful things we obtain from nature are called natural resources. Let us learn about the different natural resources of India.

Soil The uppermost layer of Earth’s surface is called soil. The breaking down of rocks by water and wind forms soil. It is required for the growth of plants. Different parts of India have different types of soil. Let us learn about them.

B AY OF B E N GAL

Alluvial Soil

A R A B IA N SEA

Black Soil Red Soil Laterite Soil

LAKSHADWEEP

Desert Soil Mountain Soil Mixed Red, Black Grey and Brown Soil INDIAN OCEAN

DS AN ISL

Black soil: This soil is formed from the weathering of volcanic rocks and is rich in minerals. It is predominantly found in the central and north-western parts of the Deccan Plateau. Black soil is particularly suitable for cotton and sugarcane cultivation.

SOILS

ANDAM BAR AN AND NICO

Alluvial soil: It is formed by the deposition of silt carried by rivers; this soil is the most fertile and is primarily found in the northern plains and coastal areas. It supports a variety of crops, including rice, wheat, sugarcane, jute, vegetables and fruit.

INDIA

MAP NOT TO SCALE

Major soil types of India

Red soil: It is formed from the weathering of iron-rich rocks. Red soil is mostly found in the Southern Plateau. It is suitable for growing a variety of crops, including cotton, wheat, rice, millets, potatoes, pulses and oilseeds.

Laterite soil: This soil is rich in iron and aluminium and is characterised by its rusty-red colour. It is found in the Western Ghats and parts of Tamil Nadu. Laterite soil supports the growth of crops like tea, coffee, spices, rubber and coconut.

Desert soil: Sandy in texture and low in nutrients, desert soil is found in Rajasthan.

While it is generally unsuitable for crop cultivation, certain crops like jowar, bajra, pulses and maize can be grown with the help of manure and fertilisers.

Mountain soil: Rich in humus, mountain soil is found on the slopes of the mountains and hills in northern India. It is suitable for the growth of various kinds of fruit, including peaches, apples, pears, oranges and plums. silt: dust-like materials carried by river water humus: a dark brown substance that helps in plant growth Chapter 9 • Climate and Resources of India

99

Minerals Minerals are found in rocks, sand and soil. Minerals include metals (gold, iron, copper) and non-metals (clay, quartz and limestone). Ore is the rock from which minerals are extracted. Let us discuss some minerals found in India.

Iron: It is obtained from iron ore. It is found in Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Goa, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Steel is made from iron.

Manganese: It is extracted from manganese ore. It is found in Odisha, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. It is used for making iron, steel, paints and insecticides.

Aluminium: It is obtained from an ore called bauxite. It is found in Odisha, Gujarat, Jharkhand and Maharashtra. It is used to make bridges, utensils and aeroplanes.

Fuels Any material that produces heat or energy upon burning is called fuel. Examples of fuels include coal and petroleum.

Remember!

Coal and petroleum are nonrenewable resources of energy.

Coal: It is used to produce electricity and for cooking in many Indian households. It is found in Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Chhattisgarh, Telangana and Jharkhand.

Petroleum: It is used for the production of electricity and to run vehicles. It is found in Bombay High, Assam, Andhra Pradesh and coastal Tamil Nadu.

Petroleum

Coal

Forests Forests are one of the most splendid gifts of nature.

India is a forest-rich country. Let us learn about the different types of forests in India.

Think and Tell Why are forests important for us?

Evergreen forests: They are found in the warm and humid regions that receive high rainfall. The trees shed leaves at different times of the year, leaving the forests green throughout the year. Examples of evergreen trees are ebony, mahogany and rosewood.

These forests are found in north-eastern India and parts of the Western Ghats.

Deciduous forests: They are found in regions that get no rainfall for some months of the year. Deciduous trees, such as sal and teak, shed their leaves in the dry season.

They are found in the Himalayan foothills and parts of central India. insecticides: chemicals that kill insects 100

Mountain forests: These forests are found in the Himalayas. Such forests have coniferous trees like fir, pine and deodar.

Discuss!

Tidal forests: These forests are found in coastal regions where the water of rivers and seas mix. The delta regions of the Ganga and Brahmaputra and those of the Mahanadi and Godavari are examples of tidal forests. Sundari trees with aerial roots are found here.

Use the internet or ask a teacher to find out about the Chipko Movement led by a group of women in a village of Uttarakhand. What was the reason behind the movement and what can be learnt from it?

Thorn forests: These forests are found in regions where there is little rainfall, such as Rajasthan and parts of the Deccan Plateau. These forests have plants like babool and keekar and some thorny shrubs.

Error Alert!

The trees of both evergreen and deciduous forests shed leaves. The trees of evergreen forests shed leaves at different times of the year, so the forest always appears to be green.

Wildlife Wildlife includes the wild animals and birds that live in forests. India has a diverse wildlife which includes lions, langurs, tigers, rhinoceroses, elephants, camels and wild asses. Some common birds found in India are parrots, pigeons, mynahs, geese, bulbuls and ducks.

SDG

It is important to learn how to use these resources sustainably so that the future generations can also enjoy them.

Wildlife of India

Do and Learn SDG

Use the internet and/or your teacher find out about the wildlife unique to the following regions of India. Name at least three animals/birds found in these regions: 1. Himalayas:

4. Indian Plains:

2. Western Ghats:

5. Eastern Ghats:

3. Indian Desert:

coniferous trees: the trees that produce cones in the place of flowers Chapter 9 • Climate and Resources of India

aerial roots: the roots that grow upward, away from the soil 101

Wonders of Bharat The Himalayas and Western Ghats of India are considered “biodiversity hotspots,” which means that they have unique types of plants and animals.

Word Splash climate: the average weather condition of a particular region over 30 years or more altitude: the height of a place above sea level natural resources: useful things we obtain from nature soil: the uppermost layer of Earth’s surface ores: the substances from which minerals are extracted fuel: any material that produces heat or energy upon burning wildlife: the wild animals and birds that live in forests

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about forests.

Points to Remember •

The climate of a region depends on the altitude and the distance from the sea and the equator.

•

India is a country rich in natural resources and wildlife.

•

India has alluvial, black, red, laterite, desert and mountain soils in different regions.

•

Iron, manganese and aluminium are the major minerals found in India.

•

Coal and petroleum are the two main fuels found in India.

•

India has different types of forests. These are evergreen, deciduous, tidal and thorn forests.

102

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. Which of the following minerals is a metal?

Quartz

Copper

Limestone

Clay

Mountain soil

Red soil

Red soil

Black soil

B. The most fertile type of soil is Black soil

Alluvial soil

C. Which of the following soils is nutrient-deficient?

Desert soil

Laterite soil

D. Which type of forests have trees like sal and teak?

Tidal

Deciduous

Desert

Evergreen

2. Fill in the blanks. sea

cooler

A. Places close to the

altitude

equator

receive more sunlight.

B. Places in the hills are

than places in the plains.

C. During summer, cool winds blow from the D.

to the land.

is the height of a place above sea level.

3. Write True or False.

A. Lucknow has a warmer climate than Leh. B. The Tropic of Cancer passes through the centre of India.

C. Places in Northern India are closer to the Equator.

D. The places near the sea have a moderate climate.

4. Circle the odd one out.

A. Iron

Manganese

Coal

Aluminium

B. Tidal

Thorn

Deciduous

Keekar

C. Rosewood

Teak

Ebony

Mahogany

D. Iron

Clay

Copper

Gold

Chapter 9 • Climate and Resources of India

103

5. Short-answer questions.

A. What is the difference between ores and minerals?

B. Mention the uses of coal and petroleum.

C. Name the main soil types found in India.

D. Give three examples of the wildlife found in India.

E. Name three Indian states where manganese and aluminium are found.

6. Long-answer questions.

A. H ow do the distances from the sea and the Equator affect the climate of the regions in India? Explain with examples.

B. List three kinds of Indian forests. Where are they found in India?

7. Picture-based questions.

Observe the image and answer the questions.

A. N ame the type of forest shown in the image. Why does it have this name?

B. M ention the climatic conditions required for this forest.

C. Name any two trees found in this forest.

Challenge (HOTS) 1. What would India’s climatic conditions be if it were surrounded by oceans on all sides?

2. Why do you think that different types of soil are better for growing certain crops? Can you give an example?

3. Why are minerals important for our daily lives? Can you think of a product that uses minerals?

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Life Skills SDG

Our country is rich in natural resources.

•

o some research and find out the activities that harm these D resources. You may choose any one natural resource, such as soil, water or minerals.

•

hat steps would you take to preserve our natural resources?

W Mention one daily life habit that you can follow to preserve out natural resources.

Chapter 9 • Climate and Resources of India

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Agriculture and 10 Industries of India Chapter Overview Agriculture and Industries of India Economic Sectors in India

Agriculture in India

Industry

Get Set Read this short story about three friends in town along with your friends in class.

In a lively town, there were three friends named Kisan, Udyog and Seva. Each had a special job that kept the town running smoothly. Kisan lived in the fields, growing crops like wheat and rice. He also raised animals and collected resources, like wood and water. Udyog, who lived in the town, took the wheat and other materials from Kisan and turned them into products like flour, clothes and furniture. Seva helped people all around the village. She taught at the school, drove the bus and cared for the sick.

One day, they all worked together on a special project. Kisan grew wheat, Udyog turned it into bread and Seva delivered the fresh bread to everyone. The villagers realised how important each friend’s work was and that together, they could do amazing things.

Introduction

Just like Kisan, Udyog and Seva worked together to play an important role, we have three different sectors in our economy: Primary, Secondary and Tertiary. These sectors work hand in hand to contribute to the economy. In this chapter, we will learn more about these three sectors and about the industries in India.

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Economic Sectors in India We have learnt in previous grades that the work done by people to earn money is called their occupation. It can also be called an economic activity. Any activity or occupation that involves production, distribution or the exchange of goods to make a profit is called an economic activity. These activities are necessary for the smooth functioning of a country. Economic activities can be divided into three main sectors: primary, secondary and tertiary. Each sector involves different types of work.

Primary Sector

This sector includes activities that involve extracting and using natural resources. For example, farming, fishing, mining and forestry. People in the primary sector grow crops, catch fish, mine minerals and cut down trees for wood. This sector provides the raw materials for other industries.

A worker at a mining site

Secondary Sector

This sector involves manufacturing and processing. It includes factories and industries that turn raw materials into finished products. For example, turning cotton into clothes, making cars from metal or producing food items like bread and butter. This sector helps create many everyday items.

A cloth factory

Tertiary Sector

This sector provides services rather than goods. It includes activities like teaching, healthcare, banking and transportation. People in the tertiary sector offer services that help others, such as doctors treating patients, teachers educating students and bank employees managing money.

A doctor providing healthcare services

These three sectors work together to support India’s economy. The primary sector provides raw materials, the secondary sector turns these raw materials into finished products and the tertiary sector offers services that improve the quality of lives.

Agriculture in India Kisan spends his days growing crops, taking care of the land and making sure that the fields are healthy and productive. He practices agriculture. Agriculture means growing crops and raw materials: natural resources that are used to make finished products manufacturing: making things in large quantities, usually in factories Chapter 10 • Agriculture and Industries of India

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raising animals to get food, wool and other products. It is the main occupation of many people in India. Different kinds of crops are grown in various parts of the country based on the land, weather and soil available in those areas.

Major Food and Cash Crops

Food Crops are the crops that are grown mainly to feed people. Some of the major food crops in India include: Rice: It is grown in many parts of India, especially in states like West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Punjab and Andhra Pradesh. It is a staple food for millions of Indians.

Rice

Wheat: It is mainly grown in the northern states like Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. It is used to make bread, chapatis and other types of food.

Wheat crop in field

Maize: Also known as corn, it is grown in states like Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. It is used as food for humans and also as animal feed.

Maize crop

Pulses: These include lentils, chickpeas and beans, which are important sources of protein for many Indians. States like Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra are major producers.

Pulses

Cash Crops are the crops that are grown mainly for sale and export rather than for personal consumption. Some of the major cash crops in India include: Cotton: It is grown in states like Gujarat, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. It is used to make clothes and other products.

Cotton crops

Sugarcane: It is mainly grown in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka. It is used to produce sugar and other sweet products.

Sugarcane crops

Tea: It is grown in the hilly regions of Assam, West Bengal and Kerala. India is one of the largest producers of tea in the world. export: selling goods made in our country to other countries

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A tea estate in Assam

Coffee: It is mainly grown in the southern states of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

Spices

Spices: India is famous for its spices, like black Coffee beans pepper, cardamom and turmeric.

Did You Know?

They are grown in states like Kerala, India is the second-largest Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.

producer of rice in the world.

Pause and Answer Write True or False.

1. The tertiary sector involves manufacturing and processing.

2. Sugarcane is a cash crop.

3. The primary sector provides the raw materials required for the industries.

Industry Udyog runs a busy factory where he turns raw materials into products, like clothes and furniture, helping to supply people with what they need in their daily lives. This is called an industry. Industries are essential for the development of a country as they turn raw materials into finished products that people use every day. In India, there are various types of industries, each playing a vital role in the economy.

Major Industries in India Manufacturing industries, mining and quarrying industries, the construction industry, the food processing industry, and the chemical industry are some of the major industries in India.

Industries can be divided into three types, based on their size.

Large-scale Industries Large-scale industries need more money, people and heavy machinery in order to run. Steel plants, oil refineries and automobile plants are some examples of large-scale automobile: vehicle hired: recruited and paid to do a job Chapter 10 • Agriculture and Industries of India

A steel plant 109

industries. These industries produce a large number of goods using big machines.

Trained workers are hired to run heavy machines. Such industries are mostly set up in places where the raw materials are easily Did You Know? available. As electricity is needed to run Jamshedpur is called the ‘Steel City’ of heavy machines, the availability of steady India. India’s first steel plant was started there in 1907. electricity supply is also important.

Small-scale Industries These industries require less money and people and are run with smaller machines. People work in small factories. These factories make things like plastic goods, utensils and clothes.

A paper factory

Do and Learn INTEGRATED

Choose any three items from your house. Write whether they are made in large-scale or small-scale industries. Find out from the internet what raw materials are used to make those items.

Cottage Industries

SDG

These industries are run by people in their own homes where only a few people work using simple tools. The raw material used is cheap and easily available. In India, cottage industries are mostly found in villages. They are an important source of income for the village people. Cloth weaving, pottery, bamboo products and candle-making A cottage industry are a few examples of cottage industries. Cottage industries are helpful because they use local materials and skills, which is better for the environment. They also create jobs and support local communities by keeping traditional crafts alive. We should buy and promote cottage industry products.

Discuss!

Do you have any skills or hobbies that could be turned into a cottage industry?

Discuss with your partner.

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Some of the important industries in India are: Agro-based Industries

Location

Cotton Textile

Mumbai, Coimbatore, Ahmedabad, Kanpur

Jute

Kolkata, Hooghly basin, Guntur

Sugar

Lucknow, Mysore, Kanpur, Nasik

Mineral-based Industries

Location

Iron and steel

Jamshedpur, Bhilai, Bokaro, Durgapur

Electronics

Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai

Railways

Varanasi, Jamshedpur, Chennai, Bengaluru

Shipbuilding

Kolkata, Visakhapatnam, Kochi, Mumbai

Aircraft

Bengaluru, Kanpur, Nasik

Automobile

Kolkata, Chennai, Gurugram, Bengaluru

Telephone

Bengaluru

Wonders of Bharat The world’s largest mobile phone factory is in Noida, Uttar Pradesh. Owned by the brand Samsung, these mobile phones are sent all across the world.

The world’s largest mobile phone factory

Word Splash industries: places where raw materials are converted into finished products economic activity: the work done by people to earn money extracting: taking something out from where it is found processing: changing something to make it ready for use, like turning wheat into flour finished products: items that are made and ready to be sold or used food crops: crops grown mainly to feed people cash crops: crops grown mainly for sale and export, rather than for personal use steel plants: large factories where steel is made oil refinery: the factory where crude oil is converted into products, like fuels

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Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about the importance of Agriculture.

Points to Remember • • • • • •

Economic activities can be divided into three main sectors: primary, secondary and tertiary.

The primary sector includes activities that involve extracting and using natural resources.

The secondary sector involves manufacturing and processing.

The tertiary sector involves services that help others.

There are two kinds of crops: food crops and cash crops.

Industries can be divided into three types based on the size of the industry: large-scale, small-scale and cottage industries.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. Which sector involves activities like farming, fishing and mining?

Primary sector

Secondary sector

Tertiary sector

B. Which of the following is a cash crop?

Rice

Wheat

Cotton

C. Cottage industries are typically run from: Large factories

People’s homes

Offices

D. Which of these places is known for its iron and steel industry?

Jamshedpur

Hyderabad

Kochi

2. Fill in the blanks. large-scale A. The 112

electronics

cash crops

rice

sector includes activities like teaching, healthcare and banking.

B.

is a food crop grown in states like West Bengal and Punjab.

C. The Hyderabad.

industry in India is located in places like Bengaluru and

D. industries involve significant investment in machinery, technology and workers.

3. Write True or False.

A. The primary sector involves the production of services.

B. Tea is a cash crop.

C. S mall-scale industries typically use more capital and workers than large-scale industries.

D. Cottage industries are common in villages.

4. Match the following.

A. Primary sector

a. Automobile industry

B. Secondary sector

b. Farming and fishing

C. Large-scale industries

c. Manufacturing and processing

D. Small-scale industries

d. Leather goods and jewellery making

5. Short-answer questions.

A. Which sector involves farming and mining?

B. Name any two spices and the states where they are grown.

C. What are cottage industries?

D. What is the tertiary sector?

6. Long-answer questions.

A. E xplain the difference between primary, secondary and tertiary sectors with examples.

B. How are industries divided on the basis of their size? Explain with examples.

THINK RATIONAL

C. What are some of the ways in which industries support a country’s economy?

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113

7. Picture-based questions. ook at the image and answer the L questions.

A. W hich sector of the economy does this belong to?

B. What type of industry is it?

C. N ame one place in India where this industry is located.

Challenge (HOTS) 1. What do you think are some of the problems that cottage industries might face?

2. How does farming support both the people living in rural areas and those living in the cities?

Life Skills Imagine you are a farmer who needs to grow crops in a sustainable way to protect the environment. Use the internet to find three methods that you could use to conserve water and soil while farming.

SDG

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Unit 4 • Living World

115

116

Study of Animals

11

Chapter Overview Study of Animals What is Adaptation?

Adaptation to Habitats

Adaptations for Food

Adaptations for Hunting and Protection

Get Set Rahul and his family visited a Wildlife Sanctuary and saw many different animals. Can you name two animals Rahul might have seen in each place?

1. On land:

,

2. In water:

,

3. In trees:

,

Have you ever wondered what helps animals survive in different places? In this chapter, we will learn how animals adapt to their environments. Animals have special features and behaviours that help them survive in different places like on land, in water, and in air. Let us learn about these amazing adaptations and see how they help animals live in their unique environment!

What Is Adaptation?

Animals are found in forests, deserts, cold regions and oceans. The natural surroundings where an animal lives are called its habitat. The features that help animals live in these habitats are called adaptations.

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Need for Adaptation in Animals Animals live in many different habitats, but not all animals can survive in every type of environment. Adaptations help animals find food and stay safe in their specific habitats.

Without these adaptations, animals wouldn’t be able to live in those places. Sometimes, animals also change their eating habits and behaviours to survive in their environments.

Remember!

If animals cannot adapt to their habitat, they might become extinct.

Animals have different adaptations to help them survive, such as: •

Adapting to their environment.

•

Hunting prey and protecting themselves from danger.

•

Finding and gathering food.

Adaptation to Habitats Neha was reading about animals living in different environments and asked her mother, “Animals live in so many different places, like on land, in water and even in the air. How do they manage to live in such diverse places?” Mother replied, “Each animal has unique features that help them survive in their specific environment. These specific features which help an animal survive in its habitat are called adaptations.”

Let us learn how these adaptations help them survive in their natural environment.

Adaptations in Animals Living on Land Animals that live on land are called terrestrial animals. They might live on the ground or in burrows underground. Examples of terrestrial animals include elephants, deer, lions, polar bears, snakes and rabbits. These animals have special adaptations to help them survive on land: 1. Most terrestrial animals have strong legs to walk long distances for food and water and to protect them from enemies.

2. Snakes have scales that help them move easily on land.

3. Terrestrial animals have lungs to breathe air.

4. Most of them have sharp claws to help them catch and tear their prey. extinct: something that no longer exists 118

Large ears of elephant and desert rabbit.

5. Animals like elephants and desert rabbits have big ears that help cool them down by releasing body heat.

Adaptation in Animals Living in Hot Regions Deserts are very hot during the day but can get cold at night. The soil in deserts is sandy and dry. Because there is not much rain and temperatures are very high, food and water are hard to find. Some animals that live in the desert are camels, kangaroo rats, scorpions, and rattlesnakes. Camels, often called ‘ships of the desert,’ have special features that help them survive in this tough environment.

A camel’s long eyelashes and double eyelids protects its eyes from the sand.

A camel’s long neck helps it reach high branches of trees for food.

A camel stores fat in its hump, which helps it survive for many days without food and water.

A camel can close its nostrils to keep sand from getting in.

A camel’s long legs keep its body away from the hot sand and help it walk long distances to find food and water.

A camel’s thick skin helps protect it from the hot weather.

Adaptation in camel

Error Alert!

The camel doesn’t store water in its hump; it stores fat, which can be used for energy when needed. A camel can drink 200 litres of water in just 15 minutes.

A camel’s padded feet help it walk easily on the sand.

Think and Tell Some animals such as camels can survive for long periods without water. How do you think this special ability helps them live in deserts where water is scarce?

Arboreal Animals Animals, like monkeys, chimpanzees, and squirrels, live on trees and are known as arboreal animals. They have long, strong arms and legs to help them climb trees and swing between branches. Some monkeys have long tails that grip branches securely, while squirrels use their sharp claws to hold onto trees. The bushy tails of squirrels also help them keep their balance as they move along branches.

Chapter 11 • Study of Animals

Monkeys use their tails for balance.

