AWARE_G03_GK_MB_Book

AWARE Navigate the Rapidly Changing World

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General Knowledge Textbook

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21st Century Skills

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NEP 2020 Aligned

AWARE Navigate the Rapidly Changing World

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To Pare nt s an d Te ac h e rs

In the dynamic and ever-changing world of the 21st century, knowledge is a beacon that guides us through the myriad challenges and opportunities that come our way. In this age of information, possessing a keen sense of general knowledge and awareness has become more critical than ever before. This awareness becomes a compass that helps us navigate through the complexities of our modern existence, allowing us to make informed decisions, think critically, and appreciate the world’s diversity.

On that note, we are delighted to present to you this comprehensive and engaging General Knowledge and Current Affairs book, designed specifically for learners in grades 1 to 8. This book, which spans eight thoughtfully curated themes, will serve as your constant companion in your quest for knowledge and awareness.

The world is evolving at an unprecedented pace, and it’s crucial that young minds are well-informed about the happenings around them. Topics in The Year Gone By theme offer insights into the significant events and milestones of the previous year.

In Science and Technology, learners explore groundbreaking innovations and discoveries that are actively defining and shaping our future.

In Earth and Environment, learners explore topics related to sustainability and environmental conservation.

Recognizing the delicate balance in our planet’s ecosystem and the paramount importance of preserving it are vital 21st-century skills.

In International Affairs, learners explore landmark global events of the past and the present, and developments across the world.

The theme Incredible India will help learners to explore the rich tapestry of our nation’s history, culture and heritage.

In Sports, Entertainment and Culture, we explore human creativity and athleticism that transcend borders.

Life Skills and Financial Literacy provide learners with valuable practical skills essential for navigating through their life with confidence and competence.

This book is crafted to offer informative and enjoyable learning experiences; incorporating clear explanations, captivating visuals and abundant questions for interactive classroom engagement.

This book is supplemented by a free of cost digital interactive learning platform. QR codes in each topic facilitate compatibility with smart classrooms and enable at-home access. The digital resources include topic-specific videos and learning experiences on current affairs and developments around the world.

Welcome to the world of General Knowledge and Current Affairs! We wish the best to all the teachers and learners!

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K ey El ement s o f a To pi c — a Q u i c k G lanc e

Topic Number

QR Code

Theme Title

Leaders of India in 2023

1

Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about some of the famous political leaders of India, and the prime ministers of independent India.

Narendra Damodardas Modi

Draupadi Murmu

She became the 15th and the youngest president of India in July 2022. She is also the first leader representing a tribal community.

Explore More QR Code

The Year Gone By

Leaders of a country are people who are chosen by their citizens. Leaders represent their countries globally. They also make important decisions that help in running the government smoothly and properly. Let us read about some of the leaders who led India in 2023.

Let’s Practise ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

He has been the prime minister of India since May 2014. He was also the chief minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014.

1 Write the names of the leaders who held these positions in 2023. a The president of India b The minister of health and family welfare c

The transport minister of India

d The minister of cooperation

Amit Anilchandra Shah

Ashwini Vaishnaw

He has been serving as the minister of Home Affairs since 2019. He was elected as the first Minister of Cooperation of India in 2021.

He is the 39th minister of the Indian Railways. He was appointed to this position in July 2021.

e

The education minister of India

f

The minister of home affairs

g The minister of Indian Railways h The prime minister of India i

Justice D.Y. Chandrachud

The finance minister of India

2 Fill in the blanks.

Dharmendra Pradhan

He is the 50th and the current chief justice of India, serving since 2022. Before being appointed to this post, he served as a judge of the Supreme Court of India.

He has been the education minister of India since July 2021. He also served as the minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas from 2014 to 2016.

a

is the 14th prime minister of India.

b

is the 50th chief justice of India.

c

was elected as the 39th minister of Indian Railways.

d e

He has been serving as the minister of Road Transport & Highways of India since May 2014.

served as the minister of petroleum and natural gas from 2014 to 2016.

Dr Mansukh Laxmanbhai Mandaviya

Nitin Gadkari

Narendra Modi was the

of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014.

f

became the first minister of Cooperation in .

He was elected as the minister of Health and Family Welfare in July 2021.

g

became the first president of India from a tribal community in the year

h

. has been appointed as the finance minister of India in .

the year

Nirmala Sitharaman

i

She has been serving as the Finance Minister of India as well as the minister of Corporate Affairs. She was appointed in 2019. She has previously held the position of the Defence minister of India from 2017 to 2019.

became the first prime minister of independent India in the year

j

. became the first female prime minister of India in

the year

.

Topic 1 • Leaders of India in 2023

2

3

Themes 11

The Year Gone Discoveries andByInventions

Explore More A discovery is finding something that already exists for the first time. An invention is creating something new with a new idea. Let’s read about some recent discoveries and inventions around the world.

Scan this QR code to find out more about Khelo India Youth Games 2023 and watch its opening ceremony. Also, find out all events in Athletics.

Earth and Environment Exoplanets Webb Telescope Wonders of the James World 22 The Discovery7of New In 2015, The National In December 2021, Let’s Practice

to a large o 29 d tenth

und ts of do not fly d most ng high hey take wed-out eated by at can be

ry 2023.

found in f Southeast slowly, no noise. n the Hindu g the day ali. ht. They have an excellent ghtly walks.

e venom (a oldest r bite can kill. e title in

sana

Topic Title

Virikshasana

nly in(Tree thePose) Democratic ongo, a Day.

Aeronautics and Space Name the place where the given events took place in 2023.

Administration (NASA)

NASA launched 1 the James Webb Explore Morethe New 7 Wonders On 7-07-2007, Foundation (an official partner of the UN now) declared the new 7 wonders of the confirmed the discovery of Telescope (JWST) a ICC T20 Women’s Cricket World Cup: world. These wonders are chosen by the votesplanet of more than 10 crore people across the world. a near-Earth-sized to conduct space Scan this QR code to explore more about the amazing animals of the named Kepler-22b that research. JWST Special Olympic World Games: b tropical rainforests. exists beyond our solar and Space Launch The Taj Mahal The Colosseum c Asian Athletics Championship: system and is therefore, System (SLS) Agra,scientists India Rome, of Italy an exoplanet. By August 2023, NASA have rocket NASA India Youth Games: d Khelo Let’s Practice

declared the discovery over 5,500 were named TIME Inventions of theItYear It isexoplanets. made of white is the2022. largest marble and is located amphitheatre ever e FIFA Women’s World Cup: 1 Fill in the box with the correct number. on the banks of the built. It could host f Hockey Men’s World Cup: sportriver is a widely popular in India.

It is played by Sloths Hockey have about inches longmain claws.

Yamuna.

The about 80,000 people a two teams of 11 players each. The playershas use four J-shaped structure pillars at once. It was built by Scan g QRAustralian code tocan learn more about Indian classical dance forms.

The Open Tennis Tournament: Anacondas grow as big as metres bthis sticks to hit a ball into the opposite team’s goal. it. It was around the Romans to be an Agricultural Robots World’s Largest (minars) Waterlily builtof byup Emperor Shah entertainment venue c Orangutans can have an armspan to metres.

Robots for agriculture 2022, scientists won these events.at the 2 Name the player or countries that In Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal. So, it is Skills and for hosting human fights and animal hunts.

Life were first thought Royal Botanic Gardens, Okapi sleep for about minutes but many times in a day. d ICC a symbol of love.

T20as Women’s Cricket World Cup: a viewed of in the year 1920.

United Kingdom e Sloths can swim times than they move on land.

Since then, many declared the faster discovery Women’s Single in Wimbledon Championship: b The Great Wall of Chinalargest Christ the Redeemer robots have been of following the world’sstates. the classical dance form of the 1 Name f Money The bills of toucans can be part in fulfilling our day-to-day times the size of their Explore More plays an important needs.

So,heads. it is important to know howinvented to manage it. by various waterlily c FIFA Women’s World Cup: China species. It Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Kerala a bin Odisha companies to is named Victoria Scan this QR code to learn more about yoga and its popularity India.

Also, do IHockey live? World Cup: This about 21,196 km This 30 m tall statue 2 Where d Men’s perform nearly all Boliviana.

Its huge, explore the yoga poses that you can do easily practice day. Earning Money long walland is the largestevery of Jesus Christ with c Assam Andhra Pradesh d Major Dhyan Chand Singh is known as the father of activities disc-shaped pads can are found in rainforests of a Arun‘s dad got hisinsalary today. He is happy and so is Arun. farming e Orangutans Men’s Single in Australian Open Tennis Tournament: human-made thing openOlympic arms stands Indian hockey. irrigation He was a and three-time gold on such as sowing, harvesting. grow up to 3 m in diameter. e bWest f Uttar Bengal Pradesh theArun: world.Dad, Itofspreads the top of Corcovado why is it that only you get a salary but I don’t?

Slow lorises are mostly found in rainforests medallist.

On 29 August every year, his birthday is a reason for this statement.

Let’s

3 GivePractice from the(laughed eastern and explained): You need to earn it, Arun! We work Mountain.

It is viewed Dad to earn the celebrated as the National Sports Day. Malaysian Hockey Team Indian Hockey Team c Toucans areand mostly found rainforests of features name thein dance forms. seaside to we theget western a or symbol of run 2 Read the money as salary. When you grow up, you can work, like as I do, you can with a sentences special disability compete with each in this event: a Athletes the following and write if it is for Yoga orother Meditation.

1 Read desert northern hope for yourinown business, like your mother. Doing these things will help you and earnpeace money.

Sloths areismostly found in the rainforests of even for female roles. dance traditionally byShi men a dThis China.

The first emperor performed of China, Qin ordered humanity after World Arun:Huang Oh, I see!

All these are different ways to earn money. asanas. a It has different New Species World’s first Wireless Television India has 4Octopus National Hockey TeamsIt construction to protect people from War I. e its Okapi are only found in thehis rainforests of nomads.

The Men’s National Hockey Team This dance includes songs sung in Sanskrit and Malayalam. b Dad: That is right. Now, let us get ready. We have to go to the market, remember lifemen’s is vast and time in 2023: Scientists are sports were in •Ocean this event for the team first built over 2,000included yearsthoughts. ago.

In Men’s this, you monitor your b was •Water team Junior Nickname: Men in Blue every year, scientists innovating many features.

Write the of the animals of the tropical rainforests.

3c Read This dance is performed bynames male • the Women’s team • monks.

Junior women’s team Some International Achievements c It is quite time for the mind. are making discoveries advanced machines It istrees: the most successful team in the Olympics with spends most the time clinging to•the a It is a slow-moving animal that Spending Money about On 28 of June each year.

In August of thisPicchu dance includes a it. headgear and mask. Picchu d The make-up Machu Machu Machu Picchu c Germany wonof and Belgium played in the finals in which Germany won the event: 8 gold, 1 silver and 3 bronze medals. After 6 gold It is the union body and mind. d

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Incredible India in India Hockey

Explore More

35

Manage Your Money

Let’s Practise ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Science and Technology Explore More Scan this QR code to explore more discoveries and innovations.

International Affairs Let’s Practice 1 Is it a Discovery or an Invention?

Explore More

a A new species of catfish was found in January 2023.

Scan this QR code to learn more about the selection campaign of A robotic Also, drone built tomore understand voice commands. theb7 wonders. explore about Chichen Itza.

c Thomas Edison built the very first bulb.

Sports, Entertainment and Culture Let’s Practice

July 2023, the most distant supermassive black hole was seen for the first time with JWST. d In CITIES new wonders located?that store heat energy.

1 Ine which Finland builtare thethese world’s first sand batteries

Explore More a Taj Mahal

b The Colosseum f Scientists first identified the coronavirus in 1965.

Scan QRthe code to learn more about the hockey field and the c this Christ Redeemer In this 2011,game.

Google created the first smart glasses. g of rules

2 In which COUNTRIES are these new wonders located?

Financial Literacy Picchu a Chichen Itza b Machu Let’s Practice 2 Write the names of these inventions/discoveries. h In 1900, Karl Landsteiner identified three groups of human blood. c Petra

in the boxes with the correct answer.

1 Fill a The world’s largest waterlily: Fill the blank with the correct name of the wonder of the world.

More 3 Explore a The number of players in a hockey team:

b The first near-Earth-sized exoplanet: a 30-metre-tall statue. and ways to a this QR code to learnismore Scan about importance teams: b The number of Indian hockey c money. save The telescope launched

by NASA in around December has four pillars it. 2021: b c The shape of a hockey stick is like this letter: c in the blanks. has a famous temple pyramid.

3 Fill d The only side of the hockey stick that should touch the ball: is the largest amphitheatre ever built. d Practice Let’s The only idea shoot of robots in agriculture dates to the the knee: year . a in which the ball can goback above e The e the longest of all the wonders the brackets and7fill in the blank.

1 Choose the correct wordisfrom The number of years in which TIME the men’s national hockey team won consecutive .

NASA’s JWST was named Inventions in the Year of f b f is made with white marble.

Olympic wegold work,medals: we money as salary. (spend/earn) a When c World’s largest waterlily’s disc-shaped pad can grow up to metres. was a part of Maya City. g g The number of times Major Dhyan Chand won Olympic gold medals: money. (save/spend) b When we buy grocery, we h In , 2023 company launched the world’s first wireless television. was built over 2000 years ago. d h The number of Olympic gold medals won by the men’s national hockey team: c Keeping money aside for future needs is money. (saving/lending) was part scientists of an Arabdeclared kingdom. ei By , NASA the discovery of over exoplanets.

YEAR can did Indian National Teamsinachieve this?

