AWARE_G04_GK_MB_Book.pdf

AWARE Navigate the Rapidly Changing World

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General Knowledge Textbook

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21st Century Skills

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NEP 2020 Aligned

AWARE Navigate the Rapidly Changing World

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To Pare nt s an d Te ac h e rs

In the dynamic and ever-changing world of the 21st century, knowledge is a beacon that guides us through the myriad challenges and opportunities that come our way. In this age of information, possessing a keen sense of general knowledge and awareness has become more critical than ever before. This awareness becomes a compass that helps us navigate through the complexities of our modern existence, allowing us to make informed decisions, think critically, and appreciate the world’s diversity.

On that note, we are delighted to present to you this comprehensive and engaging General Knowledge and Current Affairs book, designed specifically for learners in grades 1 to 8. This book, which spans eight thoughtfully curated themes, will serve as your constant companion in your quest for knowledge and awareness.

The world is evolving at an unprecedented pace, and it’s crucial that young minds are well-informed about the happenings around them. Topics in The Year Gone By theme offer insights into the significant events and milestones of the previous year.

In Science and Technology, learners explore groundbreaking innovations and discoveries that are actively defining and shaping our future.

In Earth and Environment, learners explore topics related to sustainability and environmental conservation.

Recognizing the delicate balance in our planet’s ecosystem and the paramount importance of preserving it are vital 21st-century skills.

In International Affairs, learners explore landmark global events of the past and the present, and developments across the world.

The theme Incredible India will help learners to explore the rich tapestry of our nation’s history, culture and heritage.

In Sports, Entertainment and Culture, we explore human creativity and athleticism that transcend borders.

Life Skills and Financial Literacy provide learners with valuable practical skills essential for navigating through their life with confidence and competence.

This book is crafted to offer informative and enjoyable learning experiences; incorporating clear explanations, captivating visuals and abundant questions for interactive classroom engagement.

This book is supplemented by a free of cost digital interactive learning platform. QR codes in each topic facilitate compatibility with smart classrooms and enable at-home access. The digital resources include topic-specific videos and learning experiences on current affairs and developments around the world.

Welcome to the world of General Knowledge and Current Affairs! We wish the best to all the teachers and learners!

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Topic Number

Topic Title

QR Code

Theme Title

Unique Trees and Forests

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Earth and Environment Explore More

There are some unique and unusual trees on the Earth. Let us learn more about some of them.

The Dragon’s Blood Tree

Scan this QR code to learn more about the mangrove forests. Also, explore more about the dragon’s blood tree.

Location: Socotra, Yemen

This tree is called the dragon’s blood tree as it produces a red resin that we can see if its stem and branches are cut or damaged. It has densely packed leaves that make it look like an umbrella. The tree can live upto 650 years. It is the national tree of Yemen.

The Baobab Tree

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Which countries have these? a The Dragon’s blood trees

Location: Southern Africa

These trees look like big pillars. They have barrel or drum-like trunks. Many of them are over 800 years old. Their trunks are around 9 metres wide and have a height of about 18 metres.

These trees have spongy trunks that trap water for the dry seasons. These trees are also known as the Tree of Life for their ability to store water.

The Traveller’s Tree

b The baobab trees c

Location: Madagascar

2 Fill in the blanks with the correct answer.

The Rainbow Eucalyptus Trees Location: The rainforests of the Philippines, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea These trees have multicoloured bark with shades of green, blue, orange, red and purple.

When the bark of these tree grow, they peel off in strips and a new colour comes out. These trees can grow up to a height of around 76 metres.

The Trees in a Mangrove Forest

a The colour of the resin of dragon’s blood trees is

.

b The country with the most land under mangrove forest is

.

c

The leaves of the dragon’s blood tree look like an

.

d The direction in which the traveller’s tree grows is

.

e

The lake in which the sunken forest has formed is

.

f

The direction of the curve of a tree in the crooked forest is towards

.

g The traveller’s tree has leaves in the shape of

Location: Coastal areas near the equator

h The natural lake over spruce trees was formed in 1911 after a

The mangrove forest has trees which appear to be standing on stilts above the surface of the water. They grow in salty water on the sea coast. Many mangrove trees have the ability to filter the salt out of seawater as it enters their roots. These trees also save us from storms, as tides lose their energy on hitting mangrove forests. Indonesia has the highest amount of land under mangrove forests.

The salt from the seawater can be filtered by the roots of trees growing in

i

. . .

3 Name the correct tree. a The tree has blue seeds.

Location: Gryfino, Poland

b The tree has multicoloured bark.

The forest has around 400 pine trees that have grown in the shape of a slanted J. In all trees, the belly of the J points to the north. No one knows the reason behind such growth. It is a protected natural monument of Poland. These trees are surrounded by straight pine trees.

c

It is the national tree of Yemen.

d These trees form the crooked forest. e

The Trees of the Sunken Forest

The trees of the sunken forest

d The rainbow eucalyptus trees

It is a tree with big banana-like leaves arranged in the shape of a fan. It got its name because it can collect water in the base of its leaves, which can be used in emergencies for drinking. Its leaves grow roughly in the east-west direction. The tree has blue seeds, which is a rare colour for seeds.

The Trees in the Crooked Forest

Explore More QR Code

The tree has a barrel-like trunk.

Location: Kazakhstan

The forest has tree trunks coming out from the Kaindy lake. In 1911, there was a landslide which formed the Kaindy Lake over the spruce trees that were located there. The extremely cold temperature of the lake has helped to save the tree trunks from decay. The tree trunks have supported diverse lifeforms underwater.

Topic 2 • Unique Trees and Forests

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Themes 11

The Year Gone Discoveries andByInventions

Explore More A discovery is finding something that already exists for the first time. An invention is creating something new with a new idea. Let’s read about some recent discoveries and inventions around the world.

Scan this QR code to find out more about Khelo India Youth Games 2023 and watch its opening ceremony. Also, find out all events in Athletics.

Earth and Environment Exoplanets Webb Telescope Wonders of the James World 22 The Discovery7of New In 2015, The National In December 2021, Let’s Practice Aeronautics and Space Name the place where the given events took place in 2023.

Administration (NASA)

NASA launched 1 the James Webb Explore Morethe New 7 Wonders On 7-07-2007, Foundation (an official partner of the UN now) declared the new 7 wonders of the confirmed the discovery of Telescope (JWST) a ICC T20 Women’s Cricket World Cup: world. These wonders are chosen by the votesplanet of more than 10 crore people across the world. a near-Earth-sized to conduct space Scan this QR code to explore more about the amazing animals of the named Kepler-22b that research. JWST Olympic World Games: b Special tropical rainforests. exists beyond our solar and Space Launch The Taj Mahal The Colosseum c Asian Athletics Championship: system and is therefore, System (SLS) Incredible India Agra, India Rome, of Italy an exoplanet. By August 2023, NASA scientists have rocket NASA Khelo India Youth Games: d Let’s declared Practice

the discovery over 5,500 were named TIME Inventions of theItYear It isexoplanets. made of white is the2022. largest marble and is located amphitheatre ever e inFIFA World Cup: number. theWomen’s box with the correct 1 Fill on the banks of the built. It could host Explore More f Hockey Men’s Hockey World Cup: sportriver is a widely popular in India.

It is played by Sloths have about inches longmain claws.

Yamuna.

The about 80,000 people a two QR teams ofto 11 learn players each.

The playersclassical use four J-shaped structure has pillars forms. at once. It was built by Scan this code more about Indian dance The Australian Open Tournament: Anacondas grow as big as g sticks b to hit acan ball intoTennis the opposite team’s goal. it. It metres (minars) around was the Romans to be an Agricultural Robots World’s Largest Waterlily built by Emperor Shah entertainment venue c Orangutans have an armspan of up to metres.

Robots for agriculture 2022, scientists the playercan or countries that In won these events.at the 2 Name Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal. So, it is Skills and for hosting human fights and animal hunts.

Life were first thought Royal Botanic Gardens, Okapi sleep for about minutes but many times in a day. d viewed as a symbol of love.

ICC T20 Women’s Cricket World Cup: a Let’s Practice of in the year 1920.

United Kingdom e Sloths can swim times than they move on land.

Since then, many declared the faster discovery Single inGreat Wimbledon Championship: b Women’s the classical dance formWall of the following The of Chinastates.

1 Name Christ the Redeemer robots have been of the world’s largest f Money The bills of toucans can be part in fulfilling our day-to-day times the size of their Explore More plays an important needs.

So,heads. it is important to know howinvented to manage it. by various waterlily FIFA Women’s World Cup: China species. It Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ac Kerala companies to is named Victoria thisdo QRI live? code to learn more aboutThis yoga and 21,196 its popularity in India. Also, Where about km This 30 m tall statue 2 Scan Men’s Hockey World Cup: d b Odisha perform nearly all Its huge, explore the yoga poses that you canBoliviana. do easily practice long walland is the largestevery day. Earning Money of Jesus Christ with Major Dhyan Chand Singh is known as the father of activities disc-shaped pads can are found in rainforests of a Orangutans Arun‘s dad got hisinsalary today. He is happy and so is Arun. farming Men’s Single in Australian Open Tennis Tournament: human-made thing openOlympic arms stands ce Assam Indian hockey. irrigation He was a and three-time gold on such as sowing, harvesting. grow up to 3 m in diameter. theArun: world.Dad, Itofspreads the top of Corcovado why is it that only you get a salary but I don’t? b Slow lorises are mostly found in rainforests medallist.

On 29 August every year, his birthday is Andhra Pradesh d Give a reason for this statement.

Let’s Practice

3 from the(laughed eastern and explained): You need to earn it, Arun! We work Mountain. is viewed Dad to earn It the celebrated as the National Sports Day. Malaysian Hockey Team Indian Hockey Team c Toucans are mostly found in rainforests of seaside to we theget western a or symbol of run money as salary. When you grow up, you can work, like as I do, you can ea West Athletes with a sentences special disability compete with each in this event: the Bengal following and write if it is for Yoga orother Meditation.

1 Read desert northern hope for yourinown business, like your mother. Doing these things will help you and earnpeace money. d Sloths are mostly found in the rainforests of China.Pradesh The first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang ordered humanity after World fa Uttar Arun: Oh, I see!

All these are different ways to earn money.

It has different asanas.

New Species World’s first Wireless Television India has 4Octopus National Hockey TeamsIt construction to protect people from War I. e its Okapi are only found in thehis rainforests of nomads.

The Men’s National Hockey Team Dad: That is right. Now, let us get ready. We have to go to the market, remember lifemen’s is vast and time in 2023: Scientists are were in •Ocean this event for the team first over 2,000included yearsthoughts. ago.

In Men’s this, you monitor your b was •Water team Junior dobuilt I sports live?

2 Where Nickname: Men in Blue every year, scientists innovating many features.team Write the names the animals of the tropical rainforests.

3 Read • the Women’s • of Junior women’s team Some International Achievements It is quite time for the mind. dance is performed by men for female roles. areeven making discoveries advanced machines ac This It istrees: the most successful team in the Olympics with spends most the time clinging to•the a It is a slow-moving animal that Spending Money about it. On 28 of June each year.

In August Machu Picchu Machu Picchu Machu Picchu c It Germany wonof and Belgium played in the finals in which Germany won the event: 8 gold, 1 silver and 3 bronze medals. After 6 gold is the union body and mind. d

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Hockey in India

Manage Your Money

Science and Technology Explore More Scan this QR code to explore more discoveries and innovations.

International Affairs Let’s Practice 1 Is it a Discovery or an Invention?

Explore More

a A new species of catfish was found in January 2023.

Scan this QR code to learn more about the selection campaign of A robotic Also, drone built tomore understand voice commands. theb7 wonders. explore about Chichen Itza.

c Thomas Edison built the very first bulb.

Sports, Entertainment and Culture Let’s Practice

July 2023, the most distant supermassive black hole was seen for the first time with JWST. d In CITIES new wonders located?that store heat energy.

1 Ine which Finland builtare thethese world’s first sand batteries

Explore More a Taj Mahal

b The Colosseum f Scientists first identified the coronavirus in 1965.

Scan QRthe code to learn more about the hockey field and the c this Christ Redeemer In this 2011,game.

Google created the first smart glasses. g of rules

2 In which COUNTRIES are these new wonders located?

Financial Literacy Picchu a Chichen Itza b Machu Let’s Practice 2 Write the names of these inventions/discoveries. h In 1900, Karl Landsteiner identified three groups of human blood. c Petra

in the boxes with the correct answer.

1 Fill a The world’s largest waterlily: Fill the blank with the correct name of the wonder of the world.

More 3 Explore a The number of players in a hockey team:

b The first near-Earth-sized exoplanet: a 30-metre-tall statue. and ways to a Scan code of to Indian learnismore about importance The QR number hockey teams: b this c money. save The telescope launched

by NASA in around December has four pillars it. 2021: b c The shape of a hockey stick is like this letter: c in the blanks. has a famous temple pyramid.

3 Fill d The only side of the hockey stick that should touch the ball: is the largest amphitheatre ever built. d Practice Let’s of robots in agriculture dates to the the knee: year . a The idea only shoot in which the ball can goback above e The e the longest of all the wonders the brackets and7fill in the blank.

1 Choose the correct wordisfrom of years which TIME the men’s national hockey team won consecutive .

NASA’s JWST wasin named Inventions in the Year of f The number b f is made with white marble.

Olympic wegold work,medals: we money as salary. (spend/earn) a When c World’s largest waterlily’s disc-shaped pad can grow up to metres. was a part of Maya City. g g The number of times Major Dhyan Chand won Olympic gold medals: money. (save/spend) b When we buy grocery, we h In , 2023 company launched the world’s first wireless television. was built over 2000 years ago. d h The number of Olympic gold medals won by the men’s national hockey team: c Keeping money aside for future needs is money. (saving/lending) was part scientists of an Arabdeclared kingdom. ei By , NASA the discovery of over exoplanets.

YEAR can did Indian National Teamsinachieve this?

