AWARE_G05_GK_MB_Book.pdf

AWARE Navigate the Rapidly Changing World

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General Knowledge Textbook

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21st Century Skills

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NEP 2020 Aligned

AWARE Navigate the Rapidly Changing World

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To Pare nt s an d Te ac h e rs

In the dynamic and ever-changing world of the 21st century, knowledge is a beacon that guides us through the myriad challenges and opportunities that come our way. In this age of information, possessing a keen sense of general knowledge and awareness has become more critical than ever before. This awareness becomes a compass that helps us navigate through the complexities of our modern existence, allowing us to make informed decisions, think critically, and appreciate the world’s diversity.

On that note, we are delighted to present to you this comprehensive and engaging General Knowledge and Current Affairs book, designed specifically for learners in grades 1 to 8. This book, which spans eight thoughtfully curated themes, will serve as your constant companion in your quest for knowledge and awareness.

The world is evolving at an unprecedented pace, and it’s crucial that young minds are well-informed about the happenings around them. Topics in The Year Gone By theme offer insights into the significant events and milestones of the previous year.

In Science and Technology, learners explore groundbreaking innovations and discoveries that are actively defining and shaping our future.

In Earth and Environment, learners explore topics related to sustainability and environmental conservation.

Recognizing the delicate balance in our planet’s ecosystem and the paramount importance of preserving it are vital 21st-century skills.

In International Affairs, learners explore landmark global events of the past and the present, and developments across the world.

The theme Incredible India will help learners to explore the rich tapestry of our nation’s history, culture and heritage.

In Sports, Entertainment and Culture, we explore human creativity and athleticism that transcend borders.

Life Skills and Financial Literacy provide learners with valuable practical skills essential for navigating through their life with confidence and competence.

This book is crafted to offer informative and enjoyable learning experiences; incorporating clear explanations, captivating visuals and abundant questions for interactive classroom engagement.

This book is supplemented by a free of cost digital interactive learning platform. QR codes in each topic facilitate compatibility with smart classrooms and enable at-home access. The digital resources include topic-specific videos and learning experiences on current affairs and developments around the world.

Welcome to the world of General Knowledge and Current Affairs! We wish the best to all the teachers and learners!

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Topic Number

Topic Title

QR Code

Theme Title

Incredible India

Heroes of Indian Freedom

4

Explore More

India gained its independence from the British rule due to the efforts of its brave freedom fighters.

Scan this QR code to learn about the contributions of Mahatma Gandhi and famous quotes from the Indian freedom movement.

Subhas Chandra Bose

Mahatma Gandhi He was a popular leader of India’s independence struggle. He led important movements like the Salt March and the Quit India Movement to free India from the British rule. He believed in nonviolence and is known for his nonviolent protest called Satyagraha. His birthday on 2 October is celebrated as Gandhi Jayanti. Due to his efforts and sacrifices, he is known as the Father of the Nation.

Explore More QR Code

He was a revolutionary leader in the Indian freedom struggle. He joined the non-cooperation movement started

by Gandhi. He is mainly known for his more active approach to independence that included using an army. He is also known as Netaji (Respected Leader). His birthday on 23 January is celebrated as Netaji Jayanti. Tum mujhe khoon do, mein tumhe azadi doonga (“Give me blood and I will give you freedom”) is a famous declaration by Netaji.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Which hero of the Indian Freedom Movement am I? a I was the president of the Indian National Congress Party in 1929. b I am the Father of the Nation. c

I am also known by the name Netaji.

d I am given the title Lokmanya.

Bhagat Singh He was a revolutionary hero of the Indian freedom movement. He began to protest against the British rule at a young age and fought for national independence along with his fellows, Rajguru and Sukhdev. In their honour, the anniversary of their death on 23 March is declared as Shaheed Diwas. They made the slogan, Inquilab Zindabad (Long Live Revolution) popular.

Chandra Shekhar Azad He was seen as a fearless figure in India’s freedom struggle. He played a crucial role in several acts of opposing the British government. He became famous with the name Azad which means “free”. He sacrificed his life for the nation and remains a symbol of courage in India’s history.

Lala Lajpat Rai

Bipin Chandra Pal He was a prominent Indian freedom fighter, social reformer and writer. He was one of the key members of the Swadeshi movement that encouraged people to use only Indian-made products. He was also a strong supporter of Swaraj (self-rule) for India. Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal become famous as the Lal-Bal-Pal trio.

I am also known as Punjab Kesari.

f

I am famous by the name Azad.

g I wrote the book Unhappy India. h I led Salt March and the Quit India Movement.

2 Who among the freedom fighters were given the name Lal-Bal-Pal trio?

3 Which freedom fighter said these words?

Lala Lajpat Rai was a writer, politician and a prominent leader in India’s struggle for independence. He was known as Punjab Kesari for his fierce acts of protest against the British. Some of his most memorable writings include Unhappy India.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak He was a scholar, mathematician, philosopher and devoted leader. He played an important role in inspiring the nationalist movement. He earned the title Lokmanya, which means “beloved leader of the people”. He also emphasised the importance of education and unity among the people of India.

“Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it” is a famous statement spoken by him.

e

a Inquilab Zindabad. b Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it. c

Tum mujhe khoon do, mein tumhe azadi doonga.

4 Write the dates of these events. a Gandhi Jayanti: b Shaheed Diwas:

Jawaharlal Nehru

c

He emerged as the leader of the country’s youth and even went to jail several times during India’s independence movement. He was elected president of the Indian National Congress Party in 1929, when he led a historic session at Lahore. The session declared complete independence as India’s political goal. After independence, he became the first prime minister of India in 1947.

Netaji Jayanti:

Topic 4 • Heroes of Indian Freedom

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Themes 11

The Year Gone Discoveries andByInventions

Explore More A discovery is finding something that already exists for the first time. An invention is creating something new with a new idea. Let’s read about some recent discoveries and inventions around the world.

Scan this QR code to find out more about Khelo India Youth Games 2023 and watch its opening ceremony. Also, find out all events in Athletics.

Earth and Environment Exoplanets Webb Telescope Wonders of the James World 22 The Discovery7of New In 2015, The National In December 2021, Let’s Practice Aeronautics and Space Name the place where the given events took place in 2023.

Administration (NASA)

NASA launched 1 the James Webb Explore Morethe New 7 Wonders On 7-07-2007, Foundation (an official partner of the UN now) declared the new 7 wonders of the confirmed the discovery of Telescope (JWST) a ICC T20 Women’s Cricket World Cup: world. These wonders are chosen by the votesplanet of more than 10 crore people across the world. a near-Earth-sized to conduct space Scan this QR code to explore more about the amazing animals of the named Kepler-22b that research. JWST Olympic World Games: b Special tropical rainforests. exists beyond our solar and Space Launch The Taj Mahal The Colosseum c Asian Athletics Championship: system and is therefore, System (SLS) Incredible India Agra, India Rome, of Italy an exoplanet. By August 2023, NASA scientists have rocket NASA Khelo India Youth Games: d Let’s declared Practice

the discovery over 5,500 were named TIME Inventions of theItYear It isexoplanets. made of white is the2022. largest marble and is located amphitheatre ever e inFIFA World Cup: number. theWomen’s box with the correct 1 Fill on the banks of the built. It could host Explore More f Hockey Men’s Hockey World Cup: sportriver is a widely popular in India.

It is played by Sloths have about inches longmain claws.

Yamuna.

The about 80,000 people a two QR teams ofto 11 learn players each.

The playersclassical use four J-shaped structure has pillars forms. at once. It was built by Scan this code more about Indian dance The Australian Open Tournament: Anacondas grow as big as g sticks b to hit acan ball intoTennis the opposite team’s goal. it. It metres (minars) around was the Romans to be an Agricultural Robots World’s Largest Waterlily built by Emperor Shah entertainment venue c Orangutans have an armspan of up to metres.

Robots for agriculture 2022, scientists the playercan or countries that In won these events.at the 2 Name Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal. So, it is Skills and for hosting human fights and animal hunts.

Life were first thought Royal Botanic Gardens, Okapi sleep for about minutes but many times in a day. d viewed as a symbol of love.

ICC T20 Women’s Cricket World Cup: a Let’s Practice of in the year 1920.

United Kingdom e Sloths can swim times than they move on land.

Since then, many declared the faster discovery Single inGreat Wimbledon Championship: b Women’s the classical dance formWall of the following The of Chinastates.

1 Name Christ the Redeemer robots have been of the world’s largest f Money The bills of toucans can be part in fulfilling our day-to-day times the size of their Explore More plays an important needs.

So,heads. it is important to know howinvented to manage it. by various waterlily FIFA Women’s World Cup: China species. It Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ac Kerala companies to is named Victoria thisdo QRI live? code to learn more aboutThis yoga and 21,196 its popularity in India. Also, Where about km This 30 m tall statue 2 Scan Men’s Hockey World Cup: d b Odisha perform nearly all Its huge, explore the yoga poses that you canBoliviana. do easily practice long walland is the largestevery day. Earning Money of Jesus Christ with Major Dhyan Chand Singh is known as the father of activities disc-shaped pads can are found in rainforests of a Orangutans Arun‘s dad got hisinsalary today. He is happy and so is Arun. farming Men’s Single in Australian Open Tennis Tournament: human-made thing openOlympic arms stands ce Assam Indian hockey. irrigation He was a and three-time gold on such as sowing, harvesting. grow up to 3 m in diameter. theArun: world.Dad, Itofspreads the top of Corcovado why is it that only you get a salary but I don’t? b Slow lorises are mostly found in rainforests medallist.

On 29 August every year, his birthday is Andhra Pradesh d Give a reason for this statement.

Let’s Practice

3 from the(laughed eastern and explained): You need to earn it, Arun! We work Mountain. is viewed Dad to earn It the celebrated as the National Sports Day. Malaysian Hockey Team Indian Hockey Team c Toucans are mostly found in rainforests of seaside to we theget western a or symbol of run money as salary. When you grow up, you can work, like as I do, you can ea West Athletes with a sentences special disability compete with each in this event: the Bengal following and write if it is for Yoga orother Meditation.

1 Read desert northern hope for yourinown business, like your mother. Doing these things will help you and earnpeace money. d Sloths are mostly found in the rainforests of China.Pradesh The first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang ordered humanity after World fa Uttar Arun: Oh, I see!

All these are different ways to earn money.

It has different asanas.

New Species World’s first Wireless Television India has 4Octopus National Hockey TeamsIt construction to protect people from War I. e its Okapi are only found in thehis rainforests of nomads.

The Men’s National Hockey Team Dad: That is right. Now, let us get ready. We have to go to the market, remember lifemen’s is vast and time in 2023: Scientists are were in •Ocean this event for the team first over 2,000included yearsthoughts. ago.

In Men’s this, you monitor your b was •Water team Junior dobuilt I sports live?

2 Where Nickname: Men in Blue every year, scientists innovating many features.team Write the names the animals of the tropical rainforests.

3 Read • the Women’s • of Junior women’s team Some International Achievements It is quite time for the mind. dance is performed by men for female roles. areeven making discoveries advanced machines ac This It istrees: the most successful team in the Olympics with spends most the time clinging to•the a It is a slow-moving animal that Spending Money about it. On 28 of June each year.

In August Machu Picchu Machu Picchu Machu Picchu c It Germany wonof and Belgium played in the finals in which Germany won the event: 8 gold, 1 silver and 3 bronze medals. After 6 gold is the union body and mind. d

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Hockey in India

Manage Your Money

Science and Technology Explore More Scan this QR code to explore more discoveries and innovations.

International Affairs Let’s Practice 1 Is it a Discovery or an Invention?

Explore More

a A new species of catfish was found in January 2023.

Scan this QR code to learn more about the selection campaign of A robotic Also, drone built tomore understand voice commands. theb7 wonders. explore about Chichen Itza.

c Thomas Edison built the very first bulb.

Sports, Entertainment and Culture Let’s Practice

July 2023, the most distant supermassive black hole was seen for the first time with JWST. d In CITIES new wonders located?that store heat energy.

1 Ine which Finland builtare thethese world’s first sand batteries

Explore More a Taj Mahal

b The Colosseum f Scientists first identified the coronavirus in 1965.

Scan QRthe code to learn more about the hockey field and the c this Christ Redeemer In this 2011,game.

Google created the first smart glasses. g of rules

2 In which COUNTRIES are these new wonders located?

Financial Literacy Picchu a Chichen Itza b Machu Let’s Practice 2 Write the names of these inventions/discoveries. h In 1900, Karl Landsteiner identified three groups of human blood. c Petra

in the boxes with the correct answer.

1 Fill a The world’s largest waterlily: Fill the blank with the correct name of the wonder of the world.

More 3 Explore a The number of players in a hockey team:

b The first near-Earth-sized exoplanet: a 30-metre-tall statue. and ways to a Scan code of to Indian learnismore about importance The QR number hockey teams: b this c money. save The telescope launched

by NASA in around December has four pillars it. 2021: b c The shape of a hockey stick is like this letter: c in the blanks. has a famous temple pyramid.

3 Fill d The only side of the hockey stick that should touch the ball: is the largest amphitheatre ever built. d Practice Let’s of robots in agriculture dates to the the knee: year . a The idea only shoot in which the ball can goback above e The e the longest of all the wonders the brackets and7fill in the blank.

1 Choose the correct wordisfrom of years which TIME the men’s national hockey team won consecutive .

NASA’s JWST wasin named Inventions in the Year of f The number b f is made with white marble.

Olympic wegold work,medals: we money as salary. (spend/earn) a When c World’s largest waterlily’s disc-shaped pad can grow up to metres. was a part of Maya City. g g The number of times Major Dhyan Chand won Olympic gold medals: money. (save/spend) b When we buy grocery, we h In , 2023 company launched the world’s first wireless television. was built over 2000 years ago. d h The number of Olympic gold medals won by the men’s national hockey team: c Keeping money aside for future needs is money. (saving/lending) was part scientists of an Arabdeclared kingdom. ei By , NASA the discovery of over exoplanets.

YEAR can did Indian National Teamsinachieve this?

2 In what Children save money at home a . (gullak/bank account)

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C o nt e nt s

1 World Leaders, 2023 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2 2 Hidden Lives of Trees and Forests �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������4 3 Discoveries and Inventions ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6 4 Heroes of Indian Freedom �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������8 5 Countries and Their Capitals ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 10 6 Hockey in India ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12 7 First-Aid Emergencies ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 14 8 Global Conflicts of 2023 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 16 9 Animals of the Tropical Rainforest �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18 10 Smart Devices ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 20 11 Old Cities, New Names ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 22 12 7 New Wonders of the World ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 24 13 Sports Stadiums ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 26 14 Kitchen Gardening ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 28 15 G20 Summit, 2023 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 30 16 Underwater Wonders ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 32 17 Space Gadgets and Tools �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 34 18 Occupations in India ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 36 iv

19 International Flags ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 38 20 Renowned Filmmakers ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 40 21 Yoga and Meditation �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 42 22 Space Missions of 2023 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 44 23 5 R’s of Waste Management ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 46 24 Advanced Robots ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 48 25 Historical Monuments of India ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 50 26 First Female Leaders ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 52 27 Musical World �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 54 28 National Schemes for Health and Education ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 56 29 Sports Events in 2023 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 58 30 Too Much Water, Too Little Water ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 60 31 The COVID-19 Pandemic ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 62 32 Classical Dance Forms of India �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 64 33 The United Nations ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 66 34 Languages around the World ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 68 35 Manage Your Money �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 70 Answers ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 72

Contents

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World Leaders, 2023

Between 2022 and 2023, many elected leaders have influenced their nations and the world. Many of them made history by being the first at their respective positions. Let us read about some of them.

Droupadi Murmu became the 15th President of India on 25 July, 2022. She is the first leader from a tribal community, and the youngest person to hold the office of president. Also, she is the second female president of India after Pratibha Patil.