2 Indwhat Children save money at home a . (gullak/bank account)

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C o nt e nt s

1 Leaders of India in 2023 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2 2 Extreme Trees �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������4 3 The Internet �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6 4 National Days and Celebrations ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������8 5 Get to Know Some Countries ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 10 6 Kho Kho ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 12 7 First-aid Kit ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 14 8 Disasters of 2023 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 16 9 Animals with Super Senses ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18 10 E-Vehicles and Fuels ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 20 11 Waterfalls in India ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 22 12 Our Role Models ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 24 13 Cricket �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 26 14 Cooking Without Fire ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 28 15 India in Space, 2023 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 30 16 Oceans and Continents ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 32 17 First in Space ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 34 18 Taste of India ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 36 iv

19 Island Countries ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 38 20 Renowned Actors and Actresses ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 40 21 Eat Healthy, Stay Fit ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 42 22 Sports Stars, 2023 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 44 23 Composting at Home �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 46 24 Best of Flights �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 48 25 The Constitution of India ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 50 26 Voting System ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 52 27 The World of Pixar ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 54 28 Safety Rules ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 56 29 Indian Team Captains, 2023 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 58 30 Places of Extreme Climate ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 60 31 Diseases and the Ways to Stop Them ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 62 32 Voices of India ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 64 33 International Trades �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 66 34 Festivals Around the World ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 68 35 Money Game ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 70 Answers ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 72

Contents

1

1

Leaders of India in 2023

Leaders of a country are people who are chosen by their citizens. Leaders represent their countries globally. They also make important decisions that help in running the government smoothly and properly. Let us read about some of the leaders who led India in 2023.

Narendra Damodardas Modi

Draupadi Murmu

She became the 15th and the youngest president of India in July 2022. She is also the first leader representing a tribal community.

He has been the prime minister of India since May 2014. He was also the chief minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014.

Amit Anilchandra Shah

Ashwini Vaishnaw

He has been serving as the minister of Home Affairs since 2019. He was elected as the first Minister of Cooperation of India in 2021.

He is the 39th minister of the Indian Railways. He was appointed to this position in July 2021.

Justice D.Y. Chandrachud

Dharmendra Pradhan

He is the 50th and the current chief justice of India, serving since 2022. Before being appointed to this post, he served as a judge of the Supreme Court of India.

Nitin Gadkari

He has been serving as the minister of Road Transport & Highways of India since May 2014.

He has been the education minister of India since July 2021. He also served as the minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas from 2014 to 2016.

Dr Mansukh Laxmanbhai Mandaviya

He was elected as the minister of Health and Family Welfare in July 2021.

Nirmala Sitharaman

She has been serving as the Finance Minister of India as well as the minister of Corporate Affairs. She was appointed in 2019. She has previously held the position of the Defence minister of India from 2017 to 2019.

2

The Year Gone By Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about some of the famous political leaders of India, and the prime ministers of independent India.

Let’s Practise ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1 Write the names of the leaders who held these positions in 2023. a The president of India b The minister of health and family welfare c The transport minister of India d The minister of cooperation e The education minister of India f

The minister of home affairs

g The minister of Indian Railways h The prime minister of India i

The finance minister of India

2 Fill in the blanks. a

is the 14th prime minister of India.

b

is the 50th chief justice of India.

c

was elected as the 39th minister of Indian Railways.

d

served as the minister of petroleum and natural gas

from 2014 to 2016. e Narendra Modi was the f

of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014.

became the first minister of Cooperation in .

g

became the first president of India from a tribal

community in the year h the year i

the year

j

the year

Topic 1 • Leaders of India in 2023

. has been appointed as the finance minister of India in . became the first prime minister of independent India in . became the first female prime minister of India in .

3

2

Extreme Trees

There are many unusual trees found around the world. Let us learn about some of them.

The ancient bristlecone pines in the White Mountains of California are over 4,800 years old.

They are one of the oldest living trees on Earth.

These pine forests are highly protected by the government of the USA.

The General Sherman tree is a giant sequoia tree located in Sequoia National Park in California, USA. It is the largest tree by its volume, which is measured by its height and base. It is more than 83 metres tall and over 11 metres wide at its base. It is estimated to be around 2,200 years old.

The rainbow eucalyptus is found in Philippines, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. It is famous for its multi-coloured bark, which peels away in strips to reveal bright green, blue and purple shades.

The Tree of Tule is located in Santa María del Tule, Mexico. This tree has the thickest tree trunk in the world. Its trunk has a girth of around 41 metres. It is estimated to be over 2,000 years old.

Hyperion, in Redwood National Park of California, is the world’s tallest known living tree.

It is more than 115 metres tall. This tree was discovered on August 25, 2006. It is over 600 years old.

The African Raffia palm is one of the largest palm species in the world. It is widely found in Madagascar and in South America. The leaves of this tree can grow to be the largest of any plant on Earth. They are feather-like and can extend to lengths of up to 24 metres.

The baobab trees are known for their enormous, swollen trunks and lean branches. They are found in Africa, especially Madagascar, and Australia. They hold the record for the largest tree by the size of its girth. They are often referred to as the ‘Tree of Life’. Some baobab trees are thought to be thousands of years old.

4

Earth and Environment Explore More Scan this QR code to explore some of the biggest trees on Earth.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Name the place where these trees are found. a The Hyperion tree b Baobab trees c The rainbow eucalyptus d The Tree of Tule e The General Sherman tree f

The African Raffia palm

2 Fill in the blanks with numbers. a The Bristlecone pine is over b The General Sherman is around c The Tree of Tule is over d The Hyperion tree was discovered on e The General Sherman is over f

The height of Hyperion is measured to be over

g The leaves of an African Raffia palm can extend up to

years old. years old years old. . metres tall. metres. metres.

3 Fill in the blanks with the correct name of the tree. a

has the thickest tree trunk in the world.

b

can have the biggest leaves on Earth.

c

is famous for its multi-coloured bark.

d

is the tallest living tree in the world.

e

are often referred to as the ‘tree of life’.

f

The location of some of the

are protected by the US government.

g

hold the title for the largest tree by girth.

h

holds the title for the largest tree by volume.

Topic 2 • Extreme Trees

5

The Internet

3

The internet is a network that connects computers all over the world. It is a vast network. Let us learn more about it.

The internet is like a library of information that we can use on our computers, tablets or phones. In today’s time, more than half of the internet is used on mobile phones.

In the 1980, two scientists named Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed a communications model of the internet. It defined the way information was spread across multiple networks. This model was adopted by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the US on 1 January, 1983. Since then, this date has been considered the birthday of the modern internet.

Some Basic Terms of the Internet

•

World Wide Web, or WWW, is the system on which the internet works to share information. It was invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989.

•

HyperText Transfer Protocol, or HTTP, is the programming language of web pages.

•

Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is the address of a web page on the internet.

•

Website is a collection of web pages that are stored on a computer on the internet.

Search Engines

A search engine helps us find information on the internet simply by typing or speaking it in the search bar.

Some of the popular search engines of 21st century are:

Google Chrome Microsoft Edge

Bing

Yahoo

The Use of the Internet in Everyday Life

The Internet can be used for many different things.

•

It is used to find information on any topic that we wish to learn about.

•

It is used for entertainment. We can watch films and TV shows, listen to music, and play games using the internet.

•

It is used to communicate with people all over the world by email, text, audio or video messages.

•

It is widely used for shopping online. We also use it for banking and the payment of our bills.

6

Science and Technology Explore More Scan this QR code to explore the future of the internet in the real world.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write 2 examples of the following. a 2 devices that use the internet:

b 2 popular search engines:

c 2 terms related to the internet:

2 Write the full form of the following. a HTTP: b URL: c WWW: 3 Fill in the blanks. a Tim Berners-Lee invented the www in b A

. is a collection of web pages.

c

is the protocol of web pages.

d

is the address of a web page on the internet.

e f

is considered the birth year of the internet.

In modern times, almost half of the internet is used on

g Two scientists,

and

. ,

developed the very first communications model of the internet.

4 Write any 2 uses of the internet in our daily lives.

Topic 3 • The Internet

7

4

National Days and Celebrations

Many important days are celebrated in our country. Some have historical importance and are celebrated as national days, while others are celebrated for making a positive change in the world. Let us learn more about them.

Republic Day—26 January

On this day, an important document of our country, the Constitution of India, came into effect in 1950.

A parade is held every year at the Rajpath in New Delhi. During the parade, people from many states present a performance known as the Jhanki. The officers from the Indian Army, Navy and Air Force also march with their bands and take part in the parade.

This day is observed as a national holiday.

Independence Day—15 August

On this day, India gained independence from the British rule in 1947. It is now a national holiday.

Every year, the prime minister of India hoists the national flag at the Red Fort in New Delhi. He also gives a speech. To celebrate this national day, people across the country hoist the national flag, sing the national anthem and fly kites.

Gandhi Jayanti—2 October

It celebrates the birth of Mahatma Gandhi. He is also known as the Father of the Nation. He played an important role in helping India get her freedom from the British rule. This day is observed as a national holiday.

Van Mahotsava—1 to 7 July

Van Mahotsava is a tree-planting festival. It is celebrated every year in the first week of July. It aims to create awareness about the importance of trees. During this event, people across India plant trees. It was started and made popular in 1950 by the then Minister of Agriculture and Food K. M. Munshi.

International Day of Yoga—21 June

People celebrate this day by practising yoga together. This day aims to inspire people to have a healthy body and mind. The first International Day of Yoga was celebrated in 2015.

8

Incredible India Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about Republic Day, Independence Day and Gandhi Jayanti.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 What is celebrated on the following dates? a 2 October b 26 January c 21 June d 15 August 2 Read the text and name the day of celebration. a The national flag is hoisted at the Red Fort on this day. b People plant trees throughout the week. c Different states of India present jhanki. d People do yoga together.

3 Fill in the blanks. a Mahatma Gandhi was born on

.

b The Constitution of India came into effect in the year

.

c The first International Day of Yoga was celebrated in the year d The Republic Day parade is held in

, the capital of India.

e India got her independence from the British on f

.

Van Mohotsava was started in the year .

. by a minister named

4 Name any 2 days that are celebrated as national holidays in India.

Topic 4 • National Days and Celebrations

9

5

Get to Know Some Countries

There are many countries across the world. Each country has their unique facts and attractions.

Let us learn about some countries.

China

China is a country on the continent of Asia. As of 2023, it has the secondhighest population in the world.

Mandarin and Cantonese are languages commonly used in China.

The Great Wall of China is so large that it is visible from space.

The United States of America (USA)

The USA is a country on the continent of North America. It has 50 states.

English and Spanish are the languages commonly spoken in the USA.

Some famous things to see in the USA are The Statue of Liberty in New York and the Grand Canyon in Arizona.

France

France is a country on the continent of Europe. It shares its land border with eight different countries.

French is the language spoken there. It is famous for its remarkable landmarks like the Eiffel Tower and the Louvre museum.

Brazil

Brazil is a country on the continent of South America. It is home to the great Amazon river, which is the world’s largest river body.

The language spoken there is called Portuguese.

The statue of Christ, the Redeemer is a popular thing to see in Brazil.

Egypt

Egypt is a country on the continent of Africa. It has the river Nile which is the longest river in the world.

Arabic is the language that is spoken there.

Egypt is famous for its ancient history. Wonders like the Great Pyramids of Giza and the Sphinx were built more than 5,000 years ago.

Australia

Australia is the only country in the world which is also a continent.

The animals that are found in Australia are not found anywhere else in the world. Some of them are the Koala, the Kangaroo and the Kookaburra.

English is the language that is spoken there.

It has a natural wonder called the Uluru Rock. It is sacred to the natives of Australia, called the Aborigines.

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International Affairs Explore More Scan this QR code to learn some more facts about Australia and Germany.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Guess the country. a It has the longest river in the world. b It has the largest river system. c It has 50 states. d It is the only country that is also a continent. e It shares its borders with 8 other countries. f

It has the highest population in the world.

2 In which country will you find these? a The Statue of Liberty b The Statue of Christ the Redeemer c The Great Wall d The Pyramid of Giza e The Uluru Rock f

The Eiffel Tower

3 Name a languages spoken in these countries. a France b Brazil c The USA d Egypt e Australia f

China

Topic 5 • Get to Know Some Countries

11

6

Kho Kho

India has a rich history of many traditional games that have been played for centuries. One such game is Kho Kho. It is the second-most popular traditional game in India, after kabaddi.

Let us learn more about this ancient and beloved game.

How to Play Kho Kho

No. of teams: 2, a chasing team and a defending team No. of players in a team: 9 Kho Kho can be played by both men and women. The chasing team has 8 players that sit on a central line between two wooden posts. They sit in a way that every other player is facing the same direction. One player chases a member of the other team around the central line. The chaser can transfer their role to the other players of the chasing team by tapping their backs and saying ‘kho’. Then, they sit in the place of the next chaser as they get up to chase the player from the defending team.

The defending team has 3 players that move around the court.

They avoid being touched by the chasers.

The word Kho in Marathi means to go and chase.

Kho Kho was first played around the 14th century in Maharashtra. Back then, it was played on chariots (raths) and was called Rathera.

The modern version of Kho Kho was developed in 1914 at the Deccan Gymkhana Club in Pune, India. Since the 2016 edition of the South Asian Games, this game has become an official medal event in the tournament.

Kho Kho Competitions

In 1996, the first Asian Kho Kho Championship was held in Kolkata, India. Apart from India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal and Japan participated in the event. The Asian Kho Kho Federation (AKKF) was set up in 1999. In 2000, the second Asian Kho Kho Championship was held in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

The 4th and the latest Asian Kho Kho Championship was held in Assam, India, in 2023. India won gold medals in both men’s and women’s groups.

The Ultimate Kho Kho (UKK) league was launched in 2022. It is organised by the Kho Kho Federation of India.

12

Sports, Entertainment and Culture Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about the rules of Kho Kho and its main events.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write the following details of a Kho Kho game. a The two teams in Kho Kho that play against each other.

b The Kho Kho team which has 8 players sitting on the field. c The Kho Kho team which has 3 players on the field. d The word said by the chaser to give their turn to another team member. e The total number of players in each Kho Kho team. f

The number of posts on the Kho Kho ground.