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Aerial Animals Animals such as birds and bats can fly and spend much of their time in the air, hence, they are called “aerial animals”. Birds don’t have front legs; instead, they have wings that allow them to fly. Their bodies are light, covered with feathers, and their bones are hollow, making it easier for them to stay in the air for extended periods. Birds also have streamlined bodies that help them move through the air efficiently.

In cold regions, certain birds, like the Siberian crane, migrate to warmer areas during winter in search of food and better living conditions. Once the winter ends, they return to their original homes. This movement is called migration.

Wings of an eagle

Migration of Flamingoes

Adaptations in Animals Living in Cold Regions High mountains and polar regions are very cold regions that are usually covered with ice or snow. Animals like polar bears, arctic foxes, yaks and penguins live there.

They have special adaptations to keep them warm: •

They have thick fur that protects them from the extreme cold.

Polar bear in the snow.

•

Polar bears and penguins have a thick layer of fat under their skin called blubber, which helps keep them warm.

•

Their wide and furry feet make it easier to walk on snow.

•

Animals like polar bears and arctic foxes have small ears, which help them lose less body heat and stay warm.

•

During the harsh winters, some arctic animals such as bears, rats, snakes and lizards that live in very cold places hibernate, which means they sleep through the winter and become active again in the summer.

Arctic fox with small ears.

Did You Know?

In polar regions, most penguins and their chicks huddle together and take turns standing on the outside. This behaviour helps them stay warm in the cold.

Penguins and their chicks gather together.

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Do and Learn

Fill a bowl with ice-cold water. First, dip your bare hand into the water and notice how it feels. Can you keep it there for a while? Next, wrap your hand in a thick cloth or towel and then place it in the ice-cold water again. Do you notice any difference in how cold it feels? This activity helps us understand how fur or feathers act as insulation, keeping animals warm in cold climates. Discuss in class how this relates to the adaptations of animals in cold environments.

INTEGRATED

Adaptations in Animals Living in Water Animals that live in water are called aquatic animals. Examples include fish, crabs, turtles, ducks, whales and dolphins. These animals have special adaptations that help them live in water: •

Most aquatic animals breathe through gills, but exceptions like whales and dolphins breathe through lungs and come up to the surface of the water to breathe.

•

Fish have fins that help them swim.

•

Fish have streamlined bodies that help them move easily through water.

•

Fish scales protect their skin and streamline their bodies for easier movement through water.

•

Ducks have webbed feet that allow them to push back the water while swimming.

Fin

Gills

Scales

Some adaptations of fish.

Webbed feet push back the water while swimming.

The webbed feet of a duck.

Discuss!

Dolphins and whales breathe with lungs instead of gills. Discuss with your classmates how these animals manage to breathe while living in the water.

exceptions: those that are different streamlined: a shape which is pointed at the ends and broad in the middle Chapter 11 • Study of Animals

Did You Know?

Insects are the largest group of animals and can survive in a wide variety of habitats.

webbed feet: feet in which toes are joined together by the skin to form a web

121

Pause and Answer Tick ( ) the right word and cross ( ) the wrong one.

1. The natural surroundings of an animal is called its (habitat/adaptation).

2. If animals cannot adapt to their habitat, they become (extinct/endangered).

3. Land animals breathe using their (gills/lungs).

4. The Camel/Kangaroo rat is called the ship of the desert.

5. The thick layer of fat under the skin of a polar bear is called (fur/blubber).

6. Animals that live in water are called (aquatic/terrestrial) animals.

Adaptations for Food Animals can be classified based on what they eat: herbivores (plant-eating animals), carnivores (flesh-eating animals) and omnivores (animals that eat both plants and meat).

Let us learn how different animals have special adaptations depending on the type of food they eat.

Teeth Animals’ teeth are shaped to match the type of food they eat.

Herbivores have sharp and pointed front teeth for cutting plants and flat back teeth for grinding food. Examples of herbivores are cows, camels and deer.

Carnivores have long sharp and pointed front teeth, with which they can tear the flesh of hunted animals. Lions and tigers are examples of carnivores.

Omnivores have sharp front teeth for cutting and flat back teeth for grinding both plants and meat. Examples of omnivores are humans, monkeys and bears.

Beaks Birds have beaks instead of teeth, and their beaks are specially adapted to eat different types of food.

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•

A parrot has a sharp and curved beak that helps it break nuts and fruit and hold onto branches while climbing trees.

•

An eagle’s strong and sharp beak helps it tear the flesh of its prey.

•

A sparrow’s short and thick beak is good for picking up small grains and seeds.

•

A duck has a broad and flat beak that helps it catch fish and insects. The holes in its beak let water escape when it catches small fish.

The sharp and curved beak of a parrot.

The strong and sharp beak of an eagle.

The short and thick beak of a sparrow.

The broad and flat beak of a duck.

Claws and Feet Birds’ claws and feet are also adapted for different activities like hopping, picking up grains and moving around on the ground.

The sharp and hooked claws of eagles, vultures and hawks help them catch and hold onto prey. Their feet are adapted for a strong grip, with sharp curved claws called talons that help them tear flesh.

Squirrels have feet with wide, flat soles that provide stability on branches.

Their curved claws are adapted for digging, grasping and climbing on tree branches.

Herons and flamingos have slender, long legs that help them move through water and catch fish. Their sharp claws are great for grabbing and holding onto slippery prey.

The webbed feet of ducks and swans act like paddles, helping them swim efficiently through water. They also provide support and stability on land.

The sharp and hard claws of hens and roosters give them a strong grip. They use these claws to scratch in the ground while searching for food, insects, and seeds.

Did You Know?

Chapter 11 • Study of Animals

Flamingos often stand on one leg and tuck the other leg under their bodies. This helps them stay warm and maintain their balance.

Flamingo

123

Adaptations for Hunting and Protection Animals that hunt for food and those that are preyed upon have special adaptations to help them survive. Here are some examples: •

Zebras and deer have strong legs that help them run fast when in danger. Their stripes and spots help them blend in with their surroundings, making it harder for predators to see them.

•

Chameleons change their body colour to match their surroundings, the ability to blend with their environment also called camouflage. Grasshoppers and stick insects also use camouflage to stay hidden.

•

Porcupines have sharp spines to defend themselves from enemies.

•

Turtles have a shell, which acts like an umbrella, protecting them from rain and predators. Snakes, spiders and scorpions use poison to immobilise their prey.

•

Nocturnal predators like owls, cats and snakes have well-developed night vision to help them hunt in the dark.

Strong legs of deer.

Camouflage in grasshopper.

Developed night vision of an owl.

Wonders of Bharat SDG

In India, the bar-headed goose is known for its incredible migration. Every year, these birds fly over the tall Himalayan mountains to reach India during the winter. They travel thousands of kilometres to find warmer weather and food. This amazing journey shows how the bar-headed goose adapts to different environments to survive.

immobilise: to stop something from moving

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Bar-headed goose

Word Splash habitat: natural surroundings in which an animal can live adaptations: features that help living organisms to adjust to their environment herbivores: animals that eat only plants carnivores: animals that eat the flesh of other animals omnivores: animals that eat both plants and the flesh of other animals predators: animals that hunt other animals for food camouflage: the ability of animals to blend in with their surroundings

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about adaptations of animals.

Points to Remember •

Adaptations are features that help animals survive in their specific habitats.

•

The teeth of animals are adapted to the type of food they eat.

• • • •

Animals adapt to their habitats, for food, hunting and protection.

The beaks of birds are adapted for catching and eating different types of food.

Birds’ claws and feet are adapted for activities like hopping, picking up grains and moving around on the ground.

Animals that hunt for food have special adaptations for hunting, while prey animals have adaptations to protect themselves from predators.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. Terrestrial animals spend most of their time in water

on land

. in the air

B. C amouflage is the ability of animals to blend in with their surroundings. Which of the following colours is best suited to a grasshopper when it sits on a plant?

Blue Chapter 11 • Study of Animals

Green

Red 125

C. The webbed feet of a duck help it to

.

swim well in water hold the branches of a tree grab and eat insects D. Herons and flamingos move in water to search for food with the help of their . long and slender legs short and thick legs short and curved legs E. Which of the following birds can survive in cold winters in polar regions?

Emu

Ostrich

Siberian crane

Penguin

2. Fill in the blanks. blubber A. The

streamlined

hump

fins

body of a fish helps it to cut through water and move easily.

B. Animals that live in cold regions have a thick layer of fat under their skin called .

C. The D.

of camel stores fat which it can use for energy when needed. help fish to swim in the water.

3. Match the following.

A. Polar bear

a. Scales

B. Fish

b. White fur

C. Cow

c. Long and slender legs

D. Penguin

d. Flat back teeth

E. Heron

e. Blubber

4. Short-answer questions.

A. What type of beak does an eagle have? Why? B. What is hibernation?

C. What type of feet does a duck have? How are they helpful?

D. How are the teeth of a cow different from that of a lion?

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5. Long-answer questions.

SDG

A. How do animals protect themselves from their enemies with special adaptations?

B. How is the camel adapted to live in its habitat? List any five adaptations.

C. H ow do parrots, eagles, sparrows and ducks use their beaks to catch and eat their food?

D. How do polar bears stay warm in extremely cold conditions?

6. Picture-based questions.

A. What is the name of the animal in the picture?

B. How does this animal adapt to its environment?

C. What kind of adaptation does the animal have?

Challenge (HOTS) 1. Why do you think animals that live in cold climates like polar bears have thick fur and layers of fat? How would their survival be affected if they didn’t have these adaptations?

2. Why do you think some animals change colour with the seasons like the Arctic fox that turns white in winter? How does this help them survive?

3. If an animal’s environment changes suddenly, like a forest turning into a desert, how might the animal need to adapt? What could happen if it can’t adapt quickly enough?

Life Skills GAMES

Create a fun game where everyone pretends to be an animal with a unique adaptation. For example, one person could be a camel with a hump for storing fat, while another could be a polar bear with thick fur. Act out how these adaptations help the animals survive in their environments. After the game, discuss how these adaptations support animals and compare them to how people adapt to different weather conditions.

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Study of Plants

12

Chapter Overview Study of Plants Life Cycle of a Plant

Types of Plants

Insectivorous Plants

Get Set Carefully look at the image of each plant. Write down one special feature that makes it unique.

Pine

Lotus

Plants are living beings that are all around us. You will find them in deserts, mountains, forests, rivers and seas. The natural environment where a plant grows is known as its habitat. Plants are very useful to humans and animals. They provide us with fruit, vegetables, grains and oxygen required for breathing.

128

Cactus

Remember!

The parts of a typical flowering plant can be categorised as: roots, stems, leaves and flowers.

Life Cycle of a Plant Rohan sowed some seeds in his garden. He watered them Seeds regularly and took good care of them. After some time, he noticed a small plant growing from the seeds. This small plant continued to grow and eventually became large. Rohan wondered how a plant could grow so big from a small seed.

His father told him that this is the plant’s life cycle, where each seed gives rise to a new plant.

Flower

PLANT LIFE CYCLE

Seedling

Adult plant Life cycle of a plant.

Based on how long plants live or their life span, they can be divided into the following types: • Annual Plants: These plants complete their life cycle in one year, for example, sunflowers, marigolds and wheat. Annual plants sprout from seeds, grow, flower, produce seeds and then die, all within a single year.

• Biennial Plants: These plants take two years to complete their life cycle, for example, carrots, potatoes and parsley. In the first year, biennial plants grow leaves, stems and roots, but they don’t make flowers. In the second year, they bloom, make seeds and then die.

Marigold is an annual plant.

Carrot is a biennial plant.

• Perennial Plants: These plants live for many years, for example, roses, mango and neem trees. Perennial plants keep blooming year after year.

Parts of a Flower

Mango is a perennial plant.

Flowers help plants produce seeds to reproduce. Let us learn about the different parts of the flower.

Petals: These are the outermost and colourful parts of the flower. The fragrance and colour of petals attract insects.

bloom: to grow and blossom beautifully Chapter 12 • Study of Plants

Stigma

Anther

Style

Filament Petal

Sepal

Pistil

Sepals: These are small, leaf-like structures that protect the flower bud before it opens.

As the bud opens, the sepals curl back and the flowers bloom.

Stamen

SEL

The life cycle of a plant is the journey a plant goes through from the time it starts as a seed until it becomes a full-grown plant and makes new seeds. Watching a plant grow teaches us to be patient and take care of living things.

Cotyledon

Ovary

Parts of a flower 129

Stamen: This is the male part of the flower. It has two main parts: • Anther: This is the swollen top part. It holds the pollen which is a yellow powder-like substance.

• Filament: It is the thin stalk that holds up the anther.

Pistil: This is the female part of the flower. It has three main parts: • Stigma: It is the sticky top part that catches the pollen.

• Ovary: This is the bottom part that contains the ovules. Ovules develop into seeds.

• Style: It is the tube that connects the stigma to the ovary.

Importance of Flower Flowers are important: • They attract insects and birds that move pollen around, helping plants produce seeds.

• They help plants make seeds, which grow into new plants.

• They can be used for food, medicine, and decoration.

Bees get attracted towards the flower.

Do and Learn INTEGRATED

Collect petals from different flowers and paste them in your scrapbook. Also, describe the colours, shapes and sizes of the petals you found.

Pause and Answer Classify the following as annual, biennial and perennial plants. Fill in the table.

rose marigold sunflower neem tree carrot potato mango tree parsley wheat Annual plants

Biennial plants

Perennial plants

Types of Plants

SDG

Maya was taking a walk in the garden with her mother. She noticed that all the plants were of different shapes and sizes. Maya’s mother told her that each plant has a special role in nature, varying from providing shade to adding beauty. Knowing about different plants helps us understand why we should protect nature to keep our world healthy. stalk: main stem 130

Depending on the type of habitat, plants can be classified into two types: • Terrestrial plants

• Aquatic plants

Let us learn about them in detail.

Terrestrial Plants These plants grow on land. Some examples of terrestrial plants are roses, mangoes, neem and banyan trees.

Adaptation in Terrestrial Plants Each plant has some unique features that help it survive in its surroundings. Such features are called adaptations. Terrestrial plants are adapted to live in places like forests, deserts, mountains and plains.

Plants in the Mountains

Plants that grow in the mountains are specially adapted to survive in cold temperatures, strong winds and rocky soil.

• Trees like the pine, cedar, spruce and fir are straight, tall and cone-shaped so that snow can easily fall from their surface. Such trees are called conifers.

• They have thick needle-shaped leaves with a waxy coating to conserve water and protect them from the cold.

Plants in the Plains

Pine tree

Plains are large, flat areas of land with few hills or mountains. The climate in the plains is usually moderate, with warm summers and cool winters. The climate is also hot and sometimes wet since some areas receive plenty of rainfall.

• Trees like the oak, maple, and spruce grow in areas with mild summers and very cold winters. During the winter, these trees shed their leaves. In the spring, these trees grow new leaves. Trees that shed their leaves during a specific season are called deciduous trees.

• Trees like teak and sal shed their leaves in summer to prevent water loss. These trees thrive in warm climates with plenty of rainfall and are commonly found in forests.

• Banyan, rubber and mahogany trees grow in regions with warm temperatures and lots of rainfall. These trees have a smooth bark. The leaves are large, glossy, and oval-shaped with pointed tips known as drip trips. This shape helps the water to flow off the leaves easily and protects them from pests and diseases. thrive: to grow strong and healthy Chapter 12 • Study of Plants

Maple tree in different seasons

Teak trees in summer.

Teak trees after the rainy season.

glossy: smooth and shiny 131

They are called evergreen trees because they keep their leaves all year round and do not shed them in any season.

Think and Tell Leaf of banyan tree.

How will planting evergreen trees in a park help the environment and improve the park’s appearance throughout the year?

Plants in Marshy Areas Marshy areas are wet, muddy places near rivers or sea coasts.

Clayey soil is found in these areas. Marshy areas are usually covered with water.

Plants that grow in marshy areas have roots above the ground because the water doesn’t allow air to reach the soil. These roots allow the plants to breathe air and are therefore known as breathing roots. For example, mangroves grow in marshy areas.

Mangroves in marshy areas.

Plants in Deserts A desert is a place that is usually very dry and hot, with little rainfall.

The soil in deserts is typically sandy and dry, and it can’t hold much water. Plants that grow here must survive on very little water.

• Some plants such as cacti, have thick, fleshy stems that store water.

• Some desert plants have spines instead of leaves to reduce water loss and protect them from animals.

• Some desert plants have long roots that go deep into the soil to find a water source.

• Other desert plants have widely spread roots just below the surface to absorb water quickly in case of rain.

Cactus plant in desert.

Did You Know?

Some desert plants like the Saguaro cactus grow very slowly but can live for over 150 years.

Aquatic Plants These plants grow in water bodies like ponds, lakes, and rivers. Most of them have floating leaves or long roots, that help them adapt to live in water.

Adaptations in Aquatic Plants • Some aquatic plants, like the water lettuce and duckweed, float freely on the water surface. Such plants are called floating plants. These plants have light and spongy stems, with air pockets in them. The roots of these plants hang freely in the water.

132

Water lettuce

• Plants such as the water lily and lotus have roots fixed to the bottom of the pond or lake. Such plants are called fixed plants. These plants have thin and hollow stems that reach the water surface and help the leaves float on water.

• Some aquatic plants such as the hydrilla and tapegrass grow completely underwater. Such plants are called underwater or submerged plants. These plants have ribbon-like leaves with flexible stems. They lack stomata in their leaves and hence they breathe through their body surface.

Water lily

Error Alert!

It is commonly believed that aquatic plants don’t need sunlight. However, these plants need sunlight to make food, so their leaves float on the water to get light.

Hydrilla

Insectivorous Plants These plants catch and eat insects to get the nutrients they need. They do so because insectivorous plants grow in places where the soil lacks enough nutrients.

Did You Know?

Venus Flytrap: This plant has leaves that shut like a trap when

Insectivorous plants produce a sweet-smelling nectar to attract insects.

an insect touches them. Once the insect gets caught, the plant slowly digests it for nutrients.

Pitcher Plant: This plant has cup-shaped leaves filled with liquid. When an insect sits on the leaves, it slips and falls in. The plant digests the insect.

Insect stuck in a Venus flytrap.

Insect attracted to a pitcher plant.

Discuss!

Would insectivorous plants grow well in soil with a lot of nutrients? Why or why not? Discuss with your partner.

Wonders of Bharat The neem tree, often referred to as the “wonder tree” in Bharat, is native to the country and holds great significance in traditional Indian medicine. This remarkable tree is known for its powerful medicinal properties, which have been used for centuries to treat various health issues. Almost every part of the neem tree—the leaves, bark, seeds and oil has healing benefits.

Chapter 12 • Study of Plants

Neem tree 133

Word Splash habitat: the natural environment in which plants live flower bud: an undeveloped flower that is still growing deciduous trees: trees that lose their leaves in a particular season drip trip: leaves that are oval-shaped and have pointed tips evergreen trees: trees that remain green all year round and don’t shed leaves in any season

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about plants.

Points to Remember •

The life cycle of a plant is the series of stages that a plant goes through in its lifetime.

•

Parts of a flower include petals, sepals, the stamen and the pistil.

•

Depending on their habitats, plants are categorised as terrestrial and aquatic plants.

•

Insectivorous plants catch and eat insects for food.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. Which of the following is an insectivorous plant?

Sunflower

Marigold

Carrot

Venus flytrap

B. What are the colourful parts of a flower that attract insects?

Anther

Stamen

Petals

Sepals

C. Which of these trees grow in cold mountains?

Pitcher plant

Lotus

Fir

Banyan

D. Which of these plants grow in marshy areas?

Cedar

134

Rose

Venus flytrap

Mangroves

2. Fill in the blanks. habitat

evergreen

terrestrial

deciduous

A. The natural environment where a plant grows is known as its B.

.

plants grow on land.

C. Trees that shed leaves in a particular season are called D. Trees that never shed their leaves are called

trees. trees.

3. Write True or False.

A. Flowers can be used for food, medicine, and decoration.

B. M arshy areas have dry, sandy soil that is not suitable for plant growth.

C. W ater lilies have roots that grow in the water but leaves that float on the surface.

D. The Venus flytrap catches insects with its flowers.

4. Match the following.

A. Sepals

a. The male part of the flower

B. Petals

b. Holds the pollen

C. Anther

c. The female part of the flower

D. Stamen

d. Attracts insect

E. Pistil

e. Protect the flower bud

5. Short-answer questions.

A. How are deciduous plants different from evergreen plants?

B. Give two examples of biennial plants.

C. What are insectivorous plants?

D. Why do plants grown in marshy areas possess breathing roots?

E. Why do desert plants have long roots?

6. Long-answer questions.

ART

A. Describe different parts of a flower with a well-labelled diagram.

B. E xplain different types of plants based on their life span. Give an example of each as well.

Chapter 12 • Study of Plants

135

C. V enus flytrap and pitcher plant are both insectivorous. However, the method of eating insects is different in both. Explain how.

D. How can plants adapt to live in a desert?

7. Picture-based questions.

A . N ame the plants shown in each image.

B. How do the plants differ?

Image 1

Image 2

Challenge (HOTS) 1. How would a plant that grows in the desert survive if it were suddenly moved to a marshy area? What challenges would it face, and what changes might it need to survive?

2.

If you were to design a garden in a school, which types of plants (terrestrial, aquatic, desert or insectivorous) would you choose to include? Explain your choices based on the plants’ adaptations and the environment where the garden is located.

Life Skills Observe different types of plants in your surroundings (like a garden, park, or even at home). Pick two plants and note their features, such as the leaf shape, flower colour, and stem structure. Think about how these plants might be adapted to their environment (e.g., desert, plains, or marshy areas). Reflect on how understanding plant adaptations helps us take care of our environment better. Share your findings with the class, and discuss how these adaptations help plants thrive in their specific habitats.

SDG

136

Interdependence 13 Among Living Organisms Chapter Overview Interdependence Among Living Organisms

Ecosystem

Characteristics of Living Beings

Interdependence of Plants and Animals

Get Set During their visit to the park, students observed a variety of things in their surroundings. Your task is to help them by sorting what they saw into two categories: living beings and non-living things.

Can you identify and classify the items the students observed?

Living Beings

Chapter 13 • Interdependence Among Living Organisms

Non-living Things

137

Ecosystem

SDG

Plants, animals and other organisms are living beings.