2 In what Children save money at home a . (gullak/bank account)

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C o nt e nt s

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Leaders of India, 2023 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2

2

Unique Trees and Forests ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������4

3

E-mail ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6

4

Armed Forces of India ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������8

5

India and Its Neighbours ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 10

6

Badminton ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 12

7

ABC’s of First Aid ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 14

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Disastrous Earthquakes and Floods, 2023 �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 16

9

Flightless Birds ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18

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Great Inventions �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 20

11

States and Union Territories of India ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 22

12

Important International Days ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 24

13

Kabaddi ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 26

14

Know Your Kitchen ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 28

15

India in Space, 2023 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 30

16

Unique Beaches ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 32

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Stargazing ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 34

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Mountains and Rivers of India ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 36

iv

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International Currencies ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 38

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The Animation World ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 40

21

Different Ways to Exercise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 42

22

Sports Events in India, 2023 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 44

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Waste Management ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 46

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Uses of Drones ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 48

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Superlative Structures in India ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 50

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First Leaders �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 52

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Marvel’s Superheroes ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 54

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Make in India �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 56

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Asian Games Mascot, 2023 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 58

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Natural Disasters ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 60

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Vaccines ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 62

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Language Diversity in India �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 64

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Our Leaders ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 66

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Birthday Celebrations Around the World ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 68

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Banks and Their Uses ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 70 Answers ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 72

Contents

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1

Leaders of India, 2023

The leaders of India are the people in charge of making important decisions for our country. Let us read about some of them.

Droupadi Murmu She became the 15th president of India on 25 July 2022 and is the second woman to hold this post. She is also the youngest president of India and the first leader in this position from a tribal community.

Narendra Damodardas Modi He has been the prime minister of India since May 2014. He was the chief minister of the state of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014. In the 9 years that he has been the prime minister, he has introduced many programs like the ‘Make in India’ and ‘Swachh Bharat’ campaigns for the betterment of the country.

Arvind Kejriwal He became the chief minister of Delhi in December 2013. He stepped down from his position after 49 days but came into power again in February 2015. He was elected for the third time in February 2020. He is the second-youngest chief minister of Delhi.

Nirmala Sitharaman She is the first full-time female finance minister of India, and was appointed in 2019. She makes decisions on how to spend the country’s money to help the people and improve the country. She is the second woman to present the Union Budget of India.

Pema Khandu He became the youngest chief minister in India at the age of 36, after being elected as the chief minister of Arunachal Pradesh in July 2016. He was re-elected as the chief minister in the 2019 elections.

Zoramthanga He became the oldest chief minister in India at the age of 79, after being elected as the chief minister of Mizoram in 2018. Previously, he served two terms as the chief minister—from 1998 to 2003 and 2003 to 2008.

2

The Year Gone By Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the chief ministers of different Indian states in 2023. Also, read more about the central minister of India in 2023.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the table.

Name 6 chief ministers of India in 2023.

Name the state/union territory they belong to.

a b c d e f

2 Name the leaders serving in the following positions. a The prime minister of India: b The president of India: c The finance minister of India: d The home minister of India: e The law minister of India: f

The defence minister of India:

g The transport minister of India: h The railway minister of India: i

The health minister of India:

j

The education minister of India:

k The chief minister of India’s capital: l

The youngest chief minister in India:

m The oldest chief minister in India:

Topic 1 • Leaders of India, 2023

3

2

Unique Trees and Forests

There are some unique and unusual trees on the Earth. Let us learn about some of them.

The Dragon’s Blood Tree Location: Socotra, Yemen This tree is called the dragon’s blood tree as it produces a red resin that we can see if its stem and branches are cut or damaged. It has densely packed leaves that make it look like an umbrella. The tree can live upto 650 years. It is the national tree of Yemen.

The Baobab Tree Location: Southern Africa These trees look like big pillars. They have barrel or drum-like trunks. Many of them are over 800 years old. Their trunks are around 9 metres wide and have a height of about 18 metres.

These trees have spongy trunks that trap water for the dry seasons. These trees are also known as the Tree of Life for their ability to store water.

The Traveller’s Tree Location: Madagascar It is a tree with big banana-like leaves arranged in the shape of a fan. It got its name because it can collect water in the base of its leaves, which can be used in emergencies for drinking. Its leaves grow roughly in the east-west direction. The tree has blue seeds, which is a rare colour for seeds.

The Rainbow Eucalyptus Trees Location: The rainforests of the Philippines, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea These trees have multicoloured bark with shades of green, blue, orange, red and purple.

When the bark of these tree grow, they peel off in strips and a new colour comes out. These trees can grow up to a height of around 76 metres.

The Trees in a Mangrove Forest Location: Coastal areas near the equator The mangrove forest has trees which appear to be standing on stilts above the surface of the water. They grow in salty water on the sea coast. Many mangrove trees have the ability to filter the salt out of seawater as it enters their roots. These trees also save us from storms, as tides lose their energy on hitting mangrove forests. Indonesia has the highest amount of land under mangrove forests.

The Trees in the Crooked Forest Location: Gryfino, Poland The forest has around 400 pine trees that have grown in the shape of a slanted J. In all trees, the belly of the J points to the north. No one knows the reason behind such growth. It is a protected natural monument of Poland. These trees are surrounded by straight pine trees.

The Trees of the Sunken Forest Location: Kazakhstan The forest has tree trunks coming out from the Kaindy Lake. In 1911, there was a landslide which formed the Kaindy Lake over the spruce trees that were located there. The extremely cold temperature of the lake has helped to save the tree trunks from decay. The tree trunks have supported diverse lifeforms underwater.

4

Earth and Environment Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the mangrove forests. Also, explore more about the dragon’s blood tree.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Which countries have these? a The dragon’s blood trees b The baobab trees c The trees of the sunken forest d The rainbow eucalyptus trees

2 Fill in the blanks with the correct answer. a The colour of the resin of dragon’s blood trees is

.

b The country with the most land under mangrove forest is

.

c The leaves of the dragon’s blood tree look like an

.

d The direction in which the traveller’s tree grows is

.

e The lake in which the sunken forest has formed is

.

f

The direction of the curve of a tree in the crooked forest is towards

.

g The traveller’s tree has leaves in the shape of

.

h The natural lake over spruce trees was formed in 1911 after a

.

i

The salt from the seawater can be filtered by the roots of trees growing in

.

3 Name the correct tree. a The tree has blue seeds. b The tree has multicoloured bark. c It is the national tree of Yemen. d These trees form the crooked forest. e The tree has a barrel-like trunk.

Topic 2 • Unique Trees and Forests

5

E-mail

3

Electronic mail, or E-mail, is a way of exchanging messages and files from anywhere in the world through the internet.

It is a widely used internet application. Let us learn more about it.

E-mail Address We need to have an E-mail address to send or receive an E-mail. We use the “@” symbol in the E-mail address to separate the receiver’s username from the address of the E-mail service provider like Gmail and Yahoo. We refer to @ as ‘at the rate.’

Ray Tomlinson developed the application and sent the first E-mail in 1971.

Elements of an E-mail We need to know the elements of an E-mail if we want to write and send one. Given below are the main elements of an E-mail.

It is the main content of the E-mail that we want to share. We write the details of our message here.

From: dev@uolo.com } The E-mail address of the sender. pia@uolo.com } The E-mail address of the receiver.

Cc: sana@uolo.com } The E-mail addresses of any carbon copy (Cc).

A brief description of the E-mail in a single line.

Body

Hi, How are you?

Signature

Thank you, Archi

These are the receivers who will get a copy of the E-mail, but are not required to take any action.

It is given at the end of an E-mail.

It usually includes the sender’s name and contact details.

E-mail Fun Facts!

• The first E-mail from outer space was sent in 1991 by the STS-43 Atlantis crew. It read, “Hello Earth! Greetings from the STS-43 Crew. This is the first AppleLink from space. Having a GREAT time, wish you were here,… send cryo and RCS! Hasta la vista, baby… we’ll be back!”

• The subject line of the longest E-mail ever sent was “Swami Vivekanand: An Inspirational Personality”. This E-mail had 7,37,106 words.

• Sending attachments like documents or photos became an E-mail feature in the 1990s.

6

Science and Technology Explore More Scan this QR code to learn how E-mail works and some more fun facts about E-mail.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the blanks. a The full form of E-mail is

.

b The “@” symbol stands for

.

c

developed the first E-mail program.

d The first E-mail was sent in the year e The longest E-mail written had

. words.

f

are junk E-mails from people we don’t know.

g

separates the receiver’s name from the address of the E-mail provider.

h The first E-mail from outer space was sent in the year i

The subject of the longest E-mail ever sent was

by the

crew. .

2 Write the purpose of the elements of an E-mail. a To: b From: c Subject: d Cc: e Body: f

3

Signature:

Label the parts of the E-mail address.

arora.suhana05@gmail.com

Topic 3 • E-mail

7

Armed Forces of India

4

Armed forces keep us safe by defending our country from different types of threats. In India, there are three divisions of the Armed Forces—the Indian Army, the Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force.

Armed Forces The Indian Air Force

The Indian Navy

It safeguards our nation against threats from the sky. The role of the Air Force is to ensure the safety and security of our airspace, and to support the Indian Army and Navy in times of need. They also help during natural disasters and emergencies by providing relief and rescue operations.

The Indian Navy protects us from threats by guarding the country’s oceans. They also make sure that people who are trading, fishing or researching in our oceans are safe. The Indian Navy also provides help during natural disasters (like tsunamis) by providing aid and launching rescue missions.

The Indian Army It is a group of soldiers trained to defend us on land from attacks that can happen from within the country, or from outside forces. The Indian Army is in charge of keeping the country’s borders safe.

Indian Air Force Day is celebrated every year on 8 October.

Navy Day is celebrated every year on 4 December.

Army Day is celebrated every year on 15 January.

The Chiefs of the Armed Forces are the highest-ranking officers.

The Chief of Indian Army staff is General Manoj Pande.

The Chief of Indian Naval staff is Admiral R Hari Kumar.

The Chief of Indian Air Force Staff is Air Chief Marshal VR Chaudhari.

The president of India serves as the Commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces.

8

Incredible India Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the Indian Army and the Indian Air force.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Name the division of the armed forces that operate in the following areas. a Land b Air c Water

2 Look at these pictures. Name the division of the armed forces that they belong to.

a

b

c

3 Name the Chiefs of these divisions of the armed forces. a Indian Navy: b Indian Army: c Indian Air:

4 Read the following and name the division of the armed forces. a Every year, 8 October is celebrated in its honour. b They safeguard our oceans and also help during natural disasters. c India celebrates 4 December in its honour every year. d It secures our borders located in harsh places like the Himalayas and Thar desert. e It protects our skies and supports the other two divisions of the armed forces. f

15 January is celebrated in its honour every year.

Topic 4 • Armed Forces of India

9

India and Its Neighbours

5

India is a vibrant and diverse country that shares its borders with several neighbouring countries. Let us read about some of them.

It is located to the north of India. It is known for its beautiful mountains, including the tallest mountain in the world, Mount Everest.

It has many beautiful landscapes. It has mountains, deserts; and even some green valleys.

It is located to the northwest of India.

It shares a long border with India.

It is located to the northeast of India and is a very big country.

AFGHANISTAN

It is a small country located to the northeast of India. It is known for its beautiful natural scenery and people who live peacefully.

It is located to the southeast of India and is separated from India by the narrow Palk Strait.

10

It is located to the east of India. It used to be a part of India many years ago.

It is a big country located to the east of India. It has lots of beautiful landscapes, like mountains, forests and rivers.

International Affairs Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the neighbouring countries of India.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Name the neighbouring countries of India.

2 Fill in the correct answer. a This neighbouring country is located to the southeast of India. b This neighbouring country has Mount Everest. c This neighbouring country used to be part of India, many years ago. d This neighbouring country is the birthplace of Lord Buddha. e This neighbouring country’s capital city is Thimpu. f This neighbouring country shares its borders with the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat. g The national sport of this neighbouring country is volleyball. h This neighbouring country has the world’s second largest population.

3 Name these neighbouring countries of India. a The Land of the Golden Pagodas b The Land of the Red Dragon c The Land of the Thunder Dragon

Topic 5 • India and Its Neighbours

11

Badminton

6

Badminton is a popular racquet sport. It is played by either two players (singles) or four players (doubles) on a rectangular court divided by a net. The Badminton World Federation (BWF) governs the sport internationally. Badminton is played worldwide and is even included in the Olympics. Let us learn more about this game.

Some Popular Badminton Players

Viktor Axelsen (Denmark)

Chou Tien-Chen (Chinese Taipei)

An Se-Young (South Korea)

PV Sindhu (India)

International Badminton Tournaments • The Olympic Games—Badminton is a part of the Olympic Games which are held every four years. It is played in the Summer Olympics. It features players from different competing nations.

• The BWF World Championships—This event is organised by the Badminton World Federation and features the top-ranking male and female players in the world.

• The Thomas Cup—It is the only men’s team world championship in badminton. It is held every two years and features the top men’s teams from around the world.

• The Uber Cup—It is the only women’s team world championship in badminton. It is held every two years and features the top women’s teams from around the world.

• The Sudirman Cup—It is a mixed-team (both men and women) world championship of badminton. It is held every two years.

Badminton is a widely popular sport in India. Indian badminton players have won a lot of medals in many international competitions. The Badminton Association of India (BAI) plays a crucial role in promoting the game in our country.

India’s Achievements in Badminton The Thomas Cup—Lakshya Sen, Kidambi Srikanth, H.S. Prannoy, Chirag Shetty and Satwiksairaj Rankireddy are a few players who were part of the winning team at the event that was held in Thailand in 2022.

Saina Nehwal (India)

The Olympic Games—Saina Nehwal won the bronze medal at the 2012 London Olympics. PV Sindhu become the first Indian woman to win a silver medal at the 2016 Rio Olympics. She also won the bronze medal at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.

The Badminton World Championship—Saina Nehwal won a silver medal in 2015 and a bronze medal in 2017.

The BWF World Tour Finals—PV Sindhu became the first Indian who clinched a gold medal in this event in 2018.