Rishi Sunak was appointed as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (UK) on 25 October, 2022. He has also been the leader of the Conservative Party since 2022, and is the first British-Asian prime minister of the UK.

Gabriel Boric became the President of Chile on 11th March, 2022. At the age of 37, he became the youngest president in the history of Chile and one of the youngest leaders in the world.

Katalin Novák was elected on 10 May, 2022 in the presidential elections of Hungary. She is the first female and the youngest president of Hungary.

Élisabeth Borne became the Prime Minister of France on 16th May, 2022. She is the second female leader in the history of French politics to hold this position after Édith Cresson, who served from 1991 to 1992.

Samia Suluhu Hassan has been the President of Tanzania since 19 March, 2021. She is the first female to serve as the president.

Previously, she had also served as the vice president of Tanzania from 2015 to 2021.

José Alexandre Xanana Gusmão was elected as the 6th Prime Minister of East Timor on 1 July, 2023.

East Timor is the youngest Asian country to have gained independence, which was in 2002. Previously, Gusmão also served as the first Prime Minister of the independent East Timor from 2007 to 2015. He is the only leader who has served as both the president and the prime minister of East Timor.

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The Year Gone By Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about more presidents, prime ministers and other leaders of different nations around the world.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Name the prime minister of the following countries. a United Kingdom b France c India d East Timor e Sweden f

Japan

g Netherlands h Malaysia i

Bangladesh

j

Australia

2 Name the countries in which these presidents were elected. a Ranil Wickremesinghe b Ebrahim Raisi c Joe Biden d Droupadi Murmu e Yoon Suk Yeol f

Cyril Ramaphosa

g Tsai Ing-wen h Vladimir Putin i

Sergio Mattarella

j

Joko Widodo

Topic 1 • World Leaders, 2023

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2

Hidden Lives of Trees and Forests

Trees and forests live in fascinating ways. But most of the time, we cannot see that. Therefore, let us learn more about them.

Mycorrhizal Networks

Tree Rings

There is a hidden network of fungal threads found beneath the forest floors. This underground network connects different trees in the forest and helps them exchange nutrients and water. It is also believed that the trees send messages about insect attacks and resource availability to each other. Sometimes, healthy trees also send nutrients to neighbouring trees through these networks.

Tree rings are like record books of history. Each ring on a tree represents a year, and its width shows the growth rate during that time. Narrow rings show the year of drought or disease, while thick rings show a rainy year. Some trees like oak are more accurate as they produce one ring in one year, while trees like pine and birch may skip a ring in some years or double in others.

Crown Shyness

A Forest in the Desert

In the forest, some species of trees grow in a way that they avoid overlap of the upper branches with the neighbouring trees.

These trees leave narrow gaps between them, making them look like borders. This is called crown shyness. The benefit of this is that all the trees get enough sunlight.

Also, there is less spread of diseases and leaf-eating insects that go from one tree to another.

In the desert of New Mexico, there is the Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge, spread over an area of about 232 square kilometres. In the centre, there is an area of 28 square kilometres, which has a forest with cottonwood trees.

It is surprising how a forest survives in the desert!

Acacia Trees These trees have a unique way of warning other acacia trees about danger. For example, when a giraffe starts chewing an acacia tree, the tree starts producing ethylene gas. When other acacias smell this, they start pushing a chemical into their leaves that can make the giraffes sick. These trees are mainly found in Australia and the African savannah.

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Underwater Forests We know many forests on land but there are forests in the ocean too. Sea forests are formed mainly by seaweed called kelp. They can grow up to 60 metres.

Just like forests on land, kelp forests offer habitat, food and shelter to a large number of sea organisms. The Great African Sea Forest on the coastline of southern Africa, and the Great Southern Reef at the southern reaches of Australia are some underwater forests to mention.

Earth and Environment Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about tree rings. Also, explore more about the plants in sea forests.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write the correct locations. a 2 places where sea forests are found:

b 2 places where Acacia trees are found:

c The desert where there is a forest:

2 Name 3 things that are exchanged through the mycorrhizal network.

3 Fill in the blanks with the correct answer. a Plants that mainly form kelp forests: b The gas released by Acacia trees: c Things of which a mycorrhizal network is made: d The kind of season a narrow tree ring shows: e The kind of season a wide tree ring shows: f

A tree that produces one ring every year:

g A tree that grows in Bosque del Apache National Park: h A tree that may produce double rings in some years: i

The phenomenon that helps sunlight reach the forest floor:

4 Write 1 advantage of each. a Crown shyness:

b Mycorrhizal networks:

Topic 2 • Hidden Lives of Trees and Forests

5

3

Discoveries and Inventions

A discovery is finding out about something that already exists. An invention is creating something new with a new idea. Let us read about some recent discoveries and inventions around the world.

The Discovery of Exoplanets

James Webb Telescope

In 2011, The National Aeronautics and space Administration (NASA) confirmed the discovery of a super-planet named kepler-22b. It exists beyond our solar system and is therefore an exoplanet.

By August 2023, NASA scientists had declared the discovery of over 5,500 exoplanets.

In December 2021, NASA launched the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to conduct space research. JWST and the Space Launch System (SLS) rockets of NASA were named 2022 TIME Inventions of the Year.

World’s Largest Waterlily

Agricultural Robots

In 2022, scientists at the Royal Botanic Gardens, the United Kingdom declared the discovery of the world’s largest waterlily species. It is named Victoria Boliviana. Its huge, disc-shaped pads can grow up to 3 m in diameter.

Robots for agriculture were first thought of in the year 1920.

Since then, many robots have been invented by various companies to perform nearly all farming activities such as sowing, irrigation and harvesting.

New Octopus Species

World’s First Wireless Television

Ocean life is vast and every year, scientists are making discoveries about it. On 28 June 2023, researchers at the Schmidt Ocean Institute, California (US) announced the discovery of a new species of octopus in a rare ‘octopus nursery’ in Costa Rica. The discovery of this octopus nursery itself is the third ever in the world.

Scientists are innovating even many advanced machines each year. In August 2023, LG launched the world’s first wireless television.

This television can be taken anywhere and has a part that allows it to attach to almost any surface.

6

Science and Technology Explore More Scan this QR code to explore more discoveries and innovations.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write D if it is a Discovery and I if it is an Invention. a A new species of catfish was found in January 2023. b A robotic drone built to understand voice commands. c Thomas Edison built the very first light bulb. d In July 2023, the most distant supermassive black hole was seen for the first time with JWST. e Finland built the world’s first sand batteries that store heat energy. f

Scientists first identified the coronavirus in 1965.

g In 2011, Google created the first smart glasses. h In 1900, Karl Landsteiner identified three groups of human blood.

2 Write the names of these inventions/discoveries. a The world’s largest waterlily: b The first super-Earth exoplanet: c The telescope launched by NASA in December 2021:

3 Fill in the blanks. a The idea of robots in agriculture dates back to the year b JWST was named the TIME Invention of the Year

. .

c The world’s largest waterlily’s disc-shaped pad can grow up to d In

, 2023

e By

, NASA scientists declared the discovery of over

f

In 2022, scientists at the

g On June 28, 2023, researchers at the

metres.

launched the world’s first wireless television. exoplanets.

, UK declared the discovery of the world’s largest waterlily. , US declared the discovery of a

new species of octopus.

Topic 3 • Discoveries and Inventions

7

4

Heroes of Indian Freedom

India gained its independence from the British rule due to the efforts of its brave freedom fighters.

Mahatma Gandhi He was a popular leader of India’s independence struggle. He led important movements like the Salt March and the Quit India Movement to free India from the British rule. He believed in nonviolence and is known for his nonviolent protest called Satyagraha. His birthday on 2 October is celebrated as Gandhi Jayanti. Due to his efforts and sacrifices, he is known as the Father of the Nation.

Bhagat Singh He was a revolutionary hero of the Indian freedom movement. He began to protest against the British rule at a young age and fought for national independence along with his fellows, Rajguru and Sukhdev. In their honour, the anniversary of their death on 23 March is declared as Shaheed Diwas. They made the slogan, Inquilab Zindabad (Long Live Revolution) popular.

Bipin Chandra Pal He was a prominent Indian freedom fighter, social reformer and writer. He was one of the key members of the Swadeshi movement that encouraged people to use only Indian-made products. He was also a strong supporter of Swaraj (self-rule) for India. Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal become famous as the Lal-Bal-Pal trio.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak He was a scholar, mathematician, philosopher and devoted leader. He played an important role in inspiring the nationalist movement. He earned the title Lokmanya, which means “beloved leader of the people”. He also emphasised the importance of education and unity among the people of India.

“Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it” is a famous statement spoken by him.

8

Subhas Chandra Bose He was a revolutionary leader in the Indian freedom struggle. He joined the non-cooperation movement started

by Gandhi. He is mainly known for his more active approach to independence that included using an army. He is also known as Netaji (Respected Leader). His birthday on 23 January is celebrated as Netaji Jayanti. Tum mujhe khoon do, mein tumhe azadi doonga (“Give me blood and I will give you freedom”) is a famous declaration by Netaji.

Chandra Shekhar Azad He was seen as a fearless figure in India’s freedom struggle. He played a crucial role in several acts of opposing the British government. He became famous with the name Azad which means “free”. He sacrificed his life for the nation and remains a symbol of courage in India’s history.

Lala Lajpat Rai Lala Lajpat Rai was a writer, politician and a prominent leader in India’s struggle for independence. He was known as Punjab Kesari for his fierce acts of protest against the British. Some of his most memorable writings include Unhappy India.

Jawaharlal Nehru He emerged as the leader of the country’s youth and even went to jail several times during India’s independence movement. He was elected president of the Indian National Congress Party in 1929, when he led a historic session at Lahore. The session declared complete independence as India’s political goal. After independence, he became the first prime minister of India in 1947.

Incredible India Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about the contributions of Mahatma Gandhi and famous quotes from the Indian freedom movement.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Which hero of the Indian Freedom Movement am I? a I was the president of the Indian National Congress Party in 1929. b I am the Father of the Nation. c I am also known by the name Netaji. d I am given the title Lokmanya. e I am also known as Punjab Kesari. f

I am famous by the name Azad.

g I wrote the book Unhappy India. h I led Salt March and the Quit India Movement.

2 Who among the freedom fighters were given the name Lal-Bal-Pal trio?

3 Which freedom fighter said these words? a Inquilab Zindabad. b Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it. c Tum mujhe khoon do, mein tumhe azadi doonga.

4 Write the dates of these events. a Gandhi Jayanti: b Shaheed Diwas: c Netaji Jayanti:

Topic 4 • Heroes of Indian Freedom

9

Countries and Their Capitals

5

Capitals of countries are symbols of the historical, cultural and political importance of the nation. Let us learn about the capitals of some of India’s neighbours and other countries.

Country: Bhutan

Capital: Thimphu

Thimphu is the political and cultural centre of Bhutan. It has many important government offices.

It also has the Royal Palace, where the King of Bhutan resides.

Country: Nepal

Capital: Kathmandu

Kathmandu has a rich historical and cultural importance. It is home to a number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites such as the Durbar Square and the Pashupatinath Temple.

Country: Bangladesh

Capital: Dhaka

Bangladesh’s capital is the largest city in the country, both in terms of population and area.

Dhaka has many important landmarks, like the National Parliament House and the historic Lalbagh Fort.

Country: China

Capital: Beijing

With a vast area and a large population, Beijing serves as a hub for government institutions and international organisations. Its landmarks, such as the Forbidden City and the Great Wall, attract millions of tourists every year.

Country: Pakistan

Capital: Islamabad

The capital of Pakistan is located in the northern part of the country, making it easily accessible from all its major cities. It was purposefully planned and built as the capital in the 1960s, with the intention of creating a modern and well-designed city. The Pakistan Monument is a significant tourist attraction in the city.

Countries with Multiple Capitals

Countries without a Capital

Some nations have more than one capital. India’s neighbouring country Sri Lanka has 2 capitals—Colombo and Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte. Here are some more countries with two capitals:

Nauru is the only country in the world without an official capital. It has the second smallest population and is also the third smallest country in the world.

Country

Capitals

Malaysia

Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya

The Netherlands

Amsterdam and The Hague

Bolivia

La Paz and Sucre

Ivory Coast

Abidjan and Yamoussoukro

Burundi

Gitega and Bujumbura

South Africa is the only nation that has 3 capitals—Pretoria, Bloemfontein, Cape Town.

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International Affairs Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about some more countries and their capitals.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Name the capital cities of the following countries. a Nepal:

b Pakistan:

c Bhutan:

d Italy:

e Turkey:

f

g Bangladesh:

h Australia:

i

j

Spain:

China:

Kenya:

2 Name the countries whose capitals are given below. a Tokyo:

b Jakarta:

c

Kabul:

d Rome:

e

Paris:

f

g

Berlin:

h Lisbon:

London:

3 Write the 2 capitals of each of the following countries. a Sri Lanka: b Bolivia: c Chile:

and and and

d Netherlands: e Czech Republic:

and and

4 Name the country. a It is the only country in the world with 3 capitals. b It is the only nation without a capital.

Topic 5 • Countries and Their Capitals

11

Hockey in India

6

Hockey is a widely popular sport in India. It is played by two teams of 11 players each. The players use J-shaped sticks to hit the ball into the opposite team’s goal.

Indian Hockey Team

Malaysian Hockey Team

India Has 4 National Hockey Teams • Men’s team

• Junior men’s team

• Women’s team

• Junior women’s team

A Golden Era in Hockey From 1928 to 1956, the Indian hockey team won 6 consecutive gold medals at the Olympics.

Major Dhyan Chand Singh is known as the Father of Indian Hockey. He was a three-time Olympic gold medallist. On 29 August every year, his birthday is celebrated as the National Sports Day.

The Men’s National Hockey Team Nickname: Men in Blue Some International Achievements • It is the most successful team in the Olympics with 8 gold, 1 silver and 3 bronze medals. After 6 gold medals in the Golden Era, the team won again in 1964 and 1980.

• They won medals in many other events:

- World Cup: Gold in 1975 and silver in 1973

- Asian Games: Gold in 2014, 1998 and 1966 - Asia Cup: Gold in 2017, 2007 and 2003

- Asian Champions Trophy: Gold in 2023, 2018, 2016 and 2011; Silver in 2012

The Women’s National Hockey Team The Indian Hockey Team, 1948

Busting the Myth Due to hockey’s popularity, many people regard it as India’s national sport. However, it’s a myth.

In 2012, the Sports Ministry under Secretary Shiv Pratap Singh Tomar clarified that there is no record from the ministry that hockey, or any sport is our national game.

12

Nickname: Women in Blue OR Nabhvarna Some International Achievements • For the very first time, the women’s team represented India in the Olympics in 2020 and reached the semi-finals.

• The team won medals at many events: - Asian Games: Gold in 1982, silver in 2018 and 1998 - Asia Cup: Gold in 2017 and 2004, silver in 2009 and 1999

- Asian Champions Trophy: Gold in 2016, silver in 2018 and 2013

Sports, Entertainment and Culture Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the hockey field and the rules of this game.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the blanks with the correct answer. a The number of players in a hockey team: b The number of Indian hockey teams: c The shape of a hockey stick is like this letter: d The only side of the hockey stick that should touch the ball: e The only shoot in which the ball can go above the knee: f

The number of years in which the men’s national hockey team won consecutive Olympic gold medals:

g The number of times Major Dhyan Chand won Olympic gold medals: h The number of Olympic gold medals won by the men’s national hockey team:

2 In which year did the Indian national hockey teams achieve this? a India won its first Olympic gold. b The Men’s national hockey team won the Asian Games. c The Women’s national hockey team won the Asian Games. d The Women’s national hockey team won the Asian Championship Trophy. e The Women’s national hockey team won Silver in the Asian Championship Trophy. f

The last time the men’s national hockey team won the Asian Championship Trophy.

g The last time the women’s national hockey team won silver at the Asian Games. h The last time the men’s national hockey team won the Asia Cup. i

The last time the women’s national hockey team won the Asia Cup.

j

The last time the women’s national hockey team won silver at the Asia Cup.