Soil, climate, weather and sunlight are non-living things. The living beings and non-living things in an area interact to form an ecosystem. In an ecosystem, each component plays a specific role.

Living Beings of an Ecosystem

Non-Living Things of an Ecosystem

Plants

Fungi

Light

Air

Small Organisms

Animals

Water

Soil

Ecosystem

Did You Know?

An ecosystem can be natural or human-made. For example, a river is a natural ecosystem, while an aquarium is a human-made ecosystem.

Characteristics of Living Beings Have you ever wondered what makes a living being different from a non-living thing? Let us discuss the common features of living beings that differentiate them from non-living things.

Movement: All living beings move. Humans and animals move for food, shelter and to protect themselves from danger.

However, these movements are not obvious. Plants or their parts move towards sunlight, water and other things. For example, the shoots of plants grow above ground towards light while their roots grow downwards in the soil towards the water. Plants like sunflowers bend towards the sun during the day.

Living beings move.

Error Alert!

Not all plant roots grow downward. The roots of some plants such as mangroves grow above the ground. They do so to get air.

138

A sunflower shows movement towards the sun.

Respiration: All living beings breathe. Humans and animals breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. Living beings get energy from the food they eat through a process called respiration. Plants breathe air Oxygen through their leaves. They use carbon dioxide in the air to prepare their food through a process called photosynthesis. Plants release oxygen during this process.

Discuss!

At night, plants take in oxygen from the air and release carbon dioxide. Breathing in too much carbon dioxide can make us feel uncomfortable. Should we avoid sitting under plants at night? Discuss with your friends.

Light energy

Carbon dioxide

water Photosynthesis in plants.

Growth: All living beings show growth.

An infant gradually grows and becomes an adult. Caterpillars Living beings grow. grow into beautiful butterflies. Some animals and birds lay eggs. A hatching egg produces a baby, that grows into an adult. A seed is the first stage of a plant. Seeds germinate and grow into an adult plants.

Nutrition: Living beings require nutrients for growth.

Plants make their own food using carbon dioxide and

sunlight through photosynthesis. Plants receive nutrients from the soil as well. Humans and animals cannot prepare their own food. Rather, they depend directly or indirectly on plants for their nutritional requirements.

Reproduction: It is the process by which all living beings produce young ones of their own kind. The young ones have the same characteristics as their parents. Plants reproduce using seeds.

Excretion: All living beings produce waste products during various bodily functions. The removal of waste from the body is called excretion. Removal of waste from the body is important to remove toxins and prevent diseases.

Chapter 13 • Interdependence Among Living Organisms

Dependence of animals on plants for their food.

New plants are formed from seeds.

139

Sensitivity: Living beings can sense changes in their environment. Humans detect these changes using their sense organs. Plants also have their own ways of responding.

For example, the leaves of the Mimosa pudica, commonly known as the touch-me-not plant, fold up when touched and gradually return to their original shape after a few minutes.

Remember!

We have five sense organs – eyes, ears, tongue, skin and nose.

These organs help us sense and understand our environment.

Sensitivity in the touch-me-not plant.

Pause and Answer Tick ( ) the correct statements.

1. An ecosystem includes only living beings.

2. Living beings and non-living things interact with each other.

3. Plants do not show any movement toward light.

4. All living beings except plants perform respiration.

Interdependence of Plants and Animals The biosphere includes the land, water and air on the earth where living beings are found. Living beings such as plants and animals depend on each other for various things. Let us discuss some of them.

Sun’s Energy

Fungi

Hawk

Interdependence for Food Green plants prepare food by photosynthesis. They serve as producers in the ecosystem.

Sheep, goats, cows, and other herbivores feed on plants for their food requirements. Lions, wolves, tigers and other carnivores feed on herbivores. So, carnivores are indirectly dependent on plants.

140

Snake

Green Plant

Grasshopper

Frog

Nutritional interdependence between plants and animals.

Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen Interdependence SDG

Animals release carbon dioxide during breathing. Plants take up this carbon dioxide during photosynthesis to prepare their food and release oxygen. This released oxygen is taken up by different animals for breathing. So, plants and animals maintain the balance of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the air.

Interdependence for Seed Dispersal When we sow a seed, it germinates and grows into a new plant. Plants depend on animals, humans and plants for the scattering of seeds to new locations. Some seeds have hooks or sticky hairs. These get stuck to the bodies of the animals that visit the plants for food. Animals also eat seeds. These seeds come out as faeces and are dispersed to different places.

Squirrels help to Think and Tell disperse seeds by Why do insects such as butterflies, collecting and burying ants, and bees visit flowers? How is it beneficial for plants? them in the ground.

Squirrels help to disperse seeds.

Interdependence for Aeration and Nutrition Earthworms make burrows in the soil. Burrows make soil airy. Soil with proper aeration supports the growth of plants. Earthworms feed on dead and decaying leaves.

Their faeces add humus and minerals to the soil making it fertile. Fertile soil provides nutrition to plants and helps them grow better.

Earthworms help make the soil fertile.

Interdependence for Shelter and Protection Beetles, wasps and moths lay their eggs on plant parts for protection. The eggs make a gall around them, and the young ones come out safely upon hatching. Beetles protect themselves by living inside the leaf tents in the daytime. Birds make their nests on higher branches of tall trees to avoid predators. Ants make colonies in underground stems and hollow stems or the branches of trees.

Birds make nests in trees.

faeces: undigested waste released from the body aeration: allowing air to pass humus: dark brown material that makes the soil fertile gall: a swelling on a plant part predators: animals that hunt and eat other animals Chapter 13 • Interdependence Among Living Organisms

141

Symbiosis Symbiosis occurs when two different living organisms live together and benefit from each other. For example, the bacteria in the human large intestine help break down complex food substances, aiding digestion, while they receive a suitable environment and nutrients from the host in return. Another example is the relationship between ants and fungi: ants chew leaves into pulp and carry them underground, where fungi grow on the pulp. The ants then feed on the fungi.

Do and Learn

Let us make a symbiotic partnership collage!

Collect pictures of different organisms, such as plants, animals and insects. Arrange the pictures of organisms in pairs to show the interaction between them. Paste these pictures on a chart to make a collage. For example, paste an image of ants next to fungi. Below each pair, write about the relationship between them. Make your collage attractive. Show it to your friends and explain the symbiosis.

Wonders of Bharat India has around 106 national parks, where different plants and animals live together. The Jim Corbett National Park is a national park in the Nainital district of Uttarakhand. People visit this national park to see the famous Bengal Tiger.

A Bengal Tiger in Jim Corbett National Park.

Word Splash respiration: the process by which living beings get energy from the food they eat photosynthesis: the process by which plants prepare their own food biosphere: a region on the earth where living organisms are found herbivores: animals that feed on plants carnivores: animals that feed on other animals disperse: scattering, for example carrying seeds to different places symbiosis: when two or more organisms live together and benefit each other

142

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about the independence of plants and animals.

Points to Remember •

Our ecosystem is composed of living beings and non-living things.

•

Living beings share basic features such as growth, movement, reproduction, nutrition, excretion and sensitivity.

•

Plants and animals are interdependent on each other.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. Which of the following is not a basic characteristic of living beings?

Reproduction

Sensitivity

Nutrition

Symbiosis

Moth

Cats

butterfly

wasp

B. Which of these animals reproduce by laying eggs?

Lion

Tiger

C. The animal that makes burrows in the soil is beetle

earthworm

2. Fill in the blanks. seeds

dispersal

ecosystem

light

A. Living beings and non-living things interact to form an B. Shoots of plants grow towards the C. Reproduction in plants mainly occurs through D. Scattering of seeds to distant places is called seed Chapter 13 • Interdependence Among Living Organisms

.

. . .

143

3. Write True or False.

A. Animals give out oxygen during breathing.

B. Plants release carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.

C. S ymbiosis is a relationship in which the organisms benefit from living together.

D. Ants make their colonies in galls to lay eggs.

4. Circle the odd one out.

A. growth

reproduction

movement

non-living things

B. lion

wolf

horse

leopard

C. bee

wasp

fungus

moth

5. Short-answer questions.

A. What comprises an ecosystem?

B. How are plants and animals interdependent for food?

C. Give an example of symbiosis.

D. How do animals help in seed dispersal? Give an example.

6. Long-answer questions.

A. Earthworms make the soil fertile. Explain.

B. Name the basic features of all the living beings. Explain any two of them.

C. T hink about how humans and plants depend on each other. What would happen if there were suddenly no plants left on Earth? How would this affect humans and other living beings?

INTEGRATED

7. Picture-based questions.

Green plant

Grasshopper

Frog

A. Which of the above organisms prepares its food and how?

B. Identify the organism that directly depends on plants for food.

C. Identify an organism that indirectly depends on plants.

144

Snake

Challenge (HOTS) 1. How does deforestation affect the carbon dioxide level in the air?

2. I magine that you find a new kind of animal that has never been seen before.

What characteristics would you look for to determine if it is a living being?

How would you use these characteristics to understand how it interacts with its environment?

Life Skills SDG

Some animals such as ants and earthworms help clean up the environment and maintain a balance in the ecosystem. Use the internet or ask an adult to help you find other animals that maintain a balance in the ecosystem. Make a poster about these animals and how they help clean up our environment.

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145

Protecting Plants 14 and Animals Chapter Overview Protecting Plants and Animals Balance in Nature

Activities Disturbing the Balance

Human Actions to Protect Nature

Organisations that Protect Forests and Wildlife

Get Set Colour in the picture to show the important components of the environment.

Explain why each component you coloured in is important for a healthy environment.

146

Balance in Nature Every organism has a role, and that the balance in nature is essential. Now, let us learn how plants and animals depend on each other and their environment to survive.

Dependence on the Environment The surroundings of plants and animals make their environment. Plants and animals rely on the environment to survive. They need clean air, water, food and soil to survive. The place where a plant or animal lives in nature is called its habitat. It includes all the things it Plants and animals depend on needs to grow, such as the right temperature, their environment. food and water. The environment can be divided into two components: biotic components and abiotic components.

COMPONENTS

COMPONENTS

Biotic Components: Biotic components are living things in our environment, like plants, animals and microorganisms. These living things depend on each other for food, shelter and survival.

Abiotic Components: Abiotic components are non-living things like water, air, soil and sunlight. These are essential for the survival of biotic components.

Biotic and abiotic components

Activities Disturbing the Balance The environment is a complex system where everything works together. Plants and animals rely on each other for survival. The air, water and soil are essential for all living things. Plants provide clean air, animals live together and everything works together environment: the surroundings of plants and animals, including air, water and land biotic components: living things in our environment like plants, animals and microorganisms abiotic components: non-living things in our environment like water, air, soil and sunlight Chapter 14 • Protecting Plants and Animals

147

in perfect balance. Unfortunately, human activities can disrupt this balance in various ways. Let us learn about some of these activities and their impact: Pollution: Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances into our environment, making it dirty and unhealthy. There are different types of pollution: air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution.

For example, factories and vehicles produce smoke and cause air pollution. Waste water from homes and factories pollute water bodies, causing water pollution.

Pollution of water bodies.

Deforestation: Deforestation is the large-scale cutting down of trees. This can happen for many reasons, such as clearing land for farms, building houses or getting wood for furniture. It has a serious impact on many plant and animal lives. Many animals rely on trees and forests for their homes. Without them, these animals lose their homes and may struggle to survive.

Deforestation Moreover, trees hold the soil in place with their roots. When they’re cut down, the soil becomes exposed to wind and rain, which can wash it away, causing soil erosion.

Do and Learn SDG

Plant a sapling in your garden or a pot at home. Take care of it and observe how it grows. Note down the things that the sapling needs for growth.

Think and Tell What do you think would happen if there were no plants on Earth?

Discuss with your partner.

Pause and Answer Fill in the blanks.

1. Biotic components are

things in our environment.

2. Abiotic components are

things.

3.

is the large-scale cutting down of trees.

4. Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances into our making it dirty.

5. The place where a plant or animal lives in nature is called its pollution: introduction of harmful substances into our environment deforestation: large-scale cutting down of trees erosion (here: soil): when soil become loose and easily gets washed away by wind or water 148

, .

Human Actions to Protect Nature The environment is our home, where plants, animals and humans all live together. Just like keeping your room clean, we need to take care of our planet to keep it healthy.

Some of the ways in which we can protect nature are:

Protection of Forests SDG

Forests are like the lungs of the Earth. They clean the air we breathe and provide homes for many plants and animals. They provide us with oxygen to breathe and their roots hold the soil together, preventing erosion. They are also the foundation of many ecosystems, offering homes and food to animals. We should plant more trees.

Jadav “Molai” Payeng, also known as the “Forest Man of India”, is an environmental activist and forestry worker who reclaimed a 1,360-acre forest reserve on a sandbar in the Brahmaputra River in Assam, India.

Payeng, a member of the indigenous Mising tribe, began planting trees in 1979 after witnessing the deaths of hundreds of snakes due to a drought. He planted one sapling a day in the barren soil, and over Jadav Molai Payeng the course of nearly 40 years, his efforts transformed the island into a forest that’s home to many species of wildlife, including tigers, deer, monkeys, elephants and birds. The forest is named the Molai Forest, after Payeng.

SDG

Home for Tribes: Forests are not only homes for animals and plants but also for many tribes in India.

These tribes depend on the forest for their food, shelter and daily needs. Protecting forests helps to preserve their way of life. For example, the Baiga tribe in Madhya Pradesh and the Jarawa tribe in the Andaman Islands rely on the forest for everything. When we protect forests, we also protect the culture and traditions of these tribes.

Baiga tribe in Madhya Pradesh.

Protection of Wildlife SDG

Humans have been hunting animals for food and pleasure, leading to many species becoming extinct. Wildlife protection is crucial to maintain biodiversity and environmental balance.

extinct: when no more living members of the particular plant and animal species are present on earth

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149

National Parks and wildlife sanctuaries: The government has set up National Parks and wildlife sanctuaries to protect animals and their habitats.

These protected areas provide safe habitats for animals.

By visiting and supporting these places, we contribute to wildlife conservation. Here’s an overview of some well-known National Parks and wildlife sanctuaries across the country:

Bengal tiger in Jim Corbett National Park (Uttarakhand).

•

Jim Corbett National Park (Uttarakhand): Famous for: Bengal tigers, elephants and diverse bird species.

•

Ranthambore National Park (Rajasthan): Famous for: Tigers, leopards and marsh crocodiles.

•

Kaziranga National Park (Assam): Famous for: The largest population of the Indian one-horned rhinoceros.

•

Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary (Kerala): Famous for: Elephants, Indian bison and rare species of birds.

•

Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary (Keoladeo National Park, Rajasthan): Famous for: Migratory birds, including Siberian cranes.

Error Alert!

National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries both serve to protect wildlife, but they have some key differences.

National Parks are established primarily to protect and preserve the natural environment, including the plants, animals, landscape and historical objects within the park. Whereas, Wildlife Sanctuaries are areas specifically set up to protect particular species of animals and their habitats.

Laws and Regulations: There are laws to prevent the killing of animals for their body parts, like skin, fur and tusks.

Did You Know?

The Jim Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand, established in 1936 as Hailey National Park, was the first of its kind in India. It is famous for being a haven for the Bengal tiger.

150

Discuss!

Why do we need National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries?

Discuss with your group.

Organisations that Protect Forests and Wildlife Across the globe, dedicated organisations act as champions for the environment, working tirelessly to protect the incredible diversity of plant and animal life on our planet.

World Wide Fund (WWF): The WWF is an international group that helps people understand why it is important to protect wildlife. They teach us to care for our environment by focussing on saving endangered animals, like pandas, tigers and polar bears. They also work to protect important places like forests and oceans.

Centre for Wildlife Studies: This is an organisation that works to protect wildlife through research, education and conservation. They use science to learn about different wildlife, like tigers and elephants. They also study the places where these animals live to make sure they have everything they need.

Wonders of Bharat This vast mangrove forest in West Bengal is home to the Royal Bengal Tiger. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and plays a crucial role in protecting the coastal areas from storms and cyclones. The largest population of the Bengal tiger lives in the Sundarbans National Park in West Bengal, India. The park covers 328,680 acres of the Ganges River delta and is home to around 400 tigers.

Royal Bengal Tiger

Word Splash habitat: the place where a plant or animal grows and lives biodiversity: a variety of life, including plants and animals, in a particular place sanctuary: a place where animals can live in their natural habitat conservation: the protection of animals and their natural habitats

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about human activities that harm the environment.

organisation: group of people who work towards a specific goal endangered: on the verge of becoming extinct Chapter 14 • Protecting Plants and Animals

151

Points to Remember •

Balance in nature involves the interaction between biotic and abiotic components.

•

Human activities, like deforestation and pollution, disturb this balance.

•

Protecting forests and wildlife is crucial for maintaining environmental balance.

•

Organisations, like the WWF, work to conserve nature.

•

Small actions, like planting trees, can make a big difference in protecting our environment.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. What do plants need to grow?

Sunlight

Air

Water

All of these

B. What is an example of a biotic component of an ecosystem?

Water

Sunlight

Soil

Plants

C. Which of these is a way to protect forests?

Cutting more trees

Using more paper

Planting more trees

Polluting rivers

D. Which organisation helps to create awareness about wildlife conservation?

NASA

WWF

WHO

UNICEF

Shelter

All of these

E. What do animals need to survive?

Food

Water

2. Fill in the blanks. animals

deforestation

abiotic

biotic

A. Cutting down trees on a large scale is known as B. The World Wide Fund (WWF) helps to protect 152

. .

C. Non-living parts of the environment, like water and soil, are called components.

D. Plants, animals and microorganisms are environment.

components of the

3. Write True or False.

A. Animals do not need clean water to survive.

B. Forests help to clean the air we breathe.

C. National Parks are created to protect wildlife.

D. Pollution does not affect plants.

E. Using public transport can help to reduce pollution.

4. Short-answer questions.

A. What is deforestation?

B. Write one benefit of setting up National Parks.

SDG

C. How can you help to protect nature? Write any two ways.

D. What does WWF stand for?

E. How do biotic components depend on abiotic components of nature?

F. Name any two famous wildlife sanctuaries in India. Where are they located?

5. Long-answer questions.

SDG

A. Why is it important to protect forests?

B. Explain two ways humans can help to protect wildlife.

C. W hat are the living and non-living components of the environment called?

Explain with examples.

D. In what way does pollution disturb the balance of nature?

E. What role do organisations like the WWF play in protecting nature?

6. Match the following.

A. Biotic Component

a. Water

B. Abiotic Component

b. Plants

C. National Park

c. Protects wildlife

D. Pollution

d. Factories and vehicles

E. Habitat

e. Home of plants and animals

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7. Picture-based questions.

A. What problems can you see in the river?

B. H ow does this affect the lives of humans and animals?

C. W hat actions can we take to help clean the rivers?

Challenge (HOTS) 1. Imagine a pond with fish, plants, water and rocks. If the water in the pond dries up, how would this change affect the biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components? Think about what would happen to the animals, plants, and the environment if there was no water in the pond.

2. If you were in charge of a city, what are three things you would do to help protect nature and keep the environment healthy?

Life Skills Wildlife Awareness Campaign:

SDG

• • • • •

154

o research about an endangered species using the internet and learn D about its habitat and why it is endangered.

reate a poster or a short presentation about the species and the ways to C protect it. se pictures and facts to make your presentation interesting and U informative.

Present your work to your class or school to raise awareness.

Discuss with your classmates what actions can be taken to protect wildlife.

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156

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157

Natural 15 Calamities Chapter Overview Natural Calamities Types of Calamities

Dealing with a Calamity

Reaching Out

Get Set

INTEGRATED

Have you ever watched a big storm from your window or felt the ground move under your feet?

How did it make you feel—nervous, excited or maybe even scared? Share your experience with your partner.

Types of Calamities A natural calamity is a sudden event caused by nature. These calamities occur without warning and cause a lot of damage and sometimes even harm people, animals and the environment. Natural calamities such as storms, earthquakes and floods can be powerful and lightning. In this chapter, we’ll explore why these events happen, how they affect people and places, and most importantly, how we can stay safe when they occur.

Understanding these forces of nature will help us be better prepared when they strike.

Earthquakes, volcanos, floods, tsunamis and droughts are some examples of natural calamities. Let us learn about them in detail.

158

Earthquake An earthquake occurs when the ground shakes suddenly. The Earth’s crust is made of big pieces of land called tectonic plates. These plates are always moving very slowly.

Sometimes, they get stuck and then suddenly move, causing the ground to shake. This shaking is what we feel during an earthquake.

The intensity of an earthquake is measured on the Richter scale. A value of 1–3 on the Richter scale indicates a mild earthquake while anything above 7 is considered extremely powerful. A seismograph is an instrument that detects and records the shaking of the ground during an earthquake.

Effects of an Earthquake •

People can be injured and killed.

•

Buildings and houses can crack and roads can split apart.

•

Sometimes, electric or gas fires break out due to earthquakes, causing a lot of damage to life and property.

Buildings may collapse during an earthquake.

Safety Tips •

Drop to the ground, take cover under a sturdy table or desk, and hold on until the shaking stops.

•

Move away from windows, glass, and anything that can fall, like bookshelves or heavy pictures.

•

If you are inside, stay there until the shaking stops. Do not use lifts, use the stairs instead.

Did You Know?

The Bhuj earthquake in India happened on 26th January 2001 and caused widespread damage and loss of life. The tremors of this earthquake were felt as far away as Delhi.

Volcano Volcanoes are mountains that erupt with a hot, melted liquid called lava. They can also shoot out ash, steam and rocks into the air. A volcanic eruption happens when lava bursts out from a volcano. mild: gentle; not severe sturdy: strong

Chapter 15 • Natural Calamities

tremors: shaking erupt: break out suddenly

Volcanic eruption 159

There are three types of volcanoes. Let us learn about them.

Active Volcano: This type of volcano has either erupted recently or is expected to erupt soon.

Dormant Volcano: This type of volcano is not erupting currently but has erupted in the past and might erupt again in future.

Extinct Volcano: This type of volcano has not erupted for a very long time and is unlikely to erupt again in future.

Effects of Volcanic Eruption • •

The ash, dust and gases from a volcanic eruption can make it hard to see and breathe.