12

Sports, Entertainment and Culture Explore More Scan this QR code to know more about the rules of badminton and learn the techniques to play some shots.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Name the country with which the following players are associated. a Lakshya Sen b An Se-Young c Chou Tien-Chen d PV Sindhu e Viktor Axelsen f

Saina Nehwal

g Chirag Shetty

2 Write whether these badminton events feature male players, female players or both. a The Sudhirman Cup: b The Thomas Cup: c The Uber Cup: d The BWF World Championships: e The Olympic Games:

3 Fill in the blanks. a In the 2018 BWF World Tour, the female singles title was won by

.

b BWF stands for

.

c In the 2012 London Olympics,

won the bronze medal in badminton.

d Satwiksairaj Rankireddy was part of the winning team of e India had won f

, 2022.

medals in badminton in the Olympics by 2023.

A in 2015 and a bronze in two medals won by Saina Nehwal at the BWF World Championships.

g In the 2020 Tokyo Olympics,

Topic 6 • Badminton

are the

won the bronze medal in badminton.

13

ABC’s of First Aid

7

First aid is the immediate care a sick or injured person gets. Sometimes, the injured person may not be awake (conscious). We need to follow some basic life-saving steps in such cases. These are often called the ‘ABC’s of first aid’.

A = Awake If the injured person is not awake, try to wake them up. Follow these steps: 1. Carefully shake the victim’s shoulder and ask if he/she can hear you.

2. If the person does not answer or wake up after some time, call for help immediately.

B = Breathing Breathing supplies the body with life-giving oxygen. It is important to check whether the victim is breathing or not. To do so, follow the given steps: 1. Tilt the head back by gently lifting the chin up. It helps clear the airway.

2. Check if the person is breathing by noticing the chest movement. Place your hand on the chest to check if it is moving up and down.

3. Listen to the sound of breathing by placing your ear near the victim’s mouth or by feeling the breath on your cheek.

4. If the victim is not breathing or you hear abnormal sounds, call the emergency helpline number 108.

1

2

3

C = Continue Care and CPR Continue caring for the victim until help or an ambulance arrives.

A special technique called CPR is performed by healthcare or trained people, if the person is not breathing. It includes pressing on the chest in a rhythm and providing artificial breathing.

14

4

Life Skills Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about how to help an unconscious person.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write the full form of the ABC of first aid.

A

B

C

2 Sequence the pictures in the correct order (1–4) in order to provide ABC of first aid.

Try to wake up the victim.

CPR

Tilt the head back.

Check breathing.

3 Write Do or Don’t for the given steps. a If there is a medical emergency, we should first call the police. b We should start giving CPR to an unconscious person as the first step. c We need to check the chest movements to make sure that the injured person is breathing. d To perform CPR, we can use our elbows. e If the patient is breathing abnormally, we will call for help as soon as possible. f

We should not try to wake up an unconscious person.

g We need to tilt the head backwards to clear the airway. h We must try to wake up the unconscious person by shaking his/her shoulders. i

If the unconscious person does not wake up, we may leave him/her to recover.

j

We can perform CPR if person is breathing normally.

Topic 7 • ABC’s of First Aid

15

8

Disastrous Earthquakes and Floods, 2023

About 20,000 earthquakes happen all around the world every year. Many floods occur frequently in different parts of the world. Let us read about some of the most disastrous earthquakes and floods of 2023.

Some Massive Earthquakes in 2023

• On 6 February 2023, a large earthquake of magnitude 7.8 hit central Turkey and northern and western Syria. It resulted in the tragic loss of around 50,000 lives.

• Indonesia was hit by a 7.0 magnitude earthquake on 14 April 2023.

• On 5 May 2023, Japan experienced a 6.3 magnitude earthquake.

It took 1 life and left more than 40 people injured.

• On 13 June 2023, there was a 5.4 magnitude earthquake in Doda district, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Thankfully, no lives were lost.

• Mexico faced a massive earthquake with a magnitude of 6.9 on 15 June 2023.

• On 3 October 2023, a big earthquake with a magnitude of 6.2 hit the Western Region of Nepal. People in India also experienced it.

Some Massive Floods in 2023 • From December 2022 to March 2023, Queensland, Australia faced a massive flood.

• In March 2023, Durban, South Africa experienced several floods.

More than 550 people were affected by this disaster.

• In June 2023, many floods occurred in Sichuan Province, China.

About 17 people lost their lives due to the floods.

• In June 2023, floods in Assam and Meghalaya affected the Kaziranga National Park.

• In July 2023, there were floods in Eastern Kentucky, USA. • In July 2023, floods in Maharashtra, India, resulted in the loss of around 12 lives.

• In August 2023, several regions of Assam, India were flooded.

45 relief distribution centres worked in the affected areas.

• In August 2023, floods with landslides in Uttarakhand, India, resulted in the loss of over 227 lives.

16

The Year Gone By Explore More Scan this QR code to learn how to stay safe during an earthquake. Also, check a report on a flash flood in Kerala, India in October 2023.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the table with the date and the magnitude of the earthquake that hit the places.

Location

Date when the earthquake hit in 2023

Magnitude of the earthquake

a Japan b Indonesia c Turkey and Syria border d Western region of Nepal e Doda, Jammu and Kashmir

2 Name any 2 locations that were affected by floods in the month of the year 2023. a August:

,

b July:

,

c June:

,

3 Fill in the blanks. a In 2023, floods in Assam and Meghalaya affected b In October 2023, the earthquake that struck

. was also felt in the

northern parts of India. c d

, South Africa in March experienced several floods. in August 2023.

distribution centres worked to provide relief in regions of Assam affected by floods

Topic 8 • Disastrous Earthquakes and Floods, 2023

17

Flightless Birds

9

We know about many birds that can fly in the sky. But, did you know that there are some birds that cannot fly? They are called flightless birds. Let us learn some amazing facts about them.

Ostrich

Emu

Location: Africa

Location: Australia

Ostriches are the largest and the heaviest birds on Earth. They can grow more than 2 ½ metres tall and weigh more than 150 kg. They have very good eyesight and only two toes on each foot. They can live for many days without water. An ostrich’s egg is the world’s largest egg.

Emus are the secondlargest birds in the world. They have two sets of eyelids, one for blinking and the other for keeping sand and dust out of their eyes. They are very good swimmers. They mainly eat plants and insects like grasshoppers, beetles and cockroaches.

Cassowary Location: New Guinea and north-eastern Australia They are the third-largest birds on Earth. They are considered to be the most dangerous birds in the world due to their powerful legs and sharp claws. They can be dark blue or black in colour, with brightly coloured necks. They also have a colourful bony crest, which they often use to search through leaves and find fruit. Their diet includes fruit, seeds, leaves, insects, and small animals like rats and frogs.

Greater Rhea Location: South America They look similar to an emu or an ostrich but they are much smaller in size compared to them. They weigh around 15 to 30 kg and have a height of about 1 ½ metres. Unlike ostriches, they have three toes on each foot. Rheas mostly eat plants, insects, lizards, spiders, etc. They have long wings which they use for balancing themselves while running to escape from their enemies.

Kiwi Location: New Zealand The kiwi is a small flightless bird. They sleep during the day and spend most of the nighttime searching for food. It uses its long, thin beak to search for worms and tiny insects in the ground. It does not have a tail and its wings are very small. They can live for up to 50 years.

Penguin Location: Mostly in Antarctica and its nearby islands Penguins live in groups in the extremely cold temperatures of the Antarctica. A layer of fat and two layers of feathers keep them warm. Penguins are excellent divers and swimmers! They can slide over the icy ground on their bellies and swim underwater with the help of their wings, called ‘flippers.’ They can also hold their breath underwater for up to 20 minutes. They mainly eat fish and squid.

18

Earth and Environment Explore More Scan this QR code to explore some more beautiful flightless birds.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write the location where these birds are found. a Penguin:

b Ostrich:

c Emu:

d Greater Rhea:

e Cassowary:

f

g Steamer duck:

h Kakapo:

Kiwi:

2 Name the correct flightless bird. a The bird with webbed feet and flippers. b The bird with the largest egg in the world. c The bird with a colourful bony crest. d The bird that is considered to be the most dangerous bird in the world. e The bird with two toes on each foot. f

The second-largest bird in the world.

g This flightless bird sleeps during the day.

3 Fill in the blanks. a The cassowary often searches through leaves using its

.

b Ostriches can grow up to a height of

metres.

c The Greater Rhea weighs around

kg.

d The wing-like part of a penguin that helps it swim is called its e A kiwi can live up to f

.

years.

A penguin can hold its breath for up to

g The body part that a kiwi does not have is

minutes underwater. .

4 What are the uses of an emu’s two sets of eyelids?

Topic 9 • Flightless Birds

19

Great Inventions

10

We use different machines every day that have made our lives easier. Have you ever wondered who invented them?

Let us learn about some inventors and their important inventions that have changed the way we live.

The Microscope

The Telescope

Inventor: Hans and Zacharias Janssen

Inventor: Hans Lippershey

Year: 1590

Year: 1608

This father-son team from the Netherlands invented the first microscope. It is used to magnify an object. The earliest microscope could magnify an object around 20-30 times.

He was a spectacle maker in the Netherlands who invented the first telescope. It is used to see far-away objects. It is a useful tool for studying stars and planets.

The Computer Inventor: Charles Babbage Year: 1833-1871 Charles Babbage is also known as the ‘Father of Computers’. He kept working on the first computer until he passed away in 1871. The first computer was called the ‘Analytical Engine’.

It was able to perform many mathematical calculations.

The Light Bulb Inventor: Thomas Alva Edison

Year: 1879

Edison was an American scientist who was credited with the development of the first commercial light bulb. He was popularly known as the ‘Wizard of Menlo Park’. Light bulbs have a thin wire called a filament that heats up and gives out light.

The Motorcar Inventor: Karl Benz Year: 1886 Benz’s car was a three-wheeled vehicle with a single-cylinder gasoline engine. It had a top speed of about 16 kilometres per hour. It could travel for about 19 km on a full tank of fuel.

The Telephone Inventor: Alexander Graham Bell

Year: 1875

Graham Bell tested how sound is transferred while studying ways to teach the deaf. In the process, he invented the telephone. The first words over the very first telephone were Alexander Graham Bells’s instruction to his assistant, “Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you.”

The Aeroplane Inventor: The Wright Brothers

Year: 1903

The Wright brothers—Orville and Wilbur Wright, flew the first aeroplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, USA. It flew for 12 seconds.

20

Science and Technology Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about some more great inventions. Also, learn about the invention of the wheel and how it changed the world.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write the year of the following inventions and the person who invented them.

Inventions

Year of invention

Person who invented it

a The computer b The motorcar c The telescope d The aeroplane e The telephone f

The microscope

2 Write the correct answers. a The nickname of Thomas Alva Edison: b The top speed of the first motorcar: c The profession of the person who made the first telescope: d The length of time for which the Wright brothers flew the first aeroplane: e The distance travelled by the first car with a full tank of fuel: f

The place in which the Wright brothers flew the first aeroplane:

g The name of the first computer: h The person who is called the ‘Father of Computers’: i

The magnifying ability of the first microscope:

Topic 10 • Great Inventions

21

11

States and Union Territories of India

As of 2023, India has 28 states and 8 union territories.

• On 31 October 2019, Jammu and Kashmir was changed from a state to a union territory.

• Telangana is the most recent state added to the list. It was established as a state in 2014.

• Rajasthan is the largest state by area. Goa is the smallest state by area. It has a total land area of just 3,702 square kilometres.

• Jammu and Kashmir is the largest union territory by area. Lakshadweep is the smallest union territory by area.

It consists of 36 islands with a total area of only 32 square kilometres.

22

Incredible India Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the Indian states and their capitals. Also, explore the unique Lakshadweep Islands.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Name the correct union territory. a It is also the capital of India. b It is the smallest by area. c It is the largest by area. d It is the capital of 2 states—Punjab and Haryana.

2 Write the names of any 2 states of India that start with the following letters. a A:

,

b G:

,

c H:

,

d K:

,

e M:

,

T:

,

g U:

,

f

3 Fill in the blanks. a India has

states and

union territories.

b

is the largest state in India by area.

c

was the last state to be formed in India by 2023.

d

was changed from a state to a union territory in 2019.

e

is the smallest state in India by area.

f

The union territory

consists of 36 islands.

4 In which state or union territory of India do you live?

Topic 11 • States and Union Territories of India

23

12

Important International Days

Many important international days have been declared by the United Nations (UN) that honour and celebrate a different aspect of life. Let us learn about some of them.

The International Day of Happiness is celebrated on 20 March every year.

This day was created to celebrate happiness and well-being as the important things that everyone in the world should aim for.

World Health Day is celebrated every year on 7 April. This day is recognised as the global health awareness day by the World Health Organization (WHO). It aims to focus on the important health issues and promote a healthier lifestyle for people around the world.

Earth Day is celebrated on 22 April every year. This day promotes environmental awareness and inspires people to take actions to protect the planet.

The International Day of Yoga is celebrated on 21 June every year, since 2015. This day was established to promote the practice of yoga around the world. The idea of celebrating it was proposed by the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

The International Day of Peace is celebrated on 21 September every year. Its goal is to encourage people to come together and find peaceful solutions to the various problems that our world is facing today.

World Teachers’ Day is celebrated on 5 October every year. This day honours teachers all over the world. Its aim is to appreciate their efforts in educating and shaping the future of students. India also celebrates National Teachers’ day on 5 September every year.

24

International Affairs Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about the other important international days celebrated across the world.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 On what date are these days celebrated? a World Health Day b The International Day of Yoga c World Teachers’ Day d The International Day of Peace e The International Day of Happiness f

Earth Day

g World Post Office Day h World Hindi Day i

World Water Day

j

World Students’ Day

k World Food Day

2 Name the international day and when it is celebrated. a The day that spreads awareness about cancer:

b The day that celebrates our mother tongue: c The day in honour of women around the world:

d The day that promotes literacy (reading and writing): e The day we celebrate as Gandhi Jayanti, when we also promote non-violence:

f

The day for spreading awareness against corruption:

Topic 12 • Important International Days

25

13

Kabaddi

Kabaddi is a combative sport, played by two teams with seven players on each side. This game is widely popular in India and the world. Let us learn more about it.

In kabaddi, one player from the attacking team charges into the opposing team’s court, chanting “Kabaddi, Kabaddi” in one breath.