3 Give 1 reason for the following statements. a 1928 to 1956 is considered the Goldern Era of hockey because:

b 29 August is declared as the National Sports Day in India because:

Topic 6 • Hockey in India

13

First-Aid Emergencies

7

First aid is the quick care given to an ill or injured person. First aid prevents an illness, injury or accident from becoming worse. Let us learn about the first aid for a few such illnesses or injuries.

Bleeding Bleeding means the injured person is losing blood from the body. Follow these steps to apply the first aid so that the bleeding stops: 1. Cover the cut area with a clean cloth or bandage. Apply slight pressure on it to stop the bleeding.

2. Clean the cut with fresh water.

3. Apply an antiseptic ointment on the cut.

5. Visit a doctor if the cut continues to bleed, is deep or shows any signs of infection.

4. After the bleeding stops, cover the cut with a bandage. Change the bandage every day to avoid infection.

Burns Follow these first-aid steps in case of a minor burn from fire, hot liquid or steam:

1. Run cool water over the burned area for several minutes.

2. Use an antiseptic ointment.

3. Cover the burn with a thin gauze bandage.

4. Use a cold compress pack 5. Do not pop a for relief. Do not use ice cubes blister if it appears directly on the burn. on the burn.

Bee Sting In case of bee stings, we should follow these first-aid steps: Cold Pack

1. Remove the stinger by scrapping the area with your fingernail or a blunt object. Do not squeeze the area.

2. Wash the area with running water and soap.

3. If there is a swelling, use a cold pack to reduce it.

4. Apply an anti-allergy ointment for bee stings.

You can also take medicines that can help reduce the swelling and the itching.

5. Seek medical help if you feel a swelling in your mouth and have trouble breathing after the sting.

Nosebleed Follow these simple first-aid Dos and Don’ts to stop nosebleeds: Do not lie down or raise your head.

14

Sit down comfortably. Then, pinch the soft part of the nose. Tilt your head slightly forward for about 10 minutes.

Visit a doctor if the bleeding does not stop even after than 30 minutes.

Life Skills Explore More Scan this QR code to know more about first aid in more medical cases.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Number the steps of first aid (1–5) for burns, in the correct order. a Cover the burn.

b Wash with cool water.

c Apply an ointment.

d Use a cold compress pack.

e Put a thin gauze bandage on the site.

2 Number the steps of first aid (1–4) for bleeding, in the correct order. a Cover the cut with a bandage. c Apply an ointment.

b Cover the cut with a clean cloth.

d Wash the cut under water.

3 Number the steps of first aid (1–4) for bee sting, in the correct order. a Wash the area with soap and water.

b Remove the stinger.

c Apply an ointment.

d Apply a cold pack.

4 Write if the first-aid step is a Do or Don’t in these medical emergencies. a Lie down in case of a nosebleed. b Cut the wound in case of a snakebite. c Change the bandage every day in case of bleeding or wound. d Ignore swelling in your mouth and throat in case of a bee sting. e Pinch the soft part of the nose in case of nosebleeds. f

Pop the blisters if they appear after the burn.

g Put ice cubes on the burnt area of the skin. h Raise the bleeding body part over the head if possible. i

Squeeze the area of a bee sting.

j

Remove any tight-fitting clothes and jewellery in case of a snakebite.

k Wrap the snake-bitten body part to the top of that area with a long bandage or piece of cloth.

Topic 7 • First-Aid Emergencies

15

8

Global Conflicts of 2023

Conflicts between countries can lead to unrest. It can cause wars. Here are some global conflicts of 2023.

Russia-Ukraine War Ukraine and Russia are neighbouring countries. Their clashes began in 2014.

The war between them began in February 2022, when the Russian army invaded Ukraine. As of 2023, the conflict is still going on. A lot of people have been killed in this war. More than 2 million people have left Ukraine to save themselves. The war has badly affected many other nations.

Syrian Civil War Syria is a country in the Middle East.

The conflict started in 2011 and is still continuing in 2023. It started because the government reacted harshly to people asking for more rights and better conditions. This led to a long civil war that involved many countries and regions.

The Syrian government got support from Russia and Iran, while the rebel groups got support from the United States, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey. Millions of people have been forced to leave their homes because of the war.

Civil War means the war between the citizens of the same country.

Yemen Civil War Yemen, a country in West Asia, has been at war since 2014. The Yemen war began when Houthi forces took over the capital city of Sanaa. It was followed by a rapid Houthi takeover of the government. By 2023, the Houthi forces controlled most of the north of the country, while the Yemeni government controlled most of the south. The war has displaced more than 4 million people. The United Nations has been trying to end the war, but so far the talks have been unsuccessful.

Pakistan Political Unrest The unrest started when Imran Khan was expelled as Prime Minister following a no-confidence motion in the National Assembly of Pakistan in April 2022 and was arrested on 9 May 2023, in Lahore. When Shehbaz Sharif became the Prime Minister, Khan’s supporters took to the streets in protest, alleging electoral fraud. This unrest continued throughout 2022 and into 2023 causing instability in the country with fewer jobs, high prices of oil, gas and other essential supplies.

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The Year Gone By Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about major conflicts in different countries. Also, learn more about the situation of the Russia-Ukraine war.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Complete the table.

Reason for the Conflict

Name of the Conflict

Year It Started

a The government reacted harshly to people asking for their rights. b Russia invaded a neighbouring country. c The prime minister was expelled and arrested leading to protest among the people.

d Armed forces took over the capital city of Sanaa.

2 Fill in the blanks. a The war that has displaced more than 4 million people, creating the largest refugee population in the world: b This organisation is trying to end the Yemen civil war: c The northern part of Yemen is controlled by them: d Two countries that supported the Syrian government: e Two countries that supported rebel groups in Syria:

, ,

3 Write any 1 impact of the conflicts like war on the following: a Citizens of the country:

b Other nations:

Topic 8 • Global Conflicts of 2023

17

9

Animals of the Tropical Rainforest

Tropical rainforests are dense forests that are warm and receive a high amount of rainfall. They are home to a large variety of animals.

Sloths are found mostly in the rainforests of Central and South America. They spend most of their time living in trees. They have 4-inch-long claws that enable them to hold onto branches and hang from the trees. They move very slowly but can swim three times faster! They take about a month to digest one meal.

Poison dart frogs are small frogs with brightlycoloured bodies. Their skin is poisonous!

The golden poison frog is the most poisonous of all. This frog has enough poison to kill about twenty adults. Most scientists believe the poison is due to their diet of poisonous insects.

Orangutans are red-haired apes that live in the tropical rainforests of Southeast Asia, specifically on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo. They can weigh up to 100 kg which makes them the heaviest treedwelling animals. They have extremely long arms with an armspan of about 2.2 metres from fingertip to fingertip.

Toucans are found in the rainforests of America.

They do not fly much but spend most of their time nesting high in the forests. They take shelter in hollowed-out trees, usually created by woodpeckers. Toucans have large bills that can be four times the size of their head!

Slow lorises are found in the rainforests of Southeast Asia. They walk slowly, making almost no noise.

They sleep during the day and walk at night. They have large eyes and excellent vision for their nightly walks.

They are venomous animals. They produce venom (a kind of poison) under their armpits, so their bite can kill.

Okapi are found only in the Rainforest of Ituri, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Africa. They have stripes like zebra on their legs, body like a horse but they actually belong to the Giraffe family.

The tongue of an okapi is long enough to clean its eyelids, ears and even neck.

The okapi sleeps multiple times but only about five minutes per day!

Boa constrictors are large rainforest snakes. The anaconda, a member of the boa family, can grow as long as 10 metres! Boas are nonvenomous but they kill by constriction (squeezing to death).

Boa constrictors give birth to babies, unlike other snakes that lay eggs! They do not have fangs but their jaws can spread really wide to swallow large animals like deer.

18

Earth and Environment Explore More Scan this QR code to explore more about the amazing animals of the tropical rainforests.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the box with the correct number. a Sloths have

inch-long claws.

b Anacondas can grow as big as

metres.

c Orangutans can have an armspan of up to d Okapi sleep for about e Sloths can swim f

metres.

minutes but many times in a day. times faster than moving on land.

The bills of toucans can be

times the size of their heads.

2 Where do I live? a Orangutans are found in the rainforests of

.

b Slow lorises are found mostly in the rainforests of

.

c Toucans are found mostly in the rainforests of

.

d Sloths are found mostly in the the rainforests of

.

e Okapi are only found in the rainforests of

.

3 Read the features. Then, write the names of the animals. a It is a slow-moving animal that spends most of its time clinging to the trees: b It is a small, venomous animal with large eyes: c It is the most poisonous poison dart frog: d These birds do not fly much but live high in the rainforests: e They are the largest non-venomous snakes: f

They are the largest tree-dwelling apes:

g They are the birds with large colourful bills: h The venom of this animal is present under its armpits:

4 Complete the sentences. a Other snakes lay eggs while boa constrictors b The big claws of sloths help them to c The long tongues of the okapi help them to

Topic 9 • Animals of the Tropical Rainforest

19

Smart Devices

10

Smart devices are devices that can connect to other devices and the internet using technologies like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.

Smartphones A smartphone combines a phone and a computer. We can carry it around and use its many features. It allows us to call, take pictures, send emails and messages, etc.

The first smartphone was invented and released in the market by International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) in 1994. It was called the IBM Simon. In 1997, Ericsson introduced the word smartphone with its Ericsson GS88 model, named Penelope, but it was never released.

By 2022, according to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), there were about 850 crore mobile phones in the world which was more than the people on Earth.

Smartwatches Smartwatches are small, wearablex computers. They have features like calling, sending emails, and can even track our footsteps and heartbeats!

The Seiko RC-1000 Wrist Computer from 1984 is an early example of a smartwatch. Its look was closer to a functional computer. Nowadays, smartwatches are so advanced that they can be controlled with your voice using applications like Siri, Google Assistant or Alexa.

In 2018, the company Apple launched The Apple Watch Series 4.

It was the first watch that could check our heartbeat when worn.

Smart TV These TVs can connect to the internet and show online content from platforms such as YouTube on their screens. Some smart TVs also have cameras that allow us to video chat.

In 1994, a French company named Fast France Advanced Systems first registered the term smart TV.

In 2008, the first smart TV, MediaSmart TV (SL3760), was created and released by the company HP.

Smart Refrigerator A smart refrigerator knows what is inside it and can also remind you when you are running out of food or when it is going bad. Some smart fridges can be controlled by smartphones too. Some also have cameras that show things kept in your fridge.

In June 2000, LG launched the first fridge that could connect to the internet.

Smart Speakers They are devices that can talk to you and perform tasks when you give them commands, such as playing music or answering your questions. Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant, and Apple Siri are examples of smart speakers.

In 1961, IBM launched the IBM Shoebox, the first-ever speech recognition device, that could recognise 16 words and digits.

20

The smart speaker revolution began in 2014 when Amazon introduced the Amazon Echo featuring its voice assistant, Alexa.

Science and Technology Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about more smart devices and how they work to make our homes smart.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the table.

Smart Device

The company that invented/launched it

The year of its invention/first launch

a Smart TV b Smartwatch c Smartphones d Smart speakers e Smart fridge

2 Read the following features and name the smart devices that they belong to. a We can track our heartbeats when we wear this smart device. b It combines a regular phone and a computer. c Amazon Alexa is an example of this smart device. d Its first registration was by the company Fast France Advanced Systems. e This smart device talks to us and can play music on our command. f

Amazon Echo, with its voice assistant Alexa, made this smart device popular in India.

g This smart device knows what’s kept inside it and informs when those things get spoilt. h When worn on the wrist, this smart device can count your footsteps. i

This smart device tells you when you need to water your plants.

j

This robot device can clean your room at your command.

Topic 10 • Smart Devices

21

11

Old Cities, New Names

In India, many old cities have been renamed, but the vibrant lives of these cities remain the same. Presenting some of these cities: City: Prayagraj Old name: Allahabad

Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh is a city of religious importance. The city is the meeting point of three rivers—Ganga, Yamuna and the mythological Saraswati. It is called Triveni Sangam.

The city’s name officially became Prayagraj on 16 October, 2018. The name is taken from Sanskrit.

City: Kolkata Old name: Calcutta

Kolkata is the capital city of West Bengal. It is known as the cultural capital of India because of its rich heritage of literature, art, music and theatre. It is famous for the Hooghly River, the Howrah Bridge

Cochin is a major port city of Kerala. It is known as the Queen of the Arabian Sea as well as the Spice Capital of the World.

The city’s name was renamed Kochi in 1996, to make the name closer to its original Malayalam name. Kochi means a small lagoon.

22

Gurugram in Haryana is India’s second-largest information technology hub and third-largest banking hub. It is often called the Millennium City of India.

The city’s name officially became Gurugram on 27 September, 2016 for its mythological relation to Guru Dronacharya.

City: Mumbai Old name: Bombay

and the Victoria Memorial.

The city’s name officially became Kolkata in January 2001, to match its Bengali pronunciation.

City: Kochi Old name: Cochin

City: Gurugram Old name: Gurgaon

Mumbai is the capital city of Maharashtra. It is also called the business and Bollywood capital of India. It is one of the busiest and most populated cities in the world. The city is known for its landmarks like the Gateway of India and the Marine Drive.

The city’s name officially became Mumbai in 1995, in honour of the goddess of the region, Mumbadevi.

City: Chennai Old name: Madras

Chennai is the capital city of Tamil Nadu. It is known as the Detroit of India, as it is the hub of the automobile industry.

Its Marina Beach is the longest urban beach in India, stretching over 11 km.

The city’s name officially became Chennai on 17 July, 1996. It was changed in honour of Chennappa Nayak —a ruler of the 15th century.

Incredible India Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about cities in India.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 What were the old names of the given cities? a Kolkata

b Chennai

c Bengaluru

d Gurugram

e Thiruvananthapuram

f

g Kochi

h Varanasi

Shimla

2 Which city is it? a The Garden City: b The Detroit of India: c The Millennium City of India: d The Bollywood capital of India: e The spice capital of India: f

The business capital of India:

g A major port city in Kerala: h The cultural capital of India: i

The Queen of the Arabian Sea:

j

The Silicon Valley of India:

k The city where the Triveni Sangam happens:

3 In which cities are these landmarks located? Write the new city names. a The Gateway of India

b The Marina Beach

d Howrah Bridge

d Victoria Memorial

Topic 11 • Old Cities, New Names

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7 New Wonders of the World

12

On 7-07-2007, the New 7 Wonders Foundation (now an official partner of the UN) declared the new 7 wonders of the world. These wonders are chosen by the votes of more than 10 crore people across the world.

The Taj Mahal

The Colosseum

Agra, India

Rome, Italy

It is made of white marble and is located on the banks of the river Yamuna. The main structure has four pillars (minars) around it. It was built by Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal. So, it is viewed as a symbol of love.

It is the largest amphitheatre ever built. It could host about 80,000 people at once. It was built by the Romans to be an entertainment venue and for hosting human fights and animal hunts.

The Great Wall of China

Christ the Redeemer

China

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

This about 21,196 km long wall is the largest human-made thing in the world. It spreads from the eastern seaside to the western desert in northern China. The first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang ordered its construction to protect his people from nomads. It was built over 2,000 years ago.

Machu Picchu

Chichen Itza

This 30 m tall statue of Jesus Christ with open arms stands on the top of Corcovado Mountain. It is viewed as a symbol of hope and peace for humanity after World War I.

Petra

Andes mountains, Peru

Yucatán State, Mexico

Petra, Jordan

It is a ruined, stone city of the Inca empire. It was hidden in the middle of a mountain forest.

Archaeologist Hiram Bingham found it in 1911. Thus, it is also called The Lost City of the Incas.