Lava can flow down the sides of a volcano, burning and destroying everything that comes in its path.

Safety Tips • •

Follow the instructions of adults and the news to know where it’s safe and what to do during a volcanic eruption.

If ash is falling from the sky, stay indoors to avoid breathing it in.

Floods Floods happen when a lot of water covers land that is usually dry. Floods are caused by heavy rainfall, cloudbursts and melting snow. For example, if a dam breaks or is damaged, all the stored water can rush out and flood the areas downstream of the dam.

Effects of Flood • • •

A flooded road.

Floods can destroy buildings by filling them with water, thereby causing them to collapse.

Floods can also wash away crops and harm animals.

Epidemics such as malaria and diarrhoea tend to spread after flooding.

Safety Tips • •

Move to a high place like a rooftop or hill where water can’t reach you.

Plant more trees on river banks to control the heavy flow of water if floods should occur.

cloudburst: a sudden violent rainstorm epidemics: diseases occurring in a community at the same time 160

• •

All the dams should be checked at regular intervals.

Store drinking water, food and other essentials.

Error Alert!

Although floods have many harmful effects, it has some uses as well. Flood water carries a lot of soil, which is deposited on the plains once the water goes down. This new topsoil or alluvial soil is very fertile.

Dams prevent floods.

Think and Tell What are the important steps that you would take in case of a flood in your area?

Tsunami A tsunami is a huge ocean wave caused by an underwater earthquake or volcano, which can flood coastal areas when it reaches land. Large waves come rushing towards the land and cause flooding in minutes.

The height of the waves can vary from 10 feet to 100 feet.

Effects of Tsunami

Destruction caused by tsunami waves.

•

Tsunamis can flood coastal areas, destroying homes, buildings and roads.

•

The salty sea water brought in by the tsunami can make the soil less fertile, affecting farming and plant growth.

•

The sudden impact of a tsunami can cause many people to lose their lives or sustain injuries.

Safety Tips •

If you hear a tsunami warning, quickly move to higher ground.

•

Use evacuation routes to reach safer areas.

•

Pay attention to emergency alerts and warnings from local authorities.

Do and Learn SDG

Design a simple emergency plan for your family in case of a tsunami. Include steps to take before, during and after the tsunami. Share your plan with your friends.

Drought

SDG

A drought occurs when there is not enough rain for a long time. This causes a shortage of water for plants, animals and people. It makes it hard to grow crops and can affect the availability of water for drinking and other purposes we well. When crops fail, farmers face many hardships such as losing their income and struggling to feed their families. evacuation: safe escape Chapter 15 • Natural Calamities

161

The geographical location of a place plays an important role in determining places affected by droughts. The excessive cutting down of trees has resulted in less rainfall. Decreased rainfall can cause drought.

Effects of Drought •

Farmers are the most affected by droughts. Crops can dry up and die, which makes it hard for farmers to grow food. Due to crop failure, it can result in famines.

A drought prone area.

Remember!

Human beings cut down trees to clear space for agricultural, residential and commercial purposes.

•

During a drought, rivers, lakes and wells may dry up, leading to a shortage of clean water for families. This makes it hard to cook, drink and wash properly.

•

Outbreaks of diseases such as cholera, dysentery and diarrhoea are caused due to malnutrition and drinking dirty water.

Safety Tips •

The best way to tackle droughts is by planting more trees. This is known as afforestation. For example, Rajasthan has become a greener state by following afforestation.

•

Rainwater harvesting techniques should be implemented.

•

Water conservation projects should be implemented in states that are prone to droughts.

Error Alert!

It is believed that droughts can only happen in very hot places. But that is not true. Droughts can occur in various climates, including temperate and even cold regions when there is a prolonged lack of rain or snowfall.

Pause and Answer Identify the natural disasters shown in the given images.

famine: extreme scarcity of food 162

malnutrition: lack of proper nutrients

Dealing with a Calamity People must be trained to follow these steps in case of a natural calamity.

• • •

• •

•

Remain calm and listen to instructions from adults or the authorities.

Move to a safe place away from danger.

Follow instructions from the police, NDRF (National Disaster Response Force), doctors and army personnel to stay safe.

Rescue operation at earthquake site.

Organise help and rescue operations.

Stay updated through radio, TV or official announcements about what’s happening and when it’s safe to return to normal activities.

Discuss!

Why is there an outbreak of diseases during natural calamities? Discuss with your friends.

We should help people who are affected by natural calamities by donating clothes, money, food and medicines to help them rebuild their lives.

Reaching Out It can be heartbreaking to witness the aftermath of a natural disaster, but there are many ways to support survivors in rebuilding their lives.

Help from Government •

• • • •

Governments invest in advanced technologies to detect natural disasters early, such as seismic sensors for earthquakes and weather satellites for tsunamis or hurricanes.

Governments educate the public about natural disasters through social media platforms like Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter.

Newspaper, radio and television also play an important role in helping the affected people.

In India, the NDMA (National Disaster Management Authority) lays down policies for effective disaster management.

The NDRF is a specially trained force that helps communities deal with natural disasters. Sometimes, armed forces help move people to safety.

rescue: to save something or someone from a difficult situation heartbreaking: very upsetting aftermath: after effects Chapter 15 • Natural Calamities

163

NGO’s Apart from the government there are some NGOs (Non-Government Organizations) that also help people affected by disasters. Let us learn about some of them.

•

Red Cross Society: Their symbol is a huge red cross which is visible on all its vehicles, equipment and the clothes worn by its volunteers.

The Red Cross society provides medical relief to victims and helps them in rehabilitating themselves.

•

WHO (World Health Organization): The WHO helps during natural disasters by giving medical care and making sure people have clean water, food and healthcare. This organisation also prevents the spreading of diseases and helps communities get their health services back quickly.

•

UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund): This organisation provides money and essential items, especially to children. It makes sure that orphans and the handicapped are taken care of after a natural disaster.

Red Cross Society

WHO

UNICEF

Wonders of Bharat The Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada River in Bharat is one of the largest dams in the world. The dam provides water to four Indian states: Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan. It helps prevent floods by controlling the flow of the river.

Sardar Sarovar Dam

Word Splash earthquake: the sudden shaking of the earth’s crust Richter scale: a tool that measures the strength of earthquakes seismograph: a machine that records the movement of the ground during an earthquake. volcanoes: mountains that can erupt with hot, melted liquid lava: hot, melted rock that comes out of a volcano tsunami: a huge ocean wave caused by an underwater earthquake or volcano afforestation: the process of planting trees to create a forest

rehabilitating: restoring a situation or person to the state they were before

164

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about natural calamities.

Points to Remember •

Natural disasters are sudden events that cause death, destruction and damage.

•

Earthquakes, volcanos, floods, tsunamis and droughts are some examples of natural disasters.

•

Both government and non-government agencies provide rescue and relief services to people affected by natural disasters.

•

The Red Cross, WHO and UNICEF are NGOs that provide help to those affected by natural disasters.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. Which of the following is a natural disaster?

Afforestation

Tsunami

Deforestation

B. Which instrument measures the intensity of an earthquake?

Seismometer

Thermometer

Barometer

C. Which organisation provides relief, particularly for children?

WHO

UNICEF

Red Cross

D. Which of these can be caused by a volcanic eruption?

Heavy snowfall

Lava and ash

Clear sky

2. Fill in the blanks. famine A. The intensity of an B. An erupt in future.

Chapter 15 • Natural Calamities

earthquake

floods

extinct

is measured on the Richter scale. volcano has not erupted for a long time and is not likely to 165

C. Epidemics such as malaria and diarrhoea are common after D. A drought can be followed by a

.

if farming is affected.

3. Match the following.

A. Drought

a. throws out lava and ash

B. Tsunami

b. the extreme scarcity of rain

C. Earthquake

c. the overflow of water everywhere

D. Flood

d. huge ocean waves due to an underwater earthquake

E. Volcano

e. the violent shaking of the ground

4. Write True or False.

A. Drought hit areas experience heavy rainfall.

B. T he armed forces do not play any role in saving the lives of people.

C. S ocial media platforms provide information during natural disasters.

D. We should remain calm during calamities.

5. Short-answer questions.

A. How can you identify whether the earthquake is mild or severe?

B. Name different types of volcanoes.

C. How does drought occur?

D. How does a tsunami affect people?

6. Long-answer questions.

A. What is a volcano? Explain its causes and effects.

B. Write various measures to prevent a flood and drought.

C. Describe any three measures to help disaster-affected people.

D. Imagine you are a news reporter covering a natural disaster. Choose a disaster like a tsunami, earthquake or flood and write a short report describing what is happening, how people are affected and what advice you would give to help them stay safe.

INTEGRATED

166

7. Picture-based questions.

A. I dentify the natural calamity shown in the image.

B. W hat are the two after-effects of this calamity?

C. W hat are the safety measures to be followed during this calamity?

Challenge (HOTS) 1. How do earthquakes and floods affect the environment differently?

2. Many countries have different ways to prepare for natural calamities. What do you think is the best approach to help communities stay safe during events like earthquakes or tsunamis? Explain your reasoning.

Life Skills SEL

We know that government as well as NGOs help people who have been affected by natural disasters. With the help of your teachers, organise a campaign to help disaster-hit people.

You can donate clothes, money and other useful items. Encourage others to donate useful items. You can create awareness among people about various calamities and their control by speaking to them.

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Pollution

16

Chapter Overview Pollution Pollution and Its Types

Air Pollution

Land Pollution

Water Pollution

Noise Pollution

Get Set Look at the pictures. Put a tick ( ) against the images that show actions which are good for the environment.

Pollution and Its Types Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances into the environment, which can damage the air, water and soil or land. These harmful substances are called pollutants.

Some sources of pollutants are factories, vehicles and littering. There are four main types of pollution—air pollution, water pollution, land pollution and noise pollution.

Let us learn about each of them. littering: carelessly leaving or dropping garbage in public spaces instead of disposing of it properly 168

Air Pollution When harmful gases or toxic particles are released into the air, they cause air pollution.

It has harmful effects on all living beings and affects the natural cycle of the Earth like the water and climate cycles.

Causes of Air Pollution

• Factories, power plants and vehicles release harmful gases and smoke into the air.

• •

Burning fossil fuels also releases harmful gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and methane into the environment.

Various natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions, forest fires and dust storms also cause air pollution.

Release of smoke from factories.

Volcanic eruption.

Burning of fossil fuels.

Effects of Air Pollution on the Environment •

Gases like carbon dioxide and methane trap the Sun’s heat and increase the temperature of the Earth. The increase in the Earth’s temperature by these gases (especially carbon dioxide) is called global warming.

People get diseases due to air pollution.

•

The release of harmful gases contributes to the depletion of the ozone layer, which protects us from the sun’s harmful rays.

•

When various harmful gases rise and combine with water vapour in the atmosphere, it results in acid rain. Acid rain damages buildings and forests and is harmful to various living beings as well.

•

Air pollution causes several diseases in humans such as asthma, lung cancer and bronchitis.

Error Alert!

It is commonly believed that pollution only occurs outside our homes. But indoor air pollution is as harmful as outdoor air pollution. Major indoor pollutants include vapours from paints, varnishes, household chemicals and chalk dust.

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Steps to Prevent Air Pollution •

Encourage afforestation or planting of trees and plants.

•

Use public transport and try carpooling with your friends and family rather than using private vehicles.

Walk wherever possible.

•

Avoid burning garbage and fossil fuels.

•

Use energy resources such as electricity and petrol wisely and sparingly.

Think and Tell Can you think of one way in which acid rain can damage buildings?

Plant trees to control air pollution.

Remember!

Our environment includes living things (plants, animals) and non-living things (air, water and soil) present in our surroundings.

Land Pollution When land or soil becomes contaminated by harmful substances such as solid waste, plastic bags and metal containers, it causes land pollution.

Causes of Land Pollution •

•

Deforestation is a major cause of land pollution.

The roots of the trees hold the soil firmly. But when trees are cut down, the fertile soil gets washed away by running water and blown away by strong winds, thereby causing soil erosion.

The dumping of non-recyclable waste such as polythene bags, plastic bottles, chemical waste and e-waste (old laptops, mobile phones, televisions and computers) on land also causes pollution.

•

The excessive use of fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides for agricultural purposes pollute the land and waterways.

•

Animal and human waste in the open result in the growth of different germs and bacteria, causing land pollution.

170

Land pollution

Increased use of fertilisers.

Waste dumped on land.

Effects of Land Pollution on the Environment •

Most plants need soil to grow. We get our food from plants. Plants grown in polluted soil or land may contain harmful substances that reach us through the food we eat. This can cause several soil-borne diseases, cancer and skin allergies.

•

Some animals and plants die due to soil contamination and hence, the food chain is disturbed.

•

Land pollution takes a toll on nature’s beauty and destroys our planet.

Steps to Prevent Land Pollution SDG

•

Produce less waste. For example, carry your own water bottle instead of purchasing a new one, each time you go out.

•

Recycle trash as much as possible.

•

Reuse items as much as possible.

•

Use organic manure for agricultural purposes.

•

Dispose of waste properly. Throw biodegradable waste into green bins and non-biodegradable waste into blue bins.

Use separate bins for different types of wastes.

Discuss!

What are the benefits of using separate dustbins for different types of waste? Is it necessary to do so? Discuss with your classmates.

Do and Learn

Let us learn about reusing!

ART

Gather old newspapers, magazines, empty plastic bottles, cardboard boxes and other unusable items from your home. Use your creativity to make new items such as flower vases, plant holders, pen stands, etc. from these materials.

Decorate your new item with materials of your choice. Show it to your friends and discuss how reusing helps reduce pollution and conserve natural resources.

Chapter 16 • Pollution

Empty plastic bottles reused as plant holders.

171

Water Pollution Have you ever seen people throwing waste into water bodies or washing clothes near rivers? Do you think this affects the water bodies in some way? When chemicals, waste and sewage end up in water bodies, these pollute the water and cause the water pollution.

Water pollution has a negative impact on human health and disturbs the water cycle.

Causes of Water Pollution • • •

Human activities such as washing clothes and bathing in water bodies cause water pollution.

Throwing untreated household and industrial waste into water bodies cause water pollution.

Accidental oil spills from oil tankers in oceans cause water pollution.

Effects of Water Pollution on the Environment • • •

The consumption of dirty and polluted water causes several diseases like cholera, typhoid and dysentery.

Oil spill causing water pollution.

Oil spills in oceans reduce the supply of dissolved oxygen, thereby harming aquatic life.

Water pollution causes aquatic animals and plants to die.

Steps to Prevent Water Pollution

SDG

Washing clothes in rivers causes water pollution.

Death of aquatic animals due to water pollution.

•

Treat household and industrial waste properly before

•

The garbage or trash lying around or near the water bodies can harm marine animals, so do not throw trash near or in water bodies.

•

• •

releasing them in water bodies.

Water is a precious gift of nature, so use it wisely and save as much as you can.

Use limited water for daily activities like washing clothes, cleaning and bathing.

Do not let the taps flow while you are brushing your teeth.

Don’t let water drip from faulty taps. Get them fixed as soon as you can.

Reuse kitchen water (water used for washing fruits and vegetables etc.) for various purposes like cleaning your car and watering your plants.

faulty: not working 172

Pause and Answer Fill in the blanks. deforestation

global warming

air pollution

oil spills

1. The addition of harmful substances into the air is called

.

2.

The cutting down of trees, a major cause of land pollution, is also known as .

3.

The increase in the Earth’s temperature is known as

.

4. in oceans reduce the supply of dissolved oxygen, thereby harming aquatic life.

Noise Pollution It was New Year’s Eve. Many people were bursting firecrackers. This led to a lot of noise due to which Raghav’s grandparents were unable to sleep. Have you ever faced such a situation of discomfort due to loud noise?

Noise is an unwanted and unpleasant sound.

Loud noises produced from loudspeakers, the honking of vehicles, electrical appliances and construction sites cause noise pollution.

Did You Know?

Moths, especially Greater Wax Moths, have the best hearing in the world. Isn’t nature amazing?

Causes of Noise Pollution •

Human activities such as playing loud music, continuous honking in traffic jams and using sirens and loudspeakers cause noise pollution.

•

Natural noises such as very strong winds, thunderstorms, the barking of dogs and other animals can cause noise pollution.

Loud speakers cause noise pollution.

Honking of vehicles.

honking: to make a loud noise (here; by using horns in vehicles)

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Effects of Noise Pollution •

Noise pollution makes us feel nervous and irritated.

•

It can lead to health issues like sleeplessness, stress and hearing loss. Long exposure to loud noise can even result in deafness.

•

It does not let us focus on our work properly.

•

Noise pollution may also result in high blood pressure, heart-related diseases and fatigue in some people.

Steps to Prevent Noise Pollution •

Avoid unnecessary honking.

•

Keep the volume of music systems low.

•

Turn off electrical appliances when not in use.

Wonders of Bharat The Bishnoi community in Rajasthan is known for their deep respect for nature and wildlife. The Bishnoi people are popularly known for their efforts to save trees from being cut down. Preserving trees plays a vital role in controlling pollution, as trees absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, helping to maintain clean air and a balanced ecosystem.

Word Splash global warming: the increase in the temperature of the Earth due to the trapping of heat by gases such as carbon dioxide pollution: the addition of harmful substances into the environment pollutants: harmful substances that have a negative effect on the environment afforestation: planting of trees and plants deforestation: cutting down trees and forests

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about pollution.

sleeplessness: inability to sleep deafness: inability to hear properly fatigue: tiredness 174

Points to Remember •

Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances into the environment.

•

There are four major types of pollution—air pollution, water pollution, land pollution and noise pollution.

•

When harmful gases or toxic particles are released into the air, they cause air pollution.

•

When land or soil is contaminated by harmful substances such as solid waste, plastic bags and metal containers, it causes land pollution.

•

When chemicals, waste and sewage are released in water bodies, these pollute water and cause water pollution.

•

Loud noises from loudspeakers, the honking of vehicles, the noise from electrical appliances and construction sites cause noise pollution.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. The main cause of air pollution is burning of fossil fuels.

sounds from factories.

sewage.

B. Water pollution causes diseases like cholera.

asthma.

high blood pressure.

C. We can tackle land pollution by recycling. throwing garbage in the open. cutting down trees.

D. Noise pollution is caused by the honking of vehicles. untreated wastewater. the release of smoke and harmful gases from factories.

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175

2. Fill in the blanks. pollution

acid

noise

biodegradable

A.

is the introduction of harmful substances into our environment.

B.

rain has harmful effects on buildings and living beings.

C. We should throw

waste into green dustbins.

D. Honking of vehicles and use of loudspeakers cause

pollution.

3. Write True or False.

A. Air pollution can cause respiratory problems.

B. Water pollution does not affect aquatic life.

C. Planting trees helps reduce air pollution.

D. Noise pollution can disturb sleep and lead to deafness.

4. Match the following.

A. Air pollution

a. Fatigue, stress, irritation

B. Land pollution

b. Cholera, typhoid, dysentery

C. Water pollution

c. Asthma, lung cancer, bronchitis

D. Noise pollution

d. Soil-borne diseases, skin allergies

5. Short-answer questions.

A. Define pollution and pollutants.

B. How does water pollution affect aquatic life?

C. Mention one harmful effect of land pollution on humans.

D. What is global warming?

E. Suggest one way to control noise pollution.

6. Long-answer questions.

A. Write a note on the causes and ways to control air pollution.

SDG

B. What is land pollution? Explain the causes and effects.

C. How is water pollution caused? How does it affect human health?

D. Describe the causes and effects of noise pollution.

E. Imagine yourself as a river for one day. Describe how you would feel when people keep polluting you every day.

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176

7. Picture-based questions.

A. W hich type of pollution is depicted in the image?

B. M ention one major cause of this type of pollution.

C. D oes this pollution affect aquatic life? If yes, how?

Challenge (HOTS) 1. A forest area was cleared to build a highway. Write any two ways in which this will create an imbalance in nature.

2. What would happen if we continue polluting the air, water, and land? Do you think future generations would be able to survive? Why or why not?

Life Skills SDG

We know that human activities are lead to water pollution. It’s high time that we save our water resources and keep them clean. Let us do an activity.

Activity: Cleanliness drive Material Required: • gloves, trash bags (different colours), recycling bins, face and nose masks, hand sanitizer, camera or smartphone Steps: 1. With your parents and neighbours, organise a cleanliness drive for a nearby polluted area.

2. Wear gloves and masks. Collect and separate waste into different coloured trash bags.

3. Take pictures before, during and after the drive.

4. Discuss the importance of clean land or soil and how you felt after the activity.

5. Share your experience and pictures with your class.

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178

Unit 6 • Peeping Into Past

179

180

British Rule in India

17

Chapter Overview British Rule in India The Coming of the British

Expansion of the British Rule

Exploitation under the British Rule

First War of Independence

Get Set Every year on 15 August, we celebrate India’s Independence Day. We also honour the contributions of our freedom fighters on this day. Name any two freedom fighters of India?

1.

.

2.

.

The Coming of the British A long time ago, people from different parts of the world were interested in trading with India because of its rich resources like spices, textiles, pearls, and precious stones.

In 1498, Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese explorer, sailed around Africa and discovered a sea route from Europe to India for the first time. He arrived in Calicut, Kerala. The Portuguese mainly traded in spices and textiles like cotton. After the Portuguese, Dutch, French, and English traders arrived. They established trading centres along the west resources: things that people need and use, like water, food, and materials traders: people who buy and sell goods Chapter 17 • British Rule in India

181

coast of India, and they called them factories. These factories were strengthened like forts to protect them from attacks.

As many countries wanted to trade with India, they soon began fighting to gain control of the trade.

The British defeated the others and established the East India Company in 1600 with the purpose of trading with India.

The East India Company, Surat They set up their first trading post in Surat in 1612. At that time, their aim was only trading, especially in spices and textiles.

The East India Company Rule The East India Company became a very powerful trading and political organisation.

Over time, they set up more trading posts in different parts of India, like Madras (now Chennai), Bombay (now Mumbai), and Calcutta (now Kolkata). As the British gained more power, they started getting involved in local politics and conflicts. They signed treaties with Indian rulers and often used their military strength to gain control over more territory.