Points are scored if a player tags the members of the opposite team without getting caught in 30 seconds. It is often thought that the origins of this game lie in Ancient India. The first Kabaddi World Cup was hosted in Mumbai in 2004. It had teams from Asia, Europe and North America.

According to the World Kabaddi Federation (WKF), over 5 crore people in 65 countries play the game. This federation was founded in October 2004. Its vision is to bring all the kabaddi organisations of the member countries together.

Kabaddi has been the national sport of Bangladesh since 1972. There, it is known as Ha-du-du.

Kabaddi at the Asian Games The first Asian Kabaddi Championship was held at the 9th Asian Games, New Delhi in 1982, but it was not a competitive event. It was officially included in the 11th Asian Games, Beijing in 1990. India became the first country to win the gold medal in kabaddi at this event.

The 2023 Asian Kabaddi Championship took place in Busan, South Korea, from 28 to 30 June. India won the championship in both the men’s and women’s categories.

The Pro Kabaddi League (PKL) is India’s premier Kabaddi championship, which was launched in 2014 by Mashal Sports and the Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India (AKFI).

26

Sports, Entertainment and Culture Explore More Scan this QR code to learn the rules of kabaddi. Also, learn about the history of kabaddi in India and its popularity in modern times.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the blanks. a Kabaddi is played by

teams with

b The kabaddi court should be

players in each team.

metres long and

metres wide.

c The person attacking the opponent team is called a d The person attacking must chant “ e The person attacking has f

. ,

” repeatedly, out loud.

seconds to score points.

The game of kabaddi is usually played in two halves of

minutes each.

2 Complete the sentences with the correct details. a In Bangladesh, kabaddi is called

.

b The first Kabaddi World Cup was held in

in the year

.

c Kabaddi was demonstrated for the first time in the Asian Games in the year

.

d Kabaddi became an official sport in the Asian Games in the year

.

e The 2023 Asian Kabaddi Championship took place in

.

f

The winner of the 2023 Asian Kabaddi Championship was

.

g The Pro Kabaddi league was launched in the year

.

h The Pro Kabaddi league was launched by

.

i

Kabaddi is the national sport of

j

According to

Topic 13 • Kabaddi

. , over 5 crore people in 65 countries play kabaddi.

27

Know Your Kitchen

14

The kitchen is an important part of our home. It has different items that help us cook and eat delicious food. Let us learn about the kitchen.

Utensils We use a lot of kitchen utensils in many ways. We prepare ingredients, cook, serve and eat food using different utensils.

Tools These items are used for various tasks—from food preparation to cooking. They help us cut, chop, grind, mix and pick up food.

Appliances Kitchen appliances are electronic devices that save our time and make cooking easy.

Cookware

Bakeware

Refrigerator

These are the kitchen items used to cook on the stove. It includes pots, frying pans and cookers.

These are the kitchen items used to bake food in the oven. It includes baking sheets, bowls, and different pans.

A refrigerator or simply a fridge is an important kitchen appliance.

It stores food items at a cool temperature and prevents them from going bad.

28

Life Skills Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about kitchen utensils, tools and appliances.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Name any 2 utensils used to cook food.

2 Name any 2 kitchen appliances.

3 Name any 4 utensils used to serve and eat food.

4 Which kitchen utensil, tool or appliance is it? a It is used to cut and chop fruits and vegetables. b It is a flat board on which we can chop fruits and vegetables. c It is a round container with two handles, used to cook many types of food. d It is used to spread frosting on a cake. e It keeps our desserts and dishes cool. f

It connects to a cylinder and provides a flame on which we can cook food.

g It helps to bake food items like bread, cakes and pizza. h It is used to reheat food. i

It is used to make dough round while making chappatis (rotis).

j

It is a large plate to serve the food on the dining table.

k It whistles when it cooks food items like dal. l

It washes kitchen utensils automatically.

m It is a special knife used to peel fruit and vegetables. n It is used for eating food items like noodles. o It is used to mix and blend food items like milkshakes.

Topic 14 • Know Your Kitchen

29

India in Space, 2023

15

The Indian space agency has seen a remarkable success with its missions in the year 2023. Let us learn more about it and its successful missions.

The Indian Space Research Organisation, or ISRO, is the national space agency of India.

The ISRO was founded in 1969

by Dr Vikram Sarabhai. He is regarded as the ‘Father of the Indian Space Program’.

As on October 2023, S. Somanath is serving as the chairman of the ISRO. Under his chairmanship, The ISRO carried out 2 missions— Chandrayaan-3 and Aditya-L1.

Space Missions of ISRO, 2023 Chandrayaan-3 The ISRO launched Chandrayaan-3 on 14 July 2023. So far, it was India’s third moon mission. The lander’s name is Vikram and the rover‘s name is Pragyan.

On 23 August, Vikram successfully soft-landed near the South Pole of the Moon. On 24 August, Pragyan ramped down from the lander Vikram and took a walk on the Moon.

This rover was made in India, Made for the MOON!

The rover Pragyan

The lander Vikram

A rover is a vehicle that moves around on a planet or moon to explore, and collect information.

A lander is a machine that lands on the surface of a planet or moon.

Aditya-L1 On 2 September 2023, the Aditya-L1 was launched by ISRO to study the Sun. The distance between the Sun and the Earth is about 150 million kilometres.

30

The Year Gone By Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about the history and rise of the ISRO.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write the name of the person. a The father of the Indian Space Program: b The chairman of ISRO who led the Chandrayaan-3 mission:

2 Write the correct date. a When Chandrayaan-3 landed on the Moon’s South Pole. b When Pragyan ‘took the first walk’ on the Moon. c When ISRO launched the Aditya-L1 satellite. d When Chandrayaan-3 was launched by ISRO. e When the ISRO was founded.

3 Fill in the blanks. a In 2023,

was a successful moon mission by ISRO.

b In 2023,

was launched to study the Sun.

c

is a machine that lands on the surface of the planet.

d

is a vehicle that collects information on the surface of the Moon.

e In the 2023 moon mission of ISRO, the machine that soft landed on the moon is called f

The rover in ISRO’s moon mission, is called

g The rover of ISRO’s 2023 moon mission was made in h The distance between the Earth and the Sun is about

Topic 15 • India in Space, 2023

.

. . kilometres.

31

Unique Beaches

16

Beaches are stretches of narrow land spread across the edge of the sea and oceans. We can find many types of pebbles, rocks, shells and many other things on the beaches. Let us read about some of the most unique beaches around the world.

The Pink Sand Beach Location: Bahamas This beach gets its pink shade from tiny organisms called foraminifera that live in the coral reefs. They have a bright pink or red shell full of holes. When these creatures die, their shells end up on the beach and mix with the sand, giving it a pink colour.

The Hidden Beach Location: Marieta Islands, Mexico Also known as the ‘Beach of Love’, this beach is inside a hidden cave on the island. This secluded beach is only accessible when the water level is low, through a single water tunnel. Tourists can reach it only by swimming or boating through a tunnel.

The Jervis Bay Beach Location: Australia When it gets dark in Jervis Bay, the water sometimes starts to glow with a blue light.

This is because of tiny creatures called dinoflagellates. When the water moves, it lights up the beach as if the water is full of thousands of tiny stars.

The Keramas Beach Location: Bali, Indonesia It is a popular black beach in Bali and is made of volcanic sand mixed with rocks. It is a popular beach among surfers because of the big waves, which can be as long as 30 metres and about 2 metres high.

The Glass Beach Location: Fort Bragg, California This beach is covered with colourful pieces of glass spread over white sand. It is not a naturally created beach, as it used to be a garbage dumping site. These unique pebble-like glass pieces were formed over the years, as glass items were shattered and then made smooth by the waves.

The Papakolea Beach Location: Hawaii, USA This beach has green sand that is made from a mineral called olivine, which came from the lava of the Big Island (where the beach is located). When the lava cooled off, it stayed on the beach, giving the beach its unique green colour. There are only 3 other green beaches like this in the world.

32

Earth and Environment Explore More Scan this QR code to explore some more unique beaches around the world.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Name the country where this unique beach is situated. a The Glass beach b The Jervis Bay beach c The Palm Jumeirah beach d The Koekohe beach e The Keramas beach f

The Papakolea beach

g The Hidden beach h The Whitehaven beach i

The Star Sand beach

j

The Hot Water beach

2 Fill in the blanks. a The green sand in the Papakolea beach is because of

.

b The hidden beach is also called c

. beach is one of the black beaches in Bali.

d The blue light In Jervis Bay is because of e f

.

create the pink shade of the pink sand beach.

The glass pieces in the glass beach were made smooth by the

g The hidden beach can be accessed either by through the tunnel.

. or

h The Keramas beach in Bali is known for its big waves, which can be as high as

Topic 16 • Unique Beaches

metres.

33

Stargazing

17

When we look at the night sky, it appears as a dark blanket dotted with stars and the moon. Many people observe and study the night sky. This activity is called stargazing. Let us learn more about stargazing and how it helps us discover the wonders of the night sky.

How to Prepare for Stargazing • • • • • •

Wait for clear weather.

Choose a spot like a roof or park from where the sky can be seen clearly.

Carry a pair of binoculars or a telescope, if possible.

Carry a notebook and pen.

Use a night-sky map. You may also use a night-sky mobile application.

Stargazing is easy when the sky is dark. It is difficult to stargaze when the moon is full and bright in the night sky.

Stars are giant balls of gas that give out heat and light. While stargazing, we might realise that some stars are brighter than others. Sometimes, we can even spot constellations. As of 2023, the International Astronomical Union has listed a total of 88 constellations that are visible from the Earth. The constellations we see depends on the time of year and our location on Earth.

Some of them are: The Ursa Major: It is also called the ‘Great Bear.’ The ‘Big Dipper’ is a small pattern of the brightest stars that form the tail of the bear and looks like a spoon. This group of seven stars is known as the Saptarishi.

A constellation is a group of stars that looks as if it forms a pattern. These stars are not connected to each other at all. But, if we use our imagination and draw imaginary lines between the stars, like a dot-to-dot puzzle, the pattern will look like an object, animal or person.

The Orion constellation looks like a mythical hunter. The three stars in a row in the middle of this constellation form the famous ‘Orion’s belt’.

Orion’s belt

The Hydra constellation, named after a mythical water snake, is the largest constellation in the night sky.

34

The stars in the Crux constellation form a cross. It is the smallest constellation in the night sky.

The Canis Major constellation is called the ‘Great Dog’. It is home to Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky. This star is also called the ‘Dog star’.

Sirius

Is It a Star or a Planet?

All things that we see in the night sky while stargazing are not stars. Some planets are also visible in the night sky.

They don’t twinkle like stars, making it easier for us to spot them. They are usually visible near the horizon where the sun sets and rises. Venus is the brightest planet that we can see. We can also see Mars, Jupiter and sometimes Saturn in the night sky.

Science and Technology Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about stars and other constellations.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the blanks. a The activity of observing the night sky is called

.

b Stars are giant burning balls that produce

and

c

is the closest star to the Earth.

d

is the brightest star in the night sky.

e The hottest stars give out

light.

The coolest stars give out

light.

f

g Constellations are patterns made of a group of h As of 2023, there are

.

. official constellations.

i

The Orion’s belt consists of

stars.

j

The Big Dipper consists of

stars.

k We can watch all the constellations, all the time if we live near the

.

is the brightest planet visible from Earth.

l

2 Which constellation is it?

a

b

c

3 Write the name of the correct constellation. a The constellation also known as the Great Bear: b The constellation that looks like a mythical hunter: c The constellation also known as the Great Dog: d The largest constellation in the night sky: e The smallest constellation in the night sky: f

The W-shaped constellation:

g The constellation that has the star Sirius: h The constellation that is also known as the Bull: i

The constellation that has a small group of stars forming the shape of a spoon:

Topic 17 • Stargazing

35

18

Mountains and Rivers of India

The land of India is diverse with some majestic mountains and rivers. Let us learn about them.

Rivers of India The Ganga passes through Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal and then merges with the Brahmaputra river.

The Ganga is the longest river in India. It is also the national river of India. The Yamuna is another popular river that joins the Ganga.

The Brahmaputra is the widest river in India.

It originates outside India in Tibet.

The Godavari is the second-longest river in India.

The rivers Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri and Mahanadi flow toward the east and drain into the Bay of Bengal. The rivers Narmada and Tapi are the major rivers that flow west and into the Arabian Sea.

Mountain Ranges of India

The Himalayas is the most widespread mountain range in India and has some of the world’s highest mountain peaks. It includes Mount Everest, which is the highest mountain peak in the world. This peak is located between Nepal and Tibet.

Kangchenjunga, located in Sikkim, is the highest mountain peak in India. It is the 3rd highest peak in the world.

36

Incredible India Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the rivers and the mountains of India.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Name the correct mountain ranges. a It is the highest mountain range in the world. b It runs along the eastern coast of India. c It runs along the western coast of India. d 2 mountain ranges in north-eastern India.

,

e 2 mountain ranges in central India. f

,

This mountain range has the tallest peaks in the world.

g This is the tallest mountain peak in India.

2 Name the correct rivers. a This is the second longest river in India. b This is the widest river in India. c This is the longest river in India. d This is the national river of India. e This river branches into the national river and also runs through India’s capital. f

2 rivers that merge with the Ganga in the state of Bihar.

,

g 2 rivers that flow from east to west.

,

h 2 rivers that flow into the Bay of Bengal.

,

3 Fill in the blanks with the correct answer. a Name the state where the tallest peak of India has its base: b Name 2 states that have the Himalayan mountain range: c 2 places between which Mount Everest is located:

, ,

d 5 states of India through which the Ganga passes: , ,

Topic 18 • Mountains and Rivers of India

37

19

International Currencies

All the countries in the world use different forms of money for transactions, called ‘currency’. These currencies are widely accepted in international trade. Let us learn about some of them.

The Indian Rupee (INR) is the official currency of India and is used in trade with neighbouring countries. It is used for all money-related matters within the country. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) controls it. The symbol used for the rupee is ‘₹’. The notes have many pictures on them, but the most notable is that of Mahatma Gandhi.

The United States Dollar (USD) is accepted as the standard currency for international trade. ‘$’ is the symbol used to denote it. Different dollar notes have pictures of different presidents of the United States of America.