It is the site of a ruined ancient Maya city. It is most popular for its temple pyramid. The pyramid has 365 steps, for each day of a year.

There is a feathered snake statue on top of the pyramid.

It is a ruined city of an ancient Arab kingdom. It is half-built and half-carved into the rocks. It is also known as the Red-Rose City because of the colour of its rocks.

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International Affairs Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the selection campaign of the 7 wonders. Also, explore more about Chichen Itza.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 In which cities are these new wonders located? a Taj Mahal

b The Colosseum

c Christ the Redeemer

2 In which countries are these new wonders located? a Chichen Itza

b Machu Picchu

c Petra

3 Fill the blanks with the correct name of the wonder of the world. a

is a 30-metre-tall statue.

b

has four pillars around it.

c

has a famous temple pyramid.

d

is the largest amphitheatre ever built.

e

is the longest of all the 7 wonders

f

is made of white marble.

g

was a part of a Maya city.

h

was built over 2000 years ago.

i

was part of an Arab kingdom.

j

was built by an emperor in memory of his late wife.

k

is a ruined stone city in the middle of the forest.

l

is half-built and half-carved into the rock.

m

is located on the bank of a river.

n

was viewed as a symbol of peace and hope for humanity.

4 Name any 3 wonders that are built on mountains.

5 Who am I? a I am known as The Lost City, as I was found in the year 1911. b The rose colour of my rocks gave me the name The Red-Rose City. c I gave hope to people after a time of war and chaos.

Topic 12 • 7 New Wonders of the World

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13

Sports Stadiums

A stadium is a closed area that has rows of seats and is used for events like sports, concerts and exhibitions. Let us learn about some amazing sports stadiums around the world.

Narendra Modi Stadium in Gujarat, India, is the world’s largest stadium by area. It is built on 63 acres of land and has a capacity to host more than 1.3 lakh people.

Inaugurated in February 2020, it is the biggest cricket venue ever.

The Panathenaic Stadium is a historical stadium that hosted the first modern Olympic Games in 1896. It is located in Athens, Greece.

Bramall Lane Stadium in Sheffield, England, is the world’s oldest stadium that is still in use. It was opened in April 1855 and is now used for football matches.

Ohio Football Stadium in Columbus, USA is known as the Horseshoe Stadium because of its unique shape. It is the fifth largest stadium in the world by capacity.

26

Rungrado 1st of May Stadium in Pyongyang, North Korea, is the biggest stadium in the world by capacity. It can host more than 1.5 lakh people. It is mainly used for football but is also designed to host many other sports, such as athletics. It is shaped like a parachute.

The Float at Marina Bay in Singapore is the world’s first and largest floating stadium. It has mainly hosted football matches.

Docklands Stadium in Melbourne, Australia is the only stadium in the world with a removable roof. It is also known as the Marvel Stadium.

Sports, Entertainment and Culture Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about other amazing stadiums around the world.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write the country in which these stadiums are located. a The Panathenaic Stadium:

b Marvel Stadium:

c

d Wankhede Stadium:

Ohio Football Stadium:

e Narendra Modi Stadium:

f

g Docklands Stadium:

h Bramall Lane Stadium:

i

Rungrado 1st of May Stadium:

k Perth Stadium:

The Float at Marina Bay:

j

Millennium Stadium:

l

Eden Gardens Stadium:

2 Read the feature and name the stadium. a The stadium that hosted the first modern Olympic Games: b The oldest stadium in England that is still in use: c The only stadium in the world with a removable roof: d The largest cricket stadium in the world: e The stadium that is shaped like a horseshoe: f

The stadium that is shaped like a parachute:

g The world’s largest stadium by capacity: h The world’s biggest stadium by area: i

The world’s first and the largest floating stadium:

j

The stadium that is also called the Marvel Stadium:

k The stadium that was named by its opening date in the month of May:

3 Fill in the blanks. a The seating capacity of the world’s largest cricket avenue is more than

.

b The world’s largest stadium by capacity can host more than c The world’s largest stadium by area is over d The Bramall Lane Stadium was opened in April of the year e The Narendra Modi Stadium was opened in February of the year

Topic 13 • Sports Stadiums

people. of land. . .

27

14

Kitchen Gardening

Kitchen gardening is the practice of growing your own food—fruit and vegetables in a small space—mostly for a family’s needs. You can grow a kitchen garden in any available space at your house like on the balcony, in backyard or on the roof.

Importance of a Kitchen Garden • The food grown in a kitchen garden is fresher than the food we buy from the market.

• It provides us with naturally grown healthy food, free from any chemicals.

• It helps us to save money and use the free space in our house in a fruitful manner.

In a kitchen garden, we can grow a number of fruits and vegetables, such as tomatoes, chilies, spinach, spring onions and strawberries. We can also plant many herbs like mint, coriander and several others.

Grow Your Own Kitchen Garden Do you want to grow a kitchen garden? If you do, you will need to know some things that will help you grow it. Follow these simple steps to start your own kitchen garden:

1.

Choose a spot: A spot in your backyard or on your balcony where there is direct sunlight for about 4–5 hours every day is ideal for growing plants.

2.

Make a design of your garden: Decide on the size of your kitchen garden and the type of plants you want to grow in it. Ask for help to find out which plants are most suitable for the season.

3.

Prepare the soil: Prepare the pots or patches in the backyard by adding nutrient-rich soil and manure to it. Then, wet the soil for the next step.

4.

Seed or Seedlings: You can sow seeds that you may have at home or buy seedlings from a nursery. Plant them in pots or in a garden patch.

5.

Water your plants: Each plant needs a different amount of water. Water your plants accordingly and regularly. Avoid overwatering as it may rot the roots of th e plants.

6.

Maintain plant health: Mulch around the plant regularly. Check for weeds and remove them. Also, see if your plants are growing healthily and not showing any signs of infection.

7.

Wait and harvest: Enjoy your home-grown food once your plants start to grow fruit, leaves or vegetables.

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Life Skills Explore More Scan this QR code to explore the journey of growing your own vegetable garden. Also, learn about some easy ways to grow vegetables.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Name any 6 vegetables and fruits that we can grow in a kitchen garden.

2 Name any 4 herbs that we can grow in a kitchen garden.

3 Rima is growing a kitchen garden. Help her number the steps of kitchen gardening (1-6), in the correct order.

Sow the seeds or seedlings.

Prepare the soil by adding manure.

Find a place with direct sunlight.

Water your plants and mulch around them regularly.

Harvest the plant product from the mature plant.

Choose a spot in the house and lay out the garden.

4 Write any 3 benefits of practising kitchen gardening.

Topic 14 • Kitchen Gardening

29

G20 Summit, 2023

15

The Group of Twenty, or G20, is made up of 19 countries and the European Union, making a total of 20 members.

Argentina

Australia

Brazil

Canada

China

France

Germany

India

Indonesia

Italy

Japan

Mexico

United Kingdom South Korea

Russia

Saudi Arabia

South Africa

Turkey

United States

EU

The G20 Summit is an event in which different countries meet to talk about how to make the world’s economy better.

Every year, a different member becomes the president of the summit and plans meetings on different issues.

G20 Summit, India In 2023, India become the president of the 18th G20 Summit. It was held in the capital city of New Delhi from 9 to 10 September at the Bharat Mandapam International Exhibition-Convention Centre.

The theme of India’s G20 Presidency was Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam or “• One Earth • One Family • One Future”.

India proposed mainly six priorities for the summit: Helping the environment, raising money for climate change and making good choices for the planet

Making the economy grow quickly and promoting big and small businesses

Achieving important global goals faster

Using new technologies and internet systems for the good of the people

Making international groups better for today’s world

Empowering women to lead development

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The Year Gone By Explore More Scan this QR code to find out about the presidents and the prime ministers of guest countries who visited India for the G20 Sum­mit.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Put a tick () on the countries that are G20 members.

China

European Union

Norway

Brazil

Mexico

Russia

India

Pakistan

Italy

Japan

United Kingdom

Nigeria

Peru

Indonesia

Sri Lanka

Canada

New Zealand

Saudi Arabia

Nigeria

Ukraine

2 Fill in the blanks. a The full form of G20: b The country where the 18th G20 Summit took place: c The theme of the G20 Summit, 2023: d The dates on which the G20 Submit, 2023 took place e The city in which the G20 Summit, 2023 took place: f

The convention centre in which the G20 Summit, 2023 was held:

g The number of priorities listed for the G20 Summit, 2023:

3 Name the prime ministers/presidents of these countries that participated in the G20 Summit, 2023. a

United Kingdom:

c United States of America:

b Italy:

d Bangladesh:

4 Write any 3 priorities that India listed for the G20 Summit, 2023.

Topic 15 • G20 Summit, 2023

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16

Underwater Wonders

The ocean is the home of many plants and animals, but there is more! The world under the ocean is also full of wonderful sites.

The Great Barrier Reef

The Mariana Trench

Location: Northeast coast of Australia Ocean: Pacific Ocean This site has the world’s largest coral reef with around 400 types of coral and 1,500 species of fish. It covers an area of about 3,48,000 square kilometres and it is even visible from space.

It was declared a World Heritage Area by UNESCO in 1981. Turtles, whales, sharks, clownfish and giant clams are some of the sea animals that are found in the Great Barrier Reef.

Location: Close to Mariana Island Ocean: Pacific Ocean The Mariana Trench is the deepest point on Earth. It is around 11 km deep. It is about 2,500 km long and 70 km wide. It is very dark and cold in the trench. The pressure is extremely high. However, we can still find some deep-sea marine animals, like snailfish, in the trench.

Tamu Massif Mid-Atlantic Ridge Location: South of the North Pole to Bouvet Island Ocean: Atlantic Ocean The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an underwater mountain range discovered in the 1950s. It is the longest mountain range on Earth that covers around 16,000 km of the ocean floor. The mountains are around 3 km above the sea floor. There are many active volcanoes beneath the ridge. A short stretch of the ridge above the surface also makes up islands like Iceland and the Azores.

Location: Close to the coast of Japan Ocean: Pacific Ocean It is the largest underwater volcano so far. It covers an area of 5,5300 square kilometres and is around 2 km below the ocean. It is believed that Tamu Massif was formed around 145 million years ago. It is not an active volcano.

Sistema Ox Bel Ha Location: Near the coast of Quintana Roo, Mexico Ocean: Near the Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean It is the second-longest underground cave system in the world with a measured length of 435.8 km up to 2023. It was discovered in 1996. It has around 150 entrances. In the cave, a freshwater layer flows on top of a saltwater layer that comes from the nearby Caribbean Sea.

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Earth and Environment Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the Great Barrier Reef. Also, explore the human journey to the Mariana Trench.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 In which ocean are these located? a Tamu Massif

b Mid-Atlantic Ridge

2 Which country or island is closest to these underwater wonders? a Great Barrier Reef

b Mariana Trench

c Tamu Massif

d Sistema Ox Bel Ha

3 Which underwater wonder is it? a It is declared a World Heritage Area by UNESCO. b It is the world’s largest underwater volcano. c It is the deepest point on Earth. d It is a mountain range in the Atlantic Ocean. e It is the world’s second-longest underwater cave. f

It is the world’s largest coral reef.

g It was discovered in 1996. h Its stretch above the surface creates the island of Iceland. i

Some deep-sea marine animals like snailfish are found in it.

4 Write the correct measure of the following with units. a Area of the Great Barrier Reef: b Area of Tamu Massif: c Length of Sistema Ox Bel Ha: d Length of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: e Depth of the Mariana Trench:

Topic 16 • Underwater Wonders

33

Space Gadgets and Tools

17

Astronauts use a variety of gadgets and tools in space. These tools provide life-support, help to repair and maintain a spacecraft, and help to do advanced research on space. Let us learn about some of these tools.

Space Suits Space suits are individually tailored for each astronaut. A space suit has many parts and features to support the life of an astronaut in space. Here are some of them: • It provides the astronauts with a supply of oxygen to breathe.

• It has many layers to protect the astronauts from heat, cold and the harmful rays in space. Even the gloves have heaters for the fingers.

• The helmet in a space suit can stop even the tiniest pieces of materials from hurting an astronaut. The helmet has a gold coating that protects an astronaut’s eyes from the harmful rays of the sun.

• Suits have a communication cap under the helmet that has earphones and microphones. It connects to the radio and enables the astronauts to talk to other crew members.

Helmet

Communication cap Oxygen supply

Gloves

Space Telescopes

The Hubble Space Telescope

A space telescope or space observatory is a telescope in outer space used to take pictures of the objects in space.

JWST is the largest and most powerful space telescope ever built. It was launched by The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), on 25 December, 2021.

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)

The Hubble space telescope is a large observatory launched in 1990 by NASA. Since then, it has taken more than 1.5 million pictures of some of the most distant stars and galaxies, as well as the planets in our solar system.

Lander and Rover A lander is designed to land softly on the surface of a planet or moon. It is like a shell that protects the rover.

A rover is a vehicle that moves around on a planet or moon to explore, take pictures and collect information.

Chandrayaan-3

Mars Rover Curiosity

• India’s third moon mission, Chandrayaan-3, was launched on 14 July, 2023, with a lander named Vikram and a rover named Pragyan. It landed near the South Pole of the moon on 23 August, 2023.

• NASA’s Mars exploration rover Curiosity was launched on 26 November, 2011. It landed on Mars on 6 August, 2012.

34

Science and Technology Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about more space tools. Also, search what the Hubble Space telescope captured on different dates.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Which space gadget/tool am I? a I am individually tailored for each astronaut. b I am the rover of Chandrayaan-3. c I have taken over 1.5 million pictures of distant stars and galaxies since I was launched. d I drop off scientific tools on the surface of a planet and a moon. e I am the lander of Chandrayaan-3. f

I protect the astronauts from the heat, cold and harmful rays in space.

g I am the most powerful and advanced space telescope ever built. h I move on the surface of a planet or a moon to collect information.

2 Write the correct date. a The launch date of Curiosity rover: b The launch date of Chandrayaan-3: c The launch year of the Hubble space telescope: d The launch year of the James Webb Space Telescope: e When the Curiosity rover landed on Mars: f

When Chandrayaan-3 landed on the moon:

3 Which part of a space suit is it? a It has microphones and earphones. b It has heaters to warm the hands of astronauts. c It protects the astronauts from the tiniest pieces of materials in space. d It provides astronauts with air to breathe in space. e It is attached to the radio which the astronauts use to talk to each other. f

It has a gold coating to protect the astronaut’s eyes from the harmful rays of the sun.

Topic 17 • Space Gadgets and Tools

35

18

Occupations in India

India has diverse occupations, ranging from traditional agricultural practices to modern, high-tech industries.

Agriculture

Dairy Farming

Agriculture is the largest occupation in India. More than half of India’s population is working in the agriculture sector.

India is the world’s largest producer of milk, which is why dairy farming is an important occupation in the country.

IT and Software Sector

Manufacturing Industry

The Information Technology (IT) and software sector is one of the fastest-growing services in India.

It plays a huge role in creating jobs for engineers, software developers and data scientists. Cities like Bangalore, Hyderabad and Chennai are major IT hubs

Many people in India work in the manufacturing industries to produce goods. This includes iron and steel, food, textile, automobile, cement, chemicals, electronics and medicine manufacturing.

Service Sector

Hindi Film Industry

People involved in the service sector do jobs that help other people. Occupations like doctors, nurses, teachers, bankers, plumbers, electricians, drivers and bus conductors come under service sector.

The Hindi film industry is commonly known as Bollywood. It employs several actors, directors, producers, makeup artists, costume designers and technicians in making films.

Traditional Occupations

Weaving, pottery, carpentry, metal carving, stone carving, wood carving, puppetry and bamboo crafts are the traditional job sectors in many parts of India.