By the mid-1700s, the East India Company had changed from a trading company into a strong political and military force. They began to take over large parts of India, which marked the

Think and Tell The British built railways and roads in India.

How do you think these developments helped or harmed the people of India during that time?

start of British rule in the country. They introduced new laws, systems of governance, and even railways and telegraphs. This caused many problems and hardships for the Indian people, which eventually led to movements for independence.

organisation: a group of people who work together for a common purpose conflict: a fight or disagreement

182

Expansion of the British Rule The East India Company signed treaties with Indian rulers and often used their military strength to win battles and acquire more territories.

During the 1700s, many kingdoms like Awadh, Bengal, and Mysore were becoming powerful. The East India Company saw an opportunity in this situation. They were particularly interested in Bengal because it was a region rich in resources.

By the mid-1700s, the British had defeated powerful Indian rulers like the Nawab of Bengal and the Marathas in several wars. These victories allowed the British to control large parts of India. At the same time, the Mughal Empire in India was becoming weaker. This helped the British become the most powerful group in India.

Battles The two major battles that helped the British East India Company expand its control over India are the Battle of Plassey and the Battle of Buxar.

Battle of Plassey Jaanvi was visiting West Bengal with her family during holidays. During her visit, she saw the Palashi Monument in the Nadia district of West Bengal. She asked her father what the Palashi Monument was and why it was built? Her father told her that this monument was built in the memory of the Battle of Plassey. He explained to her that the Battle of Plassey was fought between Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah and a British officer Robert Clive and that it was one of the most important battles in Indian history.

A portrait of Battle of Plassey

The ruler of Bengal, Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah, was unhappy with the British. They had built forts for their armies in Calcutta without his permission. They were also interfering with the running of his kingdom. Due to this, the Nawab and the British fought a battle known as the Battle of Plassey.

This battle took place on June 23, 1757. It saw the British East India Company, led by Robert Clive, defeated the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-Daulah. Using clever tactics and alliances, the British won a decisive victory and gained control over Bengal, which was one of India’s wealthiest provinces.

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Battle of Buxar The Battle of Buxar took place on October 22, 1764. In this battle, the British East India Company, defeated a group of Indian rulers including the Nawabs of Bengal and Awadh and Mughal Emperor Mir Qasim. This victory helped the British control Bengal and extended their influence in India.

British Policies The Battle of Plassey and the Battle of Buxar were turning points for the company.

In the years that followed, they took full control over the administration of the rest of India. They gained the right to tax people and had a powerful army to enforce their rule.

The British also expanded their control over India by introducing different policies.

Doctrine of Lapse The Doctrine of Lapse was introduced by Lord Dalhousie. This policy allowed the British to annex any princely state where the ruler died without a direct male heir. This policy led to the annexation of several Indian states, including Satara, Jhansi, and Nagpur.

A portrait of Lord Dalhousie

Subsidiary Alliance The Subsidiary Alliance was introduced by Lord Wellesley. This policy required Indian rulers to accept British forces in their territories and pay for their maintenance. In return, the British promised to protect these states from external threats and internal revolts.

Many Indian states lost their sovereignty and became dependent on British support.

Divide and Rule The British believed that if the people of India were busy fighting among themselves, they would not unite to fight against the British rule. By keeping Indians divided, the British could continue to control and exploit the country for their own benefit.

Pause and Answer Write True or False.

1. The East India Company only traded with India and did not get involved in local politics or conflicts. heir: one who receives the right to rule and property from an ancestor 184

2. The British defeated powerful Indian rulers like the Nawab of Bengal and the Marathas to gain control over large parts of India.

3. The Mughal Empire in India was growing stronger during the mid-1700s.

Exploitation Under the British Rule The East India Company’s main goal was to make money by controlling trade and exploiting Indians. They took raw materials from India and used them to make goods in their factories. Then, they sold those products to Indians at higher prices.

The land revenue system was also designed to exploit farmers. Heavy taxes were payable and these were collected by officials (Zamindars). After getting ‘Diwani’ rights, the British increased the land revenue, causing great suffering for the farmers. Indian farmers were also forced to grow indigo instead of food crops.

THINK RATIONAL

The British also sold clothes made in their factories. These clothes were of better quality and cheaper than the clothes made by the local Indian weavers. Why do you think the clothes made in factories were cheaper and of better quality?

Due to this many Indian factories had to close, and many workers lost their jobs. Indian traders, who bought and sold things, also suffered because of the unfair British trade rules.

The British rule severely damaged Indian agriculture, industries, trade, and society. Indians faced discrimination in their own country and were not given high positions in the administration.

A portrait of an East India Company official

Discuss!

What do you think would have happened to the East India Company if the Mughal Empire had not become weak?

First War of Independence The anger and dissatisfaction among Indians led to the Revolt of 1857, also known as the First War of Independence or the Sepoy Mutiny. The immediate cause of the revolt was the introduction of a new rifle, the Enfield, by the British army. Its cartridges were rumoured to be greased with cow and pig fat. This angered both Hindus, who consider cows sacred, and Muslims, who consider pigs unclean. Mangal Pandey, a soldier in the British army, was the first to revolt against this. indigo: a tropical plant which was widely grown and used as a source of dark blue dye sepoy: an Indian soldier serving in the British army Chapter 17 • British Rule in India

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The revolt quickly spread to many parts of Central and Northern India. Many other Indian leaders from around the country like, Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi, Tantya Tope, Nana Saheb, Begum Hazrat Mahal, Kunwar Singh, and Liaquat Ali also joined the revolt.

Although the revolt was suppressed within a year, it was a significant event in India’s struggle for freedom. It British soldiers showed the courage and sacrifice of the people and left a powerful message for future generations about the fight against oppression.

Do and Learn

Collect pictures of leaders who fought in the Revolt of 1857 from the internet. Paste the pictures on a chart and write the names of the leaders under their pictures.

Show the chart in class.

ART

Consequences of the Revolt The revolt did not end as the rebels had hoped. The main results of the war were: •

The East India Company’s rule in India ended, and control was handed over to Queen Victoria.

•

India came under the direct rule of the British Crown.

•

Reforms were introduced in the army.

•

The Doctrine of Lapse policy was withdrawn.

However, this revolt planted the seeds of the fight for freedom in the hearts of the Indian people, leading to India’s independence almost a century later.

Wonders of Bharat The Victoria Memorial in Kolkata was built by the British.

It was dedicated to Queen Victoria and took 15 years to construct. It is one of the most famous monuments in Kolkata. Now, it has been turned into a museum which contains paintings, records, and other objects from the time when India was under British rule.

Victoria Memorial

suppressed: to stop something from happening or to keep something from being known

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Word Splash treaties: agreements between countries to stop fighting or to work together independence: the state of being free from outside control; self-governing doctrine: a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a group annex: to take control of a territory or place and add it to a country revolt: rise up in rebellion diwani: the right to collect revenue

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about British Rule in India.

Points to Remember •

By the mid-1700s, the East India Company had transformed from a trading company into a powerful political and military force. They began to take over large parts of India.

•

Two major battles helped the British East India Company expand its control over India: the Battle of Plassey and the Battle of Buxar.

•

The British introduced different policies like the Doctrine of Lapse, the Subsidiary Alliance, and Divide and Rule.

•

British rule severely damaged Indian agriculture, industries, trade and society.

•

The anger and resentment against the British among Indians led to the Revolt of 1857. After the Revolt, India came under the direct rule of the British Crown.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. When did the British East India Company first establish a trading post in India?

1600

1612

1757

B. Which battle allowed the British to gain control over Bengal?

Battle of Buxar Chapter 17 • British Rule in India

Battle of Plassey

Battle of Panipat 187

C. What was the immediate cause of the Revolt of 1857?

High land revenue

Introduction of the Enfield rifle Heavy taxes

D. Who started the initial uprising in the Revolt of 1857?

Mangal Pandey

Nana Saheb

Tantya Tope

2. Fill in the blank. traders

Plassey

Lord Dalhousie

Independence

A. The British East India Company first arrived in India as B. The Battle of

.

took place in 1757.

C. T he policy introduced by princely states without a direct male heir.

allowed the British to annex

D. The Revolt of 1857 is also known as the First War of

.

3. Write True or False.

A. T he East India Company initially came to India to exercise political control.

B. T he British victory at the Battle of Buxar allowed them to gain influence over other parts of India.

C. T he policy of Divide and Rule was aimed at uniting different Indian rulers.

D. The Revolt of 1857 led to the end of British rule in India.

4. Match the following.

A. Battle of Plassey

a. First War of Independence

B. Nawab of Bengal

b. Lord Dalhousie

C. Doctrine of Lapse

c. Siraj-ud-Daulah

D. Revolt of 1857

d. 1757

5. Short-answer questions.

A. What was the goal of the British East India Company in India?

B. Which battle marked the beginning of British control over Bengal?

C. Which Mughal Emperor was ruling India when the East India Company arrived?

D. Who was the ruler of Bengal during the Battle of Plassey?

188

6. Long-answer questions.

A Why were so many foreign traders attracted to India?

B. What was the policy of divide and rule?

C. Write a short note on the Subsidiary Alliance.

7. Picture-based questions. ook at the image and answer the questions L that follow.

A. Name three states in present-day India where the British East India Company established its trading centres.

THINK RATIONAL

B. What made the British choose these places as the trading centres?

POLITICAL

LADAKH

N

JAMMU & KASHMIR CHANDIGARH

PA K I STA N

HIMACHAL PRADESH

CHINA TIBET

UTTARAKHAND

PUNJAB HARYANA

L HA AC UN SH AR RADE P

SIKKIM

DELHI

N EPA L B H U TA N

RAJASTHAN

ASSAM

UTTAR PRADESH

NAGALAND

MEGHALAYA

BIHAR

MANIPUR

B A N G LA D E S H JHARKHAND MADHYA PRADESH

GUJARAT

TRIPURA

WEST BENGAL

MIZORAM

H

AR

ISG

TT HA

CH

M YA N MA R ODISHA

DAMAN & DIU DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI

MAHARASHTRA

BAY OF BENGAL TELANGANA

AR ABIAN SEA GOA

ANDHRA PRADESH ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR

KARNATAKA

PUDUCHERRY LAKSHADWEEP

TAMIL NADU

ALA

NDS ISLA

KER

C. Name any two policies which the British introduced in India.

INDIA

A FG H A N I STA N

INDIAN OCEAN

SRI LA N K A

MA LD I V ES

MAP NOT TO SCALE

Challenge (HOTS) 1. In what ways do you think the policies of the British East India Company helped them expand their control over India? What long-term impact did these policies have on Indian rulers and their kingdoms?

2. The First War of Independence was suppressed. How might Indian society have changed if the First War of Independence had been successful?

Life Skills INTEGRATED

Consider how the introduction of the new rifle with cartridges greased with cow and pig fat led to the Revolt of 1857. Imagine you are a student at that time. How would you express your concerns and seek a peaceful resolution with the British authorities about the new rifle? Write a letter explaining your feelings and proposing a solution.

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Our Struggle 18 for Freedom Chapter Overview Our Struggle for Freedom Rise of Indian Nationalism

Formation of INC

Struggle for Freedom

Freedom and Partition

Get Set Read this aloud with your classmates.

Awake, arise to the call of the Motherland, With the voice of thunder, she speaks to her band, Of sons and daughters, rise with might, To free her from this endless night.

The chains that bind her will break soon, For liberty’s dawn will rise by noon, With courage, strength, and will so high, We’ll watch the foreign rulers fly.

By Sarojini Naidu

This poem was written by Sarojini Naidu. She was a freedom fighter and a poet. The poem talks about feelings for our country, India, and India’s freedom struggle. In this chapter, we will learn more about India’s struggle for freedom.

190

Rise of Indian Nationalism In the late 1800s and early 1900s, many Indians were unhappy with British rule and wanted more control over their country. This feeling of pride and the desire for freedom from British rule is called Indian nationalism. The Revolt of 1857 made people realise they could fight the British.

SEL

Indian leaders formed groups, like the Indian National Congress, to fight for their rights and independence. They held meetings, organised protests and demanded equal rights and fair treatment. This united effort marked the beginning of a strong movement for Indian independence, which led to freedom from British rule. We should respect our freedom fighters, value the freedom we got from the British and respect the values of our country.

Social Reformers During British rule, people faced harsh policies and unfair treatment. To fight these injustices, many people began to protest, become aware of their rights and fight for freedom. This awareness was influenced by thinkers who came up with ideas to improve society and reformers who acted on these ideas.

These individuals are known as social reformers. They helped people understand their rights and united them against injustices. Social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Dayanand Saraswati and Swami Vivekananda worked to improve education and women’s rights. They fought against harmful practices like Sati, child marriage, the caste system and the treatment of marginalised communities.

They are called social reformers because they identified problems and worked to make society better for everyone.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy

Swami Vivekananda

Dayanand Saraswati

marginalised: someone or something not considered important or equal with other people or things

Chapter 18 • Our Struggle for Freedom

191

Formation of INC In 1885, India’s first all-India political party, the Indian National Congress, was formed by a retired English officer named A.O. Hume. The Congress aimed to gain more freedom of speech and expression and work towards India’s independence step by step. The leaders wanted Indians to be included in running the country.

The first Congress meeting was held in Bombay (Mumbai) and was led by W.C. Bonnerjee. Soon, two types of leaders’ groups emerged in the Congress: the Moderates and the Extremists.

Moderates The Moderates believed in making gradual changes. Their main aim was to draw the attention of the British Raj towards the plight of the Indians and demand a more active role for Indians in running the country. They thought that changes could happen peacefully and through discussions. The Moderate leaders included Dadabhai Naoroji, S.N. Bannerjee, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, etc.

An Indian stamp showing Dadabhai Naoroji

A statue of Gopal Krishna Gokhale

Extremists The Extremists, led by leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai, believed in demanding quicker and stronger actions for change. These leaders, often referred to as Lal-Bal-Pal, thought that Indians should fight harder for their rights and freedom.

They were willing to use protests and other strong measures to push for independence.

One of their key demands was Purna Swaraj or complete self-rule. They believed in direct action and mass mobilisation. Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s famous quote, “Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it,” became a rallying cry for many Indians seeking independence. The Extremists’ approach was more aggressive compared to other groups, and they played a crucial role in inspiring a stronger and more determined movement for India’s freedom. gradual: happening slowly over time 192

An Indian stamp showing Bal Gangadhar Tilak

A statue of Lala Lajpat Rai

Pause and Answer Fill in the blanks.

1. The first all-India political party was called the 2. The British government.

.

wanted to make slow changes and work with the

3. The Extremists believed in fighting harder for

.

Struggle for Freedom The struggle for India’s freedom was a long and challenging journey. Many brave people worked hard to end the British rule and make India an independent country.

Starting in the early 1900s, Indians began to protest and demand their rights. Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi used peaceful methods, such as marches and non-violent protests, to show their determination. The famous Salt March in 1930 was one such protest where Gandhi and his followers walked to the sea to make their own salt, defying British laws.

Other leaders and groups used different methods, including strikes and boycotts, to fight against British policies. Many people, from all walks of life, joined the movement, showing their desire for freedom and justice.

Rowlatt Act Rowlatt Act (1919) gave the British government the power to arrest and put any person in jail without trial. This made many Indians very unhappy. They felt it was unfair and incorrect.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Swati was visiting her grandparents in Amritsar, Punjab, during her summer vacation.

While on a tour of Amritsar, her grandparents took her to Jallianwala Bagh for a visit.

Swati asked her grandparents about the importance of the place. Her grandparents told her that during British rule, many innocent people were killed at Jallianwala Bagh while peacefully protesting against the British. Swati had not been aware that so many people sacrificed their lives for India’s freedom. She felt proud of her nation. defying: refusing to obey or go against something unfair: not treating everyone the same; not right or just Chapter 18 • Our Struggle for Freedom

193

In a tragic event, on April 13, 1919, British soldiers opened fire on Indians in a peaceful gathering protesting against the Rowlatt Act in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar. Thus, this incident is known as the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

Hundreds of people were killed or injured, which made the desire for freedom even stronger. This incident shocked the nation and strengthened the will to fight for independence.

Non-Cooperation Movement

Entry gate of Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar

Think and Tell

The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22) was led Why do you think people boycotted

by Mahatma Gandhi. This movement encouraged British goods?

Indians to refuse to cooperate with British authorities. People boycotted British goods, schools and services to show their discontent and demanded independence.

Revolutionary Movement Some Indians believed in using more direct actions, like protests and even armed resistance, to fight for freedom. They wanted quicker changes and were willing to take risks for their cause. In 1924, the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) was formed.

Young firebrand revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh, Chandra­Shekhar Azad, Ashfaqullah Khan, Ramprasad Bismil, Rajguru, Surya Sen, Sukhdev and many more embraced various revolutionary activities.

Civil Disobedience The Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–34) was led by Mahatma Gandhi. People were asked to disobey unjust British laws peacefully. A famous example is the Salt March (Dandi March), where Gandhi walked to the sea to make salt, breaking British laws in a peaceful way.

massacre: an act of killing many helpless people cooperate: to work together with others to do something

194

Quit India Movement The Quit India Movement (1942) was a major push for complete independence from British rule. Gandhi and other leaders asked the British to “Quit India” and leave the country immediately. This movement led to widespread protests and arrests, and it showed the strong determination of the Indian people to gain independence.

Indian National Army The Indian National Army (INA) was formed to help India gain independence from British rule. It was started by Subhas Chandra Bose, a strong leader who wanted to fight for freedom in a different way.

Subhas Chandra Bose believed that India needed a powerful army to fight the British. In 1942, he went to Southeast Asia and started the INA with the help of the Indian soldiers who were in British-controlled areas during World War II. The INA was made up of Indian soldiers and volunteers who wanted to fight against British rule.

A statue of Subhash Chandra Bose

Discuss!

Imagine you and your friend are young people during the time of India’s struggle for freedom. What would inspire you to join the fight for independence, and how would you contribute to the movement?

Freedom and Partition After many years of hard work and struggle, India finally gained independence from British rule on August 15, 1947. This was a joyous moment for many people, but it also brought about significant changes.

India was divided into two countries: India and Pakistan. This division is known as the Partition. Pakistan was created as a separate nation for Muslims, while India was for people of all religions.

Many people had to leave their homes and move to the newly created countries.

This caused a lot of pain and confusion, as families were separated and communities were changed. widespread: happening over a large area or among many people determination: deciding to do something and not giving up, no matter how hard it is Chapter 18 • Our Struggle for Freedom

195

While Independence was a happy moment for many, the Partition brought many challenges and hardships. Despite this, India’s struggle for freedom had achieved its goal, and both India and Pakistan started their journeys as new, independent countries.

Did You Know?

August 15 is celebrated as Independence Day not only in India, but also in five other countries: Bahrain, North Korea, South Korea, Liechtenstein and the Republic of Congo.

Do and Learn ART

Collect pictures of the important leaders of India’s freedom struggle. Paste these pictures on a chart. Write the names and important movements associated with the leaders under the pictures. Share the collage with your class.

Wonders of Bharat August Kranti Maidan is an important site for the Indian freedom struggle. From this ground in Mumbai, Mahatma Gandhi started the Quit India Movement against British rule in India. Mahatma Gandhi expressed the famous slogan of ‘Do or Die’ here during the Quit India Movement.

August Kranti Maidan

Word Splash thinkers: a person who considers important subjects or produces new ideas reformers: people who fought injustices and tried to improve society Purna Swaraj: complete self-rule boycott: avoid

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about our struggle for freedom.

196

Points to Remember •

Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar and Dayanand Saraswati were social reformers who worked to improve society.

•

In 1885, the Indian National Congress was formed. After some time, the Congress was divided into two groups: Moderates and Extremists.

•

In 1919, the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre shocked the whole nation, leading to the Non-Cooperation Movement.

•

The Indian National Army (INA) was formed by Subhas Chandra Bose.

•

Gandhiji started the Quit India Movement in 1942, which eventually led to India’s freedom.

•

On 15th August 1947, India won its independence and became free.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. What was the main goal of the Indian National Congress when it was formed?

To trade with other countries To help Indians get more rights and a say in their own country To support British rule To establish schools in India B. W hich movement was led by Mahatma Gandhi to protest against British laws by making salt?

Non-Cooperation Movement

Quit India Movement

Civil Disobedience Movement

Revolutionary Movement

C. Who started the Indian National Army to fight against British rule?

Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Bhagat Singh

Subhas Chandra Bose

Mahatma Gandhi

D. What was the cause of the protest at Jallianwala Bagh?

Salt March

Rowlatt Act

Quit India Movement

Partition of India

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197

2. Fill in the blanks.

1885

A.O. Hume

Bombay (Mumbai)

W.C. Bonnerjee

A. The Indian National Congress was formed in

.

B. The Indian National Congress was started by

.

C. The first Congress meeting was held in D. The first Congress meeting was led by

. .

3. Write True or False.

A. The Moderates wanted gradual changes through peaceful means.

B. The Quit India Movement was led by Bhagat Singh.

C. The Civil Disobedience Movement included the Salt March.

D. The Partition of India created two countries: India and Bangladesh.

4. Match the following.

A. Extremists

a. Arrest without trial

B. Hindustan Republican Association

b. Amritsar

C. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

c. 1924

D. Rowlatt Act

d. Purna Swaraj

5. Short-answer questions.

A. When did the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre happen?

B. Who are known as Lal Bal Pal? C. Name two leaders of the Moderate group within the Indian National Congress.

D. Why was the Rowlatt Act unfair and thus opposed by the people of India?

E. Who started the Indian National Army?

6. Long answer questions.

A. W hich movement asked people to use goods made in India? Write two points about this movement.

B. Why was the Quit India movement started?

C. In what ways do you think social reformers played an important role in motivating Indians to fight fo India’s freedom?

THINK RATIONAL

198

7. Picture-based questions. ook at the image and answer the L questions that follow.

A. I dentify the picture of the freedom fighter.

B. W hat were the contributions of this leader in India’s freedom struggle?

C. W hat did he believe India needed to fight against the British?

Challenge (HOTS) 1. What factors do you think led to the rise of Indian nationalism during British rule? In what ways do you think the changes brought by the British in India played a role in the rise of Indian nationalism?