The Euro (EUR) is the official currency of 20 out of 27 European Union member countries which together are called the euro area. It is the second-most widely used currency in the world.

The Japanese Yen (JPY) is the official currency of Japan. It is an important international currency, especially in Asia. It is the third-most traded currency in foreign exchange. It is usually denoted with the symbol ‘¥’, although in Japanese, it is written as ‘ ’.

The British Pound Sterling (GBP) is the official currency of the United Kingdom, which includes England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. It is also used in some overseas British territories. Notes in current circulation have pictures of Queen Elizabeth II and Charles III. It is the oldest currency in the world that is still in use.

The Russian Ruble (RUB) is the official currency of Russia. It is also used in parts of Ukraine occupied by Russia. It is the second-oldest currency that is still in use.

38

International Affairs Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about international currencies.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Name the currencies of the following countries. a France

b Brazil

c Russia

d Poland

e India

f

g Bhutan

h China

i

Japan

j

South Africa

k South Korea

l

Bangladesh

m Australia

n Indonesia

o Thailand

p Malaysia

q Mexico

r

Iraq

s

t

The euro area

Saudi Arabia

u The United Kingdom

Turkey

v The United States of America

2 Write the symbols of these currencies. a The United States Dollar

b The Euro

c The Indian Rupee

d The Russian Ruble

e The Japanese Yen

f

The Great British Pound

3 Fill in the blanks. a The Indian Rupee is regulated by

.

b

is often used as the standard currency for international transactions.

c

is the second-most widely used currency in the world.

d

is the oldest currency that is still in circulation.

e

is the third-most traded currency in foreign exchange.

Topic 19 • International Currencies

39

The Animation World

20

Pixar Animation Studios and Walt Disney Animation Studios are two of the most successful animation studios in the world. Animated films created by them have won many awards like the Oscar and the Golden Globe.

Toy Story Buzz Lightyear

This animated film was released in 1995. It was the first computer animated feature film.

There were three sequels of this film, released in 1999, 2010 and 2019. The stories of these films revolve around toys that come to life when humans are not present. Toy Story 3 won the Oscar in two categories in 2010.

Woody

Ice Age Ice Age was released on 15 March 2002. It has six parts. The story of these films is set around 20,000 years ago, when the Earth was covered in ice. The story revolves around the friendship and adventures of Manfred the mammoth, Diego the sabre toothed tiger and Sid the sloth.

Finding Nemo This animated film was directed by Andrew Stanton and Lee Unkrich. It was released in 2003. It shows the journey of a clownfish in search of his son, Nemo, from the Great Barrier Reef to Sydney. “Just keep Swimming” is one of its popular dialogues. Finding Nemo won an Oscar for the Best Animated Feature in 2004. Its sequel, Finding Dory, was released in 2016.

UP It was a comedy drama adventure film released on 29 May 2009. It received an Oscar for the Best Animated Feature Film in 2010. The film shows the friendship between an old man, Carl, and a small boy named Russell. It shows their journey to the Paradise Falls with the help of more than 10,000 balloons tied to Carl’s house.

Frozen This film was released on 27 November 2013. It is a musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios. The film shows the story of two princesses—Elsa and Anna, and their friends. Elsa has the magical power to create ice but runs away to ensure no one is hurt by it. Anna and her friends make her come back home and drive away the people who are after her kingdom.

In 2014, it won Oscars in two categories: Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song for Let It Go. The song has been recorded in over 41 languages. Its second part was released in 2019.

Elemental It is a romantic comedy drama film released on 16 June 2023. It became the most-watched Disney + release of 2023. The film shows a city where the elements—fire, water, land and air live together.

Elemental premiered as the closing film at the 76th Cannes Film Festival on May 27, 2023. It received a standing ovation at the end.

40

Sports, Entertainment and Culture Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about famous Pixar films and watch the trailer of Elemental.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write the release date of the following animated films. a Elemental b Toy Story c Frozen d Up e Ice Age f

Finding Nemo

2 Name 3 Disney and Pixar films that have won the Oscar for Best Animated Feature. ,

,

3 Read the feature and name the correct film. a In this film, the toys come alive. b In this film, a princess has the power to create ice. c A popular dialogue of this film is “Just keep swimming.” d This film shows the adventures of the animals of prehistoric times on Earth. e This film shows the elements of fire and water living together in a city. f

It was the first computer-animated feature film.

g This film shows the journey of a clownfish to reach Sydney in the search of his son. h The popular song of this film is Let It Go.

Topic 20 • The Animation World

41

21

Different Ways to Exercise

Exercise is a way to move our bodies to stay healthy. Exercise makes us feel more energetic and happy. There are many fun ways to exercise. Here are some of them:

Playing Outdoors

Riding a Bicycle

We can run, jump, and play outdoor games like skipping rope, badminton and football. We also make new friends while playing outdoors.

We can ride a bicycle around our neighbourhood or in a park. This is a great way to strengthen our legs and improve our balance.

Dancing

Swimming

We can put on some music and dance around.

Dancing is a fun way to move our bodies, and we can sing along too!

Swimming is a great exercise. We must swim if we have a pool at home or can go to one for swimming.

It helps to strengthen our muscles and improve our breathing.

Yoga and Stretching

Jogging

Yoga poses and stretching help to improve flexibility and also relax our body.

Jogging is running at a slow and steady pace. When we jog, our heart beats faster and our muscles get stronger.

42

Life Skills Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the different ways to ­exercise and different poses of yoga.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write any 6 different ways to exercise.

2 Write any 4 yoga poses.

3 Name any 4 outdoor games.

4 Name the following exercise. a This way of exercise includes different asanas. b This exercise involves moving your body in different ways to music. c This way of exercise involves running at a slow and steady pace. d We use a two-wheeler for this exercise. e We do this exercise in a pool.

Topic 21 • Different Ways to Exercise

43

22

Sports Events in India, 2023

The 15th Men’s Hockey World Cup was held in Odisha, India from 13 to 29 January, 2023, with 16 nations competing in it. Germany won the World Cup.

The 18th National Inter District Junior Athletics Meet (NIDJAM) was held in Patna, Bihar, from 10 to 12 February 2023. Over 5,000 athletes took part in this event.

The 5th Khelo India Youth Games were hosted in Madhya Pradesh, India from 30 January to 11 February 2023. This event attracted 5000 athletes from India’s 36 states and Union Territories.

The 10th Indian Open Race-Walking Competition was held in Ranchi, Jharkhand, from 14 to 15 February 2023. Ram Baboo and Manju Rani created new national records. Ram Baboo finished the men’s 35 km race-walk in 2 hours, 31 minutes, and 36 seconds. Manju Rani finished the women’s 35 km race in 2 hours, 57 minutes, and 54 seconds.

The 18th National Youth Athletics Championship 2023 was held in Udupi, Karnataka for three days from 10 to 12 March.

The Indian Premier League (IPL) 2023 was played in 12 different stadiums across India from 31 March to 29 May. This 16th season included 10 teams. The Chennai Super Kings defeated the Gujarat Titans in the finals.

The ICC Men’s Cricket World Cup 2023 was played from 5 October to 19 November in different stadiums in India. This was played amongst a team of 10 countries—India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, England and Netherlands. Australian team won the trophy.

The National Games of India was held in Goa from 25 October to 9 November. It included a record number of 43 sports. Over 10,000 athletes took part in this event.

44

The Year Gone By Explore More Scan this QR code to watch India’s gold win at the Asian U20 Athletics Championship South Korea, 2023. Also, listen to the MS Dhoni, captain of the winning team Chennai Super Kings at the IPL 2023.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the table of the events of 2023.

Name of the Event

Date of the Event

Number of Teams/Athletes

a National Games of India b National Inter-District Junior Athletics Meet c Men’s Hockey world cup d The ICC Men’s Cricket World Cup e Indian Premier League

2 Name the city or state where the following sports events took place in the year 2023. a National Games of India b National Inter-District Junior Athletics Meet c National Youth Athletics Championship d Indian Open Race-Walking Competition e Men’s Hockey World Cup f

Khelo India Youth Games

Topic 22 • Sports Events in India, 2023

45

Waste Management

23

Every year, the world produces about 200 crore tons of solid waste. This waste often ends up in landfills and waterbodies. There are five major ‘garbage patches’ in the world’s oceans as of today. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is the world’s largest buildup of plastic waste. We need to learn how to reduce the waste we produce.

Recycling is changing waste material into reusable material.

We can reduce waste by following different ‘Rs’ of waste management.

Waste plastic bottles

Refuse things that cause waste.

Reduce waste; carry your own bottle or bag.

Reuse old things instead of buying new ones.

Repair things before thinking of throwing them away.

Recycle only when you cannot reuse or repair.

What can be recycled?

Cut and melted

Rot fruit & vegetable waste to make compost.

Plastic chips

New plastic things

What cannot be recycled?

Paper and Cardboard

Plastic

Metal

Glass

Electronics

Hazardous Waste

Plant and Animal Waste

Paper is made of wood.

Thousands of trees are cut to make paper.

Recycling 1 ton of paper can save 17 fully grown trees!

Plastic takes centuries to decompose.

Many countries have banned single-use plastic.

Metals are recycled more easily than plastic.

Steel is the most recycled material in the world.

Glass is fully recyclable and can be recycled many times without reducing its quality.

Electronic waste contains harmful substances like lead and mercury.

Only some electronic waste can be recycled.

This contains waste that is toxic, reactive to heat or fire or can cause diseases.

This waste rots to produce methane gas that causes a rise in Earth’s temperature.

It is better to compost this waste.

46

Earth and Environment Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the process and the importance of ­recycling. Also, learn more about things that can and cannot be r­ ecycled.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 The list has different ways to manage waste. Write the correct R beside each. a When we say NO to buying plastic bottles: b When we carry our own bag for shopping: c When we fix the broken zip of a bag: d When we use an empty jar as a pen holder: e When we make paper clay from waste paper:

2 Write Y for waste that can be recycled and N for waste that cannot be recycled. a An empty glass jam jar:

b An old plastic bottle:

c Vegetable peels:

d Leftover food:

e Newspaper:

f

g Broken steel spoon:

h Empty juice can:

i

Empty oil bottle:

j

Old notebooks:

k A cracked mirror:

l

A cardboard shoe box:

Dry flowers:

3 Choose the correct word from those given in the brackets and fill in the blanks. a Paper is made from

(metal/wood) and can be recycled.

b Waste from the hospitals like medicines and syringes are c Waste like old mobile phones and batteries are d Waste like dry flowers and leaves can be e Huge masses of waste formed in the ocean are called

(electronic/hazardous) waste. (safe/unsafe) for the environment. (composted/recycled). (garbage patches/landfills).

f

(single-use/double-use) plastic such as straws are banned in India.

g

(oxygen/methane) is produced by rotting plant and animal waste.

h The most recyclable metal in the world is

Topic 23 • Waste Management

(steel/copper).

47

Uses of Drones

24

You might have heard or read about robots that can do many things. But, did you know that there are robots that can fly? These flying robots are called drones.

A drone is a small aircraft that can be controlled by a person using either a remote control or a computer. Drones are also known as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs).

The 2 Types of Drones

The Phone-holding Drone

The In-built-Camera Drone These drones have high quality cameras built into them for taking pictures and making videos. The camera can be controlled by special buttons on the remote control. You can adjust the camera settings like zoom and focus.

These drones are costly, starting from around ₹10,000.

A smartphone has to be attached to the remote control of this drone to use the phone’s camera to click photos and videos. It does not have a camera of its own. We need to adjust the phone’s camera settings to change zoom and focus. The camera’s quality depends on the quality of phone attached.

The cost of these drones starts from around ₹2000.

The Uses of Droness • Tracking wild animals and monitoring the forest areas.

•

Some farmers use it to monitor their crops.

The Misuses of Drones •

They have been used to deliver banned items.

• They have been used to follow people without their permission.

• Recording events like sports tournaments, concerts and festivals.

• It is dangerous to fly drones near airports and crowded places.

• Assessing the damage caused by natural disasters like floods.

•

They can cause damage to property if they crash.

• The police can use them for security purposes.

More on Drones!

•

China makes and sells a lot of drones.

•

India used a military drone in the Kargil war with Pakistan in 1999.

•

The first drone made in India is called the Nishant. It was tested in 2008.

•

The MQ-9B Reaper drone is an advanced drone used by the US military.

•

On 22 May 2014, a drone delivered a pizza in Mumbai!

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Science and Technology Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the types of drones. Also, check how fast a drone can go.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the blanks. a A drone is a small

that can be controlled by a person.

b Drones are controlled using either a

or a

c Drones are also known as

. .

d India first used a drone during the

war in the year

e The first drone that was designed in India is named

. .

is the largest maker and seller of drones worldwide.

f g The

is an advanced drone used by the US military.

2 Which type of drone is it? Write ‘I’ for the In-built-Camera Drone and ‘P’ for the Phone-Holding drone. a These drones already have cameras in them for taking videos. b These drones use the phone’s camera. c They usually have buttons on the remote to change camera settings. d These drones have high-quality cameras integrated into them. e These drones are cheaper and can be bought for around two thousand rupees.

3 Write ‘G’ if it is a good use and ‘M’ if it is a misuse of drones. a Farmers can use drones to check on their crops. b Flying a drone near airports. c Using drones to look into private places. d Flying drones to measure the damage done by an earthquake. e Using drones to record a birthday party. f

The police using a drone to catch a thief.

g The army using drones to monitor the country’s borders. h A heavy drone creating a lot of noise in a locality. i

A stranger flying a drone to follow a child.

Topic 24 • Uses of Drones

49

25

Superlative Structures in India

There are many structures in India that are the symbols of our uniqueness, growth and national pride. Let us learn about some of them.

The Statue of Unity It is the tallest statue not just in India, but in the world! It is an 182-metre-tall statue of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the first deputy prime minister of independent India. It was opened to the public in 2018. It is located near Kevadia, in the state of Gujarat. It attracts thousands of tourists every year.

The Dhola-Sadiya Bridge It is the longest overwater bridge in India and is also known as the Bhupen Hazarika Setu. It is about 9 kilometres long and is built over the Lohit River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra River. The bridge was inaugurated in 2020 and connects the states of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.