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Incredible India Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about major occupations in India . Also, learn about the traditional occupations of India in detail.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the correct answer. a The largest occupation in India: b Another name for the Hindi film industry: c A bank cashier is part of this sector: d India is the largest producer of this dairy product in the world: e This industry creates jobs for engineers and data scientists:

2 Name 3 cities that are hubs of the IT and software sector in India.

3 Name 4 traditional occupations in India.

4 Name 4 jobs in the service sector.

5 Name 4 occupations related to the film industry.

6 Name 4 types of goods that manufacturing industries produce.

Topic 18 • Occupations in India

37

International Flags

19

Each country of the world has a flag. The flag’s colour, shape and symbols usually represent the history, land, culture, uniqueness and goals of the country it belongs to.

India

India

The Indian flag is a tricolour flag, also called the Tiranga, with three horizontal bands of saffron, white and green respectively. Each colour represents something about India— saffron shows the strength and courage of Indians, white symbolizes peace, and green shows the fertility, beauty and richness of its land. At the centre of the white stripe, there is a navy-blue Ashoka Chakra with 24 spokes to inspire people to work hard 24 hours.

Denmark Denmark

This is the oldest flag in the world! It’s believed that the design itself was created in 1219.

The red background of the flag represents the battles that the Danish people fought and the white stripes represent their religious faith.

Nepal

Nepal

This is the only flag in the world that is not rectangular or square! Instead, it has two triangles. They represent the Himalayan Mountains and the two major religions of the country—Hinduism and Buddhism. The symbols of the sun and moon signify the hope that Nepal will stand as long as the sun and the moon are shining.

Flags of some countries that look alike in their designs.

USA

Malaysia

New Zealand

There are only two countries in the world that have square flags.

Switzerland

Vatican

Flags of some countries may look alike but usually have different significance.

Japan is known as the ‘Land of the Rising Sun’.

It is represented by the red circle in the middle of its flag. This flag is commonly called the Hinomaru meaning ‘Ball of the Sun’.

38

Australia

Iceland

Norway

Flags of some countries are almost identical except for the differences in their sizes and colours.

Chad

Romania

Monaco

Poland

Just like Japan, the Bangladeshi flag also has a bright red circle in the middle. It has two meanings: 1. The sun rising over the country; 2. The blood of the people who fought for the country’s independence. The dark-green background of the flag represents the beauty of the land of Bangladesh.

International Affairs Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the flags of other countries.

Pakistan

Bhutan

China

Sri Lanka

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Look at the flag and name the countries they belong to.

a

c

d

g

h

b

e

f

2 Name the countries that have flags with similarities. a Both the flags have a square shape:

and

b Both the flags have red and white horizontal bands in reverse:

and

c Both the flags have a red circle in the middle, representing the Sun:

and

3 Read the features of the flag and name the country it belongs to. a This flag has a white cross in the middle of a red square background. b This flag has a red maple leaf in the middle of a white vertical stripe. c This flag has 2 triangles stacked on top of each other. d This flag has a red circle on a dark-green background. e This tricolour flag is also known as the Tiranga. f This country’s flag is popularly known as the Hinomaru. g This flag shows a golden lion holding a sword. h This flag is the oldest flag in the world. i This flag has a 24-spoke wheel in the middle. j This flag has 5 stars on the top-left corner of the red background. k This flag has a red circle, representing the sun, on a white background. l

This flag shows a white crescent moon and a star on a dark-green background.

m This flag has 13 horizontal red and white stripes and 50 stars on a blue background.

Topic 19 • International Flags

39

Renowned Filmmakers

20

Films and cinema help us see and understand different people, places and stories. Many filmmakers from different parts of the world have inspired us with their films. Let us learn about some of them!

Asia Satyajit Ray was an Indian filmmaker known for depicting intense emotions and social issues in his films. He received an Honorary Oscar in 1992 for Lifetime Achievements.

Major Films: Pather Panchali, Aparajito and Charulata Akira Kurosawa was a Japanese filmmaker known for using samurai themes and storytelling in his films.

He received an Honorary Oscar in 1990 for Lifetime Achievements.

Major Films: Seven Samurai, Rashomon and Yojimbo

North America Quentin Tarantino is an American filmmaker and a two-time Oscar winner. He is known for having sharp dialogues and complex stories in his films.

Major Films: Pulp Fiction and Django Unchained Denis Villeneuve is a Canadian filmmaker known for having grand visual effects and impactful stories in his films.

His film Dune bagged 6 Oscars in 2021.

Major Films: Blade Runner 2049, Arrival, Sicario and Prisoners

Africa Souleymane Cissé is a filmmaker from Malia, known for films that explore the culture and traditions of Africa. He is regarded as one of Africa’s greatest living filmmakers.

Major Films: Yeelen, Waati Finye and Baara Haile Gerima is an Ethiopian filmmaker known for showing social issues in his films. He has also been an influential film professor at Howard University since 1975.

Major Films: Sankofa, Bush Mama, Ashes and Embers, and Teza

40

Europe Pedro Almodóvar is a Spanish filmmaker known for complex stories and characters. His film Talk to Her earned him an Oscar in 2002.

Major Films: All About My Mother and Volver Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne are brothers from Belgium known for depicting strong emotions in their films. Some of their films also reflect political views.

Major Films: The Child and Two Days, One Night

South America Alejandro González Iñárritu is a Mexican filmmaker known for dramatic films on modern human conditions. So far, he has won four Oscars in different categories.

Major Films: Birdman, The Revenant and Babel Fernando Meirelles is a Brazilian filmmaker known for his captivating films. His films have won awards and touched people’s hearts worldwide. Meirelles’ films often explore important social issues, making him a respected figure in the world of cinema.

Major Films: City of God, The Constant Gardener and Blindness

Oceania Jane Campion is a filmmaker from New Zealand, known for having great visual effects and strong emotions in her films.

She is the first woman to have won the Oscar for both directing and screenwriting in 2022.

Major Films: The Piano, Bright Star and The Portrait of a Lady Warwick Thornton is an Australian filmmaker known for showing the indigenous Australian culture in his films.

Major Films: Samson and Delilah, Sweet Country and Green Bush

Sports, Entertainment and Culture Explore More Scan this QR code to find out more about some of the renowned filmmakers of all time and their work.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Which filmmaker am I? a I am Ethiopian and I am known for films that depict social issues. b I am Australian and I am known for films that depict indigenous culture. c I am Mexican and I am known for films that depict strong emotions. d I am Spanish and I am known for complex stories and interesting characters. e I am the only Indian director to have won the Oscar for Lifetime Achievements in 1992.

2 Name any 2 films made by each of the following filmmakers.

Filmmaker

Films

a Quentin Tarantino b Souleymane Cissé c Jane Campion d Akira Kurosawa

3 Sort the given filmmakers based on the continent they come from.

Pedro Almodóvar

Warwick Thornton

Haile Gerima

Fernando Meirelles

Satyajit Ray

Denis Villeneuve

Asia

North America

Europe

South America

Africa

Oceania

Topic 20 • Renowned Filmmakers

41

Yoga and Meditation

21

Yoga and meditation are ancient practices of making our body and mind healthy.

Yoga is a practice that originated in ancient India, and is about 5,000 years old. Yoga was first mentioned in the Hindu text Rigveda and then in different Upanishads. The most detailed text of yoga was the Yoga Sutra of Patanjali.

Some Yoga Asanas

The word Yoga comes from the Sanskrit word yog meaning union. So, yoga is about the union of body and mind.

How do we practise yoga?

Yoga has different asanas (postures).

These asanas are done in a flow by focusing on the correct posture and breathing techniques.

Adho mukha asana

Ustrasana

Dhanurasana

Natarajasana Vrikshasana

21 June is celebrated as International Yoga Day.

Surya Namaskar with 12 different postures.

Meditation is practised by people from different faiths like Buddhism, Jainism and Christianity. Gautam Buddha, founder of Buddhism, practiced meditation.

The earliest record of meditation is found in the Hindu text of the Upanishads.

How do we practise meditation?

While meditating, we sit, close our eyes, and relax. We take slow, deep breaths and monitor our thoughts. It is the quiet time for the mind.

Some Benefits of Yoga

Some Benefits of Meditation

• Builds muscular strength

• Helps us relax and stay calm

• Creates a flexible body

• Enhances our thoughts

• Increases our balance

• Gives us peace

• Regulates our breathing

• Regulates our breathing

• Strengthens our organ systems

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Life Skills Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about yoga and its popularity in India. Also, explore the yoga poses that you can do easily and practise every day.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Read the following sentences and write if they are for Yoga or Meditation. a It has different asanas. b In this, you monitor your thoughts. c It is the quiet time for the mind. d It is the union of the body and the mind.

2 Fill in the blanks. a The first text in which yoga was mentioned: b The text in which the earliest record of meditation was found: c The number of postures in Surya Namaskar: d The Yoga asana that is like a tree pose: e The date on which International Yoga Day is celebrated: f

The Sanskrit word from which Yoga orginates:

3 Write the names of any 6 yoga asanas.

4 Write 2 benefits of each. a Yoga:

b Meditation:

Topic 21 • Yoga and Meditation

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22

Space Missions of 2023

The year 2023 saw some groundbreaking space missions. Let us learn about some of them.

On 14 April, the Jupiter Icy Explorer (JUICE) spacecraft was launched by the European Space Agency (ESA). Its mission is to study Jupiter’s environment and its three major moons. It will take around eight years to reach Jupiter’s orbit.

On 21 May, Axiom Mission 2 (Ax-2) was launched by the company SpaceX. It was a private crew mission to the International Space Station (ISS). The team successfully returned to Earth on 31 May, 2023.

On 1 July, the Euclid Satellite was launched by the ESA. This spacecraft aims to travel about 1.5 million km in space from where it can study more about the universe.

On 10 August, a spaceship named Luna 25 was sent to the Moon by Russia.

Sadly, Luna 25 had some technical issues and crashed onto the Moon’s surface on 19 August.

On 2 April, Space Pioneer’s Tianlong-2 rocket of China took its first flight and successfully reached the Earth’s orbit. Space Pioneer became the first private company to do this on its first attempt using a fully liquid-fuelled rocket.

On 30 May, North Korea tried to send a satellite called Malligyong-1 into space using a rocket called Chollima-1.

Unfortunately, the rocket crashed into the Yellow Sea. On 14 July, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) launched Chandrayaan-3, its third moon mission. The mission safely touched down on the Moon’s South Pole on 23 August, 2023.

On 2 September, Aditya-L1 satellite was launched by ISRO to study the sun. It will take the satellite about four months to reach its destination since the launch.

On 7 September, X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM) was launched

by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). XRISM is an X-ray space telescope. Its aim is to study stars and galaxies to resolve the mystery around how universe was formed. This mission is in partnership with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

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The Year Gone By Explore More Scan this QR code to explore more about the Euclid satellite mission.

Also, find out more about the journey of Chandrayaan-3.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write the dates on which these missions were launched in 2023. a Axiom Mission 2

b Chandrayan-3

c Aditya L1

d XRISM

e Tianlong-2

f

g Euclid

h Luna 25

i

JUICE

Malligyong-1

2 Write the full names of the space agencies that launched these missions. a XRISM b Euclid satellite c Aditya L1 d Axiom Mission 2 e Chandrayan-3 f

JUICE

3 Read the following features and name the space mission that they belong to. a This mission aims to study the universe from a distance of about 1.5 million km from the Earth.

b This mission aims to study the Sun and its formation.

c This mission will study Jupiter’s environment.

d The private crew of this mission reached the International Space Station.

e This mission launched an X-ray telescope into space.

f

This mission was the first attempt that used a fully liquid-fuelled rocket.

Topic 22 • Space Missions of 2023

45

5 R’s of Waste Management

23

According to the World Bank’s What a Waste 2.0 report, in 2018, the world produces about 200 crore tons of solid waste every year! Most of the waste ends up in landfills and oceans and pollutes the environment.

We can help to reduce the amount of waste we generate by following these 5 R’s of waste management.

Refuse is simply saying ‘NO’ to the things we do not need.

We should refuse to buy or accept products such as single-use plastic items or bags that harm people, animals and our environment.

Reduce the use of things that add to the waste. This is about being mindful of what and how much we need and using less.

For example, carry you own bag and a water bottle when you go out rather than buying a new one.

Reuse things instead of throwing them away. It includes repairing things instead of replacing them.

It also includes replacing things with what can be reused.

For example, replacing plastic straws with reusable metal straws and replacing paper tissues with towels.

Recycling is a process to change waste into usable products. If it is not possible to refuse, reduce or reuse, only then send the item for recycling.

Items such as plastic bottles, metal cans and paper can be recycled.

Repurpose waste items that were meant for one purpose but can be used in other ways too.

For example, using a waste plastic bottle to grow plants and using a waste cardboard box to store toys.

This is also known as upcycling. It requires creative thinking.

No Plastic

Learn about this R too!

Rot Plant and animal waste decays or rots easily.

These can be added to rot in the soil to make compost.

46

Recycling Saves Trees Most of the paper we use comes from trees. Producing recycled paper takes less energy and water than producing new paper. So, each time we send paper for recycling, we help to save trees.

Earth and Environment Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about recycling and the ways to apply different R’s of waste management in your lives.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write the 5 R’s of waste management.

2 Which R of waste management am I? a I tell you to avoid buying things you don’t need. b I tell you to use fewer things that add to waste. c I tell you to find a different use for a waste item. d I tell you to use things instead of throwing them away. e I am a process that can change waste into new materials.

3 Fill in the correct R of managing waste. a We must

(refuse/recycle) the use of plastic bags.

b We must

(repurpose/refuse) to buy things we don’t need.

c We can

(recycle/reuse) an empty jam jar to store salt.

d We can

(reuse/rot) vegetable peels to make compost.

e We can

(recycle/repair) a slightly broken table instead of replacing it.

f

We can

g We can

(refuse/repurpose) a cup with a broken handle as a pen holder. (rot/recycle) crushed and broken plastic bottles to make new things.

h A metal water bottle is better than plastic as it can be i

We must always try to first

j

We must replace paper tissue with cloth towels as they can be

Topic 23 • 5 R’s of Waste Management

(repurposed/reused).

(recycle/repair) the broken screen of a smartphone. (reused/repaired).

47

Advanced Robots

24

In recent times, robotics technology has been advancing day by day. New-age robots can perform many complex tasks.

Humanoid Robot A humanoid robot is a robot that is shaped like human body and may act like a human.

Advanced Robot As of 2023, Ameca is the world’s most advanced robot.

It can show a number of facial expressions including winking, biting its lips and scrunching its nose—just like a real human being. It can also speak many languages including English, Chinese, German and French.

Robotic Pets

Sparko, the first robot dog, was designed by Westinghouse engineer Joseph Barnett in 1940. Since then, many robotic pets have been created. Robotic cat and dog robots are specially designed to give company to sick and elderly people. They can do nearly all the actions that real pets can do.

A Female Robot Sophia—the first female humanoid robot was launched on 14 February, 2016. She was created by the company Hanson Robotics, Hong Kong. Sophia recognises faces and can copy human emotions. She can even talk like us! She is also the world’s first robot citizen. In 2017, she was granted citizenship by Saudi Arabia.

Robotic Cleaner In 1996, the first robot vacuum cleaner called ‘Electrolux trilobite’ was announced. Since then, many companies have worked to advance cleaning robots that can roam around and clean perfectly. In September 2002, the company iRobot launched Roomba—a brand of robotic vacuum cleaners that can roam around the house on their own whenever a room is dirty and clean it up. Roomba can identify obstacles while moving, without hitting anything.

India’s First Robot Doctor Robot In 2000, the Da Vinci Surgical System became the first robotic doctor for general surgery in the United States. It has four robotic arms, a camera arm and a surgeon’s console, where the surgeon sits and controls the handles. It helps doctors operate on patients through small cuts.

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AcYut was the first humanoid robot created in India. It was built in 2008. It can do many basic tasks such as walking, talking, dancing and it can even play football.

Science and Technology Explore More Scan this QR code to explore some more amazing advanced robots.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Read the feature and fill in the table.