2. How did the formation of the Indian National Congress (INC) help to unify people from different regions, religions and social backgrounds in the fight for independence?

Life Skills TEAMWORK

Along with your friends, organise a debate between the Extremists and Moderates in your classroom. One group will play the role of the Moderate leaders and the other will play the role of the Extremist leaders. Debate on giving suggestions about the methods of both Moderates and Extremists to fight for India’s independence. Your teacher will monitor the debate.

Chapter 18 • Our Struggle for Freedom

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200

Unit 7 • How It Works

201

19

Simple Machines

Chapter Overview Simple Machines Importance of Machines in Our Lives

Simple Machines and Their Types

Get Set Look at the images given below. Tick ( ) the images in which machines are used to make the task easier.

Importance of Machines in Our Lives In the past, humans led very simple lives. They used their hands, feet and teeth to do work. They would lift and carry objects using their hands and feet, and they used their teeth to cut vegetables, fruits, and other food into smaller pieces. However, unlike other animals, humans invented machines that made their tasks easier and faster.

202

These machines are all around us, making our lives easier every day. From the scissors we use to cut paper to the wheels on our bicycles, these simple tools help us work with less effort. They save us time and energy, allowing us to accomplish tasks that would otherwise be too difficult. In this chapter, you will learn about different types of simple machines and how they make our lives better.

Opening a tin can using a can opener.

Simple Machines and Their Types A machine is a tool that makes our work easier and faster. Machines may have one or many parts that help reduce effort needed to perform a task. For example, you might have seen a mechanic replacing a flat tyre with a new one. To do this, the car needs to be lifted, which requires a lot of force. Lifting a car by hand is nearly impossible for one person, but the effort is significantly reduced by using a machine called a jack. The jack allows the mechanic to lift the car by applying force over a longer distance, which reduces the effort needed. Therefore, machines are tools that help us complete tasks more efficiently with less effort.

Machines help us in many ways. Some of them are mentioned below.

1. Machines help us do things that we cannot do with our hands easily.

2. They reduce the effort for completing any task.

3. They help us perform the task easily and efficiently.

4. They save our time and energy.

There are six types of simple machines—lever, wheel and axle, inclined plane, wedge, screw, and pulley. Let us learn about each of them.

Error Alert!

It is commonly believed that using a simple machine always makes a task easier. But it is not true. The efficiency of a simple machine depends on how it is used. If a simple machine is not used correctly, it can make a task harder or less efficient.

Lever Imagine trying to move a massive boulder with just your hands—it is nearly impossible due to its weight. There is, however, is a clever solution. boulder: a big rock Chapter 19 • Simple Machines

203

Find a smaller rock and place it near the boulder. Next, slide one end of a plank under the boulder, resting the other end on the smaller rock. Now, go to the other end of the plank and push down. As you apply force, the plank balances on the rock, lifting the heavy boulder, making it easier to move. The boulder acts as the load. The plank allows us to use a smaller effort over a longer distance to lift the boulder. The small rock acts as the fulcrum.

Load Effort

Fulcrum

A lever is a simple rod that helps us lift or move heavy objects more easily.

•

Effort: It is the force that is applied on one end of the lever.

•

Load: It is the heavy object you want to move.

•

Fulcrum: It is the point on which the lever pivots or rotates.

Types of Levers Levers are classified into three types based on the position of the fulcrum, load, and effort. Let us learn about them.

1. Class one lever: It is also known as a lever of first order.

In this lever, the fulcrum lies in the middle, with the load and effort on either side. A seesaw, and a pair of scissors, are some examples of class I levers.

2. Class two lever: It is also known as the lever of the second order.

In this lever, the load is located between the effort and the fulcrum. The wheelbarrow, nut cracker, and bottle opener are some examples of class II levers.

Load

Effort Fulcrum

Fulcrum

Class I lever

Seesaw

Load

Effort Load Effort

Fulcrum

Fulcrum

Did You Know?

Using simple machines in daily life, like a wheelbarrow to transport heavy loads, reduces physical strain, which helps maintain good health and well-being.

204

Load

Effort

Class II lever

Wheelbarrow

Think and Tell Can you think of another example of a Class II lever used in daily life, other than those mentioned above?

Load 3. Class three lever: It is also known Effort Fulcrum as a lever of the third order. In this Effort Load lever, the effort is between the load and the fulcrum. For example, when you squeeze the tweezers’ handles, Fulcrum the effort you apply is between Class III lever Tweezers the fulcrum and the load, allowing you to grip small objects at the tips. Brooms and fishing rods are some more examples of class III levers. With a broom, the effort is applied in the middle, making it easier to sweep.

Pause and Answer Classify the items into class I, II, and III levers. Fill in the table.

Broom, wheelbarrow, seesaw, scissors, fishing rod, hammer, nut cracker, tweezers, bottle opener Class I levers

Class II levers

Class III levers

Wheel and Axle The wheel is one of the most important inventions ever made. We don’t know exactly where it was first created, but imagine life without cars or all the machines around you that use wheels!

A wheel on its own isn’t a machine. It becomes a simple machine when a rod, called an axle, is attached to it. Together, the wheel and axle help us do work more easily.

Examples of a wheel and axle include bicycle wheels, door knobs, sewing machines, rolling pins, and potter’s wheels.

Discuss!

A circular wheel is an important invention that has made the transportation of goods and people easier throughout history. What would happen if wheels were rectangular? Discuss with your classmates.

grip: hold tightly Chapter 19 • Simple Machines

A sewing machine has wheel and axle.

205

Inclined Plane An inclined plane is a slope or ramp. Instead of lifting something straight up, you push or pull it along a slanted surface. This makes it easier because you use less force over a longer distance. It is much easier to push, pull, or roll a heavy object up an incline than to lift it. Inclined planes are simple machines. It is commonly found in everyday objects like ramps, slides, and even roads that lead uphill.

Man rolling a drum up an inclined plane.

Wedge A wedge is formed when two inclined planes are joined back-toback. When you apply force to the wide end of a wedge, it drives the pointed end into an object. This makes it easier to split, cut, or lift that thing. An axe is an example of a wedge. The sharp end of the axe helps in cutting wooden logs into smaller pieces.

Similarly, knives, which we use in our daily lives, are an example of wedges.

An axe is a wedge used to separate things.

Screws A screw is made by wrapping an inclined plane around a cylinder.

The spiral ridges that wrap around the screw are called threads.

The distance between the threads of the screws is called pitch.

Screws are mostly used to fix two objects together by driving them into the holes made for the screws. A nut can be fastened to the screw from the other end, ensuring that the screw holds the object in place. Screws are useful for building and fixing things securely.

They are also used in chairs, bottle caps, and pen caps.

Pulley A pulley is a rounded wheel mounted on a fixed support using a screw. It has a groove that holds a rope or string.

When you pull on the rope, the wheel turns, making it easier to lift or move things. When using a pulley, effort is applied in one direction, and the load moves in another direction. ridges: raised parts or edges groove: a cut on a metal rod to hold something 206

Load

A screw

Effort

A pulley uses wheel and rope.

Pulleys make lifting easier because they use more sections of the rope to support the weight. To pull the weight upward, we need to pull the rope down. Pulleys are used in flagpoles for raising and lowering flags, in elevators for moving people and things between floors, and in wells for lifting water using a bucket.

Did You Know?

Remember!

In elevators, multiple pulleys are used to lift heavier loads by distributing the weight across several ropes.

A screw is used to hold something in a place.

Do and Learn

Let us make our own machine booklet!

ART

Take an A4 sheet of paper and paste an image of a simple machine on it. Below the image, write two uses of the machine. Make different pages for other simple machines as well. Staple all these sheets, and your machine booklet is ready. Make it attractive using materials of your choice.

Wonders of Bharat The Mathoor Aqueduct located in Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, India, is like a special kind of slide—an inclined plane. It helps water move from high to low places. It uses a gentle slope and gravity to transport water across a hill. Tall pillars support the slope, ensuring a smooth flow without the need for pumps.

The Mathoor Aqueduct

Word Splash load: the heavy object you want to move effort: the force applied on one end of the lever fulcrum: a point on which the lever pivots or rotates threads: the spiral ridges that wrap around the screw pitch: the distance between the threads of the screws

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about simple machines.

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Points to Remember •

Machines help us to do a lot of work with less effort.

•

We use a lot of simple machines in our everyday lives.

•

There are six simple machines—a lever, wheel and axle, inclined plane, wedge, pulley, and a screw.

•

There are three types of levers—class I, class II, and class III.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. Which of the following is a simple machine?

Clock

Lamp

Lever

Television

B. Which machine helps lift heavy objects using a rope and wheel?

Lever

Wedge

Inclined plane

Pulley

C. What is a wedge used for?

To raise or lower objects

To cut or split things

To twist things

To hold things together

D. Which class of levers does a pair of scissors belong to?

Class I

Class II

Class III

Class IV

2. Fill in the blanks. fulcrum A. A

effort

pulleys

screw

is the point on which the lever balances.

B.

is a force that is applied on one end of the lever.

C.

are used in flagpoles to raise and lower flags easily.

D. A

208

is made by wrapping an inclined plane around a cylinder.

3. Match the following.

A. Lever

a. Ramp

B. Pulley

b. Knife

C. Inclined Plane

c. Pen caps

D. Wedge

d. Flagpole

E. Screw

e. Seesaw

4. Write True or False.

A. A lever helps lift heavy objects by using a fulcrum as a pivot point.

B. A pulley system can change the direction of the force needed to lift an object.

C. A n inclined plane makes it harder to move objects to a higher level.

D. A wedge is used to hold objects together.

5. Short-answer questions.

A. How are simple machines useful to us?

B. How do pulleys make lifting easier?

C. How can you split things using a wedge?

D. How does a screw function as a simple machine?

6. Long-answer questions.

ART

A. W ith the help of diagrams, explain the three classes of levers. Give two examples of each class of lever.

B. Define each of the following terms. a. Effort

b. Load

c. Fulcrum

d. Threads

e. Pitch

7. Picture-based questions.

A. I dentify the simple machine shown in the given image.

B. How does it work?

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Challenge (HOTS) If you are rowing a boat, then which class of lever are the oars?

Life Skills The invention of machines has made our lives more comfortable, but the over-dependency on machines for all your work can affect your health badly. Make a list of 10 ways in which you can avoid the use of machines (for example, walking instead of using any vehicle, or using stairs in place of elevators). Share it with your friends and family.

SDG

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Force, Work 20 and Energy Chapter Overview Force, Work and Energy Force

Work

Energy

Get Set Tick ( ) the images which show the object moving after being pushed.

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Force Force is a push or a pull that can cause an object to start moving, stop moving, or change its direction. It can also change the shape of objects. For example, if you want to open a door, you have to push it open.

If you need a book from your school bag, you pull it out. When you push or pull things, you apply force on them.

Pull

Push

Boy pushing and pulling a block.

Things Force Can Do Roshni was playing with a football. When she kicked the ball, it rolled away. She wondered why this happened. Roshni’s father then explained to her that by kicking the ball, she applied a force on it, which made it roll away. Let us help Roshni learn more about different things that can be done by applying force.

•

Force can move an object: When you apply force to a stationary object or body, it will start moving. A ball starts rolling once it is pushed.

•

Force can stop a moving object: When a ball is thrown towards you, you use the force of your hands to stop it.

•

Force can change the direction and speed of an object: When you hit a cricket ball with a bat, the force changes the ball’s direction and speed.

•

Force changes the shape of clay.

orce can change the shape of an object: When you squeeze or press clay, the F force applied by your hands changes the shape of the clay.

Types of Force There are different types of force. Let us learn about them.

Muscular Force Muscular force is the force that is generated when we use our muscles. Our muscles contract and relax to produce this force, which allows us to perform various activities like lifting, pushing, pulling and moving objects. We use our stationary: not moving 212

Bulls use muscular force to pull the cart.

muscles to pick up our school bag, or push a shopping cart. Horses and bulls use muscular force to pull a cart.

Magnetic Force Magnetic force is the force exerted by magnets. This force can mainly attract objects made of iron. When you bring a magnet close to iron paper clips, you will observe that the paper clips will be attracted to the magnet and stick to it.

Magnetic force

Do and Learn TEAMWORK

Place a mixture of sand, chalk, salt, and iron nails on a sheet of paper. Bring a magnet close to this mixture. Note down your observations in your notebook.

Do this activity with your partner.

Gravitational Force What happens when you throw a ball upwards? It always comes down again. Do you know why? This is due to the gravitational force exerted by the Earth. Gravitational force is the force with which the earth pulls objects towards itself. Gravity enables us to stay on the ground so that we don’t float away. Gravity helps everything stay in its place.

Remember!

The Sun’s gravity keeps the Earth and other planets in their orbit around it.

Did You Know?

Isaac Newton discovered gravity when an apple fell on his head.

Frictional Force What happens when you walk on a slippery surface? You may fall because friction is less on a slippery surface than on a rough surface.

Frictional force is a force that occurs when two surfaces touch and rub against each other.

Gravitational force pulls the ball down.

Pushing force Motion

Force of friction Friction between box and the floor.

When you push a box across the floor, the frictional force between the box and the floor opposes the motion of the box, making it harder to push. orbit: a fixed curved path Chapter 20 • Force, Work and Energy

213

Friction is part of most of our activities. When you apply a brake while riding a bicycle, it stops due to friction between the tyres and the road.

Think and Tell Why does a ball rolled on a mowed lawn stop after a while?

Error Alert!

It’s not always true that a bigger object needs more force to move. The amount of force needed to move an object also depends on things like friction and the type of surface the object is on.

Pause and Answer Look at the images and identify which type of force is being applied in each case.

Work What does “work” mean? In everyday language, when you apply force, you do work. But in science, work is considered to be done only if the force applied causes a change in the position of an object. For example, if you try to push a wall, no work is being done because the wall doesn’t move. On the other hand, when you pull your chair, work is being done because its position changes.

When you lift your school bag using your hands, the position of the bag changes.

So, work is said to be done.

In simple terms, work is done when the force you apply causes an object to move.

214

No work is done.

Discuss!

Imagine you are pushing a big car and your friend is pushing a shopping cart.

Who is doing work in these two cases and why? Discuss with your classmates.

Energy Energy is the ability to do work. It makes things happen and allows objects to move and change. Energy comes from various sources. Some of these sources are food and the sun.

You eat food to get energy, which helps you play and study and do many activities. Even the smallest of tasks require energy. Energy is never created or destroyed. It can only change from one form to another.

When you run, jump or kick a ball, your muscles use energy from the food you eat to give you the power to move and play.

But do all things that work eat food? The answer is no. There are various forms of energy that allow different types of work to be performed. They are called energy resources.

Food gives us energy.

Energy Resources Energy resources are used to generate energy in various forms. Energy resources can be broadly categorised into the following two types: • •

Non-renewable energy resources Renewable energy resources

Non-Renewable Resources These resources are available in limited quantities in nature and hence these can run out. Such energy resources will eventually be depleted one day if not used wisely. Nonrenewable energy resources take millions of years to form. Coal and petroleum are examples of non-renewable energy resources.

Petroleum Petroleum is found deep underground in certain areas of the world. It is usually found under the sea bed and special machines called drilling rigs are used to drill deep wells to reach the petroleum.

Petroleum is used to obtain petrol, diesel, kerosene and natural gas. Cars, buses and motorcycles use petrol or diesel to run.

Coal Coal is a type of fossil fuel that we use to produce energy. It is a black or brown rock that we dig out of the ground. When coal is burned, it produces heat, which can be used to generate electricity or to heat buildings. In India, coal mines are found in Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal.

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Coal 215

SDG

We have learned that non-renewable sources of energy are available in limited quantities, so we should use them with care and not waste them. It is our responsibility to make sure that future generations should also be able to take advantage of these energy resources.

Here are some steps we can take to conserve them.

•

Turn off electrical appliances when not in use.

•

Use recyclable materials like paper and glass wherever you can.

•

Share rides with friends or use public transport instead of using personal vehicles.

•

Educate people around you about conserving resources.

Think and Tell What do you think will happen if we use up all the non-renewable sources of energy like coal and petroleum?

Renewable Resources These resources are avaialble in abundance in nature and can be renewed. Examples of renewable resources include sunlight, wind and water.

Solar Energy The sun is the primary source of energy on earth. Plants capture sunlight and use it to produce food, which we consume. This food provides us with the energy we need to function. In this way, the sun’s energy is transformed into the energy we use every day.

Solar energy powering houses.

Nowadays, solar energy is also being harnessed by various devices, like geysers and street lights, to replace electrical energy. We can capture sunlight and turn it into electricity using special devices called solar panels.

Electricity is also generated using solar cells or heat engines. It is a renewable source of energy with the potential to address many of the energy challenges faced globally.

Importance of solar energy •

The sun shines daily, so we won’t run out of solar energy.

Did You Know?

In just one hour, the sunlight that reaches the earth can power the whole world for a year.

•

Using solar energy doesn’t pollute the air or water.

•

Once solar panels are set up, the energy from the sun is free to use.

conserving: saving 216

Wind Energy Wind energy is the energy we get from the wind. Wind energy is a clean source of the energy. Wind turbines are machines that convert the energy of the wind into electrical energy. When the wind blows, it turns the blades which spins a generator to produce electricity.

Wind mills

Importance of wind energy • •

Discuss!

Using wind energy doesn’t pollute the air or water.

How could the use of wind energy help reduce pollution in your city?

Discuss with your friend.

It is a sustainable source of energy.

Examples of wind energy applications are wind farms and windmills.

Hydro Energy SDG

Hydro energy, also called hydropower, is the energy we get from moving water.

We build dams on rivers to create a reservoir (a large pool of water). The water flows from the reservoir through turbines (big wheels), which spin and turn a generator to make electricity.

Hydro energy is the oldest source of energy. India is one of the top 10 countries in the world with the highest hydropower capacity.

Importance of hydro energy •

Water in rivers is refilled by rain, so we won’t run out of hydro energy.

•

It is a clean source of energy.

Water Discharge and high pressure water

Hydro power plant

Did You Know?

The Bhakra Nangal Dam in India is a major source of hydro energy, providing electricity and water for irrigation.

Bio-Energy Bio-energy is the energy we get from plants, animals, and organic waste such as wood, wood waste, straw, manure, sugarcane and many other products. These materials can sustainable: able to maintain

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217

be burned to produce heat or they can be converted into biogas. This biogas can be used for cooking, heating and generating electricity.

Importance of bio-energy •

Bio-energy comes from resources that are naturally available, like plants and animals.

•

Bio-energy is environment friendly, as it utilises organic materials and can help reduce waste and reliance on fossil fuels.

Geothermal Energy SDG

Geothermal energy is the heat that comes from inside the Earth. We can drill wells in the Earth to reach hot water and steam. The hot water and steam can be used to turn turbines and generate electricity. Geothermal energy can also be used directly to heat buildings and greenhouses. By using geothermal energy, we can tap into the Earth’s natural heat to produce clean and reliable energy.

Biogas power plant

Geothermal energy

Importance of geothermal energy •

Geothermal energy provides a steady supply of heat and electricity because it does not depend on weather conditions.

•

It is a non-polluting source of energy.

Wonders of Bharat The Koyna Hydroelectric Project in Maharashtra is one of India’s biggest and oldest power plants. It uses water from the Koyna River to generate a lot of electricity, providing renewable energy and supporting the power grid.

Koyna Hydroelectric Project reliance: dependence reliable: able to be trusted 218

Word Splash force: a push or a pull that can make something move friction: a force that is opposite to the applied force, gradually cancelling it out drilling rigs: machines that create holes in the ground to extract natural resources turbines: machines that spin to generate electricity biogas: a renewable energy source made from the breakdown of organic waste

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about force, work and energy.

Points to Remember •

A push or pull applied on an object is called force.

•

There are four main types of forces—muscular force, gravitational force, frictional force and magnetic force.

•

Work is said to be done when we apply force which changes the position or direction of an object.

•

Energy is the ability to do work.

•

Energy resources can be renewable or non-renewable, depending on their availability in nature.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. Which of the following is an example of a force?

Sleeping

Eating

Pushing a door

Reading a book

B. In which of the following cases, is work being done?

You push a wall and it doesn’t move

You hold a book without moving

You lift a box from the floor

You sit on a chair

C. Which of these is a renewable source of energy? coal Chapter 20 • Force, Work and Energy

natural gas

the sun

petroleum 219

D. Which force do you use to pull a rope?

Magnetic force

Muscular force

Gravitational force

Frictional force

2. Fill in the blanks. magnets

gravitational

renewable

A. Magnetic force is exerted by

non-renewable .

B. We stay on the ground and don’t float away due to C. Coal and petroleum are examples of D. Wind energy is a

force. resources of energy.

source of energy.

3. Match the following.

A. Solar energy

a. Organic waste

B. Wind energy

b. Heat from inside the Earth’s surface

C. Hydro energy

c. Moving water

D. Geothermal energy

d. Wind

E. Bio-energy

e. Sun

4. Write True or False.

A. We can destroy or create energy.

B. Hydro-electric power is generated using the energy of the wind.

C. Gravitational force is what keeps us from floating into space.

D. Wind turbines convert wind energy into electrical energy.

5. Short-answer questions.

A. When is work said to be done?

B. How does friction affect moving objects?

C. What are wind turbines?

D. Where is petroleum found?

E. Give one reason why geothermal energy is important.

220

6. Long-answer questions.

A. Explain the different types of forces and give an example of each.

SDG

B. What steps can we take to conserve non-renewable sources of energy?

C. H ow are renewable energy resources different from non-renewable ones?

Give examples.

7. Picture-based questions.

A. W hat is shown in the image?

Which form of energy is obtained?

B. I s it a renewable or non-renewable energy resource? Give reasons for your choice.

C. M ention one advantage of using this energy resource.

Challenge (HOTS) 1. Imagine you have a toy car, and you apply a force to it. How can you increase the speed of the car? Would applying a larger force always make the car go faster? Why or why not?

2. In your own words, explain why it is important to save energy. Can you think of an example where conserving energy helps the environment?

Life Skills SDG

Think about your daily routine and how you use energy.