The Hirakud Dam It is the longest dam in India and in the world. It is more than 25 kilometres long and was built in the year 1957. It is located near Sambalpur in the state of Odisha, and is built across the Mahanadi River.

The Narendra Modi Stadium The largest cricket stadium in India and the world, the Narendra Modi stadium is located in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. It is built on 63 acres of land and has a seating capacity of 1,32,000 people. The stadium was inaugurated in February 2020.

National Highway 44 This highway is the longest road in India. It connects Srinagar to Kanyakumari, over a span of 3,745 kilometres. It was inaugurated in 2010.

The Dr Syama Prasad Mookerjee Tunnel It the longest road tunnel in India and also known as the Chenani-Nashri Tunnel. Located in the lower Himalayan mountains, this tunnel connects Udhampur and Ramban in Jammu and Kashmir. This more than 9 ½ kilometres-long tunnel was opened for the public in April 2017.

50

Incredible India Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the making of the Statue of Unity—the world’s tallest statue, and the Narendra Modi stadium—the world’s biggest cricketing venue.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 In which state/union territory of India are these structures located? a The Narendra Modi Stadium: b The Chenani-Nashri Tunnel: c The Hirakud Dam: d The Statue of Unity:

2 Name the cities or states of India that are connected by these structures. a National Highway 44:

and

b The Dhola-Sadiya bridge:

and

c The Dr Syama Prasad Mookerjee tunnel:

and

3 Write the year in which these structures were inaugurated. a The Narendra Modi Stadium b The Dr Syama Prasad Mookerjee Tunnel c The Hirakud Dam d The Dhola-Sadiya Bridge e The Statue of Unity f

National Highway 44

4 Which superlative of India is it? a It honours the first deputy prime minister of independent India. b It is the largest cricketing venue in the world. c It is the longest road connecting the north and south states of India. d It is built across the Mahanadi River. e It is built over the Lohit River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra River. f

It has a seating capacity of 1,32,000 people.

g It is located in the lower Himalayas and connects Udhampur and Ramban.

Topic 25 • Superlative Structures in India

51

First Leaders

26

Throughout history, many leaders have left a lasting impact on their nations and the world. Let us read about some of them.

Rishi Sunak

Barack Obama

He is the first British prime minister who is of Indian origin. His grandparents were from India. He was born in Southampton, UK. He was elected in October 2022. He is the youngest prime minister of the United Kingdom in the last 200 years.

He was the 44th president of the United States of America. He was the first African American who become the president of the United States in 2009. He was elected again in 2012 and served till 2017. In 2009 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru

Dr Rajendra Prasad

He was the first prime minister of the independent India. He served from August 1947 to May 1964.

He was famous among children and was popularly called Chacha Nehru. His birthday is celebrated as Children’s Day in India.

He was the first president of the independent India. He served in this post for the longest term of around 12 years—from 1950 to 1962.

Before this, he worked as an Indian politician, lawyer, and journalist. He also worked with Mahatma Gandhi early in the non-cooperation movement for independence.

(14 November 1889– 27 May 1964)

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(3 December 1884– 28 February 1963)

Nelson Mandela (18 July 1918– 5 December 2013)

He was the first black president of South Africa. He served from 1994 to 1999. He was also the South Africa’s first black lawyer and a leader who fought for the rights of the common man of South Africa.

He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 for his efforts. His birthday is celebrated as Nelson Mandela Day.

George Washington (1732-1799)

He was the first president of the United States. He served from 1789-1797. He is known as the “Father of His Country”. The US capital Washington is also named after George Washington. He was one of the most famous leaders of all time.

International Affairs Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about former Presidents Barak Obama and Nelson Mandela.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write the name of the leaders. a The first prime minister of India: b The first president of the United States: c The first black president of South Africa: d The first African-American president of the United States: e The first British prime minister of Indian origin: f

The first president of India:

g The first black lawyer of South Africa:

2 Fill in the blanks. a Nelson Mandela Day is celebrated every year on

.

b An award that Barack Obama got in 2009 was

.

c The popular name of Jawaharlal Nehru is

.

d The movement in which Dr Rajendra Prasad worked with Mahatma Gandhi was e Children’s Day is celebrated every year on

.

The capital of the USA is named after

.

f

g A famous leader to get the Noble Peace Prize in 1993 was

.

.

3 Name the country these leaders belong to. a Nelson Mandela:

b Jawaharlal Nehru:

c Barak Obama:

d Rishi Sunak:

4 Write the years during which these leaders served. a Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru: b Dr Rajendra Prasad: c Barack Obama: d George Washington: e Nelson Mandela:

Topic 26 • First Leaders

53

Marvel’s Superheroes

27

A superhero is a fictional character with special powers who helps to save the world. Marvel’s superheroes are some of the most popular ones. Most of them first appeared in Marvel comics created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. Later, they were popularised by the ‘Marvel Cinematic Universe’ or MCU, which is a series of films based on the stories from Marvel Comics.

The Hulk Real Name: Dr Robert Bruce Banner Bruce is a brilliant scientist, who becomes the Hulk after a science experiment goes wrong. He turns into the Hulk only when he gets angry. Hulk is super strong. He can lift mountains and buildings and punch through a planet.

Ironman Real Name: Anthony Edward ‘Tony’ Stark Tony is a genius scientist and an inventor. He made a suit of armour for himself to escape his kidnappers. Later, he made this suit stronger with the help of Titanium, gold and other high-tech materials. Because of this, he came to be known as ‘Iron man’. The suit gives him the power to fly, shoot powerful lasers and much more.

Thor Real Name: Thor Odinson Thor is a son of Odin, the king of the gods. He is the god of Thunder, who belongs to the kingdom of Asgard, which lies in another world. He is a brave and strong warrior. His hammer, Mjolnir, is his favourite weapon. He can use it to fly and to control lightning.

Captain America Real Name: Steven Grant Rogers Steve was transformed into a supersoldier after a lab experiment during World War II. The experiment was a success and he gained super strength. He has an iconic shield made of Vibranium, one of the strongest materials in the Marvel universe.

Captain Marvel Real Name: Carol Danvers She is a powerful superhero in the Marvel universe who got her powers after a plane crash.

She can shoot energy blasts from her hands. She has a healing factor that allows her to recover from even the most serious injuries. She also can fly anywhere in the universe. She helps to protect Earth and many other planets from various threats.

Black Widow Real Name: Natasha Romanoff She is a spy who was part of a group called the ‘Widows’. She does not have superpowers like the other superheroes. She is a smart, skilled fighter. She wears a strong, black suit that is fire-resistant and has a lot of other gadgets that help in her missions. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, she sacrificed herself to save the world.

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Sports, Entertainment and Culture Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about the release dates of the movies in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Also, compare the Marvel superheroes based on their size.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write the real names of the following Marvel superheroes. a Iron Man b Captain America c Hulk d Black Widow e Captain Marvel f

Thor

2 Read the features and write the correct name of the Marvel superheroes. a She can shoot energy blasts from her hands. b He is the son of the god Odin and comes from another realm. c She is a spy who wears a dark, fire-resistant suit. d He has a shield made of Vibranium. e He has an armour made of gold and titanium. f

He turns into a superhero when he gets angry.

g She can fly anywhere in the universe and helps protect a lot of planets. h He created a powerful armour packed with the most advanced technologies. i

He is also known as the god of thunder.

j

He transformed into a supersoldier after an experiment, during World War II.

k He uses the hammer named Mjolnir to fight his enemies.

Topic 27 • Marvel’s Superheroes

55

28

Make in India

The Indian government has launched many plans for the betterment of the country and its people. Let us learn about one such plan—Make in India.

This plan was launched by the prime minister of India, Narendra Modi, in September 2014. The lion symbol of its logo is inspired by the historical use of the lion in the Indian culture. Together, the lion and the industrial wheels stand for innovation and courage.

Some Features of Make in India • In 2023, India ranked 3rd as the largest hub of start-up companies in the world. This plan encourages companies to make products in India.

• It encourages companies to use computers to complete their work faster and make it easier.

• It helps people and companies protect ideas and products so that no one can copy them without their permission.

• It invites companies from other countries to invest money in India.

• This plan focuses on progress in 25 sectors.

Indian handicrafts is one such sector. Since it is in demand worldwide, this makes handicrafts a sector that can create more jobs and also help reduce poverty.

Some Achievements of Make in India • Several schemes such as Skill India, Startup India, Digital India and Smart Cities have been launched under this plan.

• India hosts more than 1,600 German companies such as BMW, Volkswagen and SAP under this plan.

• American companies like Amazon, Coca-Cola, Google and Apple Inc., have invested in India.

• Some big Japanese companies like Hitachi, Toshiba and Honda Japan have increased its investments in India.

• Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA) has invested a lot in Indian companies like Reliance. Its various companies like Emaar are also developing in India.

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Life Skills Explore More!

Scan this QR code to learn more about the Make in India plan and some of its achievements.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the blanks. a Make in India is a government of India plan launched in

.

b Make in India is launched by

.

c In the Make in India logo, the lion and the industrial wheels stand for and d India is the

. largest start-up hub in the world in 2023.

e The program focuses on progress in f

key sectors.

India hosts more than

German companies under Make in India plan. means to start a new business.

g h ADIA stands for

.

2 Name 3 companies each from these countries that are investing in the Make in India plan. a America:

,

b Germany: c Japan:

, ,

,

, ,

3 Name 4 Indian schemes launched under Make in India.

4 Write any 2 achievements of Make in India in 1 or 2 sentences.

Topic 28 • Make in India

57

29

Asian Games Mascot, 2023

A mascot of a sporting tournament is usually a character that represents the host country’s culture, history, or values. It is believed that a mascot brings good luck.

Asian Games have had an official mascot for each edition since 1982. In the year 2023, the 19th Asian games were held at Hangzhou, the capital of China’s Zhejiang province. Let us read about the mascots of this event.

Asian Games Mascots, 2023 There were three official robotic mascots of the event—Chenchen, Congcong and Lianlian.

Chenchen represents the iconic Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. This mascot got its name from the famous Gongchen Bridge which joins the Grand Canal, the Qiantang River and distant lands across the seas.

The blue colour of Chenchen signifies science and technology. On its head, it wears a headdress shaped like the tides of the Qiantang River’s tides, and its forehead features the Gongchen Bridge.

Congcong represents the archaeological ruins of the renowned Liangzhu city. This mascot got its name from the famous Cong jade pendant that was found in the ruins.

The yellow colour of Congcong signifies great harvests of rice and grain as they turn yellowish when they ripen. The pattern on its head symbolises bravery and personal growth.

Lianlian represents the West Lake, symbolising the beautiful, natural treasures of the city of Hangzhou. ‘Lianlian’ means a lake full of lotus leaves in Chinese.

The green colour of Lianlian signifies both life and nature. The lotus leaf on its head symblises the Three Pools Mirroring the Moon, in the West Lake, which is a beautiful attraction of the city.

It also has a web-like design representing the internet on its head.

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The Year Gone By Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about the history of the Asian games mascots and learn more about the mascots of the Asian games, 2023.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Name the three mascots of the Asian Games, 2023. Also, write what colour they are.

Name of the Mascot

Colour

a b c

2 Name the Asian Games 2023 mascots that got their names from the following. a The Cong jade pendant b A lake full of lotus leaves c The Gongchen Bridge

3 Fill in the blanks. a The 19th Asian games 2023 were held at b

. mascot has a lotus leaf on its head.

c The pattern on Congcong’s head symbolises

.

d

has the tides of the Qiantang River on its head.

e

was inspired by the West Lake in the city.

4 Write the names of the mascots of the following Asian Games. a The 9th Asian games 1982, held in India. b The 10th Asian games 1986, held in South Korea. c The 11th Asian games 1990, held in China. d The 13th Asian games 1998, held in Thailand. e The 15th Asian games 2006, held in Qatar.

Topic 29 • Asian Games Mascot, 2023

59

30

Natural Disasters

Natural disasters are unexpected and powerful events like earthquakes or floods. They can harm the environment, property and people. Let us read about some of them.

Earthquake: An earthquake happens when the large rocks beneath the Earth’s surface move, causing the ground to shake a lot. About 20,000 earthquakes happen all around the world every year. They can cause buildings to collapse and even bring about landslides.

The Turkey-Syria earthquake was one of the major earthquakes. It took place on 6 February 2023.

Flood: A flood is caused due to an overflow of water on land. They can happen due to heavy rains, ocean waves, rapidly melting snow, dams breaking or cloudbursts (a sudden, very heavy rainfall). Floods can lead to loss of lives, buildings and roads. Dirty and stagnant water that collects due to floods can cause several diseases like typhoid, malaria and various types of skin infections.

Heavy rainfalls during the rainy season of 2023 caused severe flooding and landslides in many north Indian states. In July, more than 100 people across Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Delhi lost their lives in this disaster and thousands were relocated to relief camps.

Landslide: A landslide refers to a slip of land or a shallow flow of debris down a slope. Landslides can be caused by rain, earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.

Human activities like cutting down trees has increased the risk of landslides. The easiest way to prevent landslides is to plant more trees.

A heavy landslide happened in Irshalwadi, Maharashtra, India, due to heavy rains.

On the night of 19 July 2023, this landslide wiped out the Irshalwadi village. Only 142 out of 228 villagers survived the disaster.

Cyclones: A cyclone is a huge, spinning storm that forms in the sea and moves towards the land. It can bring heavy rains, high waves, along with strong winds.

The wind can damage houses, trees and buildings. We can track a cyclone. The government usually issues warnings before a cyclone hits and it helps save lives.

Cyclone Biparjoy was big cyclone that occurred in India recently. It started in the Arabian Sea on 6 June 2023. The cyclone affected the Indian states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka.

Heatwave: A heatwave occurs when there is extremely hot weather in an area, for several days in a row.

In July 2023, the United States, Mexico, Southern Europe and parts of China experienced extreme heatwaves.

