e) Sports In India Before&After Independence

 Lack of remuneration- A sportsperson faces an enormous amount of competition, which far surpasses the amount of achievement they have People who are seeking to make a name for themselves in this profession will not have any kind of financial security if they pursue this line of work until they have achieved a certain level of notoriety. The athlete becomes disheartened as a result, which ultimately leads to them giving up on their ambitions.

e) Sports in India- Sporting events may provide a country reputation and honour, which can be used to measure its growth. Concerningly, the most developed and industrialised countries also excel in sports. Despite importing cricket, our pre-independence sporting culture never blossomed. Future sports included tennis, badminton, and volleyball. India's sports culture didn't develop after independence, and the country was prohibited from international contests. Our country's sports culture isn't getting much attention or rejuvenation. Badminton, football, basketball, chess, shooting, wrestling, boxing, tennis, squash, weightlifting, gymnastics, and table tennis are also popular. Indian sports include Kho-kho, Kabaddi, Fighter kite, Polo, and Gillidanda.

Fig.8 Imerging Athletes Fron India (Source: Khelo India)  Before Independence- One may say that Indian sports date back to the Vedic era.

Ancient India's physical culture flourished due to its devotion to religious freedom.

The Atharvaveda mantra "The blessings of victory are in my left hand, and the duty that I must do is in my right" is similar to the original Olympic Oath, "For the Honor of my Country and the Glory of Sport." Badminton is believed to have originated in

India as an adult version of an ancient children's game called battledore. Two-person teams play badminton. From India, games like chess (chaturanga), Snooker snakes and ladders, and playing cards were transferred to other nations, where they were refined and made more relevant to current society.

Fig.9 Before Independence Sporting Events (Source: Sportzpoint)

 After Independence- New Delhi hosted the 1951 and 1982 Asian Games. The

Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports was created in 1982 as the Department of

Sports for the IX Asian Games in New Delhi. It's now the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports. New Delhi hosted the Asiad. The department's name was changed during 1985's International Year of Youth festivities. The whole country celebrated. India has hosted or co-hosted a number of major sporting events, including the Cricket

World Cup in 1987 and 1996, the Afro-Asian Games in 2003, and the Hockey World

Cup in 2010. Some of India's most prominent international athletic events include the Indian Masters, Chennai Open, Mumbai Marathon, and Delhi Half Marathon.

Mumbai Marathon and Delhi Half Marathon are also significant. In 1987, 1996, and 2011, India co-hosted the Cricket World Cup and the Indian Grand Prix. India hosted both events.

 Ministry of youth affairs and sports

The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports handles India's Departments of Youth Affairs and Sports. When New Delhi hosted the 1982 Asian Games, the Ministry was called the Department of Sports. Its name was changed during International Youth Year, 1985. Separated on May 27, 2000. The Ministry was split into the Department of Youth Affairs and the Department of Sports in 2008.

Autonomous National Sports Federations promote sports. The government's duty is to encourage broad-based sports and achieve excellence in national and international competitions. These goals are achieved via Department strategies.

 Sports authority of India (SAI)

The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports of India founded the Sports Authority of India (SAI) in 1984 to encourage sport in India. SAI has 2 sports academies, 10 regional centres, 14 centres of excellence, 56 sports training centres, and 20 special area games (SAG). SAI also maintains Netaji Subhash High Altitude Training Centre (Shilaroo, Himachal Pradesh) and 5 stadiums in Delhi, including Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (also SAI's national head office), Indira Gandhi Arena, Dhyan Chand National Stadium, SPM Swimming Pool Complex, and Dr. Karni Singh Shooting Range.

Netaji Subhas National Institute of Sports (in Punjab) and Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education (in Kerala) undertake research and provide certificate to PhD-level courses in physical education and sports medicine.

 SAI regional centres

I. SAI Netaji Subhas Regional Centre, Chandigarh

II. SAI Chaudhary Devi Lal Northern Regional Centre, Sonepat, Haryana

III. SAI Netaji Subhas Regional Centre, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

IV. SAI Netaji Subhas North-East Regional Centre, Guwahati, Assam

V. SAI Netaji Subhas North-East Regional Centre, Imphal, Manipur

VI. SAI Netaji Subhas Eastern Centre, Kolkata, West Bengal VII. SAI Udhav Das Mehta Bhaiji Central Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh VIII. SAI Netaji Subhas Southern Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka

IX. SAI Regional Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra

X. SAI Netaji Subhas Western Centre, Gandhinagar, Gujarat

 Khelo India

Khelo India is an initiative that was launched with the purpose of revitalising the sports culture in India at the grass-roots level by constructing a robust framework for all sports that are practised in our country and establishing India as a great sporting nation. The initiative was launched with the intention of building a robust framework for all sports that are practised in our country. This goal will be achieved by establishing a solid framework for all sports that are practised in our nation, which is the first step toward achieving this target. 14 According to the concept, there are a total of twelve separate sectors that will have an influence on the ecosystem that includes all areas of sports. These sectors are expected to have an effect on the ecosystem. Some of the domains that are included by this overarching concept include sports economics, community sports, talent identification, coaching for excellence, and the framework of competitive play. The objective of this initiative is to raise the quality of athletic competition at the secondary school and collegiate levels while simultaneously expanding participants' access to organised athletic activities. This will be accomplished by expanding participants' access to organised athletic activities. 15 In the months of January and February of 2018, the Khelo India School Events were conducted for the very first time, and all parties involved have expressed their satisfaction with the way the games turned out.