2 Write the year of the following events. a The AKKF was established. b The UKK league was launched. c The first Asian Kho Kho Championship was held. d The second Asian Kho Kho Championship was held. e The latest Asian Kho Kho Championship was held.

3 Fill in the blanks. a The game of Kho Kho is about

centuries old.

b Kho Kho originated in the state of c The word kho means d Kho Kho’s ancient name was

. in Marathi. .

e AKKF stands for the f

UKK stands for the

. .

g The UKK is organised by

.

h The first Asian Kho Kho Championship was held in

, India.

i

The second Asian Kho Kho Championship was held in

Topic 6 • Kho Kho

, Bangladesh.

13

First-aid Kit

7

First aid is an immediate help to someone who is sick or hurt. First aid helps to stop further injury and sickness. It helps the person be in a stable state until serious medical help can be provided to them.

A First-aid Kit

To give first aid, we need things like medicines and bandages. We keep such things in a first-aid kit. Let us see some of the things that we should keep in it.

Items in a First-aid Kit or Box Surgical Gloves

Cotton

Antiseptic Solution

Thermometer Syringe

Medicines

Scissors

Band-aid

Antiseptic Cream

Bandage

Safety Pins

Ice Packs

• It is always better to wear gloves before providing first aid.

• We can apply band-aid strips and antiseptic creams on small cuts and scratches.

• We use a thermometer to measure the temperature of the patient.

• We use ice packs if there is a swelling or inflammation, due to injury.

• We can use medicines to reduce fever and pain.

• Injections are generally used by trained doctors and nurses.

• We use antiseptic wipes and solutions to clean a wound.

• We use safety pins to hold bandages in place.

We should keep a first-aid kit at home, schools and offices. A smaller first-aid kit, called a first-aid box, should be kept in cars and buses.

14

Life Skills Explore More Scan this QR code to explore more things to keep in a first-aid kit and their uses.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Name these items from a first-aid kit.

2 Write if True or False. a We should keep a first-aid kit only at our homes. b We should use first aid only for minor injuries. c First aid helps to reduce pain due to injuries. d Only a doctor or a nurse should have a first-aid kit. e You cannot prepare a first-aid kit at home. f

We should not keep scissors in a first-aid kit.

3 Which item in the first-aid kit is it? a It helps to measure the temperature of a person. b It helps to clean a wound or a cut. c It helps to reduce a swelling d It is used to inject liquid medicines in a patient. e It is applied on a wound before covering it. f

It helps to reduce pain when we swallow it with water.

4 Complete the sentence.

A first-aid kit is useful because

Topic 7 • First-aid Kit

15

Disasters of 2023

8

Natural disasters are terrible natural events. They cause a lot of damage to plants, animals, buildings and people. Many natural disasters occurred in 2023.

Earthquakes

During earthquakes, the ground shakes so much that it may cause trees and buildings to fall.

People may get injured and even die in earthquakes.

The Turkey-Syria Earthquake

The Morocco Earthquake On 8 September 2023, the earthquake in Morocco damaged some famous buildings.

On 6 February 2023, two large earthquakes happened near the TurkeySyria border, causing a lot of damage and loss of lives.

Storms and Floods

A storm comes with high-speed winds and heavy rains. It may cause trees to break and fall.

Storms also cause floods, where water rises over the ground level, sometimes houses and people.

Cyclone Mocha

The North India Floods

In July 2023, there was heavy rainfall in North India causing floods. The states affected were Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Punjab, Delhi and Haryana.

A storm with winds that spin around is called a cyclone.

On 14 May 2023, a very strong storm called Cyclone Mocha hit parts of Myanmar and Bangladesh.

Wildfires

When a place gets very hot for many months and there is no rainfall, the dry plants may catch fire. Sometimes such fire spreads so fast that it becomes uncontrollable. It destroys trees, harms animals and injures people living in and around that area.

The Chilean Wildfires

On 30 January 2023, many wildfires started in Chile. By February, there were about 406 fires that had burnt 430,000 hectares of forest land.

16

Hawaii Wildfires

On 8 August 2023, many wildfires started in Hawaii, USA. The fires were spread by winds and caused a lot of damage, killing more than 100 people.

The Year Gone By Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about natural disasters and floods that happened in 2023 across the world.

Let’s Practise ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1 Write the correct date/month in which these natural disasters happened. a Storm Mocha b Wildfires in Chile c Turkey-Syria Earthquake d Wildfires in Hawaii e Morocco Earthquake f

North India floods

2 Write the names of the places in the correct columns.

Morocco Myanmar-Bangladesh Turkey-Syria Hawaii Chile Earthquakes

Wildfires

Storms & Floods

3 Fill in the correct information. a Number of wildfires in Chile. b Number of people killed in the Hawaii wildfire. c The area of land burnt in the Chile wildfire. d Number of earthquakes in Morocco in 2023. e Number of states affected by North India floods. f

Number of earthquakes in Turkey and Syria in 2023.

Topic 8 • Disasters of 2023

17

9

Animals with Super Senses

Animals have developed their senses in such amazing ways that it seems like they have superpowers. It helps them live safely and stay away from danger. Let us learn about a few such super senses.

Snakes use their tongues to smell. When they stick their tongues out, they smell things in the air. Then, when they bring their tongues back inside, their brains help them ‘paint’ a picture of the things they have smelled.

This ability enables them to hunt even in darkness.

Dogs can not only smell things very far away but also smell things that are so faint that we humans can’t. They also have super hearing as they can hear sounds so high-pitched that we humans can’t hear them. Dog whistles are special whistles that make no sound for our ears but dogs can hear them clearly.

Eagles have super sharp eyesight. It is so good that if we had their eyesight, we could spot an ant on the ground from our tenth-floor window. This super sense of sight helps eagles to hunt from very high above. It also helps them to stay away from humans and other animals that can hunt them.

Elephants have long noses called trunks. They use this to smell things from very far away. They can smell water from 19 km away! They use their large ears to hear very, very low sounds. This helps them stay away from danger. It also helps them talk to other elephants from very far away.

Cavefish are blind! Yet, they manage to stay away from danger. They can do this because they have a canallike tube inside their skin called the lateral line. This helps them feel vibrations of things around them, just like how we use our fingers to feel things around us when our eyes are closed.

Bees are marvellous creatures. They have an excellent sense of smell.

In fact, even while flying, they can detect even the slightest change in the smell around them. They also have a very good sense of taste. They can feel the taste of a flower’s nectar before touching it with their tongues.

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Earth and Environment Explore More Scan the QR code to learn about how dragonflies see the world and how the platypus hunts with its sixth sense.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Read the animal’s name and write the super senses. a Cavefish: b Dog: c Elephant: d Snake: e Platypus: f

Bee:

g Dragonfly: h Eagle: 2 Guess who I am, correctly. a I can sense water from 19 kilometres away. b I am blind. I live underwater. I can feel the vibrations of things around me. c My sense of smell is so good that it is called my “sixth sense”. d I can smell with my tongue. e I can spot my food on the ground even though I am very high in the sky. f

If you blow my whistle, only I will be able to hear it.

g I can detect the slightest change of smell even while flying. h My large eyes help me see 200 images per second.

Topic 9 • Animals with Super Senses

19

10

E-Vehicles and Fuels

The world today is moving on from using petrol, diesel and other fuels to vehicles that run on electricity. Let us learn more about such vehicles and the new types of fuels.

What Are Fuels?

You must have seen your parents, drivers and mechanics filling a liquid into the fuel tank of cars, buses and autos.

This liquid is called fuel. Some examples are petrol and diesel.

All vehicles refill their tanks at the petrol station.

Disadvantages of Fuels

However, petrol and diesel hurt our environment. We have to dig in seabeds to get petrol and diesel. As fuel, they burn and turn into smoke and carbon dioxide, both of which cause air pollution.

New Kinds of Fuel

To reduce air pollution and environmental harm, scientists have come up with electric-fuel, or E-Fuel.

E-Fuel is made by passing electricity through water. The electric current splits water to two gases, called hydrogen and oxygen. This creates the energy to run the vehicles. Instead of smoke and carbon dioxide, only water vapour is produced.

This means that vehicles that use E-Fuel no longer need petrol or diesel. They just need water!

Vehicles like e-scooters, e-cars and even e-buses run on batteries that use e-fuel. Such vehicles are called E-Vehicles. They charge their batteries at charging stations.

20

Science and Technology Explore More Scan this QR code to explore more about electric vehicles and how to charge them.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the blanks. a The two types of fuels that are normally used are

and

b Vehicles that use electricity as fuel are known as c

and

.

. are the two things produced by burning fuel.

d To reduce pollution, scientists have come up with e The gases made when water is split by electricity are

. and

.

2 Write one disadvantage of using petrol and diesel.

3 What is produced as exhaust when cars use e-fuel?

4 Think and write one challenge of using cars that are run by batteries.

Topic 10 • E-Vehicles and Fuels

21

11

Waterfalls in India

India is home to many waterfalls, each with their own special features. Here are some beautiful waterfalls in our country.

The Dudhsagar Waterfalls are on the Mandovi River in Goa. This waterfall is 310 metres high and 30 metres wide.

The waterfall is called Dudhsagar because it looks like it is made of giant rivers of milk.

The Chitrakote Waterfalls are on the Indravati River in Bastar, Chhattisgarh. It is the widest waterfall in India, spread across an area of about 300 metres. It is about 29 metres high. It is also called the Niagra Falls of India, due to their similar shapes.

22

The Kunchikal Waterfalls are on the Varahi River in Karnataka.

The Dhuandhar Waterfalls are formed by the Narmada River. It is in the Jabalpur district in Madhya Pradesh.

It is so named because of its white smoky look. The height of this waterfall is about 30 metres.

The Bhambavli Vajrai Waterfalls are on the Urmodi River in Satara, Maharashtra. It is the highest waterfall in Maharashtra.

The height of this waterfall is about 560 metres.

The Nohkalikai Waterfalls are in Sohra, Meghalaya.

These falls are fed mainly by rainwater. Thus, the waterfall is strongest during the monsoon season. The height of this waterfall is 340 metres. Sohra was earlier called Cherrapunji.

It is the highest waterfall in India, with a height of 455 metres.

Incredible India Explore More Scan this QR code to explore more amazing waterfalls in India.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write the location of the given waterfalls. a The Bhambavli Vajrai Waterfalls b The Chitrakote Waterfalls c The Nohkalikai Waterfalls d The Kunchikal Waterfalls e The Dudhsagar Waterfalls f

The Dhuandhar Waterfalls

g The Elephant Waterfalls h The Kempty Waterfalls 2 Name the following waterfalls. a It is the highest waterfall in India. b It is the widest waterfall in India. c It is the highest waterfall in Maharashtra. d Its name means, a sea of milk, in Hindi. e It is also known as the Niagra Falls of India. f

It is named so because of its white smoky look.

3 Fill in the table.

Waterfalls

Rivers of Origin

Height

a The Kunchikal Waterfalls b The Bhambavli Vajrai Waterfalls c The Chitrakote Waterfalls d The Dhuandhar Waterfalls e The Dudhsagar Waterfalls

Topic 11 • Waterfalls in India

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12

Our Role Models Mother Teresa

She devoted her life to helping the poor. She founded The Missionaries of Charity in the year 1950. She received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. She also received the Bharat Ratna from the Indian government in 1980.

Nelson Mandela

He was the first president of South Africa. As a freedom fighter for South Africa, he was put in prison for 28 years by the British. He was awarded the Noble Peace Prize in 1993. Long Walk to Freedom is a famous book about his life written by him.

Mahatma Gandhi

He is known as the Father of the Nation. His full name was Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. His birthday on 2nd October is celebrated as Gandhi Jayanti. he believed in Ahimsa, or Nonviolence.

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

He was a popular space scientist. He helped to develop India’s missile projects named the Prithvi and the Agni missiles. That is why he is popularly known as the Missile Man of India. He served as the 11th president of India from 2002 to 2007.

Albert Einstein

He was a German scientist. He is known as the Father of Modern Physics. His studies have helped us understand how the universe works in a better way. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.

Kalpana Chawla

She was an Indian-born American astronaut. She was the first Indian woman to go to outer space. She travelled to space for the first time in 1997, on the space shuttle, Columbia. She went on her second space mission in 2003. Sadly, she passed away as her space shuttle broke down while coming back to Earth.

24

International Affairs Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about two more scientists that have been role models to many—Stephen Hawking and Marie Curie.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Who am I? a I am the Missile Man of India. b I was kept in prison for 28 years. c I am the Father of the Nation. d I am the Father of Modern Physics. e I founded the Missionaries of Charity. f

I was the first Indian-born woman who went to outer space.

2 Name any 1 award they received for their work. a Mother Teresa b Nelson Mandela c Albert Einstein 3 Fill in the blanks. a Dr A. P. J. Abdul Kalam was the 11th president of

.

b Nelson Mandela was the first president of

.

c Every year, Gandhi Jayanti is celebrated on

.

d Kalpana Chawla went on her first space mission in the year

.

e Mother Teresa received the Bharat Ratna for her work in the year

.

f

.

Kalpana Chawla went on her second space mission in the year

g The book Long Walk to Freedom was written by h Dr Kalam contributed to the development of missiles

Topic 12 • Our Role Models

. and

.

25

Cricket

13

Cricket is a popular game played by a lot of people around the world. We use a bat and a ball to play it. Let us learn more about this beloved sport.

There are two teams with 11 players on each side. After winning a coin toss, a team can choose to either bat or bowl. If a team chooses to bat, the other team has to bowl and field. The batting team sets number of runs.

The other team has to score more than those runs to win.

It is believed that cricket was invented and developed in England in the 17th century.

Players need some basic equipment to play cricket.