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Earth and Environment Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about ways to prepare for and survive different natural disasters.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Look at the following pictures and name the natural disaster.

b

a

c

2 Fill in the correct answer. a A natural disaster where there is extremely hot weather for several days. b A cyclone that formed in the Arabian Sea in June 2023. c A disease commonly caused after a flood. d A disaster in which the ground suddenly shakes a lot. e A northern state of India affected by the 2023 flood. f

A practice that can help reduce landslides.

g A village in Maharashtra that was affected by a landslide in July 2023. h An Indian state affected by a cyclone in the Arabian Sea in June 2023. i

A country that experienced a heatwave in July 2023.

j

A disaster that forms over the sea and moves towards land.

3 Write 2 causes of these natural disasters. a Landslide: b Flood:

4 Write 1 effect of each of these natural disasters. a Earthquake: b Cyclone:

Topic 30 • Natural Disasters

61

31

Vaccines

We get vaccinated so that we do not fall sick. Vaccines are given in the form of injections or drops to help our bodies fight germs that can make us sick.

Vaccines contain parts of the same germs that make us sick, but they are inactive or weakened, so they cannot cause illness. It teaches our body how to fight against germs. Chemicals are also used in modern vaccines to speed up the process.

For some diseases, a single dose of vaccine is given, while for most diseases one or two additional doses are given at a scheduled time. These doses are called booster doses.

These are given to increase life-long protection of the person against the disease.

Polio Vaccine Polio is a disease that affects the muscles and makes it hard for them to move. The first successful polio vaccine (IPV) was developed in the early 1950s by an American doctor Jonas Salk. In the 1960s, Dr Albert Sabin developed and tested an oral polio vaccine (OPV). World Polio Day is celebrated every year on 24 October to honour the efforts of people who are trying to make the world polio-free.

India was declared polio-free by the World Health Organization in 27 March 2014.

Smallpox Vaccine Smallpox was a deadly disease that killed many people across the world. In 1796, Dr Edward Jenner developed the first successful vaccine for smallpox. He is often called the pioneer of vaccines.

COVID-19 Vaccine The coronavirus causes COVID-19, which makes people sick and spreads quickly from person to person. It was a widespread disease between 2019 and 2022. The first COVID-19 vaccine was developed by the German companies Pfizer Inc. and BioNTech in December 2020.

Bharat Biotech in India developed its first COVID-19 vaccine in January 2021. India had delivered over 2.2 billion doses until 4 March 2023. In India, the vaccine is given to people who are above the age of 12.

Vaccination in Children Children are given many vaccines so that their bodies can fight against different deadly diseases.

• At birth and for the first few years of life, children are given BCG to fight tuberculosis, Hepatitis B vaccines and Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV).

• Influenza vaccines are given to children above 6 months, every year to prevent flu.

Even adults should take this vaccine.

• Some vaccines like the rabies vaccine are given if a dog, monkey, squirrel, cat or bat bites us.

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Science and Technology Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about vaccines and the diseases they prevent. Also, learn about the way vaccines work in our body.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Name a disease that these vaccines prevent. a BCG: b MMR: c OPV: d Rotarix: e DTaP:

2 Name the person or companies who developed the following vaccines. a First smallpox vaccine b First polio vaccine (IPV) c First oral polio vaccine (OPV) d First vaccine of COVID-19 in the world e First vaccine of COVID-19 in India

3 Name the correct vaccine. a A vaccine that is given to children at birth: b A vaccine that is given after a dog bites a person: c A vaccine that is given to prevent tetanus: d A vaccine that we should take every year to prevent flu:

4 Fill in the blanks. a Additional doses of vaccine given after first dose are called

.

b World Polio Day is celebrated every year on

.

c Edward Jenner is also known as

.

d In India, COVID-19 is given above the age of

years.

e India was declared polio-free on

.

f

.

Organisation that declared India as polio-free is

g A disease that affects the muscles and makes it hard to move is

Topic 31 • Vaccines

.

63

32

Language Diversity in India

A large number of languages are spoken in India across different regions. The language diversity in India reflects our rich culture.

According to a survey in 2023, India has the world’s fourth largest number of spoken languages.

INDIA

The constitution of India recognises 22 official languages.

They are: Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Bodo, Santhali, Maithili and Dogri.

Oriya

Legend International boundaries State boundaries

Map not to Scale

Hindi became an official language of India on 14 September, 1949.

To remember and honour this occasion, this date is celebrated as the Hindi Diwas every year.

Hindi is the most spoken language in India.

It is mainly spoken in the northern and central parts of India.

Bengali is the second most spoken language, closely followed by Marathi, Telugu and Tamil.

Busting the Myth

Officially, the first Hindi Day was celebrated on September 14, 1953.

Many people believe that Hindi is our national language. It may be because it is widely spoken and is one of the official languages. But, it is not true! The Indian constitution does not give the status of national language to any language.

Linguistic Survey, 2011 According to this survey, the states in India with the highest number of languages are Nagaland, followed by Arunachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Himachal pradesh and Bihar. The state of Kerala has the lowest number of languages. Majorly, Malayalam is spoken in Kerala.

According to this survey, union territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands have the maximum number of langueges. Bangaluru, the capital city of Karnataka is the most language diverse city. More than 100 languages are spoken in this city.

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Incredible India Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the most spoken languages in India.

Also, listen to a song in 22 languages spoken in India.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Tick the 4 languages that are most widely spoken in India. a Punjabi

b Telugu

c Marathi

d Kashmiri

Urdu

g Bengali

h Oriya

i

f

e Tamil j

Mizo

Ladakhi

2 Fill in the blanks. a There are

languages spoken in India that are listed in the constitution.

b India has the world’s c

number of languages according to a survey. is the most widely spoken language in India. is the second most popular language spoken in India.

d e Hindi was adopted as an official language on f

.

In India, the first Hindi Diwas was celebrated on

.

3 Name the correct states, union territory or city for the following. a The most linguistically diverse states in India:

and

b The most linguistically diverse union territory in India: c The most linguistically diverse city in India:

Topic 32 • Language Diversity in India

65

Our Leaders

33

Every country has important leaders who make decisions for that country. These leaders include the president, the prime minister and other important officials. Let us learn how they are chosen.

Countries like the United States of America, Argentina, Chile, Indonesia and Kenya have just the president as the head of the country.

Countries like India, France, Hungary, Poland, Pakistan and Russia have both a prime minister and a president.

Selection of the Leaders In countries like France and the Philippines, presidents are elected directly by the people.

India In India, people above the age of 18 years cast their vote during elections, to choose their leaders. The political party that wins the elections chooses the prime minister of the country. The chief ministers are chosen similarly.

The president of the country is chosen by the elected members of both houses of the Parliament and the Legislative Assemblies of the States and the Union Territories. The president of India serves for 5 years.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi

President Draupadi Murmu

Kings and Queens Up to 2023, there were around 43 countries in the world that were ruled by kings and queens. Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Bhutan, the United Kingdom and Bahrain are some countries with kings. In these countries, children born to the kings and queens become the next rulers.

Elizabeth II was the queen of the United Kingdom (UK) from 6 February, 1952, until her death on 8 September, 2022. She served as a queen for 70 years.

Margrethe II is the queen of Denmark.

She is the only living monarch who is a woman. She has been serving for more than 50 years.

66

Salman Bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud is the king of Saudi Arabia.

Charles III, the eldest son of Elizabeth II, is now the king of the UK. The country also has a prime minister who works with the king.

Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck is the king of Bhutan.

International Affairs Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about Queen Elizabeth II and facts about the elections in India.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Name the countries where these people rule. a Salman Bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud: b Charles III: c Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck: d Margrethe II:

2 Name any 2 countries: a where people choose their president by voting.

b that have both a president and a prime minister. c that have only a president.

d that are ruled by kings.

3 Write the correct numbers. a The voting age of people in India. b The number of years served by the president of India. c The number of countries ruled by monarchs, up to 2023. d The number of years Elizabeth II served as the queen of the UK.

4 Fill in the blanks. a Up to 2023, the only living queen in the world was

.

b The president of India in 2023 was

.

c The mother of Charles III was

.

d The prime minister of India in 2023 was

.

Topic 33 • Our Leaders

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34

Birthday Celebrations Around the World

Usually, we are excited to celebrate our birthdays. Did you know that birthdays are celebrated in different ways in different countries? Let us find out about some different birthday celebrations around the world.

In the Latin-American culture, girls celebrate their quinceañera when they turn 15 years old.

The celebrations are joyous occasions that start with a religious ceremony and end when food is served. The quinceañera is presented with many gifts and its customary for her to share a first dance with her father.

In the Chinese culture, the Zhuazhou is held when the child turns one year old. The parents put various objects before the child. These objects symbolise career choices. The child’s choice is used to forecast his/her future. Generally, family and friends cook noodles to celebrate their child’s Zhuazhou.

In Australia, people celebrate children’s birthdays with ‘fairy bread’ instead of cake. White bread, butter and colourful sprinkles are the basic ingredients of fairy bread.

The Russians celebrate their children’s birthdays by giving gifts to every child invited to the birthday party. Adults hang gifts from a clothesline, and each child gets to pull one down to take it home with them.

The Vietnamese people do not celebrate the individual birthdays of each person. Instead, on the Vietnamese New Year, everyone celebrates turning another year older, together.

In Canada, the birthday girl or boy is grabbed and they have their noses coated with butter. It is believed that it wards off bad luck for the next year.

In Spain, people pull the ears of the person celebrating their birthday, once for every year of their age.

In Italy, you must immediately open the gift when it is handed to you. Not following this culture shows that you are a rude person.

68

Sports, Entertainment and Culture Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the birthday celebrations around the world.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write any 4 things that we need to organise a birthday party.

Hint: Their names start with the letter C.

2 Write the name of the country associated with the following birthday traditions. a Here, people do not celebrate their birthdays, instead, they wait for the New Year celebrations.

b Here, people pull the ears of the person celebrating their birthday. c Here, people use fairy bread for birthday celebrations instead of a cake.

d Here, adults put gifts on a clothesline for the guests to pull one down for themselves. e Here, people grease the nose of the person celebrating their birthday with butter.

f

In this country, you need to open a gift immediately after you receive it.

g Turning 15 is special for girls in this culture.

h Here, family and friends eat noodles toether with the birthday boy or girl.

i

The birthday cake is decorated with the national flag in this country.

j

Here, the cake has a coin hidden in it. It is believed that if the birthday boy or girl finds the coin, they will grow up to be rich.

k Here, the birthday boy or girl hits a pinata, blindfolded, until it breaks open.

l

In this culture, the baby’s head is shaved on their first birthday.

Topic 34 • Birthday Celebrations Around the World

69

Banks and Their Uses

35

A bank is a place where the money of the people is kept and managed, with the permission of the government.

Depositing and Withdrawing Money Sara is visiting her grandmother during her summer vacation. They are reading a book together this morning.

Grandma: Sara, I have to go to the bank today. Would you like to come with me?

Sara: Sure. What do you have to do at the bank, Grandma?

Grandma: I have to deposit some money in my bank account.

When we put money into our bank account, it is called depositing money. It could be in the form of cash, cheque or electronic transfer.

Sara: Oh, I see! Can you also take out that money later?

Grandma: Yes, of course! When we take our money out of the bank, it is called withdrawing money.

Lending Money Grandma and Sara go to the bank.

Sara: Is everyone here to deposit their money, Grandma?

Grandma: Oh no dear! Some people are also here to take a loan from the bank.

When a bank lends us money, it is called a loan.

Sara: Why do people need a loan, Grandma?

Grandma: Well, you see Sara, people might need a loan for different purposes such as to buy a house, a car or for their businesses.

Keeping Valuables Safe The next day, Grandma had to go to the bank again.

Sara: Why are you going to the bank again, Grandma?

Grandma: I have to put something in my locker at the bank, Sara.

Sara: Banks have lockers too? Is it similar to the locker that I have in my school? I keep my school books in it.

Grandma (laughing): Yes, it is a similar kind of locker, but it is hidden from the people and is much safer. It has a lock that only the person who owns it can open with their set of keys. It is a safety box, where people can keep their valuables like jewellery and important documents safe.

Sara: Oh, that is good! It means banks are safe places for keeping our important belongings.

Importance of Banks for the Nation That evening, grandma and Sara were talking about their day.

Sara: Grandma, I never knew banks were so useful!

Grandma: Yes, Sara! Having a good functioning banking system is very important for us. It is also important for our country. Banks not only provide help to businesses, they also help to create more jobs. In this way, banks help a country to grow.

Sara: That is amazing! Thank you for telling me about banks and their uses, grandma.

70

Financial Literacy Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about banks, their uses and how they work.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Choose the correct word from the brackets and fill in the blanks. a A bank is a place where people can keep their b We can put our money in a

. (clothes/money) account. (bank/shop)

c Putting money in a bank is called

money. (spending/depositing)

d Taking out our money from the bank is called

money. (withdrawing/saving)

e When banks lend money to people, it is called a f

A

. (gift/loan)

in a bank is where people can keep their gold. (locker/drawer)

2 Write if the statement is True or False. a A bank is not a safe place to keep our money. b We can put our money in a bank through cash or a cheque. c Banks can give people money on special occasions like their birthdays. d People can also keep their important papers safely in a bank.