I am…

Name the robot

When was it launched?

a the first female robot. b the first robot dog. c the first robot doctor. d the first robot cleaner. e the first Indian robot. f

the world’s first robot citizen.

2 Read the following features and name the robot that they belong to. a It can show many facial expressions and can speak many languages. b It can clean the house on your command. c It can play with you like your pet dog. d It helps doctors perform surgery. e It can walk, talk and even play football. f

It can solve a Rubik’s cube super fast.

g It is a flying insect robot. h It can lift things heavier than itself, like ants. i

It has glowing blue eyes and can swim underwater.

j

It is an advanced dog robot that can be controlled remotely.

k It can run and jump with the speed of a real cheetah. l

It is a pet dinosaur robot that can play with you.

3 Write any 1 feature of these robots. a Ameca:

b Sophia:

Topic 24 • Advanced Robots

49

25

Historical Monuments of India

India has many monuments of historical importance that inlcude palaces, forts and temples.

Qutub Minar

Delhi

As of today, this tower is 72.5 m tall. This makes it one of the tallest historical towers in Asia.

It was first built around the 13th century. The site of the Minar is also home to several other monuments such as the Tomb of Iltutmish, the Iron Pillar of Delhi and the Alai Minar.

Agra Fort

Agra, Uttar Pradesh

It is a large fortress of red sandstone. It was started by Akbar in 1565 and took eight years to build. The complex of the fortress includes Jahangir’s Palace, the Pearl Mosque and the Diwan-i-Khas (The Hall of Private Audience). It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983.

Gateway of India Mumbai, Maharashtra

tourists.

Charminar

Located at the waterfront of the Arabian Sea, this archshaped structure was built by the British in 1924. It was viewed as the symbol of entry and exit to India. Now, it is a favourite picnic spot for locals and

Jaipur, Rajasthan

This five-storey palace is shaped like a pyramid. It was built using red and pink sandstone by Maharaja Sawai Pratap Singh. It was completed in 1799. It served as a chamber for the women of the royal Rajput families. They could view the vibrant and colourful bazaar of Jaipur through it.

Sanchi Stupa

Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh

It is considered one of the best-preserved ancient stupas in India. It is said that things related to Lord Buddha are kept in this dome-shaped structure.

It is said that it was originally built in the 3rd century BCE by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. It is surrounded by four carved gateways showing the life of Lord Buddha. It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1989.

Konark Temple

Konark, Odisha

Located near the shore of the Bay of Bengal, this temple represents the sun god Surya’s chariot, led by a group of six horses. Its structure includes 12 wheels at the base, which are actually sundials that accurately measure time using sunlight. It was built in the 13th century, under the reign of the king Narasimha Deva.

Hyderabad, Telangana

As the name suggests, this monument has char (four) minars (towers), one on each of the four corners of the structure. Located in the heart of the city, this monument was built in 1591. This was one of the first monuments built when Hyderabad was newly created as a city. Over the years, it has become a symbol of the city.

50

Hawa Mahal

Mysore Palace

Mysuru, Karnataka This place is in a fort complex.

The palace was originally built around 1574. It is now a museum and a major tourist attraction. It includes 12 temples which make up the complex.

Incredible India Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about some more historical monuments of India. Also, explore the Sanchi Stupa in detail.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Name the state of India where the monuments are located. a Khajuraho Temples

b

Qutub Minar

c Taj Mahal

d

Hawa Mahal

e Mysore Palace

f

Sanchi Stupa

g Red Fort

h Victoria Memorial

i

Hampi

j

Amer fort

2 Read the feature and name the monument. a It has four carved gateways, depicting the life of Buddha. b This 72.5 m high tower is located in the capital of India. c This arch-shaped gate is at the waterfront of the Arabian Sea. d This pyramid-shaped palace is built with red and pink sandstone. e This arch-shaped monument is located on the Rajpath Road in Delhi. f

This temple represents the chariots of the sun god.

g This fort was built by Maharaja Man Singh. h This monument has 29 Buddhist caves. i

This is also known as the King Town of Monuments.

j

This palace is built within a fort complex that includes 12 temples.

k This was the first building at the time of the city’s foundation in 1591. l

This palace was built for the women of the royal Rajput families through which they could view the market.

Topic 25 • Historical Monuments of India

51

26

First Female Leaders

Many female leaders have played a key role in changing and inspiring the world as we know it today. Here are some of the first female leaders from around the world.

Pratibha Patil (First Female President, India) She was a lawyer and a politician, who became the first female president of India from 2007 to 2012. She has many achievements to her name. She served as the Governor of the state of Rajasthan in 2004.

Kamala Harris (First Female Vice President, USA) In January 2021, Kamala Harris became the first woman to hold the office of Vice President in the history of the United States of America (USA). Harris has been known for raising important issues such as criminal justice reform, healthcare and immigration.

Christine Lagarde (First Female Managing Director, IMF) She is a French lawyer and politician, who was the first woman to become the finance minister of France. She also served as the first female Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) from 2011 to 2019.

Khaleda Zia (First Female Prime Minister, Bangladesh) Khaleda Zia served as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh from 1991 to 1996, and again from 2001 to 2006. She is the chairperson and founder of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), one of the major political parties in the country.

Kim Campbell (First Female Prime Minister, Canada) This leader served as the 19th Prime Minister of Canada from June to November, 1993. Even though her tenure was brief, lasting only until November 1993, Campbell made history as the first and only woman to hold the highest office in the country.

Indira Gandhi (First Female Prime Minister, India) She served as the Prime Minister of India from 1966 to 1977 and again from 1980 until 1984. She was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, and her political career was influenced by her father. She was known for her strong leadership and determination, leading India through several political and social changes.

Sirimavo Bandaranaike (First Female Prime Minister, Sri Lanka) In the general election of 1960 in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), Sirimavo became the first female prime minister of not just her nation but of the world. She left office in 1965 but returned to serve again from 1970 to 1977, and then again from 1994 to 2000.

52

International Affairs Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about some of more first female leaders from around the world.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write the name of these first female leaders. a The first female Prime Minister of India: b The first female Prime Minister of New Zealand: c The first female President of Ireland: d The first female Prime Minister of Poland: e The first female Prime Minister of Turkey: f

The first female Prime Minister in the world:

g The first female Vice President of the USA: h The first female Managing Director of the IMF: i

The first female President of India:

j

The first female Prime Minister of Pakistan:

k The first female President of Brazil: l

The first female Prime Minister of Thailand:

m The first female President of Argentina:

2 Write the tenure/tenures during which these female leaders served. a Kim Campbell: b Sirimavo Bandaranaike: c Pratibha Patil: d Khaleda Zia: e Indira Gandhi:

Topic 26 • First Female Leaders

53

27

Musical World

People listen to music and sing songs, across the world and in all languages. Let us learn about the magical world of music and some renowned musicians.

Lata Mangeshkar was an Indian playback singer. She was also known as the ‘Nightingale of India’. She sang around 30,000 songs in 36 languages in her lifetime. Lata Mangeshkar was honoured with the Bharat Ratna in 2001, the Padma Vibhushan in 1999 and the Padma Bhushan in 1969. Aye Mere Watan Ke Logon, Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham and Luka-Chuppi are a few popular songs sung by her. She passed away on 6 February, 2022 at the age of 92.

A.R. Rahman is an Indian composer, singer and songwriter. He has composed music for many films such as Slumdog Millionaire, Roja, Dil Se, Taal, Rockstar and Jodha Akbar.

In the music community, he is also known as the ‘Mozart of Madras’. Rahman won two Oscars in 2009, two Grammys, a BAFTA Award, and a Golden Globe. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 2000, and the Padma Bhushan in 2010.

Ustad Zakir Hussain is a famous tabla player from India. He is also known as the ‘Tabla Maestro’.

Hussain was awarded the Padma Shri in 1988, the Padma Bhushan in 2002 and the Padma Vibhushan in 2023 by the government of India. He also won Grammys in 1992 and 2009. Planet Drum and Global Drum Project are some of his renowned works.

Stevie Wonder is an American singer, songwriter, and can play many instruments. He has been blind since birth. He won 25 Grammys. He also won an Oscar in the year 1985. He won the Grammy for ‘Album of the Year’ thrice for his recordings.

You are the Sunshine of My Life, My Cherie Amour and Superstition are some of his famous songs.

54

Taylor Swift is an American singer and songwriter. As of 2023, she has won 12 Grammy awards. She is the first and the only female singer to win the Grammy for Album of the Year three times for her solo recordings. Fearless, 1989 and Folklore are some of her famous albums.

Anoushka Shankar is a British-American sitarist and composer. She became the youngest and the first female recipient of a British House of Commons Shield in 1998. She is the first Indian musician to perform live at the Grammys. Traces of You and Indian Summer are some of her famous compositions.

Bob Dylan is an American folk singer and songwriter. He was the first musician to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2016.

He has also won 10 Grammys. Mr. Tambourine Man, It’s All Over Now and Baby Blue are some of his famous songs.

The Grammys are the most prestigious music awards in the world. They are hosted in the United States of America. The first Grammy was awarded in the year 1959. Beyoncé, an American singer, has won 32 Grammys, which is the highest number of Grammys won by an artist to date.

Sports, Entertainment and Culture Explore More Scan this QR code to listen to music from around the world. Also, learn about some famous Indian instrumentalists.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Name the musician. a The Indian tabla player who is famous for the album the Global Drum Project. b The American folk musician who won the Noble Prize for Literature. c The American singer who has been blind since birth and has won 25 Grammys. d The first female recipient of the British House of Commons Shield. e The female playback singer who sang songs in 36 languages and was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 2001. f

An Indian music composer who won 2 Oscars in 2009.

g The only female singer to win the Grammy for Album of the Year thrice. h The American singer with the highest number of Grammys up to 2023. i

The composer who is known as the ‘Mozart of Madras’.

j

The singer who was called the ‘Nightingale of India’.

2 Name the musician who sang/composed these songs. a Aye Mere Watan Ke Logon: b Jai Ho:

c Fearless:

d Trace of You:

e Luka-Chhupi:

f

You Are the Sunshine:

g It’s All Over Now:

3 Name the instrument played by these Indian musicians. a Pandit Ravi Shankar:

b Ustad Zakir Hussain:

c Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia:

d Ustad Amjad Ali Khan:

4 Write the awards given to these musicians by the Government of India. a Lata Mangeshkar: b A.R. Rahman: c Ustad Zakir Hussain:

Topic 27 • Musical World

55

28

National Schemes for Health and Education

The government of India has a number of initiatives and schemes for our well-being and education. Let us learn about some of them.

Some National Education Initiatives by the Ministry of Education PM eVidya is a project that started in May, 2020. It aims to help students and teachers access online learning content including e-textbooks.

Under this scheme, 12 TV channels for classes 1 to 12, known as one class, one channel, are available for students without internet access. Radio shows and special e-content for visually and hearing-impaired students are also available.

DIKSHA stands for Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge SHAring. Released in September 2017, it is available for classes 1 to 12 as a mobile application or website. It allows teachers and students to use NCERT textbooks, worksheets, lesson plans, quizzes and surveys.

As of 2023, DIKSHA is available in 36 Indian languages which makes it a popular initiative.

Swayam Prabha was initiated in July 2017. It is a set of 32 TV channels that show educational programs all day, every day. The users of DD Free Dish DTH service of Doordarshan can access these educational channels using the same set-top box and TV.

Some National Health Schemes by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

Mission Indradhanush (MI) was launched in December, 2014. It focuses on immunising children against 8 serious diseases using 7 vaccines. These vaccines are provided to children under 2 years of age. This scheme falls under India’s immunisation program launched in 1985.

Immunisation means giving a person or animal a vaccine to protect them from a disease. If they catch the disease later on, their bodies can protect themselves better.

56

Ayushman Bharat is a National Health Protection Scheme launched in September, 2018. It aims to help more than 10 crore poor families, which is around 50 crore people by providing health protection plans.

This scheme has two major initiatives—One, opening health and wellness centres across India; second, providing hospitalisation cover to people benefiting from the scheme. They will get up to 5 lakh rupees every year for hospital expenses if they need serious medical care.

Life Skills Explore More Scan this QR code to learn how to use the DIKSHA app. Also, know about India’s vaccine story.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 When were the given initiatives/schemes launched in India? a India’s Immunisation Program: b Ayushman Bharat: c PM eVidya: d DIKSHA: e Mission Indradhanush: f

Swayam Prabha:

2 Fill in the blanks with the correct names of the Health or Education initiatives/schemes. a DIKSHA stands for

.

b

is available in 36 Indian languages.

c

provides e-learning materials to students.

d 'One class, one channel' is a program under e f g

protection plans. programs 24/7. hearing-impaired students.

. scheme helps about 10 crore poor families gain health is an initiative with 32 DTH channels that run educational initiative provides special e-content for visually and aims to immunise children against 8 serious diseases.

h i

Poor people get health coverage of up to 5 lakh under

j

Under

k

scheme. , health and wellness centres opened across India. scheme falls under India’s immunisation program.

3 Name a disease completely eradicated from India due to its immunisation programmes.

Topic 28 • National Schemes for Health and Education

57

29

Sports Events in 2023

Let us see some of the major sports events of 2023 around the world.

The Men’s Hockey World Cup was held in Odisha, India from 13 to 29 January, 2023. The top 16 teams in the world participated in the event. Germany and Belgium played the finals in which Germany won the World Cup.

The Australian Open Tennis Tournament was held in Melbourne, Australia from 8 to 29 January, 2023. Novak Djokovic from Serbia won the Men’s Singles tennis title for a record tenth time.

Khelo India Youth Games were held in Madhya Pradesh, India from 30 January to 11 February, 2023. Water sports—Kayaking, Canoeing, Canoe Slalom and Fencing were included in the event for the first time.

ICC T20 Women’s Cricket World Cup was held in South Africa from 10 to 26 February 2023.

The finals took place in Cape Town, South Africa. Australia won the cup.

Special Olympics World Games were held in Berlin, Germany from 17 to 25 June, 2023. The event hosted 70 countries that competed in 24 sports. India won 202 medals—76 gold, 75 silver and 51 bronze in the event.

Wimbledon Championship took place from 3 to 16 July, 2023 in London, UK. It is the oldest tennis tournament in the world. Marketa Vondrousova from the Czech Republic won the title in the women’s singles. It was her first major singles title.

Asian Athletics Championship took place in Bangkok, Thailand from 12 to 16 July, 2023. Indian athletes won 27 medals—6 gold, 12 silver and 9 bronze.

FIFA Women’s World Cup took place from 20 July to 20 August, 2023. It was jointly hosted by Australia and New Zealand. 32 nations took part in the event. Spain secured their first-ever World Cup title.

58

The Year Gone By Explore More Scan this QR code to find out more about Khelo India Youth Games 2023 and watch its opening ceremony. Also, find out all events in in the Athletics of these games.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Name the place where the events took place in 2023. a ICC T20 Women’s Cricket World Cup: b Special Olympic World Games: c Asian Athletics Championship: d Khelo India Youth Games: e FIFA Women’s World Cup: f

Men’s Hockey World Cup:

g The Australian Open Tennis Tournament:

2 Name the player or countries that won these events. a ICC T20 Women’s Cricket World Cup: b Women’s Single in Wimbledon Championship: c FIFA Women’s World Cup: d Men’s Hockey World Cup: e Men’s Single in Australian Open Tennis Tournament:

3 Name the correct sports events that took place in 2023. a Athletes with a special disability compete with each other in this event:

b Water sports were included in this event for the first time in 2023:

c Germany and Belgium played in the finals of this event:

d Indian athletes won 27 medals, including 6 gold medals, in this event:

e India won 202 medals, including 76 gold medals, in this event:

Topic 29 • Sports Events in 2023

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30

Too Much Water, Too Little Water

A flood is caused due to an overflow of water on land.