Bat and Ball

Wicket

Batting Pads

Batting Gloves

Helmet

A Cricket Ground

Cricket is played on an oval ground with a rectangular pitch in the centre.

As of 2023, there are over 200 cricket stadiums in the world. India alone has 52 cricket stadiums. The Narendra Modi Stadium in Ahmedabad is the largest cricket stadium in the world.

The Lord’s Cricket Ground is the world’s oldest cricket stadium. It is in London, England.

Formats of Cricket Matches

There are 3 formats of cricket matches based on the number of overs played. Each over consists of 6 balls.

• A Test match has no limit on the number of overs. It may last for up to five days.

• In a One Day International (ODI) match, each team faces 50 overs.

• A Twenty20 International (T20I) match has a limit of 20 overs per team. It is the fastest format in cricket.

The ODI Cricket World Cup

ODI stands for One Day International. In this championship, teams are given one day each to win their match. It is organised by the International Cricket Council (ICC) every four years.

The most recent Cricket World Cup took place in India in 2023. It was the 13th edition of this tournament. Australia won the cup.

26

Sports, Entertainment and Culture Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about some rules of cricket and the biggest cricket stadiums in the world.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Name any 4 items of equipment needed to play cricket.

2 Write the correct stadium number or name. a The largest cricket stadium in the world: b The oldest cricket stadium in the world: c The number of cricket stadiums in the world: d The total number of international cricket stadiums in India: 3 Which format of cricket is it? a It has 20 overs. b It has 50 overs. c It has no limit on the number of overs.

4 Fill in the blanks. a Cricket is a team sport with

players on each side.

b An over consists of

balls.

c Cricket grounds are

in shape.

d A cricket pitch is

in shape.

e The 2023 Cricket World Cup was held in f

Cricket was invented in

.

g The cricket world cup is organised every h The cricket world cups are organised by the i In a game of cricket, one side chooses to to

Topic 13 • Cricket

.

years. . while the other team has

and field.

27

Cooking Without Fire

14

We usually cook food over fire by using a gas and stove. Many dishes can also be made without cooking them over fire. Let us learn about some of them.

Fruit Salad

Things you will need:

A banana, an apple, a guava, an orange, some grapes, a pomegranate or any other fruit of your choice; a lemon, some honey, some salt and pepper Steps:

• Ask an adult to peel/cut the fruits. Then, put them in a bowl.

• Squeeze some lemon juice over the top.

• Add salt and pepper to taste.

• You can also add 1–2 teaspoons of honey.

• Mix it well. Enjoy your fruit salad!

Tomato Sandwich

Things you will need:

2 slices of bread, 6–8 slices of tomato, butter, grated cheese, salt and pepper Steps:

Banana Milkshake

Things you will need:

A chopped banana, a glass of milk, 2 teaspoons of sugar and some ice Steps:

• Put the milk, chopped banana, sugar and ice in a blender or mixer.

• Blend it all with the help of an adult.

• Then, pour the banana milkshake into a glass.

• Sip it through a straw or drink it directly from the glass!

Watermelon Popsicle

Things you will need:

2 cups of watermelon juice, 1 cup of water, half a cup of sugar, 2 teaspoons of lemon juice, 3 ice-cream sticks, 3 ice-cream moulds

• Butter two slices of bread and place the tomato slices on one piece of bread.

Steps:

• Place the other slice of bread on the top.

• Pour it into the ice-cream mould.

• Put some grated cheese on top and sprinkle salt and pepper to taste.

• Cut the slices of bread with the help of an adult to form two triangles. Enjoy your sandwiches!

• Mix the sugar in water.

• Add this sugar syrup to the watermelon and lemon juice and mix well.

• Freeze the mixture for 5–6 hours or overnight. Then, enjoy the yummy popsicles!

NOTE: Ask an adult for help to chop fruit and vegetables for any dish. Prepare every dish in the presence of an adult.

28

Life Skills Explore More Scan this QR code to learn some more fireless cooking tricks. Watch how to make yummy fruit cream and vegetable salad without using fire!

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Tick () the dishes that can be cooked without fire.

Mango milkshake

Tea

Fruit ice cream

Hot soup

Vegetable salad

Chocolate cake

Chocolate shake

Vegetable curry

Lemonade

2 What dish is it? Write its name. a It is made with some chopped fruit, lemon juice, salt and pepper. b We blend a banana with sugar, milk and some ice to make it. c It is a frozen dessert made with lemon and watermelon juice. d We use slices of bread, slices of tomato, butter or cheese to make it. e It is a mix of chopped cucumber, tomatoes, green lentils and lemon juice.

3 Write if True or False. a We need fire to prepare a tomato sandwich. b A fruit salad can be prepared simply by mixing slices of fruit. c We need to heat the banana to prepare a banana milkshake. d We can make watermelon ice creams on the stove. e We need to add either sugar syrup or salt to a lemonade. f

We should ask an adult for help to blend fruit.

Topic 14 • Cooking Without Fire

29

15

India in Space, 2023

India has its own space agency called the Indian Space Research Organisation, or ISRO. It saw some outstanding space missions in 2023. Let us learn more about it.

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is the national space agency of India that handles space research and missions.

It was founded in the year 1969. Dr Vikram Sarabhai was the first chairman of ISRO. He is known as the ‘Father of the Indian Space Program.’

Chief S. Somanath is the current chairman of the ISRO in 2023.

Space Missions by ISRO in 2023 Chandrayaan-3

ISRO launched its third moon mission on 14 July, 2023. It is called Chandrayaan-3. This spacecraft landed on the moon on 23 August, 2023.

OneWeb India-2

ISRO and the New Space India Limited (NSIL) completed the final stage of OneWeb India-2 mission on 26 March, 2023. The rocket took 36 satellites into the Earth’s orbit. This launch took place from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (Sriharikota), Andhra Pradesh.

The ISRO used Launch Vehicle Mark 3 (LVM3) for this launch. It is the heaviest rocket in India.

Aditya-L1

On 2 September 2023, ISRO launched a spacecraft named Aditya-L1. This mission will study the sun when it reaches a specific location between the Earth and the Sun, which is about 1.5 million kilometres from the Earth.

This is India’s first mission to explore the sun. In Sanskrit, Aditya means the sun.

30

The Year Gone By Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about ISRO and its Chandrayaan-3 mission.

Let’s Practise ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1 Write the correct date of these events. a The year when ISRO was founded. b The month in which Aditya-L1 was launched. c The month in which OneWeb India-2 was launched. d The month in which Chandrayaan-3 was launched. e The date when the Chandrayaan-3 landed.

2

Name the ISRO space mission in 2023. a This is India’s third mission to the moon. b This mission will explore the sun. c This mission explored the surface of the moon. d This completes the final stage of the mission by ISRO and NSIL.

3 Give a reason for this statement. a OneWeb India-2 launched

satellites into space.

b The rocket

launched the OneWeb India-2.

c In the name Aditya-L1 name, the word Aditya means d

is the heaviest launch rocket in India.

e

is the first solar mission of India.

.

f

is regarded as the Father of the Indian Space Program.

g

was the chairman of ISRO in the year 2023.

h OneWeb India-2 was launched from

in Andhra Pradesh.

i To reach a location between the Earth and Sun system, Aditya-L1 will cover a distance of kilometres.

4 Write the full form of the following: a ISRO: b NSIL:

Topic 15 • India in Space, 2023

31

16

Oceans and Continents

Our Earth is divided into oceans and continents. Let us learn about them.

A continent is a large mass of land separated from the other continents by water. There are seven continents in the world: • Asia: It is the largest continent on Earth. It has 49 countries, including India and China. The world’s tallest mountain range, The Himalayas, is also located in Asia.

• Africa: It is the second-largest continent on Earth. It has 54 countries, including South Africa, Egypt and Nigeria. The longest river in the world, the Nile, flows through this continent.

• North America: It is the third-largest continent. It has the countries Canada and the USA.

• South America: It is the fourth-largest continent on Earth. It has 12 countries including Argentina and Brazil. The world’s biggest rainforest, the Amazon rainforest, is located here.

• Antarctica: It is the third-smallest continent on the planet. It is almost-completely covered in ice and snow. It is one of the coldest, driest and windiest continents. It is home to animals like penguins and seals.

• Europe: It is the second-smallest continent. It has 44 countries. Italy, Germany, the United Kingdom and France are four major European countries.

• Australia: It is the smallest continent in the world. It is also called the island continent. It is home to animals like koalas and kangaroos.

Artic Ocean

Artic Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Indian Ocean Atlantic Ocean Southern Ocean

Oceans are huge bodies of water. There are five oceans in the world:

• The Pacific Ocean: It is the largest and the deepest ocean on Earth. It covers almost half of the planet’s surface.

• The Atlantic Ocean: It is the second-largest ocean in the world. It separates Europe and Africa from the Americas.

• The Indian Ocean: It is the third-largest ocean on the planet. It occupies about 1/5th of the Earth’s surface. It is surrounded by Asia, Africa and Australia.

• The Southern Ocean: It is the second-smallest ocean in the world. It surrounds Antarctica. It is the coldest ocean on the planet.

• The Arctic Ocean: It is the smallest and the shallowest ocean in the world. It surrounds the North Pole and is mostly covered in ice.

32

Earth and Environment Explore More Scan this QR code to find out more about the continents and oceans on our planet.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Rearrange these oceans in order (1-5) from the smallest to the largest.

The Indian Ocean

The Pacific Ocean

The Arctic Ocean

The Atlantic Ocean

The Southern Ocean

2 Rearrange these continents in order (1-7) from the smallest to the largest.

Antarctica

Africa

Asia

Australia

North America

Europe

South America

3 Name any 2 countries that are located in these continents. a Asia:

,

b Europe:

,

c Africa:

,

d South America:

,

e North America:

,

4 Complete the given sentences. a

is the coldest and the driest continent in the world.

b The c

Ocean surrounds the North Pole. is also called the island continent.

d Penguins are only found in

.

e The

Ocean is the deepest ocean on Earth.

f

The

Ocean is the smallest and the shallowest ocean.

g The

Ocean covers almost half of the Earth’s surface.

h The

Ocean is surrounded by Asia, Africa and Australia.

i

Koalas and kangaroos are found in

.

j

has the world’s longest river named

k

has the world’s tallest mountain range named the

.

has the world’s biggest rainforest named the

.

l

The

Topic 16 • Oceans and Continents

.

33

17

First in Space

Every year, many spacecraft are launched that take astronauts, satellites and equipment to outer space. But do you know who or what was the first to go to space? Let us find out.

A dog named Laika was the first animal to go to outer space, on 3 November 1957.

It went in the spacecraft Sputnik-2, which was launched by what was then the Soviet Union (Russia).

On 20 July 1969, the Apollo-11 Lunar Module became the first crewed vehicle that landed on the Moon.

With that, astronaut Neil Armstrong from the United States became the first man to walk on the Moon. He and his fellow astronaut Buzz Aldrin hoisted the first flag on the Moon.

On 3 April 1984, Rakesh Sharma became the first Indian astronaut to go to outer space.

34

Yuri Gagarin was the first human to go to outer space, on 12 April 1961. He was an astronaut from the Soviet Union.

Valentina Tereshkova was the first woman to go into space, on 16 June 1963.

She went solo on the Vostok-6 space mission and spent almost 3 days in space.

Salyut-1 was the first space station launched into space on 19 April 1971 by the Soviet Union. It was designed for a six-month long operation.

In 1982, an Arabidopsis thaliana was the first plant that grew in space. It grew as a result of an experiment on the Salyut-7 space station of Russia.

On 19 November 1997, Kalpana Chawla, an Indian-born American astronaut, became the first Indian woman to go to outer space.

She went in the space shuttle Columbia STS-87.

Viking-1 was the first spacecraft that landed on Mars on 20 July, 1976.

It was a part of the Mars mission launched by NASA in September 1975.

Science and Technology Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the first human in outer space—Yuri Gagarin. Also, explore more about man’s first landing on the Moon.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Name these first in the space. a The first human who walked on the Moon. b The first Indian-born woman in space. c

The first plant in space.

d The first flag hoisted in space. e

The first space station.

f

The first human in space.

g The first woman in space. h

The first Indian man in space.

i

The first spacecraft on Mars.

2 Write the correct date for the following events. a Salyut-1 was launched. b Viking-1 was launched. c

Sputnik-1 was launched.

d First flower bloomed in space. e

Rakesh Sharma went to space.

f

Laika was sent to outer space.

g Kalpana Chawla went to space for the first time. h

Valentina Tereshkova went to space.

i

Yuri Gagarin went to space.

3 Fill in the blanks. a Viking-1 was launched by NASA in September

.

b Valentina Tereshkova was in space for almost

days.

c

Salyut-1 was designed for a

d Kalpana Chawla was an astronaut on the e

Arabidopsis thaliana grew in an experiment on spacecraft.

f

Neil Armstrong and

Topic 17 • First in Space

month-long operation in space. .

hoisted the US flag on the Moon.

35

18

Taste of India

India is full of diverse food from different places. Each has its special flavour and colour. Let us read about some of these delicious dishes.

Dosa is a thin, crispy dish. It is usually made from the paste of rice and lentils (dals). It has many varieties such as masala dosa, paneer dosa, ghee dosa etc. It is usually served with a curry called sambhar and chutney (sweet or spicy sauce). It originated in South India.

However, it is popular all over the country.

Hyderabadi biryani is a famous biryani of India. It is a mix of rice, spices, meat and vegetables. It is often cooked in big pots and served with raita or salad.

Dal Bati Churma is a popular Rajasthani dish. It is made of three things—dal (lentils), bati (a baked wheat ball) and churma. Churma is made by grounding crushed wheat and mixing it with ghee and sugar.

Dhokla is a popular Gujarati dish. It is spongy and is usually made of besan (a flour made from chickpeas). It is usually served with deep-fried chilies and coriander chutney, and topped with fresh coriander leaves.

Vada Pav is a popular street food from Maharashtra.