Fig.10 Graph Showing Influencing Factors For Sports Programme

(Source: Pwc Survey)

f) Study Area and Selection Criteria

The benefits that come from being physically active and participating in sports can never be overstated. Participating in sports helps develop abilities such as strategic and analytical thinking, leadership, goal setting, and the willingness to take risks. It also fosters a sense of team spirit. Individuals who are physically fit and healthy contribute to the development of societies and nations that are also fit and healthy.

The inclusion of sports in our nation's overall growth and development is a crucial step in the right direction. Over the course of the last several years, India has shown consistent growth in the realm of athletics. This enormous potential has to be brought to the attention of people all around the world. It is time for us to encourage new talent, provide them with excellent resources, and instruct them at the most advanced level possible. It is imperative that we instil in athletes a strong desire to participate in sports, as this will allow them to display the full extent of their capabilities. Only under such conditions would India be able to realise its goal of becoming a global sporting force.

The Khelo India Youth Games (KIYG), which were originally known as the Khelo India School Games (KISG), is a pan-Indian multi-disciplinary sports tournament for young people in India who are under the age of 17 and under the age of 21.

The competitions known as KIUG are held for student athletes attending institutions all throughout the nation. In contrast to the KIUG, which only has around 20 sports in which athletes may compete, the KIYG now has 25 different sports available. Every year, the Khelo India Program selects one thousand underprivileged children to receive scholarships and get training for international sporting competitions. On January 21, 2018, Prime Minister Narendra Modi, unveiled the first edition of the KIYG at the Indira Gandhi Arena in New Delhi.There are 16 sports in 1st edition at Delhi, 17 sports in 1st edition at Bhubaneshwar, 18 sports at 2nd edition in Pune, 20 sports in 2nd edition at Bangalore, 20 sports at 3rd edition in Guwahati and 25 sports at 4th edition in Panchkula. In 2017, the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports got rid of an item that said nine traditional sports should be encouraged, and out of the nine sports, three of them were from the North-East region of India. During the course of the research conducted on these three sports, a number of concerns were discovered; one of the most significant challenges for athletes in North-East India is a lack of infrastructure. As things stand, the majority of the main medals at the Common Wealth Games are being won by competitors from North-East India.

 Disciplines that fall under IGMA

Kalaripayatu, Kerala - It is a form of the martial art known as Kalaripayattu that was developed in Kerala. The northern and central districts of Kerala, as well as the southern portions of Tamil Nadu, were the first places in India to start practising it.

Silambam, Tamil Nadu- It is a kind of martial art that emphasises the use of many kinds of

weapons. It is traditionally played with a staff made of bamboo and its roots may be traced back to Tamil Nadu.

Kabaddi, Telengana- One of the two teams is currently using each of the court's halves. They take it in turns to send a "raider" into the territory of the other team, and they gain points if the raider is able to make contact with members of the other team and return to their own territory while only taking one breath each time. If the raider is tackled and stopped from returning to their base, the opposing team receives a point for their efforts. The sport is very well-liked in India, notably in the states of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra.

Archery, Jharkhand- Archery is a sport that involves the shooting of arrows with a bow. Archery was formerly used for hunting and fighting, but now days it's more of a leisure hobby. In the past, archery was employed for both. It's a talent that's been recognised and valued in many different parts of the globe, but especially in India.

Malkhamb, Maharashtra -In this ancient Indian sport, a gymnast performs aerial yoga poses and wrestling grips in tandem with a vertical wooden pole. More than 20 of India's states have officially recognised malkhamb as their official state sport..

Mukna, Manipur- The northeastern Indian state of Manipur is home to its own unique kind of folk wrestling that dates back generations. Popular in a number of cities and towns, including Imphal, Thoubal, and Bishnupur, among others. At the beginning of the fight, the competitors grab hold of one another's ningri (belts). The objective is to force the opponent to submit by pinning them to the ground with their back against it.

Thangta, Manipur- A traditional kind of martial arts that is practised in Myanmar is known as thangta. It is most often known by the name Huyel Langlon among the locals. The thang (also known as a sword) and the ta are the two most essential weapons (spear).

Khomlainai, Assam- The Bodo people of Assam are the most prominent practitioners of this particular kind of wrestling in that state.

Gatka, Punjab- During sparring sessions in this ancient form of martial arts instruction from South Asia, wooden sticks are utilised to replicate the appearance of swords.

• The IGMA has officially acknowledged a total of nine different games at the

national level. The states in the north-east of India are responsible for producing three of these nine games.

Mukna, Manipur - It's a kind of traditional wrestling that's practised in the north-eastern state of India known as Manipur. Popular in a number of cities and towns, including

Imphal, Thoubal, and Bishnupur, among others. At the beginning of the fight, the competitors grab hold of one another's ningri (belts). The objective is to force the opponent to submit by pinning them to the ground with their back against it.

Thangta, Manipur- Myanmar's long-standing contribution to the world of martial arts is known as thangta. The neighbourhood often refers to it as Huyel Langlon. The thang (sword) and the ta are considered to be the most vital weapons (spear).

Khomlainai, Assam- The people of Assam who belong to the Bodo ethnic group are the ones who are most well-known for participating in and mastering this specific kind of wrestling in that state.

Fig.11 Thang-Ta Sport Fig.12 Khomlainai Sport (Source: Hindustan Time) ( Source: Hindustan Time)