One of the largest man-made floods in history was the Great Flood of 1938 in China. It happened during a war when the barriers along the Yellow River were broken to slow down the enemy. However, this caused a flood that led to a lot of deaths and even changed the river’s path.

Floods can be caused by excessive rainfall, storms and tsunamis.

Human activities, like the construction of dams and deforestation, also cause floods.

Floods lead to waterlogging, loss of lives and damage to property.

How to Stay Safe in a Flood

Disconnect electricity and gas.

Get to higher ground.

Avoid contact with flood water.

Follow orders of helping authorities.

A drought is a long, dry period without rainfall resulting in extreme shortage of water.

Droughts occur when the temperature is high and there is little or no rainfall.

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Human activities like cutting down trees and over usage of groundwater can also cause drought.

Droughts cause water and food shortages for years, leading to loss of lives.

The Sahel Drought that occurred in the Sahel region of Africa between 1960s and 1970s caused the deaths of millions of people. It led to a huge area becoming a desert. In 2007, the African Union launched the Great Green Wall of Africa initiative, which aimed to restore the 100 million hectares of land by creating an 8,000-kilometrelong wall made of plants.

Prevent Droughts

Use water judicially.

Prevent cutting down of trees.

Earth and Environment Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about the types of floods and droughts, and how they can be prevented.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write whether the following are a cause of Flood, Drought or Both. a Construction of dams: b Excessive rainfall and storm: c High temperature and no rainfall for years: d Tsunami: e Over usage of groundwater: f

Cyclones:

2 Write whether the following occurs due to Flood, Drought or Both. a Loss of lives: b Large-scale damage to property: c Water-logging for many days: d Shortage of water and food for years to come: e Spread of diseases due to stagnant and dirty water: f

Formation of deserts:

g Animals and plants drowning in water:

3 Choose the correct option from the brackets and fill in the details.

(1983/1938) happened in a The largest man-made flood in (India/China). It was caused due to the breaking of barriers along the river.

(Yellow/Blue)

(1960s and 1970s/1970s and 1980s). It caused a b The Sahel drought occurred between huge area to become a (forest/desert). The initiative Great Green Wall of Africa aims to create a (800/8000) kilometre-long wall made of plants.

4 Look at the pictures. Write the ways they show to stay safe from floods. a

Topic 30 • Too Much Water, Too Little Water

b

c

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The COVID-19 Pandemic

31

From 2019 to 2021, the world was affected by a new disease called COVID-19. It affected the lives of more than 10 crore people.

COVID-19 is a respiratory disease that affects the lungs. It is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This virus can spread rapidly from person to person.

The World Health Organization (WHO) classified COVID-19 as a pandemic (a disease that spreads worldwide over a period of time).

Lockdown Due to COVID On 24 March, 2020, the Prime Minister of India, Mr Narender Modi, announced a nationwide lockdown to control the spread of COVID-19. Many other countries were under lockdown as well.

During the lockdown, people were advised to stay at home and only go outdoors in case of emergencies. Schools, colleges and offices were functioning online.

Common Symptoms of COVID-19

Fever

Dry cough

Sore throat

Loss of taste or smell

COVID-19-infected persons were encouraged to isolate themselves and stay in quarantine for at least 14 days.

Headache

Stay at home

Measures to Prevent COVID-19

Wear a mask

Use a sanitiser

Wash your hands

Cover your cough or sneeze

Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth

Get vaccinated

All public healthcare employees, and community workers, who had to deal directly with COVID-19 patients, and who ran the risk of being infected by the virus, were called COVID Warriors.

62

Science and Technology Explore More Scan this QR code to check the live number of COVID-19 cases across the globe. Also, learn more about the spread and prevention of COVID-19.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the blanks. a COVID-19 is a respiratory disease which mainly affects our b The first case of COVID-19 was reported in the year c

. .

is the virus which causes COVID-19.

d A COVID-infected person is advised to spend

days in isolation.

e To prevent the spread of COVID-19, a nationwide lockdown in India was announced on Prime Minister f

While schools were closed due to lockdown, students were taking

by

. classes.

2 Answer the questions. a Write any 3 symptoms of COVID-19.

b Write any 3 preventive measures against COVID-19.

c Name any 3 COVID Warriors.

3 Define these words in 1 or 2 sentences. a Pandemic:

b Quarantine:

c COVID Warriors:

Topic 31 • The COVID-19 Pandemic

63

32

Classical Dance Forms of India

The classical dance forms of India have been a part of its culture for a very long time.

Kathak This dance is mainly practised in most states of northern India. The word Kathak is derived from katha which means story. So, Kathak is a way of storytelling by dance. It is often performed by both men and women. Its movements include footwork highlighted by bells worn around the ankles.

Odissi This dance is from Odisha. It is mainly performed by women. It originated from the temples. So, its movements express stories and ideas of Hindu Gods and Goddesses. It is a very expressive dance with over fifty mudras (gestures). These mudras are inspired by sculptures and idols from ancient temples of India.

Bharatanatyam This dance is from Tamil Nadu.

It originated from an ancient book written on drama. Its name comprises how it is performed: Bha + ra + ta + natyam = Bhava (expression) + raga (melody) + tala (rhythm) + natayam (dance).

The movements in this dance include bent legs, while the hand gestures are used to express the story.

Mohiniyattam This dance form is also known as the dance of Mohini (an incarnation of Lord Vishnu). It is a solo dance form of Kerala. The performance is a play that includes dancing and singing. The songs are a mix of Sanskrit and Malayalam.

The dancer uses gentle body movements.

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Manipuri This dance is from Manipur.

It shows dramas based on the love between Radha and Krishna, using calm, graceful movements and often includes story chanting and chorus singing. The male dancer wears a crown adorned with peacock feathers. The female dancers wear a doll-like costume called potloi.

Kuchipudi This dance is from Andhra Pradesh. Earlier, it was performed only by males.

Now it is mainly performed by females. The male dancers wear a dhoti while the female dancers wear a saree. The performance includes acting and singing along with dancing. The dance also includes certain rituals such as sprinkling holy water, burning incense sticks and praying to God.

Kathakali This dance originates from Kerala.

It is traditionally performed by males, even for female roles.

The costumes and make-up include painted masks and huge headdresses. The performance mainly depicts stories from the Ramayana and stories of Shiva.

Sattriya This dance is from Assam.

It is usually performed by male monks in monasteries. The main theme of this dance is the stories of Radha and Krishna. This dance presents mythological teachings.

Incredible India Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about Indian classical dance forms.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Name the classical dance form of the following states. a Kerala

b Odisha

c Assam

d Andhra Pradesh

e West Bengal

f

Uttar Pradesh

2 Read the features and name the dance forms. a This dance is traditionally performed by men even for female roles. b This dance includes songs sung in Sanskrit and Malayalam. c This dance is performed by male monks. d The make-up of this dance includes headgear and mask. e This dance form presents mythological teachings. f

This dance includes more than fifty mudras.

g This dance depicts stories from the Ramayana and stories of Shiva. h The meaning of this dance name is ‘Storytelling’. i

This dance’s name has these meanings—expression, melody and rhythm.

j

This dance form includes prayer rituals within its performance.

3 Answer in a sentence. a What do the stories depicted by Satriyya and Manipuri dance forms have in common?

b What do the costumes worn by Odissi and Kuchipudi female dancers have in common?

Topic 32 • Classical Dance Forms of India

65

The United Nations

33

The United Nations (UN) is an international organisation founded in 1945, after the World War II. The UN is one place where the entire world’s countries can come together to discuss common problems like poverty and climate change; and find solutions for them. The UN aims to make the world a better place.

The UN’s membership has grown from 51 Member States (countries) in 1945 to 193 Member States by 2023.

The Secretary-General The headquarters of the UN is located in New York, USA.

6 Main Bodies of the UN The 6 main bodies of the UN were established in 1945 when the organisation was founded.

• The General Assembly • The Security Council • The Trusteeship Council • The Economic and Social Council • The International Court of Justice • The UN Secretariat

The Secretary-General is the Chief Administrative Officer of the UN. António Guterres of Portugal is the current Secretary-General of the UN Council and the 9th occupant of the post. He took the post on 1 January, 2017.

The General Assembly Council It is the largest body of the UN. All 193 Member States of the UN are represented in the General Assembly. Each year in September, all the UN members meet in the General Assembly Hall in New York.

Some Specialised Groups of UN The UN also runs various agencies, funds and programmes that work to improve specific areas around the world such as health, agriculture, education, culture and tourism.

66

The World Health Organization (WHO)

The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)

World Food Programme (WFP)

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

International Affairs Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the history and the main bodies of the UN.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the blank with the correct answer. a The year in which the UN was founded: b The number of main bodies of the UN: c The number of member countries of the UN in 1945: d The number of member countries of the UN by 2023: e The largest main body of the UN: f

The location of the UN headquarters:

g Name of the Secretary-General of the UN, 2023: h The year in which the 9th Secretary-General of the UN was posted:

2 Write the names of the 6 main bodies of the United Nations.

3 What do these short forms of the UN agencies stand for? Write their full form. a WHO: b FAO: c UNEP: d UNDP: e UNPF: f

UNESCO:

g UNICEF: h UNWTO: i

IFAD:

Topic 33 • The United Nations

67

34

Languages around the World

There are about 6,500 spoken languages around the world and about 300 systems are used to write them. Let us find out more about some of the most widely spoken languages in the world.

The English language originated in England and consists of 26 letters of the alphabet.

By 2023, English is spoken by one-third of the world’s population, making it the most widely spoken language in the world. It is the dominant language in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Ireland and New Zealand.

English is the first choice of foreign language in many countries around the world. This has given it the position of a global lingua franca or common language.

Mandarin Chinese is the official language of the one of the most populous country in the world, China. It makes Chinese the second most spoken language in the world. It is considered one of the most difficult languages as it contains 50,000 different characters.

Spanish is considered a beautiful language. The Spanish alphabet consists of 27 letters. Like many other languages, Spanish consists of words from different languages such as Latin and Arabic. People living in Spain and the Americas speak it widely.

There are 26 letters in the French alphabet, the same as in English. By 2023, about 190 million people in the world speak it as a second language. French is also the official language of more than 25 countries, such as Canada, Belgium and Switzerland.

Portuguese is not just the official language of Brazil and Portugal but of many other nations, such as Angola, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Macau and East Timor. About 270 million people around the world speak this language.

The Hindi language consists of 45 letters in the alphabet based on pronunciation. It is one of the preferred official languages of India. Hindi is spoken as the first language by nearly 425 million people and as a second language by some 120 million more. Hindi is mostly spoken in India and Nepal.

The Russian language is the principal language of Russia. It is also the official language in Kazakhstan and Belarus. It is used as a second language in other former Soviet countries and Ukraine. There are 33 letters in the modern Russian alphabet.

Arabic originated from the Arabian Peninsula and has 28 letters in its alphabet. It is a widely spoken language among people in North African and Middle Eastern countries. About 221 million people around the world are native Arabic speakers. It is also considered an important language

by Muslims because their holy book, the Quran, is written in Arabic.

German is the official language of both Germany and Austria. It is also one of the official languages of Switzerland. It is the native language of more than 90 million speakers. Many people around the world study it as a foreign language. The German alphabet has 26 letters.

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Sports, Entertainment and Culture Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the most spoken languages in the world. Also, learn to say hello in different languages.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Name a country where the languages are spoken. a French:

b English:

c Arabic:

d Russian:

e Hindi:

f

g German:

h French:

i

Bengali:

j

Spanish:

Japanese:

2 Read the statement and name the language. a It was the official language of 25 countries in the 21st century. b It is spoken as a first language by some 360 million people worldwide. c It is used by one-third of the world’s population. d It is one of the preferred official languages of India. e It is the official language of Kazakhstan and Belarus. f

It is the official language of Austria.

g It is widely spoken in the Middle East.

3 Write the answer in 1 sentence. a Why has the English language been given the position of a global lingua franca?

b What is the similarity between the English, French and German languages?

Topic 34 • Languages around the World

69

35

Manage Your Money

Money plays an important part in fulfilling our day-to-day needs. So, it is important to know how to manage it.

Earning Money Arun‘s dad got his salary today. He is happy and so is Arun.

Arun: Dad, why is it that only you get a salary but I don’t?

Dad (laughed and explained): You need to earn it, Arun! We work to earn the money we get as salary. When you grow up, you can work, like I do, or you can run your own business, like your mother. Doing these things will help you earn money.

Arun: Oh, I see! All these are different ways to earn money.

Dad: That is right. Now, let us get ready. We have to go to the market, remember?

Spending Money Arun and his dad buy many things. They pay for those things at the billing counter. Arun is surprised.

Arun: Dad, why are we paying so much money? The salary that you had earned will finish, in this way.

Dad: Oh, don’t worry, Arun! We have to pay money when we buy things. Mostly, this is how we spend our earned money.

Do not worry. My salary will not be over. We are spending some but saving some too.

Saving Money Arun: How do we save money, Dad? Dad: We keep some money aside and do not spend it. We can save our money in a bank. It is important to save money for future use.

Arun: Can I also save some of my pocket money?

Dad: Yes, why not? You can save by keeping some of your pocket money aside in a saving box.

The Role of a Bank The next day, Dad had to go to the bank. He asked Arun to come along with him.

Arun: Why are we going to the bank, Dad? Are we saving some money today?

Dad: No, Arun. I need to borrow some money from the bank for my work. Banks do not just help us save money, they also lend money to people who need it.

Arun: Oh Wow! Can the bank lend some money to me?

Dad: It might when you start earning and can repay it. We need to repay the money that we borrow from the bank.

Arun: O h! I cannot do that, I do not earn now. I only know how to spend.

Dad and Arun laughed all the way as they reached the bank. Arun was thrilled as they entered it. He learned so much about managing money. He couldn’t wait to tell his friends!

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Financial Literacy Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about importance and ways to save money.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Choose the correct word from the brackets and fill in the blank. a When we work, we

money as salary. (spend/earn)

b When we buy groceries, we

money. (save/spend)

c Keeping money aside for future needs is

money. (saving/lending)

d Children can save money in a e You

. (box/bank account) money when your parents give you pocket money. (lend/earn)

A bank can

money to people who need it. (lend/borrow)

g Shopkeepers

money when they sell things. (earn/lend)

h Our parents

money when they pay water and electricity bills. (save/spend)

f

2 Write True or False for the given statements. a Anu got her salary. If she spends all her money on things she wants, she is saving money. b It is important to save money because we might need it for some emergency. c Banks play an important role as they help people save their money. d The only way to earn money is to work in a bank. e We need to repay money that we borrow from banks.

3 Write the answer in 1 or 2 sentences. a What is the difference between earning and spending money?

b Write 2 ways to save money.

Topic 35 • Manage Your Money

71

A n swe rs 1:World Leaders, 2023

1. a. Rishi Sunak b. Elisabeth Borne c. Narendra Modi d. Jose Alexandre Xanana Gusmao e. Ulf Kristersson f. Fumio Kishida g. Mark Rutte h. Anwar Ibrahim i. Sheikh Hasina j. Anthony Albanese 2. a. Sri Lanka b. Iran c. United states of America d. India e. South Korea f. South Africa g. Republic of China (Taiwan) h. Russia i. Italy j. Indonesia 1. a. The Great African Sea Forest, Great Southern Reef b. Australia, Africa c. New Mexico 2. Nutrients, water and messages b. ethylene gas e. rainy f. oak i. crown shyness

c. fungal threads g. cottonwood trees

4. The answers may vary. Sample answer: a. All the trees get enough sunlight. b. It helps to exchange nutrients and water.