The main part of this dish is the vada, which is a round and spicy potato patty. The vada is served inside a small bun or pav, like a burger. Vada Pav is usually served with chutney and other sauces.

Pani puri is a delicious and spicy snack. It consists of a small, hollow and fried wheat ball, filled with mashed potatoes. It is served with tamarind (imli) chutney and mint-flavoured water. This dish is also known as phuchka, golgappa or gupchup.

Jalebi is a famous sweet of India. It is made by frying maida flour paste in circles and then soaking it in sugar syrup. It is also often eaten with sweet rabri, which is a traditional Indian sweet made of milk and sugar. It is widely regarded as the national sweet of India.

36

Incredible India Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the famous cuisines from different states of India.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write the name of any 1 famous dish from these states. a Rajasthan b Karnataka c Gujrat d Punjab e Sikkim f

Goa

g Bihar h Odisha i

Haryana

j

Maharashtra

k

Andhra Pradesh

l

Madhya Pradesh

2 Which dish is it? a This is widely regarded as the national sweet of India. b This is a thin, crispy dish, usually made from a paste of rice and lentils. c This snack is also known as golgappe and phuchka. d This dish contains layers of rice, meat, spices and vegetables. e This is a sponge-like snack made primarily from besan. f

This contains a flavourful potato patty in the middle of two buns of bread.

3 Name any one of your favourite Indian dishes.

Topic 18 • Taste of India

37

19

Island Countries

There are so many islands in the world that it is difficult to count all of them. They can be of various sizes, from tiny islets to large landmasses. Let us learn about some of them.

Islands are landforms that are surrounded by water on all sides. They are smaller in area than continents. Tiny islands are called islets.

There are some countries in the world that are entirely made up of islands. There are 46 island nations in the world.

Japan is an island nation in East Asia. It is made up of four main islands—Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku. There are 6,848 smaller islands and islets around them.

Greenland is the largest island in the world.

It is located near the North Pole. It is mostly covered in ice and snow. It is home to many animals like polar bears.

The Pianemo Islands is a group of over 1,500 small islands in Indonesia. The four main islands of Pianemo are together called the Raja Ampat (the four kings). They are— Waigeo, Batanta, Salawati and Misool. They are famous for their landscapes, white sand beaches and crystal clear waters.

The Bishop Rock is the smallest island in the world. It is a very tiny island located in the Atlantic Ocean, near the coast of England.

It is so small that it has space only for a lighthouse.

38

International Affairs Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about some most beautiful and tiniest islands in the world.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write the names of the following: a Any 4 islands in the world:

b The 4 main islands of Japan:

c The 4 main islands of the Pianemo islands, known as the Four Kings:

2 Fill in the blanks. a

is the largest island country in the world.

b

is the smallest island in the world.

c

is the eastern-most island country.

d A tiny island is usually called an

.

e The Pianemo Islands is a group of small islands in f

.

The Bishop Rock is located in the

Ocean.

g Greenland is located in the

region.

h There are i

There are over

j

An island is

recognised island nations in the world. islands in the world. than a continent, like Asia.

3 What is an island? Answer in 1 to 2 sentences.

Topic 19 • Island Countries

39

20

Renowned Actors and Actresses

Have you seen some of these people on TV? They are actors from India and the world. They are famous all over the world. Let us learn more about them.

Shah Rukh Khan

Priyanka Chopra

He is an Indian actor. He is also known as SRK or King Khan. He was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 2005. The Government of France honoured him with the Legion of Honour in 2014. He has acted in more than 90 films. He has also received 14 Filmfare Awards. He is one of the most popular Indian stars in the world.

Priyanka Chopra is an Indian actress who has worked in films both in Bollywood as well as in Hollywood. She is the winner of the Miss World 2000 pageant. She was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 2016.

Michelle Yeoh

Benedict Cumberbatch

She is a Malaysian actress. She is mostly seen in action films.

She is famous for doing her own fight scenes and stunts.

She made history when she became the first Asian woman to win an Oscar for Best Actress for the film Everything Everywhere All At Once.

He is a British actor. He became famous after playing the role of Sherlock Holmes in the series Sherlock for which He won an Emmy award for this role. He is also known for the quality of his voice. He voiced the role of the dragon Smaug in the film The Hobbit.

Hugh Jackman

Meryl Streep

He is an Australian actor. He is known for his action films and musical stage shows. He had a Guinness World Record for ‘the Longest Career as a Live-action Marvel Character’, until his record was broken in May, 2022.

She is an American actress who has often been described as the ‘best actress of her generation’. She has won the Oscar three times. She also won another famous award, called the Golden Globe, 8 times.

Major Films: Devdas, Swades, Chak De! India

Major Films: Police Story 3 and Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon.

Major Films: X-MEN, Wolverine, The Greatest Showman

40

Major Films: We Can Be Heroes, The Sky is Pink, Mary Kom

Major Films: Doctor Strange, The Imitation Game

Major Films: Mamma Mia!, The Devil Wears Prada, The Iron Lady

Sports, Entertainment and Culture Explore More Scan this QR code to find out more about some of the renowned Indian actors and actresses.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Sort the given actors and actresses based on their country.

Michelle Yeoh Meryl Streep Shah Rukh Khan Hugh Jackman Benedict Cumberbatch India Australia The USA Malaysia The UK 2 Name any 2 films of the following actors and actresses.

Actor/Actress

Films

a Shah Rukh Khan b Meryl Streep c Michelle Yeoh d Hugh Jackman e Benedict Cumberbatch f

Priyanka Chopra

3 Who am I? a I have won the Oscar thrice and the Golden Globe 8 times. b I am the first Asian woman to win an Oscar. c I am the winner of the Miss World 2000 pageant. d I was awarded the Padma Shri Award in the year 2005. e I am famous for playing Sherlock Holmes in the TV series Sherlock. f

I held a Guinness World Record for the longest career as a live-action Marvel character.

Topic 20 • Renowned Actors and Actresses

41

21

Eat Healthy, Stay Fit

Eating healthy is eating food that is good for our bodies. It helps us grow strong and stay fit. Let us learn about some healthy food choices and habits, and what we can eat for healthy living.

Whole Grains

We should eat grains as they are rich in carbohydrates and provide us with energy. Broken wheat (dalia), oats, rice and pearl millet (bajra) are some examples of whole grains that we can include in our meals.

Fruits and Vegetables

Fruit and vegetables provide our bodies with vitamins, minerals and other nutrients. They help protect us from diseases. Some fruit and vegetables can also be eaten as healthy snacks or in the form of salads.

Nuts and Seeds

Nuts are rich in protein, fibre, vitamins and minerals. We can choose to eat dry nuts like peanuts, almonds, walnuts and cashews as healthy snacks.

We can also eat seeds like sesame, sunflower and pumpkin seeds.

Dairy Products

Milk, curd, cheese and paneer are some examples of dairy products. They provide us with calcium for strong bones and teeth, and other important vitamins and minerals. They also provide protein for muscle growth.

Drinking Enough Water

Drink at least four to five glasses of water a day. It is important to drink water instead of sugary drinks like soda and bottled juices.

Avoiding Junk Food and Sweets

We must avoid eating fast foods like pizzas, burgers and French fries.

They are unhealthy for our bodies as they are hard to digest and do not provide us with enough nutrients that we need to live a healthy life. They also contain large amounts of oil and salt that can make us unfit and cause many diseases.

We should also eat fewer sweets. Eating too much sugary food not only harms our health, but can also spoil our teeth.

42

Life Skills Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about healthy food habits and the importance of drinking enough water in a day.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write any 2 examples of the following types of food. a 2 healthy food items that we should include regularly in our meals.

b 2 unhealthy food items that we should avoid in our meals.

c

2 food items that we get from plants and trees.

d 2 food items that we get from animals.

2 Write any 2 examples of the following healthy foods. a Dry nuts:

and

b Whole grains: c

and

Dairy products:

and

3 Write any 2 nutrients that we get from the following food. a Milk: b Almonds: c

Fruit salad:

d Cheese slices: e

Green vegetables:

Topic 21 • Eat Healthy, Stay Fit

and and and and and

43

Sports Stars, 2023

22

In 2023, many athletes and sportspersons have made their countries proud by being the best in the competitions of their games. Let us learn about a few such athletes and sportspersons.

In Chess

In Swimming

Magnus Carlsen won the 2023 FIDE World Cup. He is a Grandmaster from Norway. He beat 18-year-old Indian Grandmaster Rameshbabu Paggnanandhaa in the Finals.

22-year-old Australian swimmer Kaylee McKeown was named the ‘Best Female Swimmer of the Year’ by World Aquatics. She won this title after winning gold in all three backstroke events—50 m, 100 m and 200 m.

In Javelin Throw

In Para Archery

At just 25, Neeraj Chopra has won gold medals in the World Athletics Championship and the Asian Games for javelin throw. He is also the first Asian to win gold for javelin throw in the Olympics.

16-year-old Sheetal Devi made history by winning two gold medals in the Asian Para Games. She is the first Indian woman to do so.

As a para-athlete, she uses her feet to aim and fire her arrows on target.

In Tennis

Novak Djokovic, from Serbia, became the longest holder of the world no. 1 title—399 weeks. He has even finished as the year no. 1 for a record eight times. He also holds the record for winning the Grand Slam Men’s Singles twenty-four times.

44

The Year Gone By Explore More Scan this QR Code to learn more about Athletics and Indian athletes

Let’s Practise ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1 Name the country of these sportspersons. a Sheetal Devi: b Magnus Carlsen: c Novak Djokovic: d Neeraj Chopra: e Kaylee McKeown: 2 Name the player. a She was named ‘Best Female Swimmer of the Year’ by World Aquatics in 2023.

b He is also the first Asian to win gold for javelin throw in the Olympics.

c As an archer, she uses her feet instead of her hands.

d He holds the record for winning the Grand Slam Men’s Singles twenty-four times.

e He almost beat Magnus Carles at the FIDE Championship finals.

Topic 22 • Sports Stars, 2023

45

Composting at Home

23

Composting is a way to turn waste food scraps and other natural things into compost. Compost is put into the soil to grow healthy plants. This can be easily done at home. Let us learn how.

STEP 1: Get a Bin

Get a composting bin or a bucket. It must have a lid to keep away the smell and insects.

Leaves

Twigs, chipped tree branches

STEP 2: Collect the Wastes

To make a good compost mix, you must have a combination of greens—food waste and grass, and browns—garden waste and newspapers.

Sawdust Paper Cotton fabric

P

t

Cardboard pieces

STEP 3: Layer the Greens and the Browns

First, place the brown waste into your bin. Then layer the green waste on top. To maintain the correct wetness, lightly pour water on the top layer.

STEP 4: Keep Mixing

Turn or mix the contents of your bin every time you add more waste. It helps to let air inside.

STEP 5: The Compost is Ready

You can tell that the compost is ready once the contents in the bin turn into a dark brown colour, become crumbly and smell more like soil than rotten food. It gets ready in about two to three months.

Composting Life Cycle Benefits of Composting

• Composting helps plants grow better with natural fertilizers.

•

It makes the soil healthier.

•

It helps to reduce waste.

46

FOOD

SCRAPS

COMPOST FERTILIZER

GROW

Earth and Environment Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about the types of waste that we can and cannot compost and more about steps of composting.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Tick () the waste that can be added into a compost. a

Dry grass

b

Orange peels

c

Cardboard

d

Plastic bags

e

Nut shells

f

Broken pieces of glass

2 Name any 4 green and 4 brown waste that can go in compost.

Green Waste

Brown Waste

3 Sequence the steps (1-5) of composting in the correct order.

Turn the compost mixture.

Get a bucket or bin.

Collect green and brown waste.

The ready compost can be used for plants.

Layer the green and brown waste.

4 Write any 1 reason explaining why composting is good for the environment.

Topic 23 • Composting at Home

47

24

Best of Flights

We have usually seen aircraft like an aeroplane and a helicopter flying in the sky. Aren’t we amazed to see them? Let us find out some amazing things about the world of flight.

The First Flights

On 19 September 1783, a French scientist, Pilate De Rozier, launched the first hot-air balloon. It was an experimental flight that carried a rooster, a duck and a sheep as the passengers. It stayed in the air for only about 15 minutes.

On 21 November 1798, two French brothers named Joseph and Etienne launched the first air balloon in Paris, carrying men. It flew for about 20 minutes.

On 17 December 1903, the Wright brothers—Orville and Wilbur Wright, flew the first successful flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, USA. This plane was made with wooden and canvas panels and had a small engine. It flew for only 12 seconds.

Types of Flights

Aeroplanes have come a long way since they were invented. In recent times, there are three types of aeroplanes for different uses.

Commercial Aeroplanes: They are used to carry people and goods.

General Aviation Aeroplanes: They are used for business and emergency travel. It includes small flights such as helicopters and choppers.

Military Aeroplanes: They are specifically designed and used by armies.

The world’s longest active passenger flight is by Singapore Airlines. Its route is from Singapore to New York, USA, on an Airbus A350-900ULR. It covers a distance of roughly 15,425 kilometres and takes about 19 hours to complete.

The Airbus A380-800 is the largest and heaviest passenger aircraft in the world. An A380 flight has a seating capacity of up to 853 passengers.

The world’s lightest aircraft is a jet plane, the Bede BD-5J Microjet. The smallest jet by weight is owned by Juan Jimenez of Puerto Rico, USA. It weighs only 162 kilograms.

The Antonov AN-225 Mriya was the world’s largest cargo aircraft. It is also the world’s heaviest aircraft ever built. It can carry up to 250 tonnes of load.

48

Science and Technology Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the world’s first aeroplanes and the world’s largest cargo aircraft—Antonov AN-225 Mriya.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Name the three types of aeroplanes in modern times by their uses.

2 Fill in the table.

When was it launched?