3 Write the correct reasons. a People may need to borrow money from a bank for: ,

,

b Banks are important because they: provide

Topic 35 • Banks and Their Uses

,

create

,

help the

71

A n swe rs 1. Leaders of India, 2023

1. The answers may vary; sample answers: a. Arvind Kejriwal, Delhi; b. Pema Khandu, Arunachal Pradesh; c. Zoramthanga, Mizoram; d. Bhagwant Singh Mann, Punjab; e. Manohar Lal Khattar, Haryana; f. Yogi Adityanath, Uttar Pradesh 2. a. Narendra Damodardas Modi b. Droupadi Murmu c. Nirmala Sitharaman d. Amit Shah e. Arjun Ram Meghwal f. Rajnath Singh g. Nitin Jairam Gadkari h. Ashwini Vaishnaw i. Mansukh Mandaviya j. Dharmendra Pradhan k. Arvind Kejriwal l. Pema Khandu m. Zoramthanga

2. Unique Trees and Forests

7. ABC’s of First Aid

1. awake, breathing, continue care/ CPR 2. 1, 4, 2, 3 3. a. Don’t b. Don’t c. Do d. Don’t g. Do h. Do i. Don’t j. Don’t

1. a. 5 May, 6.3 b. 14 April, 7.0 c. 6 February, 7.8 d. 3 October, 6.2 e. 13 June, 5.4 2. The answers may vary; sample answers: a. Assam, Uttarakhand b. Maharashtra, Eastern Kentucky in the United States c. Assam, Sichuan Province in China 3. a. Kaziranga National Park c. Durban d. 45

2. a. red b. Indonesia e. Kaindy f. north i. mangrove forest

9. Flightless Birds

3. a. The Traveller’s Tree b. The Rainbow Eucalyptus Trees c. The Dragon’s Blood Tree d. Pine trees e. The Baobab Tree

3. E-mail

1. a. electronic mail b. at the rate c. Ray Tomlinson d. 1971 e. 7,37,106 f. Spam g. @ h. 1991, STS-43 Atlantis, i. Swami Vivekanand: An Inspirational Personality 2. a. E-mail address of the receiver b. E-mail address of the sender c. Short description of the e-mail in a single line. d. Receiver’s e-mail address who gets a copy of the mail e. Details of the message f. It is given at the end and includes the sender’s details.

3. a. receiver’s user name b. at the rate c. address of the E-mail provider

4. Armed Forces of India 1. a. Army

b. Air Force

c. Navy

b. Army

c. Navy

2. a. Air Force

c. Indian Navy f. Indian Army

5. India and Its Neighbours

1. Afghanistan, Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar 2. a. Sri Lanka e. Bhutan

b. Nepal f. Pakistan

3. a. Myanmar

b. China

c. Bangladesh d. Nepal g. Sri Lanka h. China c. Bhutan

6. Badminton

1. a. India b. South Korea c. Chinese Taipei e. Denmark f. India g. India 2. a. Both

b. Male

c. Female

1. a. Antarctica and its islands b. Africa c. Australia d. South America e. New Guinea and north-eastern Australia f. New Zealand g. South America h. New Zealand 2. a. Penguin e. Ostrich

b. Ostrich c. Cassowary f. Emu g. Kiwi.

3. a. bony crest f. 20 g. tail.

b. 2 ½

c. 15-30

d. Cassowary

d. flippers

e. 50

4. They use one for blinking and the other for keeping sand and dust out of their eyes.

10. Great Inventions

1. a. 1833-1871; Charles Babbage b. 1886; Karl Benz c. 1608; Hans Lippershey d. 1903; The Wright Brothers e. 1875; Alexander Graham Bell f. 1590; Hans and Zacharias Janssen

d. Both

11. States and Union Territories of India 1. a. New Delhi d. Chandigarh

b. Lakshadweep

c. Jammu and Kashmir

2. The answers may vary for some parts; sample answers: a. Arunachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh b. Goa, Gujarat c. Haryana, Himachal Pradesh d. Karnataka, Kerala e. Maharashtra, Manipur f. Tamil Nadu, Telangana g. Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand 3. a. 28, 8 b. Rajasthan d. Jammu and Kashmir

c. Telangana e. Goa f. Lakshadweep

4. Individual answers. The answer must include Indian state or union territory name. d. India e. Both

3. a. PV Sindhu b. Badminton World Federation c. Saina Nehwal d. Thomas Cup e. 3 f. silver, 2017 g. PV Sindhu

72

b. western region of Nepal

2. a. Wizard of Menlo Park, b. 16 kilometres per hour c. spectacle maker d. 12 seconds e. 19 kilometres f. Kitty Hawk, North Carolina g. Analytical Engine h. Charles Babbage i. 20-30 times

3. a. Admiral R. Hari Kumar b. General Manoj Pande c. Air Chief Marshal VR Chaudhari 4. a. Indian Air Force b. Indian Navy d. Indian Army e. Indian Air Force

f. Don’t

8. Disastrous Earthquakes and Floods, 2023

1. a. Yemen b. Southern Africa c. Kazakhstan d. Philippines, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea c. umbrella d. east-west g. fan h. landslide

e. Do

12. Important International Days

1. a. 7 April b. 21 June c. 5 October d. 21 September e. 20 March f. 22 April g. 9 October h. 10 January i. 22 March j. 15 October k. 16 October

2. a. World Cancer Day, 4 February b. International Mother Language Day, 21 February c. International Women’s Day, 8 March d. International Literacy Day, 8 September e. International Day of Non-Violence, 2 October f. International Anti-Corruption Day, 9 December

13. Kabaddi

1. a. two, seven b. 13, 10 kabaddi e. 30 f. 20

c. raider

d. kabaddi,

2. a. Ha-du-du b. Mumbai, 2004 c. 1982 e. Busan, South Korea f. India g. 2014 i. Bangladesh j. World Kabaddi Federation

d. 1990 h. Mashal Sports

14. Know Your Kitchen

1. The answers may vary; sample answer: fry pan, pot

3. a. Sikkim b. The answers may vary; sample answers: Uttarakhand, Jammu and Kashmir c. Nepal and Tibet d. Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal

19. International Currencies

1. a. Franc b. Real c. The Russian Ruble d. Zloty e. Rupee f. Lira g. Ngultrum h. Yuan i. Yen j. Rand k. Won l. Taka m. Australian Dollar n. Rupiah o. Baht p. Ringgit q. Mexican Peso r. Dinar s. Saudi Riyal t. Euro u. The British Pound Sterling v. Dollar 2. a. $

b. €

c. ₹

d. ₽

20. The Animation World

2. The answers may vary; sample answer: dishwasher, blender

1. a. 16 June 2023 e. 15 March 2002

3. The answers may vary; sample answer: platter, plates, bowls, trays

2. Frozen, Up, Toy Story 3

4. a. Knife b. Chopping board c. Pot d. Spatula e. Refrigerator f. Gas-stove g. Oven h. Microwave i. Rolling pin j. Platter k. Pressure cooker l. Dishwasher m. Peeler n. Fork o. Blender

3. a. Toy Story e. Elemental

15. India in Space, 2023 1. a. Dr Vikram Sarabhai

b. S. Somnath

2 a. 23 August, 2023 b. 24 August, 2023 d. 14 July, 2023 e. 1969 3. a. Chandrayaan-3 b. Aditya-L1 e. Vikram f. Pragyan g. India

c. 2 September, 2023

c. Lander d. Rover h. 150 million

16. Unique Beaches

1. a. California b. Australia c. United Arab Emirates d. New Zealand e. Indonesia f. The United States g. Mexico h. Australia i. Japan j. New Zealand 2. a. olivine b. beach of love c. The Keramas d. dinoflagellates e. Foraminifera f. waves g. swimming, boating h. 2

17. Stargazing

1. a. stargazing b. heat, light c. sun e. bluish f. redish g. stars h. 88 k. equator l. Venus 2. a. Leo

b. Scorpius

d. Sirius i. 3 j. 7

c. Cassiopeia

3. a. Ursa Major b. Orion e. Crux f. Cassiopeia i. The Big Dipper

c. Canis Major g. Canis Major

d. Hydra h. Taurus

18. Mountains and Rivers of India

1. a. The Himalayas b. Eastern Ghats c. Western Ghats d. Garo and Khasi e. Satpura and Vindhya f. The Himalayas g. Mount Kangchenjunga 2. a. Godavari b. Brahmaputra e. Yamuna f. Ghaghara, Son h. Godavari, Mahanadi

Answers

c. Ganga d. Ganga g. Narmada, Tapi

e. ¥

3. a. Reserve Bank of India/RBI e. JPY b. 1995 f. 2003

f. £

b. Dollar

c. Euro

c. 27 Nov 2013

d. GBP

d. 29 May 2009

b. Frozen c. Finding Nemo d. Ice Age f. Toy Story g. Finding Nemo h. Frozen

21. Different Ways to Exercise

1. The answers may vary; sample answers: Playing outdoors, riding a bicycle, dancing, swimming, yoga, jogging 2. The answers may vary; sample answers: bow pose, butterfly pose, cow pose, cat stretch pose 3. The answers may vary; sample answers: skipping rope, badminton, football, cricket 4. a. Yoga

b. dancing

c. jogging

d. cycling

e. swimming

22. Sports Events in India, 2023

1. a. 25 October–9 November, 10,000 b. 10–12 February, 5000 c. 13-29 January d. 5 October–19 November, 10 e. 31 March to 29 May, 10 2. a. Goa b. Patna, Bihar Jharkhand e. Odisha

23. Waste Management 1. a. Refuse

b. Reduce

2. a. Y i. Y

c. N k. Y

b. Y j. Y

c. Udupi, Karnataka f. Madhya Pradesh

d. Ranchi,

c. Repair

e. Recycle

d. N l. Y

e. Y

d. Reuse f. N

g. Y

h. Y

3. a. wood b. hazardous c. unsafe d. composted e. garbage patches f. single-use g. methane h. steel

24. Uses of Drones

1. a. aircraft b. remote control, computer c. flying robots d. Kargil, 1999 e. Nishant f. China g. MQ-9B Reaper 2. a. I

b. P

c. I

3. a. G h. M

b. M i. M

c. M

d. I d. G

e. P e. G

f. G

g. G

73

25. Superlative Structures in India 1. a. Gujarat

b. Jammu and Kashmir

2. a. Srinagar, Kanyakumari c. Udhampur, Ramban 3. a. February 2020 e. 2018 f. 2010

c. Odisha

d. Gujarat

b. Assam, Arunachal Pradesh

b. April 2017

c. 1957

d. 2020

4. a. Statue of Unity b. Narendra Modi Stadium c. National Highway 44 d. Hirakund Dam e. Dhola-Sadiya bridge f. Narendra Modi Stadium g. Dr Syama Prasad Mookerjee Tunnel

26. First Leaders

1. a. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru b. George Washington c. Nelson Mandela d. Barack Obama e. Rishi Sunak f. Dr Rajendra Prasad g. Nelson Mandela 2. a. 18 July b. Nobel Peace Prize c. Chacha Nehru d. non-cooperation movement e. 14th November f. George Washington g. Nelson Mandela 3. a. South Africa

b. India

4. a. 1947 -1964 e. 1994 -1999

b. 1950 -1962

c. USA

d. 1789 -1797

27. Marvel’s Superheroes

1. a. Anthony Edward ‘Tony’ Stark b. Steven Grant Rogers c. Dr Robert Bruce Banner d. Natasha Romanoff e. Carol Danvers f. Thor Odinson 2. a. Captain Marvel d. Captain America g. Captain Marvel k. Thor

b. Thor c. Black Widow e. Iron Man f. Hulk h. Iron Man i. Thor j. Captain America

1. a. September 2014 b. PM, Narendra Modi c. innovation, courage d. 3rd e. 25 f. 1600 g. startup h. Abu Dhabi investment authority 2. The answers may vary; sample answers: a. Amazon, Coca-Cola, Google b. BMW, Volkswagen, SAP c. Hitachi, Toshiba, Honda Japan 3. Skill India, startup India, digital India, smart cities 4. The answers may vary; sample answers: India hosts more than 1600 German companies and some big Japanese companies have increased their investments in India.

29. Asian Games Mascot, 2023 2. a. Congcong

b. Congcong, yellow

b. Lianlian

c. Lianlian, Green

c. Chenchen

3. a. HangZhou, China b. Lianlian c. bravery and personal growth d. Chenchen e. Lianlian 4. a. Appu

b. Hodori

30. Natural Disasters 1. a. earthquake

c. Pan Pan

b. flood

d. Chai-Yo

e. Orry

c. heat wave

2. The answers may vary for a, e, f and i; sample answers: a. heat wave b. Biparjoy c. malaria d. earthquake e. Himachal Pradesh f. planting more trees g. Irshalwadi h. Gujarat i. The United States of America j. Cyclone

74

31. Vaccines

1. a. tuberculosis, hepatitis B, oral polio vaccine b. measles, mumps, rubella c. polio d. rotavirus e. diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis 2. a. Dr Edward Jenner b. Jonas Salk c. Dr Alberst Sabin d. Pfizer Inc. and BioNTech e. Bharat Biotech 3. a. BCG

b. rabies

c. DTap

d. influenza

4. a. booster b. 24 October c. pioneer of vaccines d. 12 e. 27 March 2014 f. World Health Organization g. Polio 1. Children will tick the following languages - Bengali, Marathi, Telugu, Tamil 2. a. 22 b. 4th largest e. 14 September 1949

c. Hindi d. Bengali f. 14 September 1953

3. a. Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh Islands c. Bengaluru

33. Our Leaders 1. a. Saudi Arabia d. Denmark

b. Andaman and Nicobar

b. United Kingdom

c. Bhutan

2. The answers may vary; sample answers: a. France, Philippines b. India, France c. The United States of America, Argentina d. United Kingdom, Denmark 3. a. 18

28. Make in India

1. a. Chenchen, blue

4. The answers may vary; sample answers: a. It can cause buildings to collapse. b. It can damage houses, trees and buildings.

32. Language Diversity in India

d. United Kingdom

c. 2009 -2017

3. The answers may vary; sample answers: a. rain, earthquakes b. heavy rains, cloudburst

b. 5

c. 43

d. 70

4. a. Margrethe II b. Draupadi Murmu d. Narendra Modi

c. Elizabeth II

34. Birthday Celebrations Around the World

1. The Answers may vary: sample answers: cakes, candles, cards, candies 2. a. Vietnam b. Spain c. Australia d. Russia e. Canada f. Italy g. Latin America h. China i. Denmark j. England k. Mexico l. India and Nepal

35. Banks and Their Uses 1. a. money b. bank e. loan f. locker 2. a. false

b. true

c. depositing

c. false

d. withdrawing

d. true

3. a. The answers may vary: sample answers: buy a house, a car, their businesses b. help to businesses, more jobs, country’s growth

About the Book Aware empowers learners with general knowledge, awareness of global developments, functional competencies and the 21st-century skills essential for life today. The book covers learning across eight key themes, which are shown below.

About Uolo Uolo partners with K-12 schools to provide technology-based learning programs. We believe pedagogy and technology must come together to deliver scalable learning experiences that generate measurable outcomes. Uolo is trusted by over 10,000 schools across India, South East Asia and the Middle East.

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