For example, consider how much electricity you use while watching TV, using the computer, or charging a phone. Now, make a plan to reduce energy use in one area of your day. You could switch off lights when not needed, unplug devices, or use natural light whenever possible. After a week, discuss with your parents if you’ve saved energy and discuss how this small change helps both the environment and the electricity bills. This activity helps you realise how small actions can lead to big changes in conserving energy.

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Materials and 21 Their Properties Chapter Overview Materials and Their Properties

Introduction

Properties of Matter

Composition of Matter

States of Matter

Change of State

Get Set Read the poem given below and underline all forms of water as you read.

INTEGRATED

Water flows in rivers wide, And falls as rain from clouds so high.

In winter, it turns into snow, Or ice that sparkles in the cold.

When the sun shines and warms the stream, Water rises up as steam.

It travels back into the sky, To start its journey by and by.

Water is an amazing substance that can change its form depending on the temperature.

It flows in rivers, falls as rain, freezes into ice, and even rises up as steam when heated.

Just like water, many materials around us have unique properties that allow them to change and behave in different ways. In this chapter, we will learn more about materials and their properties.

222

Introduction Everything around us is composed of one or more materials. Materials are the things that everything around us is made of. Whether it’s the chair you’re sitting on, the clothes you’re wearing or the pencil you’re writing with, all these objects are made from different materials. These materials vary in texture, lustre, colour, hardness and strength. We identify and use them based on these properties.

Materials Are Made Up of Matter Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. Everything around us, including the air we breathe, the water we drink and the food we eat is made up of matter.

Look at this bottle of water.

The volume tells you how much space the water takes up inside the bottle.

Mass tells you how heavy the water bottle is with the water inside it.

A bottle of water.

There are three different states of matter: •

Solid

•

Liquid

•

Gas

Matter exists in any of these 3 states.

Wood is a solid.

Water is a liquid.

The air inside the balloon is a gas.

Properties of Matter Every type of matter has unique properties, which help us tell one material apart from another. These special qualities allow us to identify, describe, and use different materials based on their characteristics. Let us learn these properties to understand what makes each type of matter unique.

1. Colour: We identify things around us based on their colour. For example, a cherry is red and ripe banana is yellow.

2. Looks: When we look at objects around us, we notice their size, shape and appearance. For example, a hula hoop round and a ruler is rectangular.

texture: the way that something feels when you touch it lustre: soft glow Chapter 21 • Materials and Their Properties

223

3. Feel: The feel or texture of an object describes how it feels when you touch it. For example, sand paper is rough, but a cotton ball is soft.

4. Smell: Have you ever noticed how flowers and rotting fruit have their own unique smells? This distinct scent helps us recognise and differentiate between them. On the other hand, some objects don’t have any smell.

Different materials 5. Taste: Different things can have different tastes. The taste of have a different taste. sugar is very different from the taste of lemon. You must be careful what you put in your mouth because some Remember! materials may be poisonous or harmful if swallowed. Water has no taste and smell.

6. Density: Even though some materials are the same size, they may not weigh the same. That is due to density. The particles inside the heavier object are more densely packed. For example, a block of wood and iron of the same size would not weight the same.

7. Solubility: Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve in water or another liquid. Some substances dissolve in liquid like sugar, salt, vinegar, while others do not like sand and chalk powder. Materials that dissolve in water are called soluble substances.

Materials that do not dissolve in water are called insoluble substances.

Sugar is a soluble substance.

Sand is an insoluble substance.

Composition of Matter Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are the smallest unit of matter. When a group of atoms bond together a molecule is formed. These particles are so small that we cannot see them with our naked eyes.

The molecule of every substance is unique.

If you observe grains of sugar and salt under a magnifying glass you will see that a crystal of sugar differs from that of salt. Particles will become tiny if you powder them but these tiny particles are bigger than an atom. unique: one of a kind 224

Sugar crystals

Discuss!

Take different kinds of materials such as sand, cotton, tea, rice and look at them under a magnifying glass. Make notes on how they differ from each other. Discuss with your partner.

Pause and Answer Fill in the blanks.

1. Matter is anything that takes up 2. The three states of matter are

and has ,

. , and

3. The way something feels when you touch it is called 4. Materials that dissolve in water are called

. .

substances.

5. The smallest unit of matter is called an

.

States of Matter We know that there are three states of matter: •

Solids

•

Liquids

•

Gases

Solids Solids have a definite shape and volume. The atoms in a solid are tightly packed together in a fixed arrangement. This means the particles cannot move freely but can only vibrate in place. This gives them a fixed shape.

For example, the notebook on your study table will retain its shape, size and position.

Pens, wood, metal, and sponges are other examples of solids that are found around us.

Solids

The atoms in a solid are tightly packed together.

definite: unlikely to change

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225

Liquids A liquid has a definite volume and weight but no definite shape. Liquids flow and can change their shape to match the container they are in. For example, water in a bottle takes the shape of the bottle.

Liquids can flow easily. This is because the atoms in a liquid are not as tightly packed as in solids and can move around.

Liquid in containers of different shapes.

The particles in a liquid can move around.

Do and Learn INTEGRATED

Take a 100 mL of water and three measuring cups with capacities of 100 mL, 200 mL and 300 mL. Pour the water into each cup one by one and observe what happens.

Then, place a piece of rock in each container and notice the difference. How do the rock (solid) and the water (liquid) behave differently?

Gases Gases are constantly moving and have large spaces between their atoms, which is why they have no fixed shape or volume. When we move around, we pass through the gases that make up the air. Gases can be compressed to fit into smaller spaces; for instance, when air is pumped into a balloon, it fills the balloon’s shape. The cooking gas stored in a cylinder is called LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas).

Think and Tell Why is it easier to carry an empty LPG cylinder than a full one?

compressed: to make something fill less space than usual 226

Gas occupies space.

Particles in a gas move around freely.

Error Alert!

It is a misconception that all solids are hard and cannot be flexible. Some solids like sponge or clay can be flexible.

Change of State Changes in states occur when matter transitions from one state to another due to changes in temperature or pressure. If after the change in state the matter remains the same it is known as a physical change.

When molecules change their position, there is a change in the state of matter.

Ice cubes (100g)

Liquid water (100g)

Ice (solid) changes to water (liquid) on heating.

Water (Liquid) changes to steam (gas) on heating.

When a solid is heated, its molecules gain energy and start to move more freely. This causes the solid to melt into a liquid. For example, heating ice turns it into water.

When a liquid is heated (during evaporation and boiling), its molecules gain even more energy and move rapidly, eventually turning into a gas. For example, heating water turns it into steam.

Pressure can also change states of matter. Clay can be modelled to take different shapes.

Ice is cooled water. When water is cooled, its molecules come closer and settle into fixed positions turning into a solid.

Water changes into ice on cooling.

Did You Know?

Some substances like dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) can change directly from a solid to a gas without becoming a liquid.

Wonders of Bharat During winter, the temperature in Kashmir, India drops, causing Dal Lake to freeze. This freezing happens when the liquid water in the lake becomes so cold that it turns into solid ice. This change from water to ice is an example of how water can transition from a liquid state to a solid state when it gets cold enough.

Dal Lake

transition: a change from one state or form to another

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227

Word Splash volume: the amount of space that an object occupies mass: the measure of the amount of matter in an object soluble substances: substances that can dissolve in a liquid insoluble substances: substances that cannot dissolve in a liquid atom: the smallest unit of matter molecules: tiny particles that make up matter

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about states of matter.

Points to Remember •

Everything around us is made of matter.

•

Matter has mass and occupies space.

•

We can differentiate between matter based on colour, taste, feel, looks, smell, density and solubility.

•

Matter is made up of tiny particles called molecules. Molecules are further made up of atoms. An atom is the smallest state of matter.

•

There are three states of matter; solid, liquids and gases.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. Understanding that an apple is red is which property of matter? colour

feel

density

solubility

sticky

hard

ice-cream

water

B. What is the texture of sand paper? soft

rough

C. Which object does not have any smell or taste? a strawberry 228

chocolate

D. What is matter made up of? atoms

cells

stones

sugar

E. What is the full form of LPG? Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Laughter Problem Gas

Liquefied Petrol Gas

Leaking Problem Gas

2. Fill in the blanks. salt

insoluble

compressed

unique

A. Materials that do not dissolve in water are called B. The molecule of every substance is C. T he particles in a solid are arrangement.

D. Gases can be E.

tightly

.

substances.

packed together in a fixed

into a smaller volume.

is a soluble material.

3. Write True or False.

A. Density is a property of mater.

B. You need not be careful what you put in your mouth.

C. Solids always retain their shape, size, and position.

D. The atoms in gases are very loosely packed.

E. Ice turns into water on cooling.

4. Match the following.

A. Sugar

a. can be moulded

B. Clay

b. everything around us

D. Gases

d. can flow easily

C. Liquids E. Matter

c. particles are spread very far apart

e. soluble in water

5. Short-answer questions.

A. Why will a block of wood and iron of the same size have different weights?

B. What is an atom?

C. How are solids able to retain their shape?

D. Can you hand over a liquid to someone without a container? Why? E. When do changes in the states of matter occur?

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229

6. Long-answer questions.

A. Differentiate between soluble and insoluble substances.

B. N ame the three states of matter. Draw diagrams to show the arrangement of atoms in the three states.

ART

C. Briefly explain any five properties of matter.

7. Picture-based questions.

A. W hich state of matter is shown in glass number 1?

1

2

3

B. W hat state of matter is represented by the water in the second glass?

C. W hat state of matter is depicted by the steam coming out of the third glass?

D. What process causes the water in the third glass to turn into steam?

Challenge (HOTS) 1. Imagine you have a piece of metal, wood, and plastic. If you placed each item in water, what do you think would happen? Why do some materials float while others sink?

2. Imagine you have a balloon filled with air. If you put it in the freezer, what do you think would happen to the balloon? Why?

Life Skills Look around your home or classroom and make a list of ten different items, such as a book, a piece of chalk, a water bottle, or a rubber band.

For each item, think about why it’s made from its specific material and what properties make it useful. For example, consider how the flexibility of a rubber band makes it great for holding things together, while the hardness of a chalk makes it suitable for writing on the board. Write down your observations and discuss them with a friend. This activity will help you understand how materials around us are chosen based on their unique properties, making them fit for different jobs.

SDG

230

Light

22

Chapter Overview Light Light Helps Us to See Things

Transparent, Translucent and Opaque Materials

Lenses and Their Uses

Microscope

Get Set Solve the following riddle.

INTEGRATED

I can be dim or bright, Guiding you through the dark.

You can find me in the day, Or when the moon has its sway.

What am I?

Light Helps Us to See Things We need light to see things. Light falls on an object and bounces off it in all directions. The bounced-back light enters our eyes, and we see the object. Our eyes send signals to the brain, which decodes the information to detect the location, decode: to interpret or understand the meaning of something Chapter 22 • Light

Light

Light Light helps us to see.

231

shape, size and movement of the object we are looking at. Without light, we cannot see these details. Therefore, light is necessary to see objects.

Remember!

Our eyes are sense organs that detect light and allow us to see.

Transparent, Translucent and Opaque Materials Richa finds the glass in the door of the principal’s office unique. She can’t see through it, but she can see outs through the window glass of her father’s car. After reaching home, she asks her father about this. He tells her about different types of materials.

Materials and objects around us can be grouped into three categories—transparent, translucent and opaque. Let us learn about each of them in detail.

Transparent Materials These materials allow light to pass through them completely. We can see through them. Glass, water, air and cellophane paper are some examples of transparent materials.

Error Alert!

It is generally believed that all mirrors are transparent. But dressing mirrors are made of glass that is polished on one side. We cannot see through them but we can see our image in these mirrors.

Translucent Materials These materials allow only some light to pass through them. We cannot see through them clearly. Tinted glass, designed glass and tracing paper are some examples of translucent materials.

Glass is transparent.

Discuss!

Frosted glass allows light to pass through but doesn’t provide a clear view. Where do you think frosted glass doors might be useful in places like hotels, offices, or homes?

Discuss with your partner.

Tinted glass is translucent.

Opaque Materials These materials don’t allow light to pass through them.

We cannot see through them at all. Wood, steel, and brick are some examples of opaque materials.

232

Wood is opaque.

Pause and Answer Sort these materials as transparent, translucent and opaque. Fill in the table. glass, spectacles, stone, light bulb, wooden door, book, leaf, sunglasses, tinted car window Transparent

Translucent

Opaque

Lenses and Their Uses Does anyone in your class or at home wear spectacles? These have lenses. A lens is a piece of transparent glass or plastic with at least one curved surface. Here are some uses of lenses.

•

Lenses are used to make spectacles and contact lenses. They help us to see, read, and write better. Contact lenses are worn directly on the pupil of the eyes. Talk to a friend or someone who wears spectacles or lenses and ask them how they are helpful.

•

Lenses in microscopes magnify tiny objects, enabling their use in research, medical investigations, and other fields.

•

Binoculars and Telescopes use lenses to make distant objects appear closer and clearer.

•

Lenses capture images in all types of cameras, including those in smartphones.

•

Lenses are fitted in some doors, allowing us to see who is outside before opening.

Contact lens

Did You Know?

Each of our eyes has a lens that helps us see clearly by focusing light.

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233

Microscope A microscope is a device that allows us to see things that are not visible to the naked eye. The word “microscope” comes from Greek words: micro, meaning small, and skopian, meaning to look or see. The study of these small objects using microscopes is called microscopy.

Uses of a Microscope INTEGRATED

Microscope

Scientists use a microscope to study the structure of animal and plant bodies.

Microorganisms are small living things that cannot be seen by the naked eye. To study these microorganisms or plant cells, we must use a microscope. A microscope is an essential tool in the study of microbiology. Microscopes also help forensic scientists detect and identify tiny details that can be crucial in solving crimes.

Wonders of Bharat The 3.6-metre Devasthal Optical Telescope is the largest in India. It is used to study celestial objects and is located at a national facility at Devasthal in the Nainital district of India.

Word Splash transparent: materials that allow light to pass through them translucent: materials that allow only some light to pass through them opaque: materials that do not allow any light to pass through them lens: a piece of transparent glass or plastic with at least one curved surface microorganisms: tiny living organisms invisible to the naked eye

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about different types of materials.

microbiology: the study of microorganisms forensic: related to the investigation of crime

234

Points to Remember •

We need light to see things.

•

Depending on the amount of light that can pass through, materials can be classified as transparent, translucent and opaque.

•

Lenses are used in cameras, telescopes, binoculars and many other things.

•

Microscopes allow us to see tiny objects that cannot be otherwise seen with the naked eye.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. Which of the given materials is opaque?

Brick

Cellophane paper

Tinted glass

B. Which of the following materials is translucent?

Clear glass

Tinted glass

Wooden door

C. Which device helps us see objects invisible to the naked eye?

Camera

Telescope

Microscope

D. Which of the following type of objects allow light to pass through them completely?

Transparent

Translucent

Opaque

2. Fill in the blanks. microscope A. We need

opaque

camera

light

to see everything around us.

B. Iron, wood and steel are examples of

materials.

C. A

is an instrument that helps us to see microorganisms.

D. A

has lenses to capture images.

Chapter 22 • Light

235

3. Write True or False.

A. Glass and air are transparent materials.

B. Brick does not allow any light to pass through it.

C. You can see through steel but not through paper.

D. Microorganisms can be seen by the naked eye.

4. Circle the odd one out.

A. glass

air

water

tracing paper

B. tinted glass

designed glass

tracing paper

cellophane

C. wood

lens

human body

steel

5. Short-answer questions.

A. How do translucent materials differ from transparent materials?

B. Why can't we see through an opaque material?

C. N ame the object used to make peepholes installed in doors. How are they useful?

D. Write any three uses of lenses for humans.

6. Long-answer questions.

A. How does light help us see different objects?

B. H ow can we classify objects on the basis of their ability to allow light to pass through them?

7. Picture-based questions.

A. Which device is shown in the given image?

B. Name the scientist who invented this device.

C. Write two uses of this device.

236

Challenge (HOTS) Should we use tinted or transparent glass in vehicles? Why?

Life Skills SDG

We are blessed to have eyes. We would not be able to see the beautiful things around us without our eyes.

•

Use the internet to find some daily habits that can harm our eyes.

•

Limit your screen time. Make a schedule to watch TV only for a limited time per day.

•

Find out which food items are good for our eyesight. Include them in your diet.

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237

PROJECT 2 Changing States!

Objective: Students will observe and understand the changes in states of matter Materials Needed: Ice cubes, water, ice tray, fridge, a clear glass, a stove, a steel container, notebook and pencil 1. Melting ice: Take some ice cubes and place them in a clear glass. After some time, observe what has happened. You will find the ice (solid) has melted to form water (liquid).

2. Freezing water: Pour water in an ice tray.

Place it in freezer for few hours. You will observe that water (liquid) freezes to form ice (solid).

3. Heating water: With the help of an adult, pour water into a steel container and place it on the stove. Heat the water until it begins to boil and observe the steam rising. Record how boiling water changes from its liquid state to a gaseous state (steam).

4. Record observations: In your notebook, create a chart to record your observations of each process: melting, freezing, and boiling.

Note the time it takes for each change and describe what you see happening to the water and ice.

Reflect on how matter changes its state from solid to liquid, liquid to solid, and liquid to gas.

5. Discuss your findings: Discuss what you observed with your classmates or family and explain why these changes occurred with heating or cooling.

Project Output: Create a mini-presentation or demonstration model showing the changes in states of matter. Use your observations to explain each step to your friends and family.

Final Outcome: This hands-on project will help you gain a deeper understanding of how matter changes states through the processes of heating and cooling, using scientific observation and practical experimentation.

To be read aloud and explained in the mother tongue by the teacher, as needed.

238

Assessment 2 Read this article. Answer the questions given below.

Rahul is excited about building a model house for his school project and wants it to look realistic. As he thinks about the windows, he realises he needs to choose the right material.

He knows that using transparent materials like clear glass will allow plenty of light into the house, making it bright inside. However, he also understands that opaque materials like cardboard will block all the light, making the interior dark. Rahul then considers a third option: using a translucent material like wax paper. This would allow some light to enter the house while keeping the inside private, striking a perfect balance between brightness and privacy.

Understanding Light!

1. Which of the following is an example of a transparent material?

A. Thick cardboard B. Wax paper C. Clear glass D. Tin foil 2. Why did Rahul decide to use wax paper?

A. You can see through it clearly.

B. You can’t see through it at all.

C. It allows in some light but people cannot see in.

D. It blocks out all the light making it dark enough.

3. Rahul wants to design a new lamp for his room, Which type of material would he choose for the lampshade if he wanted soft light to shine through? Mention one reason for your choice.

4. Why do you think it is important to know the difference between transparent, translucent, and opaque materials in our daily lives? Mention one reason.

To be read aloud and explained in the mother tongue by the teacher, as needed.

Assessment 2

239

240

Unit 8 • The Citizens of India

241

242

Formation of the 23 Indian Union Chapter Overview Formation of the Indian Union Forming a New Government Need for Government

Central Government Elections

Union Territories State Government

Judiciary in India Local Governing Body

Get Set Read the story given below and answer the questions that follow: Ravi and Sana are class 4 students in Petals Convent. Their classroom window is broken. The broken glass could hurt someone. The class teacher reports the matter to the principal. They discuss which window is broken, which carpenter to call, how much it will cost to fix it and what they can do to keep the students safe.

After their discussion, the principal calls the carpenter and has the window fixed.

Who discovered the problem? Who made the decision? Were they able to take this decision alone?

We read about how India fought for its freedom and became an independent country on 15 August 1947. All the kingdoms and territories in India came together to form one nation. Soon after this, new boundaries were created on the basis of the languages spoken in different regions to create the states of India.

All the Indian states and Union Territories together form the Indian Union.

Chapter 23 • Formation of the Indian Union

243

Forming a New Government In a school, the principal is the head and other teachers help him or her make decisions for the school. Our country runs in a similar way. A group of people make decisions for the people in the country. They take care of people’s needs and safety and are known as the government. The government makes rules according to which the country is run.

The new government that was formed in India after independence was a dual government. This means that there would be two levels of government: Central Government and State Government. The Central Government would govern the entire country, while State Governments would govern their respective states. Union Territories would be under the governance of the President of India.

Need for Government A government makes laws, implements rules and provides services like education and healthcare. India has a parliamentary form of government, which means the people elect their representatives to make decisions on their behalf.

Parliamentary Form of Government India has a special kind of government called a Parliament. The President is the head of the Indian Union.

The Parliament consists of: 1. The President 2. The Rajya Sabha (also called the Council of States/Upper House) 3. The Lok Sabha (also called the House of the People/Lower House) 4. The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers

Central Government The government that looks after the people of the whole country is known as the Central Government. It is also known as the Union Government. The Central Government has its offices in New Delhi. It includes the President, the Prime Minister and the other laws: rules made by the government to keep people safe and orderly

244

ministers who support the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister of India is the head of the Government. Rules and laws made by the Central Government are passed by the parliament. The parliament has two houses: the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.

Lok Sabha SDG

The Lok Sabha is the lower house of parliament. Its members are elected by the people of India. Any person who is 18 or above, can vote in an election. Voting is the right of every person who is a citizen of India. It is however, also a responsibility.

The elected members of the Lok Sabha represent the people who have elected them. The elected members The Parliament building of India are called Members of Parliament.

The discussions and activities of the Lok Sabha are lead by an officer called the Speaker.

Rajya Sabha The Rajya Sabha is the upper house of parliament. Each state government elects members to the Rajya Sabha. The President also chooses twelve members. The Vice President of the country oversees the work of the Rajya Sabha.

The President, the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers are the most important people in the Central Government.

The President The President of India is the head of the country and represents India in the world. The President also leads the Indian Armed Forces and helps the government run smoothly.

Did You Know?

The President of India is also the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces.

The Prime Minister The Prime Minister is the leader of the government who makes important decisions.

The Prime Minister is the head of the Council of Ministers and plays a key role in running the country.

Chapter 23 • Formation of the Indian Union

245

The Council of Ministers The Council of Ministers is a group of ministers who help the Prime Minister run the country.

They are responsible for different departments like education, health, and defence. Each minister looks after a specific area of the government.

Discuss!

Discuss with your partner some of the functions of the President and the Prime Minister of India.

Elections Elections are how people choose their leaders. In India, we have elections every five years. This process ensures that the government represents the wishes of the people.