Who launched it?

a The first experimental hot air balloon b The first successful powered aeroplane c The first hot air balloon carrying men 3 Fill in the blanks. a The first successful powered flight was launched from

.

b The first hot air balloon stayed in the air for about

minutes.

c The first hot air balloon carrying men stayed in the air for about

minutes.

d The first successful powered flight stayed in the air only for

seconds.

e The world’s smallest jet weighs only f

kilograms.

The world’s largest cargo aircraft can carry up to

tonnes of load.

g The world’s largest passenger aircraft can accommodate up to

passengers.

h The world’s longest active passenger flight covers a distance of

.

i

The world’s longest passenger flight takes about

j

The smallest jet plane in the world by weight is the

.

k

The longest active passenger flight in the world is operated by the

.

l

The world’s largest cargo aircraft is

.

hours to reach its destination.

m The world’s largest passenger aircraft is the

n The world’s first hot-air balloon was carrying three animals—a a

Topic 24 • Best of Flights

and a

. .

,

49

25

The Constitution of India

What Is a Constitution?

It is a set of rules and laws according to which a country is governed. The document or book in which this set of rules is written is called a constitution.

The Father of the Indian Constitution

The Indian Constitution was created by the Constituent Assembly of India. Dr Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar was the chairman of the Drafting Committee that was formed by the Constituent Assembly. The aim of the committee was to write the Constitution of India.

BR Ambedkar is remembered as the Father of the Indian Constitution. He was also the first Law and Justice Minister of independent India. His birthday, 14 April, is celebrated as Ambedkar Jayanti in India every year.

The Constitution of India

• The original constitution was handwritten by Prem Behari Narain Raizada, an Indian calligrapher (a person who can write beautifully).

• It was originally written in two languages—Hindi and English.

• It is the longest constitution in the world.

• A total of three reading sessions were held to discuss the first copy of the constitution. It was finally passed on 26 November 1949.

• The constitution came into effect on 26 January 1950, the day that we celebrate as our Republic Day.

50

Incredible India Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the Indian Constitution and the life of Dr B.R. Ambedkar.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write the correct date of these events. a Celebration of the first Republic Day of India: b The Indian Constitution was passed: c Ambedkar Jayanti: d The Indian Constitution came into effect: e Dr BR Ambedkar was born: 2 Fill in the blanks with the correct details. a It is the longest constitution in the world: b The person who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution: c The calligrapher who handwrote the Indian Constitution: d The number of sessions held to discuss the first copy of the Indian Constitution: e The chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution: f

The government body that created the Indian Constitution:

g The first Law and Justice Minister of independent India: h The 2 languages in which the Indian Constitution was originally written: , 3 What is a constitution? Write in 1 to 2 sentences.

Topic 25 • The Constitution of India

51

26

Voting System

The people of India and many other countries choose their leaders through elections. It is the process where people cast their votes. The person who has the most votes wins the election.

Who can vote?

Every citizen of India who is above the age of 18 can vote in the elections. People are issued voter ID cards. These are like the identity cards we get at school. Before the elections, a list is prepared which has the names of all the people who can vote.

This list is called a voter list.

Where is the voting done?

Every area has a polling booth. It is a place where people go to vote. The polling booth has officers that help people vote.

How is voting done?

• Voters visit the polling booth and vote using an electronic voting machine (EVM).

The EVM has a list of participants that the people can vote for with a blue button next to their names. The voters press the button next to the candidate’s name they wish to vote for. Once a vote is recorded on the machine, it cannot be changed. The EVM is connected to a printer that prints and stores the vote.

• Before the EVM, a ballot paper was used for voting. It was a sheet with a list of candidates. People used to mark their vote on the paper, fold it, and put it in a box. Then, these papers were opened and the votes were counted.

Blue ink is used to mark the voter’s finger before they vote. The mark is usually made on the index finger. This ink takes weeks to fade away.

What happens after the voting is over?

The EVMs are kept safely. Then, the votes are counted. The candidate that has the most votes wins the elections.

Important Facts about the Indian Elections

•

A person can vote only once in one election.

•

Every polling booth should be within 2 kilometres from the voter.

•

The vote of every person is kept secret.

•

Every year, 25 January is celebrated as National Voter’s Day.

• India is the most populated country in the world. It is called the world’s largest democracy, because it has the most people voting to choose its leaders.

52

International Affairs Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the elections in India. Also, learn about the way voting is done at the polling booths.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write the correct numbers. a The minimum age to vote in India. b The date on which National Voter’s Day is celebrated. c The number of times a person can vote in one election. d The maximum distance of an election booth from the voter.

2 Fill in the blanks. a EVM stands for

.

b A list that has the names of the voters is called a

.

c An identity card given to voters is called a

.

d The place where people go to vote is called a

.

e A f

paper was used before the EVM was invented.

The EVM connects to a

machine that prints and stores the vote.

g Before casting a vote, the index finger of each voter is marked with

ink.

3 Rearrange the steps (1-5) in the order of the process of voting and selection of leaders.

The votes are counted.

A voter list is prepared.

The voters cast their votes using EVM. The voter’s finger is marked with blue ink.

The candidate with the most votes wins the elections.

4 Why is India called the world’s largest democracy? Write the reason in 1 to 2 sentence.

Topic 26 • Voting System

53

The World of Pixar

27

Pixar is an American film studio. It is famous for making computer animation films. These films are of very high quality, and have heart-warming stories with memorable characters.

Toy Story is about friendship and love. The film is about toys that come to life when humans are not around and have their own adventures. A few characters from this film are:

Finding Nemo is a heartwarming story. It is about the love between parents and children. It shows Marlin, a clownfish, searching for his lost son, Nemo. The names of the characters in this film are:

Up is a story about the importance of following your dreams. It is the story of an old and lonely man named Carl. He is on a journey to fulfil his late wife’s dream. The names of the characters are:

Cars is a fun-loving story. It talks about friendship. It is about cars that interact with each other just as people would. The names of the characters are:

Woody

Buzz

Humm

Nemo

Marlin

Dory

Carel Fredricksen (Carl)

Russell

Dug

MC Queen

Mater

Sally

Elemental is a story about understanding and respecting each other. The characters in the story are unique because they represent the five elements of the Earth. The names of the characters are:

Ember 54

Wade

Clod

Gale

Fern

Sports, Entertainment and Culture Explore More Scan this QR code to explore the top 10 Funniest Pixar characters and the top 10 best-animated films of 2021 in the animation world.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Read the character’s name and write the film’s name. a Gale b Sally c Shark d Buzz e Kevin 2 Read the main idea of the film and write the film name. a The film talks about friendship and love. b The film is about five elements of the earth. c The film is about a father’s journey to find his lost son. d The film is about an elderly man named Carl. e The film talks about the importance of friendship.

Topic 27 • The World of Pixar

55

28

Safety Rules

Safety rules help us to understand what to do and what not to do. They warn us about dangers and tell us how to stay safe. That is why it is important to follow them. Let us learn about some basic safety rules that should be followed at home and on the roads.

Safety Rules at Home Do not play with matchsticks, lighters or lighted candles.

It may lead to an accident and cause a fire.

Beware of sharp objects such as scissors and knives. They are meant to be used by adults.

Avoid touching or using any bottle that contains cleaning liquids such as floor and washroom cleaners. The chemicals in them are harmful.

Do not take medicines on your own. Let your parents give you medicine as and when you need it.

your skin.

When in the kitchen, do not touch anything on the stove. It might be hot and burn

Be careful while standing on a balcony or near an open window.

You must not stand on a stool or chair near the window.

Safety Rules Outdoors Do not play on the road.

Playing in a park or an open ground is safer than playing on the streets.

Always look both ways before crossing the road.

Also, stay alert and move fast while crossing.

Always use the footpaths for walking.

If there are no footpaths, walk on the left edge of the road.

Always wear a helmet when riding a bike and a scooter. Always use the seatbelt when in a car or a bus.

56

Use a zebra crossing to cross the road.

Learn some of the basic road signs such as the traffic light, and the stop and the parking signs.

Life Skills Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the safety rules at home and on the road.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the blanks. a Safety rules warn us about possible

.

b We must follow safety rules to keep ourselves

.

c A red signal on the road tells us to

.

d You should cross the road only if the e The f

light is on. light tells us to wait and look until the light is green.

You should always move on the

and not on the roads.

g To cross the road you should wait for traffic to h You must look i

Always use

j

When on a motorbike, we must wear a

k

In a car, we must wear a

. ways before crossing the road. to cross the roads. . for our safety.

2 Read the statement on safety and write if it is True or False. a It is safe to play with a matchstick. b You can play freely on roads and streets. c We should let an adult use knives and forks. d We can talk to strangers outside the house. e Avoid playing near wells, ponds, lakes and rivers. f

Be careful while standing near an open, high window.

g We should call for help in case of any medical emergency.

Topic 28 • Safety Rules

57

29

Indian Team Captains, 2023

In any sport, the captain plays an important role in guiding their teams. Let us find out who has held the captaincy of different Indian teams in 2023.

Rohit Sharma is the captain of the Indian men’s cricket team. In November 2023, he made a world record by hitting the most number of sixes, a total of 575, in International cricket. In 2015, he was honoured with the Arjuna Award by the Indian government.

Harmanpreet Kaur is the captain of the Indian women’s cricket team. She is an all-rounder, which means that she can bowl and bat with the same level of expertise. She was honoured with the Arjuna Award for Cricket in 2017.

Savita Punia is the captain of the Indian women’s hockey team. She is an outstanding goalkeeper. She received the Arjuna Award in 2018. In November 2023, she led her team to victory in the Asian Champions Trophy.

Harmanpreet Singh is the captain of the Indian men’s hockey team. He scored his 100th international goal. He was named the FIH Player of the Year 2021-2022.

Sunil Chhetri is the captain of the Indian men’s football team. He was honoured with the Khel Ratna Award by the Indian government in 2021. He is the first football player to receive this award. As of 2023, he is the third-highest active goal scorer in the world.

Pawan Sehrawat is the captain of the Indian men’s kabaddi team. Under his captaincy, the team won the 8th gold medal for India at the Asian Games, 2023. He is fondly called the Hi-Flyer of India. In the 2023, Pro Kabaddi league, he was the most expensive player.

Vishesh Bhriguvanshi is the captain of the Indian men’s basketball team. He is the youngest captain of the Indian basketball team. In 2020, he was honoured with the Arjuna Award by the government of India.

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The Year Gone By Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about all the captains of the Indian men’s cricket team from 1974–2023.

Let’s Practise ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1 Name the sport in which these players handled the captaincy of their teams, in 2023. a Sunil Chhetri b Rohit Sharma c Savita Punia d Harmanpreet Singh e Harmanpreet Kaur f

Vishesh Bhriguvanshi

g Pawan Sehrawat 2 Write the year in which these captains won the Arjuna Award. a Vishesh Bhriguvanshi b Harmanpreet Kaur c Rohit Sharma d Savita Punia 3 Name the correct captain. a He is known as the Hi-Flyer of India. b He is the 3rd highest active goal scorer in the world. c He is the youngest basketball captain of India. d He is the only football player to be awarded the Khel Ratna. e India won its 8th gold in the Asian Games 2023, under his captaincy. f

India won the Asian Champions Trophy 2023, under her captaincy.

g He made a world record by hitting 575 sixes in International Cricket, in November 2023. h He was the Player of the Year in the FIH Pro League, 2021-2022.

Topic 29 • Indian Team Captains, 2023

59

30

Places of Extreme Climate

Places of extreme climate are places on Earth where the weather is either too hot or freezing; too wet or too dry. Let us find out about the places on Earth that have extreme climate.

The Coldest Place on Earth

Antarctica is the coldest place on Earth. It is also the highest and windiest continent on the planet. The temperatures can fall as low as minus 90 degrees Celsius. Almost the entire continent is covered with ice and snow. Penguins, seals and humpback whales are some of the animals that live here.

The Hottest Place on Earth

The Death Valley, located in the Mojave Desert in California, USA, is the hottest place on Earth. The temperature here rises to more than 56 degrees Celsius. Some animals, such as the desert tortoises, bighorn sheep and various insects, have adapted to survive here.

The Wettest place on Earth

Mawsynram, located in Meghalaya, India, is the wettest place on Earth. This village experiences an average annual rainfall of over 467 inches. Mawsynram also holds the Guinness Book of World Record for receiving more than 1000 inches of rainfall in 1985. With a huge amount of rainfall throughout the year, this place is filled with beautiful landscapes and waterfalls.

The Driest Place on Earth

The Atacama Desert, located in the northern part of Chile, is one of the driest places on Earth. It receives less than 1 millimetre of rainfall each year. It covers an area of over 1000 kilometres and some areas have not seen a drop of rain in more than 500 years. Animals like the Andean flamingo and the Atacama toad can be found here. It is an ideal location for stargazing.

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Earth and Environment Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about more places with extreme weather on Earth.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Name the following: a The coldest continent in the world. b The wettest place in the world. c The hottest place on Earth. d The driest place on Earth. e The windiest place on Earth.

2 Name the location of these places with extreme climate. a The hottest place on Earth. b The wettest place on Earth. c The driest place on Earth.

3 Name any 2 animals that live at these places. a Antarctica:

;

b The Atacama Desert:

;

c The Death Valley:

;

4 Fill in the blanks. a Antarctica is almost covered with ice and

.

b The Atacama Desert receives an annual rainfall of less than

.

c Mawsynram receives an average annual rainfall of over

.

d In Antarctica, the temperature falls as low as minus e In the Death Valley, the temperature reaches more than f

In the year Record for receiving more than

Topic 30 • Places of Extreme Climate

°C. °C on some days.

, Mawsynram received the Guinness Book of World of rainfall in a year.

61

31

Diseases and the Ways to Stop Them

A disease is when something goes wrong in your body. Then, your body does not work properly.

Diseases are mainly caused by very small organisms called germs. Germs can enter our bodies in many ways. Let us learn about a few of those ways.