3: Discoveries and Inventions

c. invention

d. discovery

e. invention

f. discovery

g. invention

h. discovery

2. a. Victoria Boliviana b. Kepler-22b c. James Webb Space Telescope 3. a. 1920 b. 2022 c. 3 m d. August, LG e. August 2023, 5500 f. Royal botanic gardens g. Schmidt Ocean Institute, California

4: Heroes of Indian Freedom

1. a. Jawaharlal Nehru b. Mahatma Gandhi c. Subhas Chandra Bose d. Bal Gangadhar Tilak e. Lala Lajpat Rai f. Chandra Shekhar Azad g. Lala Lajpat Rai h. Mahatma Gandhi 2. Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal 3. a. Bhagat Singh b. Bal Gangadhar Tilak c. Subhas Chandra Bose

1. a. Kathmandu b. Islamabad c. Thimpu d. Rome e. Ankara f. Beijing g. Dhaka h. Canberra i. Madrid j. Nairobe b. Indonesia f. England

c. Afghanistan d. Italy g. Germany h. Portugal

3. a. Colombo and Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte b. La Paz and Sucre c. Santiago and Valparaiso d. Amsterdam and The Hague 4. a. South Africa 1. a. 11 g. 3

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b. 4 h. 8

e. Prague and Brno

b. Nauru

6: Hockey in India

c. J

d. flat

e. scoop

e. 2018 j. 2009

7: First Aid Emergencies

1. 4, 1, 2, 5, 3 2. 1, 4, 3, 4 3. 2, 1, 3, 4 4. a. Don’t b. Don’t c. Do d. Don’t e. Do g. Don’t h. Do I. Don’t j. Do k. Do 1. a. Syrian civil War, 2011

f. Don’t

b. Russia-Ukraine War,2022

c. Pakistan political unrest, 2022 2. a. Yemen civil war d. Russia and Iran

d. Yemen civil war, 2014.

b. The United Nations c. Houthi forces e. USA and Saudi Arabia

3. Answers may vary. Sample answer: a. Citizens are forced to leave their homes because of the war. b. O ther nations have to accompany the citizens of the war-hit zones. b. 10

c. 2.2

2. a. Southeast Asia

d. 5

d. Central and South America 3. a. Sloth d. Toucans g. Toucans

f. 6

e. 3

b. Southeast Asia

f. 4 c. America

e. Africa

b. Slow Lorises

c. Golden poison frog

e. Boa constrictors h. Slow lorises

f. Orangutans

4. The answer may vary. Sample answer: a. give birth b. hold onto branches to hang on trees c. clean eyelids, ears and neck.

10: Smart Devices

1. Smart TV-HP; 2007; Smart watch-Seiko 1984; Smartphones- IBM 1994; Smart Speakers-IBM 1961; Smart Fridge-LG 2000 2. a. Smartwatch b. Smartphone c. Smart Speakers d. Smart TV e. Smart Speaker f. Smart Speaker g. Smart refrigerator h. Smartwatch i. Lua Smart Plant Pot j. Roborock S6 Vacuum

11: Old Cities, New Names

c. 23 January

5: Countries and Their Capitals

2. a. Japan e. France

d. 2016 i. 2017

3. a. India won 6 consecutive gold medals. b. It is the birth day of Major Dhyan Chand Singh.

1. a. 4

b. invention

b. 23 March

c. 1982 h. 2023

9: Animals of the Tropical Rainforest

1. a. discovery

4. a. 2 October

b. 1966 g. 2018

8: Global Conflicts of 2023

2: Hidden Lives of Trees and Forests

3. a. seaweeds d. drought h. pine/birch

2. a. 1928 f. 2023

1. a. Calcutta b. Madras e. Trivandrum f. Simla

c. Bangalore g. Cochin

d. Gurgaon h. Banaras

2. a. Bengaluru b. Chennai c. Gurugram d. Mumbai e. Kochi f. Mumbai g. Kochi h. Kolkata i. Kochi j. Bangaluru k. Prayagraj 3. a. Mumbai

b. Chennai

c. Kolkata

d. Kolkata

12: 7 New Wonders of the World 1. a. Agra

2. a. Mexico

b. Rome

b. Peru

c. Rio de Janerio c. Jordan

3. a. Christ the Redeemer b. Taj Mahal c. Chichen Itza d. The Colosseum e. The Great Wall of China f. Taj Mahal g. Chichen Itza h. The Great Wall of China i. Petra j. Taj Mahal k. Machu Picchu l. Petra m. Taj Mahal n. Christ the Redeemer

4. Machu Picchu, Christ the Redeemer, The Great wall of China 5. a. Machu Pichu

b. Petra

c. Christ the Redeemer

13: Sports Stadiums

1. a. Greece b. Australia c. USA d. India e. India f. Singapore g. Australia h. England i. North Korea j. United Kingdom k. Australia l. India 2. a. Panathenaic Stadium b. Bramall Lane Stadium c. Docklands stadium d. Narendra Modi Stadium e. Ohio football Stadium f. Rungrado 1st of May Stadium g. Rungrado 1st of May Stadium h. Narendra Modi Stadium i.The Float at Marina Bay j. Docklands Stadium k. Rungrado 1st of May Stadium 3. a. 13 Lakh

b.15 Lakh

c. 63 acre

d. 1855 e. 2020

14: Kitchen Gardening

1. The answers may vary. Sample answer: Tomatoes Chillies Spinach Spring onion Strawberries Lady finger 2. The answers may vary. Sample answer: Mint Coriander Rosemary Basil

2. a. 26 November 2011 b. 14 July 2023 e. 6 August 2021 f. 23 August 2023

c. 1990

d. 2021

3. a. communication cap b. gloves c. helmet d. oxygen supply e. communication cap f. helmet

18 : Occupations in India

1. a. agriculture b. Bollywood c. service sector d. milk e. Information Technology 2. Bangalore, Hyderabad, Chennai 3. The answers may vary. Sample answer: weaving, pottery, carpentry, stone carving 4. The answers may vary. Sample answer: doctor, drivers, bankers, teachers 5. The answers may vary. Sample answer: directors, actors, makeup artists, producers 6. The answers may vary. Sample answer: cement, chemicals, medicine, automobile

19: International Flags

3. 4, 3, 1, 5, 6, 2 4. The answers may vary. Sample answer: It provides us with fresh food. It provides chemical-free food. It helps us save money.

1. a. United Kingdom b. Burma c. Turkey d. Maldives e. Canada f. Argentina g. Brazil h. Germany 2. a. Switzerland and Vatican City c. Japan and Bangladesh

b. Monaco and Poland

15: G20 Summit, 2023

3. a. Switzerland b. Canada c. Nepal d. Bangladesh e. India f. Japan g. Sri Lanka h. Denmark i. India j. China k. Japan l. Pakistan m. The United States of America

2. a. Group of Twenty b. India c. Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam d. 9th–10th September, 2023 e. Delhi f. Bharat Mandapam International exhibition g. 6

20: Renowned Filmmakers

1. Student will tick the following—China, Mexico, Italy, European Union, Russia, Japan, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, India, United Kingdom, Sri Lanka, Brazil, and Canada

3. a. Rishi Sunak b. Giorgia Meloni d. Sheikh Hasina

c. Joe Biden

4. The answer may vary. Sample answer: -H elping the environment, raising money for climate change and making good choices for the planet.

-A chieving important global goals faster.

-M aking the economy grow quickly and promoting big and small businesses.

16: Underwater Wonders 1 a. Pacific Ocean 2. a. Australia

c. Japan

d. Mexico

3. a. Great Barrier Beef b. Tamu Massif c. Mariana trench d. Mid Atlantic Ridge e. Sistema Ox Bel Ha f. Great Barrier Reef g. Sistema Ox Bel Ha h. Mid-Atlantic Ridge i. Mariana Trench 4. a. 3,48,000 square km b. 5,5300 square km c. 435.8 km d. 16,000 km e. 11 km

17: Space Gadgets and Tools

1. a. space suits b. Pragyan c. Hubble Space Telescope d. lander e. Vikram f. space suits g. James Webb Space telescope h. rover

Answers

2. The answers may vary. Sample answer: Quentin Tarantino—Pulp Fiction and Reservoir Dog; Souleymane Cissé – Yeelen and Baara; Jane Campion – The Piano and Bright Star; Akira Kurosawa – Seven Samurai and Yojimbo 3. Asia: Satyajit Ray, Europe: Pedro Almodovar, Africa: Haile Gerima, North America: Denis Villeneuve, South America: Fernando Meirelles, Oceania: Warwick Thornton

21: Yoga and Meditation 1. a. Yoga

b. Atlantic Ocean

b. Mariana island

1. a. Hail Germia b. Warwick Thornton c. Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritu d. Pedro Almodovar e. Satyajit Ray

b. Meditation

c. Meditation

d. Yoga

2. a. Rigveda b. Yoga Sutra of Patanjali c. 12 d. Virikshasana e. 21st June f. Yoke means union 3. The answers may vary. Sample answer: Adho mukha asana, Ustrasana, Dhanurasana, Natarajasana, Virikshasana, Trikonasana 4. The answers may vary. Sample answer: a. Yoga: Builds muscular strength; Increases our balance b. Meditation: Gives us peace; Helps us relax and stay calm

22: Space Missions of 2023

1. a. 21 May b. 14 July c. 2 September d. 7 September e. 2 April f. 14 April h. 10 August i. 30 May

g. 1 July

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2. a. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) b. European Space Agency (ESA) c. Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) d. SpaceX e. Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) f. European Space Agency (ESA)

28: National Schemes for Health and Education

1. a. 1985 b. September 2018 c. May 2020 d. September 2017 e. December 2014 f. July 2017

3. a. Euclid Satellite b. Aditya-L1 c. Jupiter Icy Explorer (JUICE) d. Axiom Mission 2 (Ax-2) e. X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM) f. Tianlong-2

2. a. Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge SHAring b. DIKSHA c. PM eVidya d. PM eVidya e. Ayushman Bharat f. Swayam Prabha g. PM eVidya h. Mission Indradhanush i. Ayushman Bharat j. Ayushman Bharat k. Mission Indradhanush

23: 5 R’s of Waste Management

3. The answers may vary. Sample answer: Smallpox

1. Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Repurpose 2. a. Refuse d. Reuse

b. Reduce e. Recycle

29: Sports Events in 2023

c. Repurpose

3. a. refuse b. refuse c. reuse d. rot e. repair f. repurpose g. recycle h. reused i. repair j. reused

1 a. Cape Town, South Africa b. Berlin, Germany c. Bangkok, Thailand d. Madhya Pradesh, India e. Australia and New Zealand f. Odisha, India g. Melbourne, Australia 2. a. Australia d. Germany

24: Advanced Robots

b. Marketa Vondrousova

c. Spain

e. Novak Djokovic

1. a. Sophia, 14 February 2016 b. Sparko, 1940 c. Da Vinci surgical System, 2000 d. Electrolux trilobite, 1996 e. AcYut, 2008 f. Sophia, 2016

3. a. Special Olympics World Games b. Khelo India Youth Games c. Men’s Hockey World Cup d. Asian Athletics Championship e. Special Olympics World Games

2. a. Ameca System

30: Too Much Water, Too Little Water

b. Roomba c. Sparko d. Da Vinci Surgical e. AcYut f. Sub1 g. RoboBees h. Bionic Ants

i. Aqua Penguin

j. Aibo

k. The Cheetah

l. Pleo

3. The answers may vary. Sample answer: a. Can speak many languages b. Can copy human emotions

25: Historical Monuments of India

1. a. Food b. Flood c. Drought e. Drought f. Flood 2. a. Both b. Flood c. Flood f. Drought g. Flood 3. a. 1938, China, Yellow

d. Flood

d. Drought

e. Flood

b. 1960-1970, desert, 8000

1. a. Madhya Pradesh b. Delhi c. Uttar Pradesh d. Rajasthan e. Karnataka f. Madhya Pradesh g. Delhi h. Kolkata i. Karnataka j. Rajasthan

4. a. Follow orders of helping authorities b. Get to a higher ground c. Disconnect electricity and gas.

2. a. The Sanchi Stupa b.

The Qutub Minar c. The Gateway of India d. Hawa Mahal e. The India Gate f. The Konark temple g. The Amer Fort h. The Ajanta Caves i. The Hampi j. The Mysore Palace k. The Charminar l. The Hawa Mahal

1. a. lungs b. 2019 c. SARS-Cov-2 d. 14 e. 24 March, 2020; Narender Modi f. online

26: First Female Leaders

1. a. Indira Gandhi b. Jennifer Shipley c. Mary Robinson d. Hanna Suchocka e. Tansu Ciller f. Sirimavo Bandaranaike g. Kamla Harris h. Christine Lagarde i. Pratibha Patel j. Benazir Bhutto k. Dilma Rousseff l. Yingluck Shinawatra m. Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner 2. a. June 1993 to November 1993 b. 1960-1965, 1970-1977, 1994-2000 c. 2007-2012 d. 1991-1996, 2001-2006 e. 1966-1977, 1980-1984

27: Musical World

1. a. Ustad Zakir Hussain b. Bob Dylan c. Stevie Wonder d. Anoushka Shankar e. Lata Mangeshkar f. A.R. Rahman g. Taylor Swift h. Bob Dylan i. A.R. Rahman j. Lata Mangeshkar 2. a. Lata Mangeshkar b. A.R. Rahman c. Taylor Swift d. Anoushka Shankar e. Lata Mangeshkar/A.R.Rahman f. Stevie Wonder g. Bob Dylan 3. a. Sitar

b. Tabla

c. Flute

d. Sarod

4. a. Bharat Ratana, Padma Vibhushan and Padma Bhushan b. Padma Shri and Padma Bhushan c. Padma Shree, Padma Vibhushan and Padma Bhushan

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31: The COVID-19 Pandemic

2. The answers may vary. Sample answer: a. fever, dry cough, headache b. wears a mask, wash hands, use sanitizer c. doctors, police, cleaners 3. a. It is when a disease spreads worldwide over a period of time. b. It is when we stay in isolation. c. T hey are the people who have to deal directly with Covid-19 patients.

32: Classical Dance Forms of India

1. a. Kathakali b. Odissi c. Sattriya e. Gaudiya Nritya f. Kathak

d. Kuchipudi

2. a. Kathakali b. Mohiniyattam c. Sattriya d. Kathakali e. Sattriya f. Odissi g. Kathakali h. Kathak i. Bharatanatyam j. Kuchipudi 3. The answers may vary. Sample answer. a. Both dance forms have stories of Radha Krishna. b. Both wear sarees.

33: The United Nations

1. a. 1945 b. 6 c. 51 d. 193 e. The General Assembly Council f. New York, United States g. Antonio Gutteres

h. 2017

2. a. The General Assembly, The Security Council, The UN Secretariat, The Trusteeship council, The Economic and Social Council, The International Court of Justice

3. a. The World Health Organization b. Food and Agriculture Organization c. United Nations Environment Programme d. United Nations Development Programme e. United Nations Population fund f. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization g. United Nations Children’s Fund h. United Nations World Tourism Organisation i. International Fund for Agricultural Development

34: Languages around the World

1. The answers may vary. Sample answer: a. Belgium c. North Africa d. Russia e. India f. Spain h. Switzerland i. India j. Japan 2. a. French e. Russian

Answers

b. Canada g. Germany

3. The answers may vary. Sample answer: a. It is spoken by one-third of the world’s population. b. They all have 26 letters in their alphabets.

35: Manage Your Money 1. a. earn f. lend

b. spend g. earning

c. saving d. gullak h. spending

2. a. False

b. True

c. True

d. False

e. earn

e. True

3. The answers may vary. Sample answer: a. Earning is the money we get by working. Spending is the money we give when we buy things we need. b. W e can save money by keeping it aside at home and by keeping the money in a bank.

b. Chinese c. English d. English/Hindi f. Germany g. Arabic

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About the Book Aware empowers learners with general knowledge, awareness of global developments, functional competencies and the 21st-century skills essential for life today. The book covers learning across eight key themes, which are shown below.

About Uolo Uolo partners with K-12 schools to provide technology-based learning programs. We believe pedagogy and technology must come together to deliver scalable learning experiences that generate measurable outcomes. Uolo is trusted by over 10,000 schools across India, South East Asia and the Middle East.

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