Pause and Answer

People waiting to cast their vote

Write True or False.

1. Union territories are governed by state government.

2. Members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by members of the state government.

3. The President is the head of the Indian Union.

State Government There are 28 states in India. Each state has a government to take care of the welfare of the people of the state. It is known as the State Government. The state government includes the Chief Minister, the Governor and other ministers who support the Chief Minister. The offices of the state government are in the state’s capital city.

Laws in state governments are passed by the Legislative Assembly. The people who work here are called Members of Legislative Assembly (MLAs). They are elected by the people of the state to represent them in the Assembly. The Chief Minister is the head of the state government.

The Governor The Governor is appointed by the President. The Governor ensures that the state government functions smoothly.

246

The Chief Minister The Chief Minister is the leader of the state government, elected by the people of the state. The Chief Minister is responsible for running the state.

The Council of Ministers The Council of Ministers is a group of ministers who help the Chief Minister to run the state. They manage different areas like health, education and transportation.

Union Territories The Union Territories are regions that are directly governed by the central government.

These are regions that were too small to be made into states. They are governed by Lieutenant Governors, who are appointed by the President of India. Examples include Delhi, Chandigarh and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

Local Governing Body Reena lives in a village and goes to school in a nearby city by bus every day. The road from her village to the school is in a poor condition. Her ride to school is very difficult and tiring. Who do you think can help fix this road?

To lead a good life, we need food, water, roads, hospitals, electricity, schools, etc. In India, there are many villages, towns and cities in each state. In villages, the local government is called the Gram Panchayat. In cities, it is called the Municipal Corporation.

Do and Learn TEAMWORK

With the help of your teacher, make a local government body for your class. Assign different responsibilities to each member. Discuss and plan three new steps you can take to improve your classroom.

Municipal Corporation The Municipal Corporation takes care of the needs of people living in big cities. Its members are elected by the adults living in the city. The head of the Corporation is known as the mayor.

The Corporation takes care of people’s needs, such as keeping the city clean, building, and maintaining roads, street lights and parks, and providing safe drinking water, hospitals, libraries and schools.

In small cities and towns, it is known as the Municipal Council.

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Gram Panchayat The Gram Panchayat takes care of the people living in a village. All adults living in the village elect the members of the Gram Panchayat. The elected members then vote to elect one of the members as the head. He or she is known as the Pradhan or Sarpanch.

The Gram Panchayat runs the village by keeping the village clean, building roads and street lights, providing clean drinking water, and building schools and health centres, supporting farmers and small industries and resolving disagreements between people.

A meeting at a Gram Panchayat in Bhandara, Maharashtra

A water tubewell set up by the Angarapada Gram Panchayat in Odisha

Judiciary in India In India, justice is delivered to its citizens through the courts. The courts uphold the laws of the country. They deliver justice when the laws of the nation are violated.

The system of courts is called the judiciary. The judiciary cannot be controlled by the government; it is an independent body. The duty of the judiciary is to enforce the Constitution. There are three levels of courts in the judiciary.

The Supreme Court The Supreme Court looks into the matters that hold importance for the whole nation. It is the highest court in the country, which means it has the highest level of authority amongst all courts. It is located in New Delhi, and the Chief Justice of India is the head of the Supreme Court in India. resolving: solving

248

The Supreme Court of India

The High Court The high courts are the highest courts at the state and the union territory level.

There are 25 High Courts in all the different states of India. High courts fall under the supreme court of India.

The District and Sessions Courts The District and Session Courts are lower courts that work at district level. They fall under the High Court of the state. These courts deliver justice at the local or district level.

Wonders of Bharat Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, often referred to as the “Iron Man of India.” In honour of his monumental contributions, the Statue of Unity was erected in the state of Gujarat. Standing at 182 metres (597 feet), it is the tallest statue in the world. Located on the banks of the Narmada River facing the Sardar Sarovar Dam, this statue is a symbol of India’s unity and integrity.

The Statue of Unity

Word Splash Indian Union: all Indian states and Union Territories together government: system managing a country’s affairs Lok Sabha: lower house of Parliament, elected by the people Rajya Sabha: upper house of Parliament, elected by state legislatures elections: process where people vote to choose leaders judiciary: system of courts

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about formation of the Indian Union.

Chapter 23 • Formation of the Indian Union

249

Points to Remember •

ormation of Government: After independence in 1947, India adopted a F parliamentary system where representatives are elected by the people.

•

entral Government: Comprises of the President, Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, C the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers.

•

tate Government: Each state has a Governor, a Chief Minister and a S Council of Ministers.

•

ocal Governance: Union Territories are managed by the central L government, while cities and villages have Municipal Corporations and Gram Panchayats.

•

J udiciary: Includes the Supreme Court, High Courts and District Courts that ensure that laws are followed and justice is served.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. What type of government did India choose after gaining independence?

Monarchy

Parliamentary

Dictatorship

Oligarchy

Chief Minister

Governor

B. Who is the head of the state in India?

Prime Minister

President

C. Which house of Parliament is also known as the House of the People?

Rajya Sabha

Lok Sabha

Vidhan Sabha

D. What is the role of the Supreme Court in India?

Make laws Govern Union Territories Ensure laws are followed and justice is served Manage elections

250

Supreme Court

2. Fill in the blanks.

Union Territories

Lok Sabha

Supreme Court

Prime Minister

A. The is responsible for running the country and making important decisions.

B. The lower house of Parliament in India is called

.

C.

is the highest court in India.

D. government.

are regions that are directly governed by the central

3. Write True or False.

A. The Rajya Sabha is also known as the Council of States.

B. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of India.

C. Municipal Corporations govern villages in India.

D. Elections in India are held every ten years.

4. Match the following.

5

A. Lok Sabha

a. Council of States

B. Rajya Sabha

b. House of the People

C. Prime Minister

c. Head of the State

D. Governor

d. Leader of the government

Short-answer questions.

A. What is the main role of the central government in India?

B. How are members of the Lok Sabha elected?

C. Who appoints the Governor of a state in India?

D. What are the main responsibilities of the Municipal Corporation?

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251

6. Long-answer questions.

A. D iscuss the significance of the judiciary in India, including the roles of the Supreme Court, High Court, and District Courts. How do they ensure justice and upholding the law?

B. What is the importance of the Gram Panchayat?

7. Picture-based questions.

Look at the image and answer the questions that follow.

A. Identify the building in the picture.

B. Where is it located?

C. Who is its head?

Challenge (HOTS) very year during monsoons, your locality gets flooded with water. The dirty E water enters homes, and mosquitoes in your area increase. The dirty water and mosquitoes cause diseases. Who will you approach to fix this problem?

Life Skills With your neighbourhood friends, identify problems that people in your area face. Think of ways to solve these issues. Write a letter listing the problems and your solutions. Share this letter with someone in your family and ask them to forward it to the local government for action.

TEAMWORK

252

The Indian Constitution

24

Chapter Overview The Indian Constitution Formation of the Constitution of India

The Borrowed Aspects

The Preamble

Fundamental Rights

Directive Principles of State Policy

National Symbols

Fundamental Duties

Get Set Create a rule book for your class. Contribute 3 rules and 3 duties for your classroom or school. Take a hint from the example shown below.

Rule: Respect Everyone: Always speak and act respectfully towards classmates, teachers and staff.

Duties: Library Monitor: Help maintain the classroom library by organising books, ensuring they are returned on time and assisting classmates in finding books.

After India became independent, it faced many problems. Many people had to leave their homes and move to other places. India was also divided into India and Pakistan during this time, so helping the people who came from Pakistan was a big challenge. Keeping law and order was also very hard. It was very difficult to govern the country in these tough times. To govern the country well, we needed a set of rules and laws.

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253

These rules and laws are put together in Constitution of India. A Constitution is a set of rules according to which a country is governed. It is like a guide that helps everyone know their rights and duties.

Formation of the Constitution of India The Constitution of India sets the rules for how the country should be run. It is the supreme law in India. It gives guidelines for how the government should work and what powers it has.

A group of experts on laws called the Constituent Assembly was formed in December 1946 to create the Constitution. Dr Rajendra Prasad was the Chairman of this group. Some important members were Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Dr B R Ambedkar and Sarojini Naidu. Dr B R Ambedkar is known as the ‘Father of the Indian Constitution’.

The Constitution was finally approved and adopted Dr B R Ambedkar on 26 November 1949, and came into effect Did You Know? on 26 January 1950. The 26th of January is The Constitution of India is the longest celebrated as Republic Day in India. written constitution in the world.

Members of the first Constituent Assembly 254

The Preamble The Preamble to the Constitution of India can be called the Soul of the Constitution. It is an introduction to the Constitution and outlines the hopes and aspirations of the people of India.

It declares India a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic. Let us look at these terms.

Sovereign: our country has its own government and no country or outside power rules India Socialist: all citizens are equal and the government works to provide equal opportunities to all Secular: the people of India are free to follow any religion and every religion is equally important Democratic: the government in India is elected by its people through voting Republic: the head of the state, the President of India, is elected by the people of the country

The Preamble of the Indian Constitution

The Borrowed Aspects The makers of our constitution took inspiration from many constitutions around the world. They borrowed or took some important features from various constitutions of other countries like France and the USA. Hence, our constitution is sometimes referred to as a borrowed constitution.

Some of those borrowed ideas are: •

Single Citizenship: From the British Constitution.

•

Directive Principles of State Policy: From the Irish Constitution.

• • •

Fundamental Rights: From the American Constitution.

Parliamentary System: From the British Constitution.

Emergency Provisions: From the Constitution of the German Reich.

The main aim of doing this was to include great practices from around the world in our constitution. citizens: people who live in a country

Chapter 24 • The Indian Constitution

255

Directive Principles of State Policy The Directive Principles are guidelines for the government to follow. These principles aim to ensure that government works for the welfare of all the people of the country. Some of the Directive Principles are: •

The government must ensure that every citizen has proper living conditions.

•

Every man and woman should be given work.

•

Steps should be taken to stop some people from getting rich by taking advantage of others.

•

Efforts should be made to improve the conditions of scheduled tribes, scheduled castes and other weaker groups in society.

•

Compulsory education should be provided to children up to the age of 14 years.

The Government of India also promotes physical activities and yoga in schools across India.

Steps taken for the welfare of people

Fundamental Rights According to the Constitution, all people in our country have basic rights. These are called Fundamental Rights. These rights cannot be taken away from any Indian citizen: Right to Equality: Everyone is equal and has the right to demand equality. No one will be treated unfairly because of their race, religion, caste or region.

Right to Freedom: Everyone has the freedom of speech, expression and to write what they think.

People of India are free to choose their type of work, occupation, and place to live.

Right against Exploitation: Every citizen is equal before the law and no one shall suffer any form of exploitation. Child labour is banned in India. No person shall be forced to work.

Right against exploitation

equality: everyone is treated the same and has the same rights and opportunities expression: expressing one’s thoughts or feelings exploitation: the unfair use of someone or something for personal gain

256

Right to Freedom of Religion: India is a secular country.

Every Indian is free to follow and choose any religion. Every religion is equal before the law.

Cultural and Educational Rights: People of India who are religious, cultural and linguistic minorities are free to preserve their heritage and protect their culture and religion.

Right to education

Right to Constitutional Remedies: This right protects and provides solutions if Fundamental Rights are taken away. We can go to court if our rights are taken away.

Do and Learn

Learn more about the Right to Education from your teacher. Along with your friend, find out on the internet or in your library the ways that can help every child in India get basic education. Share your ideas in class.

TEAMWORK

Pause and Answer Fill in the blanks.

1. Dr Rajendra Prasad was the

of the Constituent Assembly.

2. The Constitution was finally adopted on

.

3. The Preamble to the Constitution of India can be called the the Constitution.

4. Parliamentary System is taken from the

of

Constitution.

Fundamental Duties Ranjana’s teacher taught their class about duties. The teacher told them that like parents pay our school fees and buy clothes and uniforms for us, we must as children do our duty. She said that we should help our parents with housework, do our homework on time, keep our room clean and polish our own shoes. Similarly, the Constitution mentions some duties that all Indians should perform. These are called fundamental duties.

The Constitution of India also lays down the duties of citizens. Some of the main Fundamental Duties are: •

Follow the rules set by the constitution.

remedies: the method to recover or make something right Chapter 24 • The Indian Constitution

257

SDG

SDG

•

Show respect for the national anthem and the national flag.

•

Stay united.

•

Defend our country when needed.

•

Protect and preserve national and public property like old buildings which are important to everyone.

•

Treat all fellow Indians as equals.

•

Safeguard our environment and keep our surroundings clean.

•

Parents or guardians must ensure education for children aged 6–14.

The Red Fort is public property

Think and Tell As citizens of India, we have a duty to protect and preserve our environment. What are some of the ways in which we can help to protect the environment and keep it clean?

We must respect our National Flag

National Symbols National symbols of India are our symbols of pride. They represent our country’s rich heritage.

National Flag: Our national flag has three colours in equal parts: saffron at the top, white in the middle and green at the bottom. In the middle of the white band, there is a navy-blue wheel called the chakra, which has 24 spokes.

National Anthem: The national anthem of India is “Jana Gana Mana,” written and composed by the great poet Rabindranath Tagore. It is sung or played on many occasions. We must always stand up as a sign of respect when it is being played.

National Emblem: The national emblem of India shows four lions standing back-to-back on a base. It is inspired by the Lion Capital of Ashoka from Sarnath. You can see it on all Indian money and government documents. Below the emblem is the motto “Satyameva Jayate,” which means “Truth Alone Triumphs.”

Our National Flag

The National Emblem

heritage: the traditions, achievements and beliefs that are part of the history of a group of people spokes: rods in a wheel connecting to the centre 258

National Animal: The Royal Bengal Tiger is India’s national animal. It represents India’s rich wildlife and is known for its grace, beauty and strength. India is home to nearly half of the world’s tiger population.

National Bird of India

National Animal National Bird: The Peacock is the of India national bird of India. It is native to India and has a colourful, shining blue neck and a beautiful bronze-green tail with about 200 long feathers. Hunting peacocks is not allowed in India.

National Flower: The Lotus is our national flower. It is valued for its calm beauty and the many stories and religious myths connected to it.

National Flower of India

Wonders of Bharat The original Constitution of India is a handwritten document which was completed on 26 November 1949. It was handwritten by Prem Behari Narain Raizada in flowing italic style. After it was completed, the handwritten Constitution of India had 251 pages and weighed 3.75 kg.

Word Splash constitution: a set of fundamental laws and principles that outlines how a country is governed fundamental rights: the basic rights of every citizen of the country directive principles: guidelines in a country’s constitution that inform government policies

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about the formation of the Constitution of India

Chapter 24 • The Indian Constitution

259

Points to Remember •

The Indian Constitution gives a set of rules to ensure the smooth functioning of government.

•

The Constitution of India was formed by the Constituent Assembly; it came into effect on 26 January 1950, which is known as Republic Day.

•

The preamble describes India as a Sovereign, Democratic, Socialist and Secular Republic.

•

The Indian Constitution guarantees six fundamental rights and some Fundamental Duties.

•

The Constitution’s directive principles guide the government in promoting people’s welfare.

•

National symbols like the Flag, the Anthem and the Emblem represent India’s heritage and pride.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. Who is the head of the country in India?

President

Prime Minister

King

B. How many fundamental rights are there?

5

6

7

C. Education is compulsory up to which age?

12 years

10 years

16 years

D. From which country’s constitution did India borrow the idea of Fundamental Rights?

British

260

American

Irish

2. Fill in the blanks.

Tiger

Dr Rajendra Prasad

equality

President

A. The Chairman of the Constituent Assembly was B. The right to C. The

.

means everyone is equal before the law. is the head of the state in India.

D. The National Animal of India is the

.

3. Write True or False.

A. Every citizen of India is free to live in any part of the country.

B. All the citizens of India are treated equally.

C. The National Bird of India is the Bengal Tiger.

D. The National Emblem has four lions at the top.

4. Match the following.

A. National Flag

a. Satyameva Jayate

B. Directive Principles

b. sovereign

C. National Emblem

c. saffron, white and green

D. Independent country

d. guidelines for the government

5. Short-answer questions.

A. What is the Preamble?

B. What do cultural and educational rights mean?

C. What does it mean to be a sovereign state?

D. What is the meaning of the words ‘Satyameva Jayate’ on the National Emblem?

E. Where can we see the national emblem being used?

6. Long-answer questions.

A. Describe any three Fundamental Rights listed in the Indian Constitution.

B. What are Directive Principles? Write any four of them.

C. Write down the fundamental duties of a citizen of India.

Chapter 24 • The Indian Constitution

261

7. Picture-based questions.

Look at the image and answer the questions that follow.

A. Identify the picture.

B. Where does it appear?

C. W hat is written on it and what does it mean?

Challenge (HOTS) The Constitution of India lays down rules for the functioning of government and for the people of India to follow. Why do you think it also mentions Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties?

Life Skills On your way home from school, you noticed a very young boy working at a roadside tea stall. The next day you mentioned it to your teacher. She explained about child labour and spoke about an NGO which works to ensure that India is free of child labour. Write a letter to the NGO explaining the example of child labour you saw. Request them to make sure that the child gets free education up to the age of 14 as it is his right.

INTEGRATED

262

PROJECT 3 Design Your Own Nation Objective: Students will design a new nation, including elements of geography, government, culture, and technology.

Materials Needed: Large poster paper or chart paper, markers, coloured pencils, and crayons, rulers, internet access, recyclable materials for model building, clay or playdough for 3D models, art supplies like stickers or other decorative items.

1. Create the map • Show where your nation lives. Think about the geography—where are the mountains, rivers, and seas? Use rulers and geometric tools to make your map.

2. Name your nation and choose your government: • Name you nation.

• Decide what kind of government your nation will have. Will people choose their leaders by voting, will it have a king, or something else? Think about how laws will be made and who will be in charge.

3. Basic rights and duties: • Decide 5–6 rights and duties of the people of your new nation.

4. Design cultural elements: • Create symbols: Design national symbols like a flag, emblem, or anthem. These should represent the values and culture of your nation.

• Traditions: Decide on some national holidays, traditional clothing, and foods. Draw and colour these on your poster or create models using art materials, scraps of fabric, etc.

5. Technological inventions: • Think of one or two important technological inventions that that your nation needs or will benefit from, such as modern transportation or solar energy. Create a simple model or drawing of these inventions.

6. Environmental Planning: • Decide how your nation will take care of the environment. What will you do to protect nature and reduce pollution? Use clay and other art materials to create a model that shows how your nation will be eco-friendly.

7. Presentation: • Make a presentation in class. Explain your choices for the map, government, culture, and technology. Share your models and illustrations, and be ready to answer questions about how your nation works.

Project Output: You have now created a new nation! Present it to your class and be ready to answer questions about it.

Final Outcome: This project will help you understand nation-building, governance, and the importance of rights and duties. It will also help you think rationally and creatively.

To be read aloud and explained in the mother tongue by the teacher, as needed.

PROJECT 3

263

Assessment 3 Read this article. Answer the questions that follow.

Problems in Surajpur

There are many problems in Surajpur. The streets are flooded due to heavy rains, and many people are falling sick because the water is not clean. The local government has called for an emergency meeting to solve these challenges.

In the meeting, the Municipal Council discussed how they would clean the streets and repair the water pipes. They decided to use the town’s budget to pay for new water filters and better drainage systems. The elected representatives of the people, who were chosen in the last election, are working hard to make sure everyone in the town is safe and healthy.

Meanwhile, the State Government has promised to help by sending extra resources and funds. The Central Government has announced a new scheme to improve water quality across the country. Elections for the next local government are coming soon, and everyone in Surajpur is thinking about the changes they want to see in their town.

1. What is the main responsibility of the local government in Surajpur?

A. Providing education

B. Cleaning the streets and fixing water pipes C. Building airplanes

D. Running the Central Government 2. Why did the Municipal Council hold an emergency meeting?

A. To plan a town festival B. To solve problems caused by heavy rains and dirty water C. To decide on new playgrounds D. To discuss farming techniques

3. The people of Surajpur are about to vote for a new local government. What are 2–3 things that the voters should think about before they choose their leaders in the next elections?

4. Imagine that you are the leader of the Surajpur Municipal Council. The town is running out of money to fix all the issues caused by the flooding. What steps would you take to solve this problem? Write two suggestions.

To be read aloud and explained in the mother tongue by the teacher, as needed.

264

265

266

267

268

269

Discover is designed to pique the students’ interest in EVS, both as a subject and as a practical experience, while also making them well-rounded individuals who interact with the world around them in a rational and meaningful way.

Product Package • Coursebook • Uolo App • Teacher’s Guide

DISCOVER The World Around Us

Environmental Science

Key Features

5

• STEAM Projects: Engaging, hands-on projects blending Science, Technology, Engineering, Art and Maths (STEAM) to inspire young minds •C ompetency-based Assessments: Test papers designed to evaluate the understanding of core concepts and application of skills •S tory-based Approach: Enchanting comic stories that bring learning themes to life, making education a captivating adventure • Picture-based Questions: Questions featuring visual stimuli to elevate comprehension, interpretation and critical thinking • Wonders of Bharat: Fascinating insights into India’s rich culture and heritage, designed to ignite a profound sense of pride and love for the nation

5

Sales Sample

Introducing Discover, a thoughtfully crafted EVS book that builds an understanding of, and nurtures a love for, the environment in young minds. In keeping with National Education Policy (NEP) 2020’s focus on competency-based education, Discover provides opportunities for learners to master key concepts, hone their critical thinking, develop the ability to make informed choices, and apply 21st century skills in their day-to-day lives.

Discover • Environmental Science

About the Book

About Uolo Uolo partners with K-12 schools to provide technology-based learning programs. We believe pedagogy and technology must come together to deliver scalable learning experiences that generate measurable outcomes. Uolo is trusted by over 15,000+ schools across India, South East Asia and the Middle East.

hello@uolo.com `499

ISBN 978-81-979364-6-3

Singapore | Gurugram | Bengaluru | © 2025 Uolo EdTech Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.

EVS_G03-05_MB_Cover_2025_SS.indd 8-10

NEP 2020 based

|

NCF 2023 compliant

29/10/24 2:13 PM