Air-borne diseases pass from one person to another when a sick person coughs or sneezes without covering their mouth. This sneeze contains germs and it infects the air around us. We breathe in the same infected air and become unwell. Some examples of air-borne diseases are COVID-19, the common cold and the flu.

Water-borne diseases are caused when the water we drink becomes dirty, or contaminated. This happens when harmful germs comes into contact with drinking water. Some common water-borne diseases are typhoid and cholera.

Food-borne diseases are caused by eating food that’s not clean or cooked properly. Undercooked and raw food may have bacteria and worms. Some common diseases caused by eating dirty or badly-cooked food are dysentery and diarrhoea.

Diseases passed through touch are caused only when the skin of a sick person and a healthy person come into contact. Remember that not all diseases are passed in this way. Some examples of these diseases include chickenpox and conjunctivitis.

Wash your hands very well with soap and water.

Cover your mouth and nose when you cough or sneeze.

Drink filtered or boiled water. Carry water in clean water bottles when outside.

62

Avoid close contact with people who are sick.

Take timely vaccinations to stay healthy and avoid diseases.

Science and Technology Explore More Scan this QR code to know more about diseases.

Let’s Practise ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the blanks with the correct word from the box. contaminated food-borne skin air-borne contact a

diseases can pass from one person to another when a sick

person coughs or sneezes without covering their mouth. b Water-borne diseases are caused from drinking c

water.

diseases can be caused by eating food that’s not clean or

cooked the right way. d Diseases that pass through touch are caused when the of a healthy person come into

of a sick person and

.

2 Write any 2 examples of the following types of diseases. a Air-borne diseases b Water-borne diseases c Diseases caused through food d Diseases passed through touch

, , , ,

3 Write 5 ways that can help you prevent spreading or catching diseases.

4 What is a disease? What are the different ways in which diseases can spread?

Topic 31 • Diseases and the Ways to Stop Them

63

32

Voices of India

Music is an important part of the entertainment industry in India. Here are some of the famous singers of the Indian music industry.

Shankar Mahadevan is a playback singer and music composer. He is a part of a musical trio with Ehsaan and Loy. He has sung over 7000 songs in various languages. like Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam.

Hariharan is a playback singer and music composer. In 1996, he formed a band called Colonial Cousins with another singer-composer Lesle Lewis.

He has sung over 15,000 songs in more than 10 languages, including, Malayalam, Kannada, Marathi, Bengali, English and other languages.

Shreya Ghoshal is a playback singer. She started singing at the age of four. She was noticed by the music directors when she took part in the music reality show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa—Children. She has recorded over 3000 songs in more than 20 languages. She has sung songs in Hindi, Bengali, Kannada, Tamil and many other languages.

Lata Mangeshkar (1929–2022) was a playback singer. She was given the titles such as the ‘Nightingale of India’, the ‘Queen of Melody’, and the ‘Voice of the Millennium.’ In 1991, The Guinness Book of Records once listed her as the most recorded artist in the world with more than 30,000 songs. She recorded in more than 25 languages, including, Hindi, English, Bengali, Assamese, Marathi and many other Indian and foreign languages.

64

Sunidhi Chauhan is a playback singer. She is best known for her Hindi film songs. She became famous after winning a music reality show, Meri Awaz Suno.

She has sung over 2500 songs in more than 10 languages including Hindi, English, Punjabi, Marathi, Telugu, Tamil and Malayalam.

Diljeet Dosanjh is a singer, actor, songwriter and film producer.

He is one of the leading artists of the Punjabi music and film industry. He has sung a number of songs in Punjabi and Hindi. In 2013, he also founded a charity organisation called The Saanjh Foundation that helps the needy. Among his fans, he is popularly known as ‘the Indian Drake’, who is a Canadian rapper and singer.

Arjit Singh is a playback singer.

He started his music career by taking part in the music reality show called Fame Gurukul in 2005. He has sung more than 400 songs in many languages including, Hindi, Gujrati, Bengali, Marathi, Kannada and Tamil.

S. P. Balasubrahmanyam (1946–2020) was a playback singer. Apart from singing, he was also the host of music reality shows and had worked as a dubbing artist. He sang over 40,000 songs in his lifetime. He recorded songs in more than 15 languages, including, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam.

Incredible India Explore More Scan this QR code to listen to Arijit Singh performing in a reality show. Also, hear the ‘Voice of the Millennium’ Lata Mangeshkar singing in 27 different languages.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write any 3 languages in which the following singers sang/can sing. a S.P Balasubrahmanyam:

,

b Shankar Mahadevan:

,

c Lata Mangeshkar:

,

,

e Sunidhi Chauhan: Hariharan:

,

,

d Shreya Ghoshal: f

,

, ,

,

, ,

2 Who is/was this singer? a He is also known as the ‘Indian Drake’. b She was known as the ‘Nightingale of India’. c He has formed a band called Colonial Cousin. d He is a part of a musical trio along with Ehsaan and Loy. e She became famous after winning the reality show Meri Awaz Suno. f

He started his career with a reality show named Fame Gurukul.

g Apart from being a famous singer, he has also worked as a dubbing artist. h She became famous after taking part in the reality show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa. i

This Punjabi star founded an organisation called the Saanjh Foundation.

j She was listed in the Guinness Book of Records for being the most recorded artist in the world.

Topic 32 • Voices of India

65

33

International Trades

Maya and Kabir are friends. Maya has a book of fables with her and Kabir has a book of adventure stories with him. After they finish reading their books, Maya lends her book to Kabir and borrows Kabir’s book to read. This is called exchanging.

In a similar manner, countries also exchange many kinds of things among themselves. This helps them earn money.

When a country sells things to another country, it is called exporting.

When a country buys things from another country, it is called importing.

Because this exchange happens between countries, it is called international trade.

Here are some things that are imported by India.

The Kiwi Fruit

India imports Kiwi from Chile, Iran and New Zealand.

Cocoa Powder

India imports Cocoa powder from Singapore, Malaysia and Spain.

Dragon Fruit

India imports Dragon fruit from Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam and Sri Lanka.

Here are some things that are exported from India.

Rice

India exports Rice to countries like the United States, Nepal and the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

66

Tea

India exports Tea to countries like the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia.

Alphonso Mango

India exports Alphonso mango to countries like the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and the United States.

International Affairs Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about international trade.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the blanks. a When a country sells the things it has to other countries, it is called

.

b When countries exchange things between them, it is called c When a country buys things from other countries, it is called d India imports e

. .

from Singapore. is a fruit imported from New Zealand.

2 Write down I for things imported and E for things exported by India. a Alphonso Mango b Kiwi c Rice d Tea e Dragon Fruit f

Cocoa Powder

3 Write the names of 2 countries from which India imports: a Kiwi

,

b Dragon Fruit

,

4 Write the names of 2 countries to which India exports: a Tea b Rice

Topic 33 • International Trades

, ,

67

34

Festivals Around the World

Festivals are special occasions that bring people together to celebrate their traditions, food and families.

Diwali is a festival important for Hindus. It falls each year around October-November. It is also known as the Festival of Lights as people light oil lamps called diyas. It symbolises the victory of good over evil and light over darkness. Families clean and decorate their homes, exchange gifts and enjoy eating sweets.

Christmas is a festival important for Christians. It is celebrated on 25 December. It celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ. People decorate Christmas trees with lights and ornaments. They exchange gifts and spend time with their families. Children believe that Santa Claus brings them presents. Christmas carols are sung on this day.

Eid-ul-Fitr is a festival important to Muslims. It is celebrated on the last day of Ramadan, after a month of fasting. People wear new clothes, go to the mosque for special prayers, and celebrate with family and friends. A very important part of Eid ul-Fitr is charity towards the poor and the needy.

The Chinese New Year, also known as the Spring Festival, is celebrated by the Chinese. It falls between 21 January and 20 February. People celebrate with colourful parades, dragon dances, fireworks and decorations. Red is an important colour as it is considered lucky.

Families get together for feasts. Children receive red envelopes with money as a symbol of good luck.

Gurupurab is celebrated by Sikhs all over the world. It generally falls in November each year. It is to celebrate the birth of Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism. Families clean and decorate their houses. They light candles in their homes and in gurudwaras. Langars are served as a mark of love and friendship between people.

68

Sports, Entertainment and Culture Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the origins, history, and customs of Christmas and Diwali.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Read about the celebration. Write the name of the festival. a Oil lamps, called diyas, are lit to remove darkness. b People decorate pine trees with lights and stars. c People exchange gifts and sing carols. d The colour red is associated with this holiday. e People eat at langars. f

This holiday marks the end of a fasting month.

2 Fill in the blanks. a Christmas is a festival celebrated on

.

b People decorate Christmas trees with

and

.

c During Diwali, families clean and decorate their homes and exchange d Diwali symbolises the victory of

over

e Eid-ul-Fitr comes after f

.

and

over darkness.

, a month of fasting.

Eid-ul-Fitr is a holiday celebrated by

g The Chinese New Year falls between

. and

.

h The Chinese New Year marks the beginning of the year and is celebrated with festivities such as colourful parades, i j

dances and fireworks. is a festival to celebrate the birth of Guru Nanak.

People light

in their homes and at gurudwaras.

3 Answer the following. a When is Gurupurab celebrated? b What is the another name for the Chinese New Year? c Where do people go for special prayers during Eid-ul-Fitr? d What is Diwali also known as?

Topic 34 • Festivals Around the World

69

35

Money Game

Money is an important part of our lives. We need money to buy important things like food, clothes, toys or a house.

The Game of Business

Karan’s father has bought a new board game called Business.

He and his sister Ria, are excited to play it. His father is teaching them how to play.

Dad: Come, children! Let me teach you how to play this board game. I played this game a lot as a child.

Ria: What do we do first, dad?

Dad: First, one person will become the banker. For this game, let me be the banker. You will get ₹500 each and some property. A property is anything a person owns, like a house or a shop.

Karan: We can buy places in this game? That is awesome!

Dad: Yes! Both of you will place your pieces at the starting point. Then, you will take turns to roll the dice. Whoever rolls the bigger number will get to travel around the board first.

Lending and Borrowing Money

Both Karan and Ria excitedly place their pieces at the starting point on the board. Then, they roll the dice to start the game.

Karan: Yay! I got the bigger number. So, now I will move my piece to square 5. I have landed on a property. Can I buy it, dad?

Dad (smiling): Yes, you can. You have ₹500 and you need to pay ₹100 for this. Now, it is your turn, Ria. Ria: OK! My piece has landed on this property which is very costly. It is for ₹300. Should I buy it or not?

Dad: It is your choice, Ria. But the game is about owning more property.

Ria: But dad, what if I don’t have any money left after some moves?

Dad: You can ask for some money from the bank if you run out of money. It is called borrowing money. The bank will give you some money in return for any of your properties. This is called lending money. However, you will need to pay the money back to the bank to get your property back.

Ria: Ok, I understand now. Thank you, dad!

Dad: Remember, you need to pay each other rent if either one of you lands on the other’s property.

Banks are Useful

They play the game for another half an hour. By that time, both Karan and Ria have bought several properties.

Karan: Dad, do real banks also lend money to people like in our board game?

Dad: Yes Karan, they do. If someone needs to borrow money, then they need to assure the bank that they will return it. They might need to give something to the bank, like another property or gold jewellery that they have, until they can fully repay the money.

Karan: Thanks for telling us this, dad. Banks are so useful.

Dad (smiling): Yes, they are quite useful. Oh, look at the time! We have played for an hour! Let us put the game away for now. It is dinnertime.

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Financial Literacy Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about borrowing and lending money, specifically from banks.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Choose the correct word from the brackets to fill in the blank. a Business is a game that teaches us about using

wisely to buy things like

houses and shops. (shops/money) b A

is something that is owned by a person. (property/country)

c When we ask for some money from the bank, it is called

money.

(buying/borrowing) d When the bank gives us some money, it is called

money.

(lending/returning) e After a certain period, we need to

the money that we have borrowed

from the bank. (return/keep) f

A bank is

to people when they need money. (harmful/useful)

2 Write if the following are True or False. a People lend money to the bank. b We can go to the bank if we need to borrow money. c Schools and banks can be bought as our properties. d People’s houses can be taken as their properties.

3 Write a reason in 1 to 2 sentences. a Money is important because

b A bank is useful because

Topic 35 • Money Game

71

A n swe rs 1. Leaders of India in 2023

1. a. Draupadi Murmu b. Dr Mansukh Laxmanbhai Mandaviya c. Nitin Gadkari d. Amit Anilchandra Shah e. Dharmendra Pradhan f. Amit Anilchandra Shah g. Ashwini Vaishnaw h. Narendra Damodardas Modi i. Nirmala Sitharaman

2. a. Narendra Damodardas Modi b. Justice D.Y. Chandrachud c. Ashwini Vaishnaw d. Dharmendra Pradhan e. chief minister f. Amit Anilchandra Shah, 2021 g. Draupadi Murmu, 2022 h. Nirmala Sitharaman, 2019 i. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, 1947 j. Indira Gandhi, 1966

2. Extreme Trees

1. a. Redwood National Park, California, USA b. Africa and Australia c. Philippines, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea d. Santa María del Tule, Mexico e. Sequoia National Park, California, USA f. Madagascar, South America 2. a. 4800 b. 2,200 c. 2,000 2006 e. 83 f. 115 g. 24

d. 25 August

3. a. The Tree of Tule b. The African Raffia Palm c. Rainbow Eucalyptus d. Hyperion e. Baobabs f. ancient bristlecone pines g. Baobabs trees h. The General Sherman tree

3. The Internet

1. The answers may vary. Sample answers: a. computer, mobile phone b. Google, Yahoo c. WWW, HTTP 2. a. HyperText Transfer Protocol b. Uniform Resource Locator

c. World Wide Web

3. a. 1989 b. website c. HTTP e. 1983 f. mobile phones g. Robert Kahn, Vinton Cerf

d. URL

4. The answers may vary. Sample answers: It helps us learn new things. It helps us shop online.

72

4. National Days and Celebrations 1. a. Gandhi Jayanti b. Republic Day c. International Yoga Day d. Independence Day

2. a. Independence Day b. Van Mahotsava c. Republic Day d. International Yoga Day 3. a. 2 October 1869 b. 1950 c. 2015 d. New Delhi e. 15 August 1947 f. 1950, K. M. Munshi

4. The answers may vary. Sample answers: Gandhi Jayanti, Republic Day

5. Get to Know Some Countries 1. a. Egypt b. Brazil c. The United States of America/USA e. France f. China 2. a. The USA e. Australia

b. Brazil f. France

3. a. French d. Arabic

c. China

d. Australia d. Egypt

b. Portuguese c. English, Spanish e. English f. Mandarin, Cantonese

6. Kho Kho

1. a. The chasing team, The defending team b. Defending team c. Chasing team d. Kho e. 9 f. 2 2. a. 1999 d. 2000

b. 2022 e. 2023

c. 1996

3. a. 7 b. Maharashtra c. to go and chase d. Rathera e. Asian Kho Kho Federation f. Ultimate Kho Kho g. Kho Kho Federation of India h. Kolkata i. Dhaka

7. First-aid Kit 1. a. Band-aids 2. a. False e. False

b. Thermometer

b. True f. False

c. True

c. Bandage

d. False

3. a. Thermometer b. Antiseptic wipe & solution c. Ice pack d. injection e. Antiseptic cream f. A medicine

4. The answers may vary. Sample answer: it has important things to quickly help someone when he/ she gets hurt or sick.

8. Disasters of 2023

1. a. 14 May, 2023 b. 30 January, 2023 c. 6 February, 2023 d. 8 August, 2023 e. 8 September, 2023 f. July, 2023

2. Earthquakes: Turkey-Syria, Morocco; Wildfires: Chile, Hawaii; Storms & Floods: Myanmar-Bangladesh; 3. a. 406 d. One

b. more than 100 c. 430,000 hectares e. 5 states f. Two

9. Animals with Super Senses

1. a. vibrations b. smell, hearing c. smell, hearing d. smell e. smell f. smell, taste g. sight h. sight

2. a. Elephant b. Cavefish c. Platypus d. Snake e. Eagle f. Dog g. Bee h. Dragonfly

10. E-Vehicles and Fuels

1. a. Petrol, Diesel b. E-vehicles c. Smoke, carbon dioxide d. E-fuels e. hydrogen, oxygen

2. The answers may vary. Sample answers: They cause air pollution and global warming.

3. Water vapour is produced as exhaust when cars use e-fuels.

12. Our Role Models

1. a. Dr A. P. J. Abdul Kalam b. Nelson Mandela c. Mahatma Gandhi d. Albert Einstein e. Mother Teresa f. Kalpana Chawla 2. The answer may vary for some parts: a. Bharat Ratna b. Noble Peace Prize c. Nobel Prize in Physics

3. a. India b. South Africa c. 2 October d. 1997 e. 1980 f. 2003 g. Nelson Mandela h. Prithvi, Agni

13. Cricket

1. The answers may vary. Sample answers: Ball, Bat, Batting Pads, Helmet 2. a. The Narendra Modi Stadium b. The Lord’s Cricket Ground c. about 200 d. 52 3. a. Twenty20 International (T20I); b. One Day International (ODI);

c. Test match

4. a. 11 b. 6 c. oval d. rectangular e. India f. the 17th century g. 4 h. International Cricket Council (ICC) i. bat, bowl

4. The answers may vary. Sample answers: Wait for the battery to charge before taking the car.

14. Cooking Without Fire

11. Waterfalls in India

2. a. Fruit Salad b. Banana milkshake c. Watermelon ice cream d. Tomato sandwich e. Vegetable salad

1. a. Satara, Maharashtra b. Bastar, Chhattisgarh c. Sohra, Meghalaya d. Shimoga, Karnataka e. Goa f. Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh g. Shillong, Meghalaya h. Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand 2. a. The Kunchikal Waterfalls b. The Chitrakote Waterfalls c. The Bhambavli Vajrai Waterfalls d. The Dudhsagar Waterfalls e. The Chitrakote Waterfalls f. The Dhuandhar Waterfalls 3. a. Varahi River, 455 metres b. Urmodi River, 560 metres c. Indravati River, 29 metres d. Narmada River, 10 metres e. Mandovi River, 310 metre

Answers

1. Mango milkshake, Fruit ice cream, Vegetable salad, Chocolate shake, Lemonade

3. a. False e. False

b. True f. True

c. False

15. India in Space, 2023 1. a. 1969 b. September e. 23 August 2023 2. a. Chandrayaan-3 c. Chandrayaan-3

d. False

c. March

d. July

b. Aditya-L1 d. OneWeb India-2

3. a. 36 b. Mark 3 (LVM3) c. the Sun d. Mark 3 (LVM3) e. Aditya-L1 f. Dr Vikram Sarabhai g. Chief S. Somanath h. the Satish Dhawan Space Centre; i. 1.5 million 4. a. Indian Space Research Organisation b. New Space India Limited

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16. Oceans and Continents

1. The Arctic Ocean, the Southern Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean.

2. Australia, Europe, Antarctica, South America, North America, Africa, Asia 3. The answers may vary. Sample answers: a. China, India b. Germany, Italy c. Egypt, Nigeria d. Brazil, Argentina e. Canada, the USA

4. a. Antarctica b. Arctic c. Australia d. Antarctica e. Pacific f. Arctic g. Pacific h. Indian i. Australia j. Africa, Nile k. Asia, Himalayas l. South America, Amazon

17. First in Space

1. a. Neil Armstrong b. Kalpana Chawla c. Arabidopsis thaliana d. the flag of the USA e. Salyut-1 f. Yuri Gagarin g. Valentina Tereshkova h. Rakesh Sharma i. Viking-1

3. Islands are landforms that are surrounded by water on all sides. They are smaller in area than continents.

20. Renowned Actors and Actresses

1. India: Shah Rukh Khan; Australia: Hugh Jackman; The USA: Meryl Streep; Malaysia: Michelle Yeoh; The UK: Benedict Cumberbatch 2. The answers may vary. Sample answers: a. Swades, Chak De! India b. Mamma Mia!, The Devil Wears Prada c. Hidden Dragon, Police Story 3 d. X MEN, Wolverine e. Doctor Strange f. The Sky is Pink, Mary Kom 3. a. Meryl Streep b. Michelle Yeoh c. Priyanka Chopra d. Shah Rukh Khan e. Benedict Cumberbatch f. Hugh Jackman

21. Eat Healthy, Stay Fit

1. The answers may vary. Sample answers: a. Fruits, dry nuts b. Ice cream, pizza c. Tomato, spinach d. Eggs, meat

2. a. 19 April 1971 b. 20 July 1976 c. 4 October 1957 d. 1982 e. 3 April 1984 f. 3 November 1957 g. 19 November 1997 h. 16 June 1963 i. 12 April 1961

2. The answers may vary. Sample answers: a. Almonds, walnuts b. Wheat, rice c. Milk, curd

3. a. 1975 b. 3 c. 6 d. space shuttle Columbia STS-87 e. the Salyut-7 f. Buzz Aldrin

3. The answers may vary. Sample answers: a. Calcium, vitamins b. Protein, fibres c. Vitamins, minerals d. Calcium, fats e. Vitamins, minerals

18. Taste of India

22. Sports Stars, 2023

1. a. Dal bati churma b. Mysore masala dosa c. Khandvi d. Sarso ka saag-makke ki roti e. Momos f. Bebinca g. Litti chokha h. Chhena poda i. Bajra khichdi j. Vada pav k. Gongura l. Poha, Jalebi 2. a. Jalebi b. Dosa d. Hyderabadi biryani

3. Individual answers.

c. Pani puri e. Dhokla

f. Vada pav

19. Island Countries

1. The answers may vary for some parts. a. Japan, Pianemo islands, Australia, Greenland b. Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku c. Waigeo, Batanta, Salawati, Misool 2. a. Greenland b. The Bishop rock d. islet e. Indonesia f. Atlantic h. 46 i. 1,80,000 j. smaller

74

c. Japan g. Arctic

1. a. India b. Norway e. Australia

c. Serbia

d. India

2. a. Kaylee McKeown b. Neeraj Chopra c. Sheetal Devi d. Novak Djokovic e. Rameshbabu Praggnanandhaa

23. Composting at Home 1. Tick a, b, c and e.

2. The answers may vary. Sample answers: Green Wastes: Fruit peels, vegetable scraps, leaves from trees, grass clippings; Brown Wastes: Dry leaves, twigs, old newspapers, cardboard pieces 3. 4, 1, 2, 5, 3

4. The answers may vary. Sample answer: Composting helps in reducing waste.

24. Best of Flights

1. Commercial flights; General aviation flights; Military flights

2. a. 19 September 1783, Pilate De Rozier b. 17 December 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wright c. 21 November 1798, two French brothers – Joseph and Etienne

3. a. Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, USA b. 15 c. 20 d. 12 e. 162 f. 250 g. 853 h. 15,425 kilometres i. 19 j. Bede BD-5J Microjet k. Singapore Airlines l. Antonov AN-225 Mriya m. Airbus A350-900ULR n. rooster, duck and sheep

25. The Constitution of India

1. a. 26 January 1950 b. 26 November 1949 c. 14 April d. 26 January 1950 e. 14 April 2. a. The Constitution of India b. Dr Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar c. Prem Behari Narain Raizada e. Dr Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar f. Constituent Assembly g. Dr Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar

d. 3 h. Hindi, English

3. The answer may vary. Sample answer: A constitution is a rulebook for a country. It is a document that explains how the country’s government works and what rights and laws everyone should follow.

26. Voting System 1. a. 18

b. 25 January

c. 1

d. 2 kilometres

2. a. Electronic Voting Machine b. voter list c. Voter ID d. polling booth e. ballot f. printing g. blue, index

3. 4, 1, 3, 2, 5

4. India is known as the world’s largest democracy because it has the most people who can vote in an election and choose their leaders.

27. The World of Pixar 1. a. Elemental d. Toy Story

b. Cars e. Up

c. Finding Nemo

2. a. Toy Story b. Elemental d. Up e. Cars

28. Safety Rules

c. Finding Nemo

1. a. danger b. safe c. stop d. green e. yellow f. footpath g. stop h. both i. zebra crossing j. helmet k. belt Answers

2. a. False e. True

b. False f. True

c. True g. True

d. False

29. Indian Team Captains, 2023

1. a. The Men’s Football b. The Men’s Cricket c. The Women’s Hockey d. The Men’s Hockey e. The Women’s Cricket f. The Men’s Basketball g. The Men’s Kabaddi 2. a. 2020

b. 2017

c. 2015

d. 2018

3. a. Pawan Sehrawat b. Sunil Chhetri c. Vishesh Bhriguvanshi d. Sunil Chhetri e. Pawan Sehrawat f. Savita Punia g. Rohit Sharma h. Harmanpreet Singh

30. Places of Extreme Climate

1. a. Antarctica b. Mawsynram c. The Death Valley d. The Atacama Desert e. Antarctica 2. a. California, USA b. Meghalaya, India c. The northern part of Chile

3. The answers may vary. Sample answers: a. Penguins, seals; b. The Atacama toad, The Andean flamingo c. Desert tortoises, Bighorn sheep

4. a. snow; b. 1 millimetre c. 467 inches d. 90 e. 56 f. 1985, 1000 inches

31. Diseases and the Ways to Stop Them 1. a. Air-borne b. contaminated d. skin, contact

c. Food-borne

2. The answers may vary. Sample answers: a. COVID-19, common cold flu b. Typhoid, Cholera c. Dysentery, diarrhoea d. Chickenpox, conjunctivitis 3. The answers may vary. Sample answers.

1. Wash your hands very well with soap and water.

2. Cover your mouth and nose when you cough or sneeze.

3. Take vaccinations timely.

4. Avoid close contact with people who are sick.

5. Drink filtered or boiled water.

4. A disease is when something goes wrong in your body, causing it to not work properly. Diseases can spread through various ways such as through air, contaminated water, unclean food, and by touching the skin of a sick person.

75

32. Voices of India

1. The answers may vary; sample answers: a. Hindi, Telugu, Kannada b. Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam c. English, Bengali, Assamese d. Hindi, Bengali, Kannada e. Punjabi, Marathi, Telugu f. Malayalam, Kannada, Marathi

2. a. Diljeet Dosanjh b. Lata Mangeshkar c. Hariharan d. Shankar Mahadevan e. Sunidhi Chauhan f. Arjit Singh g. S.P. Balasubrahmanyam h. Shreya Ghoshal i. Diljeet Dosanjh j. Lata Mangeshkar

33. International Trades 1. a. exporting; c. importing; 2. a. E

b. I

b. international trade; d. cocoa powder; e. Kiwi

c. E

d. E

e. I

f. I

3. a. New Zealand, Chile. b. The answers may vary. Sample answer: Thailand, Malaysia

4. The answers may vary. Sample answers: a. United States, United Kingdom b. United States, Nepal

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34. Festivals Around the World

1. a. Diwali b. Christmas c. Christmas d. Chinese New Year e. Gurupurab f. Eid-ul-Fitr

2. a. 25th December b. lights, ornaments c. gifts d. good, evil, light e. Ramadan f. Islam g. 21 January, 20 February h. dragon i. Gurpurab j. candles 3. a. November b. Spring Festival c. To the mosque d. the Festival of Lights

35. Money Game 1. a. money d. lending 2. a. False

b. property e. return

b. True

c. borrowing f. useful

c. False

d. True

3. The answers may vary. Sample answer: a. we need it to buy important things like food and clothes. b. it provides a safe place to keep our money.

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